1
|
Prociak A, Kucała M, Kurańska M, Barczewski M. Effect of Selected Bio-Components on the Cell Structure and Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3660. [PMID: 37765513 PMCID: PMC10534957 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
New rigid polyurethane foams (RPURFs) modified with two types of bio-polyols based on rapeseed oil were elaborated and characterized. The effect of the bio-polyols with different functionality, synthesized by the epoxidation and oxirane ring-opening method, on the cell structure and selected properties of modified foams was evaluated. As oxirane ring-opening agents, 1-hexanol and 1.6-hexanediol were used to obtain bio-polyols with different functionality and hydroxyl numbers. Bio-polyols in different ratios were used to modify the polyurethane (PUR) composition, replacing 40 wt.% petrochemical polyol. The mass ratio of the used bio-polyols (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 0:1) affected the course of the foaming process of the PUR composition as well as the cellular structure and the physical and mechanical properties of the obtained foams. In general, the modification of the reference PUR system with the applied bio-polyols improved the cellular structure of the foam, reducing the size of the cells. Replacing the petrochemical polyol with the bio-polyols did not cause major differences in the apparent density (40-43 kg/m3), closed-cell content (87-89%), thermal conductivity (25-26 mW⋅(m⋅K)-1), brittleness (4.7-7.5%), or dimensional stability (<0.7%) of RPURFs. The compressive strength at 10% deformation was in the range of 190-260 and 120-190 kPa, respectively, for directions parallel and perpendicular to the direction of foam growth. DMA analysis confirmed that an increase in the bio-polyol of low functionality in the bio-polyol mixture reduced the compressive strength of the modified foams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Prociak
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tadeusz Kosciuszko Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Kucała
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tadeusz Kosciuszko Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Kurańska
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tadeusz Kosciuszko Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muhammed Raji A, Hambali HU, Khan ZI, Binti Mohamad Z, Azman H, Ogabi R. Emerging trends in flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam and its composites: A review. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221144564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the superior thermal insulating attributes of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) compared to other insulating materials (expanded and extruded polystyrene, mineral wool), it remains the most dominant insulating material and most studied polymer foam. Like other polyurethane foam, RPUF is highly flammable, necessitating the incorporation of flame retardants (FR) during production to lower combustibility, promoting its continuous use as insulation material in construction, transportation, and others. The popular approaches for correcting the high flammability of RPUF are copolymerization and blending (with FR). The second method has proven to be most effective as there are limited trade-offs in RPUF properties. Meanwhile, the high flammability of RPUF is still a significant hindrance in emerging applications (sensors, space travel, and others), and this has continuously inspired research in the flame retardancy of RPUF. In this study, properties, and preparation methods of RPUF are described, factors responsible for the high flammability of PUF are discussed, and flame retardancy of RPUF is thoroughly reviewed. Notably, most FR for RPUF are inorganic nanoparticles, lignin, intumescent FR systems of expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and hybridized APP or EG with other FR. These could be due to their ease of processing, low cost, and being environmentally benign. Elaborate discussion on RPUF FR mechanisms were also highlighted. Lastly, a summary and future perspectives in fireproofing RPUF are provided, which could inspire the design of new FR for RPUF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwasiu Muhammed Raji
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
- Department of Polymer and Textile Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Hambali Umar Hambali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Zahid Iqbal Khan
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Binti Mohamad
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Azman
