1
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Li Y, Jiang J, Huang H, Wang Z, Wang L, Chen B, Zhai W. Comparative Study of the Foaming Behavior of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Foams Fabricated Using Chemical and Physical Foaming Processes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3719. [PMID: 39124388 PMCID: PMC11313140 DOI: 10.3390/ma17153719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), a crucial elastomeric resin, finds extensive application in the footwear industry. Conventional chemical foaming agents, including azodicarbonamide and 4,4'-oxybis(benzenesulfonyl hydrazide), have been identified as environmentally problematic. Hence, this study explores the potential of physical foaming of EVA using supercritical nitrogen as a sustainable alternative, garnering considerable interest in both academia and industry. The EVA formulations and processing parameters were optimized and EVA foams with densities between 0.15 and 0.25 g/cm3 were produced. Key findings demonstrate that physical foaming not only reduces environmental impact but also enhances product quality by a uniform cell structure with small cell size (50-100 μm), a wide foaming temperature window (120-180 °C), and lower energy consumption. The research further elucidates the mechanisms of cell nucleation and growth within the crosslinked EVA network, highlighting the critical role of blowing agent dispersion and localized crosslinking around nucleated cells in defining the foam's cellular morphology. These findings offer valuable insights for producing EVA foams with a more controllable cellular structure, utilizing physical foaming techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junjie Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Z.W.); (L.W.); (B.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wentao Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Z.W.); (L.W.); (B.C.)
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2
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Nanocomposite Foams with Balanced Mechanical Properties and Energy Return from EVA and CNT for the Midsole of Sports Footwear Application. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040948. [PMID: 36850231 PMCID: PMC9968182 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer foam that provides good support with high energy return (low energy loss) is desirable for sport footwear to improve running performance. Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) foam is commonly used in the midsole of running shoes. However, EVA foam exhibits low mechanical properties. Conventional mineral fillers are usually employed to improve EVA's mechanical performance, but the energy return is sacrificed. Here, we produced nanocomposite foams from EVA and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) using a chemical foaming process. Two kinds of CNT derived from the upcycling of commodity plastics were prepared through a catalytic chemical vapor deposition process and used as reinforcing and nucleating agents. Our results show that EVA foam incorporated with oxygenated CNT (O-CNT) demonstrated a more pronounced improvement of physical, mechanical, and dynamic impact response properties than acid-purified CNT (A-CNT). When CNT with weight percentage as low as 0.5 wt% was added to the nanocomposites, the physical properties, abrasion resistance, compressive strength, dynamic stiffness, and rebound performance of the EVA foams were improved significantly. Unlike the conventional EVA formulation filled with talc mineral fillers, the incorporation of CNT does not compromise the energy return of the EVA foam. From the long-cycle dynamic fatigue test, the CNT/EVA foam displays greater properties retention as compared to the talc/EVA foam. This work demonstrates a good balanced of mechanical-energy return properties of EVA nanocomposite foam with very low CNT content, which presents promising opportunities for lightweight-high rebound midsoles for running shoes.