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Raphael Ogabi
- INSA Center Val de Loire, University Orleans, Bourges, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foam from 1963 to 2021. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153011. [PMID: 35893975 PMCID: PMC9332328 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame-retardant science and technology are sciences developed to prevent the occurrence of fire, meet the needs of social safety production, and protect people's lives and property. Rigid polyurethane (PU) is a polymer formed by the additional polymerization reaction of a molecule with two or more isocyanate functional groups with a polyol containing two or more reactive hydroxyl groups under a suitable catalyst and in an appropriate ratio. Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is a foam-like material with a large contact area with oxygen when burning, resulting in rapid combustion. At the same time, RPUF produces a lot of toxic gases when burning and endangers human health. Improving the flame-retardant properties of RPUF is an important theme in flame-retardant science and technology. This review discusses the development of flame-retardant RPUF through the lens of bibliometrics. A total of 194 articles are analyzed, spanning from 1963 to 2021. We describe the development and focus of this theme at different stages. The various directions of this theme are discussed through keyword co-occurrence and clustering analysis. Finally, we provide reasonable perspectives about the future research direction of this theme based on the bibliometric results.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foam Composites Reinforced with Bleached Curauá Fiber. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011203. [PMID: 34681863 PMCID: PMC8538972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the influence of using a bleached Curauá fiber (CF) as filler in a novel rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) composite. The influence of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 wt.% of the reinforcements on the processing characteristics, cellular structure, mechanical, dynamic-mechanical, thermal, and flame behaviors were assessed and discussed for RPUF freely expanded. The results showed that the use of 0.5 wt.% of CF resulted in RPUF with smoother cell structure with low differences on the processing times and viscosity for the filled pre-polyol. These morphological features were responsible for the gains in mechanical properties, in both parallel and perpendicular rise directions, and better viscoelastic characteristics. Despite the gains, higher thermal conductivity and lower flammability were reported for the developed RPUF composites, related to the high content of cellulose and hemicellulose on the bleached CF chemical composition. This work shows the possibility of using a Brazilian vegetable fiber, with low exploration for the manufacturing of composite materials with improved properties. The developed RPUF presents high applicability as enhanced cores for the manufacturing of structural sandwich panels, mainly used in civil, aircraft, and marine industries.
Collapse
|
5
|
Vermiculite Filler Modified with Casein, Chitosan, and Potato Protein as a Flame Retardant for Polyurethane Foams. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910825. [PMID: 34639165 PMCID: PMC8509235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, polyurethane (PU) composite foams were modified with 2 wt.% of vermiculite fillers, which were themselves modified with casein, chitosan, and potato protein. The impact of the fillers on selected properties of the obtained composites, including their rheological (foaming behavior, dynamic viscosity), thermal (temperature of thermal decomposition stages), flame-retardant (e.g., limiting oxygen index, ignition time, heat peak release), and mechanical properties (toughness, compressive strength (parallel and perpendicular), flexural strength) were investigated. Among all the modified polyurethane composites, the greatest improvement was noticed in the PU foams filled with vermiculite modified with casein and chitosan. For example, after the addition of modified vermiculite fillers, the foams' compressive strength was enhanced by ~6-18%, their flexural strength by ~2-10%, and their toughness by ~1-5%. Most importantly, the polyurethane composites filled with vermiculite filler and modified vermiculite fillers exhibited improved flame resistance characteristics (the value of total smoke release was reduced by ~34%, the value of peak heat release was reduced by ~25%).
Collapse
|
6
|
Strąkowska A, Członka S, Miedzińska K, Strzelec K. Chlorine-Functional Silsesquioxanes (POSS-Cl) as Effective Flame Retardants and Reinforcing Additives for Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Molecules 2021; 26:3979. [PMID: 34210013 PMCID: PMC8271702 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The subject of the research was the production of silsesquioxane modified rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams (POSS-Cl) with chlorine functional groups (chlorobenzyl, chloropropyl, chlorobenzylethyl) characterized by reduced flammability. The foams were prepared in a one-step additive polymerization reaction of isocyanates with polyols, and the POSS modifier was added to the reaction system in an amount of 2 wt.% polyol. The influence of POSS was analyzed by performing a series of tests, such as determination of the kinetics of foam growth, determination of apparent density, and structure analysis. Compressive strength, three-point bending strength, hardness, and shape stability at reduced and elevated temperatures were tested, and the hydrophobicity of the surface was determined. The most important measurement was the determination of the thermal stability (TGA) and the flammability of the modified systems using a cone calorimeter. The obtained results, after comparing with the results for unmodified foam, showed a large influence of POSS modifiers on the functional properties, especially thermal and fire-retardant, of the obtained PUR-POSS-Cl systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (K.M.); (K.S.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Członka S, Kairytė A, Miedzińska K, Strąkowska A, Adamus-Włodarczyk A. Mechanically Strong Polyurethane Composites Reinforced with Montmorillonite-Modified Sage Filler ( Salvia officinalis L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3744. [PMID: 33916847 PMCID: PMC8038432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams reinforced with 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of salvia filler (SO filler) and montmorillonite-modified salvia filler (MMT-modified SO filler) were produced in the following study. The impact of 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of SO filler and MMT-modified SO filler on the morphological, chemical, and mechanical properties of PUR composites were examined. In both cases, the addition of 1 and 2 wt.% of SO fillers resulted in the synthesis of PUR composites with improved physicomechanical properties, while the addition of 5 wt.% of SO fillers resulted in the formation of PUR composites with a less uniform structure and, therefore, some deterioration in their physicomechanical performances. Moreover, the results showed that the modification of SO filler with MMT improved the interphase compatibility between filler surface and PUR matrix. Therefore, such reinforced PUR composites were characterized by a well-developed closed-cell structure and improved mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant performances. For example, when compared with reference foam, the addition of 2 wt.% of MMT-modified SO filler resulted in the formation of PUR composites with greater mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength) and improved dynamic-mechanical properties (storage modulus). The PUR composites were characterized by better thermal stability as well as improved flame retardancy-e.g., decreased peak rate of heat release (pHRR), reduced total smoke release (TSR), and increased limiting oxygen index (LOI).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu St. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karolina Miedzińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Adamus-Włodarczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Członka S, Kairytė A, Miedzińska K, Strąkowska A. Polyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:415. [PMID: 33467655 PMCID: PMC7829896 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PUR) composites were modified with 2 wt.% of lavender fillers functionalized with kaolinite (K) and hydroxyapatite (HA). The impact of lavender fillers on selected properties of PUR composites, such as rheological properties (dynamic viscosity, foaming behavior), mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength), insulation properties (thermal conductivity), thermal characteristic (temperature of thermal decomposition stages), flame retardancy (e.g., ignition time, limiting oxygen index, heat peak release) and performance properties (water uptake, contact angle) was investigated. Among all modified types of PUR composites, the greatest improvement was observed for PUR composites filled with lavender fillers functionalized with kaolinite and hydroxyapatite. For example, on the addition of functionalized lavender fillers, the compressive strength was enhanced by ~16-18%, flexural strength by ~9-12%, and impact strength by ~7%. Due to the functionalization of lavender filler with thermally stable flame retardant compounds, such modified PUR composites were characterized by higher temperatures of thermal decomposition. Most importantly, PUR composites filled with flame retardant compounds exhibited improved flame resistance characteristics-in both cases, the value of peak heat release was reduced by ~50%, while the value of total smoke release was reduced by ~30%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Karolina Miedzińska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cui Y, Wan J, Ye Y, Liu K, Chou LY, Cui Y. A Fireproof, Lightweight, Polymer-Polymer Solid-State Electrolyte for Safe Lithium Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1686-1692. [PMID: 32020809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Safety issues in lithium-ion batteries have raised serious concerns due to their ubiquitous utilization and close contact with the human body. Replacing flammable liquid electrolytes, solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) is thought to address this issue as well as provide