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3
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Ma LY, Zhao Y, Yu Z, Zhang ZX, Wen S. Development of fluororubber foam by supercritical
N
2
foaming through irradiation pre‐crosslinking and secondary cross‐linking. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Yuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zhen Xiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Shibao Wen
- Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber–Plastics Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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4
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Amaraweera S, Gunathilake C, Gunawardene OHP, Dassanayake RS, Fernando NM, Wanninayaka DB, Rajapaksha SM, Manamperi A, Gangoda M, Manchanda A, Fernando C, Kulatunga AK, Manipura A. Preparation and Characterization of Dual-Modified Cassava Starch-Based Biodegradable Foams for Sustainable Packaging Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:19579-19590. [PMID: 35722021 PMCID: PMC9202043 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Starch and its derivatives have recently emerged as a sustainable and renewable alternative for petroleum-based expanded polystyrene (EPS) and expanded polypropylene (EPP) foam materials. In this study, biodegradable foam materials were prepared from cassava starch using a novel dual modification technique, combining microwave treatment and freeze-drying. The foam materials were prepared from starch solutions microwaved over different intervals. The starch-based foam materials were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectroscopy, and compression set test. Moreover, the water absorption capacities and density values of the foam materials were measured according to ASTM standards. The biodegradability test was carried out according to the aerobic compost environment test. The lowest water absorption capacities of 65.56% and 70.83% were exhibited for the cassava starch foam sample (MWB) prepared at a 20 s microwave treatment time and immersed in distilled water for 2 and 24 h, respectively. Furthermore, the lightweight cassava starch-based foam materials displayed density ranging from 124 to 245 kg/m3. The biodegradation test exhibited significant biodegradation of over 50% after 15 days for all the foam materials prepared. These results suggest that the dual-modified cassava starch-based biodegradable foams show potential in sustainable packaging applications by replacing petroleum-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumedha
M. Amaraweera
- Department
of Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Chamila Gunathilake
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
- Department
of Nano Science Technology, Faculty of Technology, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya 60200, Sri Lanka
| | - Oneesha H. P. Gunawardene
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Rohan S. Dassanayake
- Department
of Biosystems Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Homagama 10200, Sri Lanka
| | - Nimasha M.L. Fernando
- Department
of Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Drashana B. Wanninayaka
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Suranga M. Rajapaksha
- Department
of Materials and Mechanical Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Homagama 10200, Sri Lanka
| | - Asanga Manamperi
- Materials
Engineering Department, California Polytechnic
State University, San Luis
Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Mahinda Gangoda
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State
University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Amanpreet Manchanda
- Department
of Chemistry, California State University, Stanislaus, One University Circle, Turlock, California 95382, United States
| | - Chakrawarthige
A.N. Fernando
- Department
of Nano Science Technology, Faculty of Technology, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya 60200, Sri Lanka
| | - Asela K. Kulatunga
- Department
of Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Aruna Manipura
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
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5
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Lunchev AV, Tham SC, Lipik V, Tok ALY. Carbon nanomaterials as additives to
e
thylene vinyl acetate copolymer foams for sport footwear applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Lunchev
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
- Sportmaster Innovation Center Singapore Singapore
| | - Shi Cheng Tham
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | - Vitali Lipik
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
- Sportmaster Innovation Center Singapore Singapore
| | - Alfred ling Yoong Tok
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
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6
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Kumar A, Patham B, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Polyolefinic nanocomposite foams: Review of microstructure-property relationships, applications, and processing considerations. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20979752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we survey the state of the art on polymeric foams incorporating nano-scale fillers. Particular focus of the review is on foams from polyolefinic nanocomposite formulations incorporating a wide variety of fillers. The nano-scale additives can influence the foam structure and properties in two ways: Firstly, they can act as composite reinforcement to enhance the mechanical properties and functionality of the matrix polymer; and secondly, they can act as foaming-processing aids through modification of the rheological, thermal and crystallization properties of the matrix as well as serving as heterogeneous nucleation sites. Through a combination of these influences, and using advanced processing techniques it is possible to achieve nanocomposite foams that have higher cell density, and more uniform cell size or controlled cell-size distribution. Such controlled foam morphologies, in turn, can yield better specific mechanical properties resulting in more effective light-weighting solutions. Further, the nano-scale additives can impart additional desired functionality resulting in multi-functional foams. In this article, we provide an overview of the mechanical, thermal and a few other relevant functional properties – such as piezoelectric sensitivity, acoustics, and filtration efficiency – of foams prepared using nanocomposite formulations, along with the processing considerations for achieving high quality foams using such materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Kumar
- Department of Plastics Technology, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, India
| | - Bhaskar Patham
- SABIC Technology Centre, Global Application Technology, Bangalore, India
| | - Smita Mohanty
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials, LARPM-CIPET, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Nayak
- Department of Plastics Technology, Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), Chennai, India
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7
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Comparing Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Halloysite Nanotubes as Reinforcements in EVA Nanocomposites. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13173809. [PMID: 32872301 PMCID: PMC7504041 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The influence of carbon multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNTs) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) on the physical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) copolymer was investigated. EVA-based nanocomposites containing MWCNTs or HNTs, as well as hybrid nanocomposites containing both nanofillers were prepared by melt blending. Scanning electron microcopy (SEM) images revealed the presence of good dispersion of both kinds of nanotubes throughout the EVA matrix. The incorporation of nanotubes into the EVA copolymer matrix did not significantly affect the crystallization behavior of the polymer. The tensile strength of EVA-based nanocomposites increased along with the increasing CNTs (carbon nanotubes) content (increased up to approximately 40% at the loading of 8 wt.%). In turn, HNTs increased to a great extent the strain at break. Mechanical cyclic tensile tests demonstrated that nanocomposites with hybrid reinforcement exhibit interesting strengthening behavior. The synergistic effect of hybrid nanofillers on the modulus at 100% and 200% elongation was visible. Moreover, along with the increase of MWCNTs content in EVA/CNTs nanocomposites, an enhancement in electrical conductivity was observed.