unmatched energy densities in Li-based batteries. However, among the most intensively studied SSEs, polymeric solid electrolyte and polymer/ceramic composites are usually flammable, leaving the safety issue unattended. Here, we report the first design of a fireproof, ultralightweight polymer-polymer SSE. The SSE is composed of a porous mechanic enforcer (polyimide, PI), a fire-retardant additive (decabromodiphenyl ethane, DBDPE), and a ionic conductive polymer electrolyte (poly(ethylene oxide)/lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide). The whole SSE is made from organic materials, with a thin, tunable thickness (10-25 μm), which endorse the energy density comparable to conventional separator/liquid electrolytes. The PI/DBDPE film is thermally stable, nonflammable, and mechanically strong, preventing Li-Li symmetrical cells from short-circuiting after more than 300 h of cycling. LiFePO4/Li half cells with our SSE show a high rate performance (131 mAh g-1 at 1 C) as well as cycling performance (300 cycles at C/2 rate) at 60 °C. Most intriguingly, pouch cells made with our polymer-polymer SSE still functioned well even under flame abuse tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jiayu Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yusheng Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lien-Yang Chou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu D, Hu A. The Influence of Environmentally Friendly Flame Retardants on the Thermal Stability of Phase Change Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E520. [PMID: 31978972 PMCID: PMC7040678 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To improve thermal insulation, microencapsulated phase change materials (micro-PCMs), expandable graphite (EG), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were introduced into polyurethane foam (PUF) to enhance the thermal stability and improve the thermal insulation behavior. The morphology of the PUF and micro-PCM was studied using a scanning electronic microscope (SEM), while the thermophysical properties of the PUF were investigated using a hot disk thermal constants analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal stability of the PUF was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the gas products volatilized from the PUF were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TGA-FTIR). The results revealed that the thermal conductivities of the PUF were reduced because micro-PCM is effective in absorbing energy, showing that the PUF functions not only as a thermal insulation material but also as a heat sink for energy absorption. Moreover, the EG and APP were found to be effective in improving the thermal stabilities of the PUF, and the optimized formulation among EG, APP, and micro-PCMs in the PUF showed a significant synergistic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anjie Hu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Borreguero AM, Velencoso MM, Rodríguez JF, Serrano Á, Carrero MJ, Ramos MJ. Synthesis of aminophosphonate polyols and polyurethane foams with improved fire retardant properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Borreguero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental TechnologyUniversity of Castilla‐La Mancha Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, 13005, Ciudad Real Spain
| | - María M. Velencoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental TechnologyUniversity of Castilla‐La Mancha Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, 13005, Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Juan F. Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental TechnologyUniversity of Castilla‐La Mancha Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, 13005, Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Ángel Serrano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental TechnologyUniversity of Castilla‐La Mancha Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, 13005, Ciudad Real Spain
| | - M. José Carrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental TechnologyUniversity of Castilla‐La Mancha Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, 13005, Ciudad Real Spain
| | - María J. Ramos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental TechnologyUniversity of Castilla‐La Mancha Avd. Camilo José Cela 1A, 13005, Ciudad Real Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen X, Li J, Gao M. Thermal Degradation and Flame Retardant Mechanism of the Rigid Polyurethane Foam Including Functionalized Graphene Oxide. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E78. [PMID: 30960062 PMCID: PMC6402230 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) system containing functionalized graphene oxide (fGO), expandable graphite (EG), and dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) was prepared and investigated. The results show that the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the flame-retardant-polyurethane-fGO (FRPU/fGO) composites reached 28.1% and UL-94 V-0 rating by adding only 0.25 g fGO. The thermal degradation of FRPU samples was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis. The activation energies (Ea) for the main stage of thermal degradation were obtained using the Kissinger equation. It was found that the fGO can considerably increase the thermal stability and decrease the flammability of RPUF. Additionally, the Ea of FRPU/fGO reached 191 kJ·mol-1, which was 61 kJ·mol-1 higher than that of the pure RPUF (130 kJ·mol-1). Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that fGO strengthened the compactness and the strength of the "vermicular" intumescent char layer improved the insulation capability of the char layer to gas and heat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuexi Chen
- School of Safety Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Box 206, Yanjiao, Beijing 101601, China.
| | - Junfei Li
- School of Safety Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Box 206, Yanjiao, Beijing 101601, China.