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8
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Yan Y, Iqbal A, Wu C, Wang Y, Li G, Qi R. Electrical conductivity of carbon black/single‐wall carbon nanotube/low‐density polyethylene ternary composite foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsi Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Asma Iqbal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Chun Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Guan Li
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo, 5‐1‐5 Kashiwanoha Kashiwa‐shi Chiba 277‐8561 Japan
| | - Rongrong Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
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9
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Kumar A, Patham B, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Polypropylene–nano‐silica nanocomposite foams: mechanisms underlying foamability, and foam microstructure, crystallinity and mechanical properties. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anish Kumar
- Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET) Chennai India
| | | | - Smita Mohanty
- Laboratory for Advanced Research in Polymeric Materials (LARPM‐CIPET) Bhubaneswar India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Nayak
- Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET) Chennai India
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10
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Mustafa I, Susantyoko R, Wu CH, Ahmed F, Hashaikeh R, Almarzooqi F, Almheiri S. Nanoscopic and Macro-Porous Carbon Nano-foam Electrodes with Improved Mass Transport for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17655. [PMID: 31776352 PMCID: PMC6881356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although free-standing sheets of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) can provide interesting electrochemical and physical properties as electrodes for redox flow batteries, the full potential of this class of materials has not been accessible as of yet. The conventional fabrication methods produce sheets with micro-porous and meso-porous structures, which significantly resist mass transport of the electrolyte during high-current flow-cell operation. Herein, we developed a method to fabricate high performance macro-porous carbon nano-foam free standing sheets (Puffy Fibers, PF), by implementing a freeze-drying step into our low cost and scalable surface-engineered tape-casting (SETC) fabrication method, and we show the improvement in the performance attained as compared with a MWCNT sheet lacking any macro pores (Tape-cast, TC). We attribute the higher performance attained by our in-lab fabricated PF papers to the presence of macro pores which provided channels that acted as pathways for electrolytic transport within the bulk of the electrode. Moreover, we propose an electrolytic transport mechanism to relate ion diffusivity to different pore sizes to explain the different modes of charge transfer in the negative and the positive electrolytes. Overall, the PF papers had a high wettability, high porosity, and a large surface area, resulting in improved electrochemical and flow-cell performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mustafa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Masdar Institute, Masdar City, P.O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rahmat Susantyoko
- Research & Development Center, Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA), Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chieh-Han Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Masdar Institute, Masdar City, P.O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatima Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Masdar Institute, Masdar City, P.O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Raed Hashaikeh
- Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faisal Almarzooqi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Masdar Institute, Masdar City, P.O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saif Almheiri
- Research & Development Center, Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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11
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Mechanical, Electrical and Rheological Behavior of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11081300. [PMID: 31382510 PMCID: PMC6723935 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates the rheological, mechanical and electrical properties of a Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) polymer filled with 1, 3 and 5 wt.% multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The melt flow and pressure-volume-Temperature (pvT) behaviors of the EVA/MWCNT composites were investigated using a high-pressure capillary rheometer, while the electro-mechanical response was investigated on injection-molded samples. Rheological experiments showed that the melt shear viscosity of the EVA/MWCNT composite is dependent on nanotube loading and, at high shear rates, the viscosity showed temperature-dependent shear thinning behavior with a flow index n < 0.35. The specific volume of the EVA/MWCNT composite decreased with increasing pressure and MWCNT wt.%. The transition temperature, corresponding to the pvT crystallization, increased linearly with increasing pressure, i.e., about 20 to 30 °C when cooling under pressure. The elastic modulus, tensile strength and stress at break increased with increasing MWCNT wt.%, whereas the strain at break decreased, suggesting the formation of MWCNT secondary agglomerates. The electrical conductivity of the EVA/MWCNT composite increased with increasing MWCNT wt.% and melt temperature, reaching ~10−2 S/m for the composite containing 5 wt.% MWCNTs. Using the statistical percolation theory, the percolation threshold was estimated at 0.9 wt.% and the critical exponent at 4.95.