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Environmental Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Box 206, Yanjiao, Beijing 101601, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Liu L, Wang Z. High performance nano-zinc amino-tris-(methylenephosphonate) in rigid polyurethane foam with improved mechanical strength, thermal stability and flame retardancy. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
15
|
Pang XY, Chang WS, Chang R, Weng MQ. Influence of Titanium Dioxide Modified Expandable Graphite and Ammonium Polyphosphate on Combustion Behavior and Physicomechanical Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam. INT POLYM PROC 2018. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this research, the individual influence and synergistic behavior between titanium dioxide modified expendable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on combustion behavior and physicomechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) were investigated. Combustion behavior was evaluated by limiting oxygen index, and vertical-combustion tests. Thermal stability was studied via thermogravimetric/differential thermal gravimetric (TG/DTG) analysis. Results showed that the modified expendable graphite presented better thermal stability and flame retardancy for RPUF than the normal expandable graphite. Furthermore, the combination of the modified expendable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate with the mass ratio of 1 : 1 caused the RPUF to exhibit better flame retardancy, compression strength and high temperature thermal stability. Especially, the compression strength of this polymer composite sharply increased by 52.4 % over RPUF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X.-Y. Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province , Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - W.-S. Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - R. Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - M.-Q. Weng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pang XY, Chang R, Weng MQ. Halogen-free flame retarded rigid polyurethane foam: The influence of titanium dioxide modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy and thermal stability. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yan Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Ran Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Meng-Qi Weng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang Y, Wang F, Dong Q, Xie M, Liu P, Ding Y, Zhang S, Yang M, Zheng G. Core-shell expandable graphite @ aluminum hydroxide as a flame-retardant for rigid polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
18
|
Eceiza I, Barrio A, Martín L, Veganzones MA, Fernández-Berridi MJ, Irusta L. Thermal and fire behavior of isophorone diisocyanate based polyurethane foams containing conventional flame retardants. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Eceiza
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, P.O. Box 1072; Donostia San Sebastian 20080 Spain
| | - A. Barrio
- TECNALIA, Construction Division, Area Anardi 5; Azpeitia E-20730 Spain
| | - L. Martín
- Macrobehaviour-Mesostructure-Nanotechnology SGIker Service, Polytechnic School; University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, Plaza Europa 1; Donostia San Sebastian 20018 Spain
| | - M. A. Veganzones
- GIPSA-Lab, CNRS, 11 rue des Mathématiques, Grenoble Campus, BP.46; F-38402 St. Martin d'Hères Cedex France
- NEM Solutions; Paseo Mikeletegi 54 San Sebastian 20009 Spain
| | - M. J. Fernández-Berridi
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, P.O. Box 1072; Donostia San Sebastian 20080 Spain
| | - L. Irusta
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, P.O. Box 1072; Donostia San Sebastian 20080 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang G, Bai S. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and melamine phosphate on flame-retardant polystyrene. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| | - Shibing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu Sichuan 610065 China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hong L, Hu X. Mechanical and Flame Retardant Properties and Microstructure of Expandable Graphite/Silicone Rubber Composites. J MACROMOL SCI B 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2015.1138029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Xu WZ, Liu L, Wang SQ, Hu Y. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and aluminum hypophosphite on flame-retardant properties of rigid polyurethane foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zong Xu
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University; Hefei Anhui Province 230601 People's Republic of China
- State Key Lab of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University; Hefei Anhui Province 230601 People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Qing Wang
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University; Hefei Anhui Province 230601 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Lab of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang XL, Duan HJ, Yan DX, Kang LQ, Zhang WQ, Tang JH, Li ZM. A facile strategy to fabricate microencapsulated expandable graphite as a flame-retardant for rigid polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Liang Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ji Duan
- College of Material Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 People's Republic of China
| | - Ding-Xiang Yan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Quan Kang
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen X, Zhuo J, Song W, Jiao C, Qian Y, Li S. Flame retardant effects of organic inorganic hybrid intumescent flame retardant based on expandable graphite in silicone rubber composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Jinlong Zhuo
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Wenkui Song
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Yi Qian
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| | - Shaoxiang Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 PR China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li TT, Lou CW, Hsu YH, Lin JH. Preparation technique and property evaluation of flame-retarding/thermal-insulating/puncture-resisting PU foam composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- School of Textiles; Tianjin Polytechnic University; Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Ching-Wen Lou
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Material Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology; Taichung 40601 Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Hsu
- Laboratory of Fiber Application and Manufacturing, Department of Fiber and Composite Materials; Feng Chia University; Taichung 40724 Taiwan
| | - Jia-Horng Lin
- Laboratory of Fiber Application and Manufacturing, Department of Fiber and Composite Materials; Feng Chia University; Taichung 40724 Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine; China Medical University; Taichung 40402 Taiwan
- Department of Fashion Design; Asia University; Taichung 41354 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang H, Wang X, Song L, Yu B, Yuan Y, Hu Y, Yuen RKK. Aluminum hypophosphite in combination with expandable graphite as a novel flame retardant system for rigid polyurethane foams. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Department of Building and Construction; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong
- USTC-City U Joint Advanced Research Center, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Science Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Department of Building and Construction; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong
- USTC-City U Joint Advanced Research Center, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Science Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Yao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- USTC-City U Joint Advanced Research Center, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study University of Science Technology of China; 166 Ren'ai Road Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Richard K. K. Yuen
- Department of Building and Construction; City University of Hong Kong; Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ren L, Yang F, Wang C, Li Y, Liu H, Tu Z, Zhang L, Liu Z, Gao J, Xu C. Plasma synthesis of oxidized graphene foam supporting Pd nanoparticles as a new catalyst for one-pot synthesis of dibenzyls. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11060a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pd nanoparticles decorated oxidized graphene foam (Pd/OGF) has been prepared by a gas–liquid interfacial plasma method and successfully used for one-pot synthesis of dibenzyls with different aryl bromides and olefins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems
- Institute of Chemistry
- The Chinese Academy of Science
- Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing, China
| | - Hailing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing, China
| | - Liqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing, China
| | - Zhichang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing, China
| | - Jinsen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing, China
| | - Chunming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing
- China University of Petroleum
- Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang CQ, Ge FY, Sun J, Cai ZS. Effects of expandable graphite and dimethyl methylphosphonate on mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant properties of flexible polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Qun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile; Ministry of Education; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Yan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile; Ministry of Education; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile; Ministry of Education; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Zai-Sheng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile; Ministry of Education; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Duan HJ, Kang HQ, Zhang WQ, Ji X, Li ZM, Tang JH. Core-shell structure design of pulverized expandable graphite particles and their application in flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ji Duan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 PR China
| | - Hai-Quan Kang
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu PR China
| | - Wei-Qin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 PR China
| | - Xu Ji
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu PR China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 PR China
| | - Jian-Hua Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu PR China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Park DH, Park GP, Kim SH, Kim WN. Effects of isocyanate index and environmentally-friendly blowing agents on the morphological, mechanical, and thermal insulating properties of polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams. Macromol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-013-1106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
31
|
Tang G, Zhang R, Wang X, Wang B, Song L, Hu Y, Gong X. Enhancement of Flame Retardant Performance of Bio-Based Polylactic Acid Composites with the Incorporation of Aluminum Hypophosphite and Expanded Graphite. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2013.742835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
32
|
|
33
|
Kim YH, Kang MJ, Park GP, Park SD, Kim SB, Kim WN. Effects of liquid-type silane additives and organoclay on the morphology and thermal conductivity of rigid polyisocyanurate-polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
34
|
Wang B, Hu S, Zhao K, Lu H, Song L, Hu Y. Preparation of Polyurethane Microencapsulated Expandable Graphite, and Its Application in Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Containing Silica-Gel Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie200886e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Hu
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuimin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongdian Lu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Hefei University, 373 Huangshan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Aslzadeh MM, Mir Mohamad Sadeghi G, Abdouss M. Synthesis and characterization of chlorine-containing flame-retardant polyurethane nanocomposites via in situ polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
36
|
Ye L, Meng XY, Ji X, Li ZM, Tang JH. Synthesis and characterization of expandable graphite–poly(methyl methacrylate) composite particles and their application to flame retardation of rigid polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|