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12
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Sharma BK, Krishnanand K, Mahanwar P, Sarma K, Ray Chowdhury S. Gamma radiation aging of EVA/EPDM blends: Effect of vinyl acetate (VA) content and radiation dose on the alteration in mechanical, thermal, and morphological behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhuwanesh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering; Institute of Chemical Technology; Mumbai India
| | | | - P.A. Mahanwar
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering; Institute of Chemical Technology; Mumbai India
| | - K.S.S. Sarma
- Isotope and Radiation Application Division (IRAD); Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; Mumbai India
| | - Subhendu Ray Chowdhury
- Isotope and Radiation Application Division (IRAD); Bhabha Atomic Research Centre; Mumbai India
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13
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Bhuyan B, Roy A, Srivastava SK, Mittal V. Multiwalled carbon nanotube/montmorillonite hybrid filled ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical properties, thermal stability, and dielectric response. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Bhuyan
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of TechnologyKharagpur721302 India
| | - A. Roy
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Science Education and ResearchPune India
| | - S. K. Srivastava
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of TechnologyKharagpur721302 India
| | - V. Mittal
- Department of Chemical EngineeringThe Petroleum InstituteAbu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
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14
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Studies on the Mechanical, Electrical Properties and Interaction of Petroleum Fuels with SBR/ Manganous Tungstate Nanocomposites. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-017-0544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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The Synergy of Double Cross-linking Agents on the Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber Foams. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36931. [PMID: 27841307 PMCID: PMC5107997 DOI: 10.1038/srep36931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur (S) cross-linking styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) foams show high shrinkage due to the cure reversion, leading to reduced yield and increased processing cost. In this paper, double cross-linking system by S and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was used to decrease the shrinkage of SBR foams. Most importantly, the synergy of double cross-linking agents was reported for the first time to our knowledge. The cell size and its distribution of SBR foams were investigated by FESEM images, which show the effect of DCP content on the cell structure of the SBR foams. The relationships between shrinkage and crystalline of SBR foams were analyzed by the synergy of double cross-linking agents, which were demonstrated by FTIR, Raman spectra, XRD, DSC and TGA. When the DCP content was 0.6 phr, the SBR foams exhibit excellent physical and mechanical properties such as low density (0.223 g/cm3), reduced shrinkage (2.25%) and compression set (10.96%), as well as elevated elongation at break (1.78 × 103%) and tear strength (54.63 N/mm). The results show that these properties are related to the double cross-linking system of SBR foams. Moreover, the double cross-linking SBR foams present high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties compared with the S cross-linking SBR foams.
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16
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Cure Characteristics of Foaming EVA Compounds: Influence of EVA Types and Cure Systems. ELASTOMERS AND COMPOSITES 2016. [DOI: 10.7473/ec.2016.51.3.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Zhang J, Zhou T, Zhao J, Yuan C, Xia L, Sun N, Zhang W, Zhang A. A conductive foam: Based on novel poly(styrene- b-butadiene- co-styrene- b-styrene) tri-block copolymer filled by carbon black. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihai Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Tao Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Jing Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Canyao Yuan
- The Technology Research Center of Polymer Materials Engineering of Tai'an, Longteng Polymer Materials, Co., Ltd.; Tai'an 271000 China
| | - Liping Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Ningfeng Sun
- The Technology Research Center of Polymer Materials Engineering of Tai'an, Longteng Polymer Materials, Co., Ltd.; Tai'an 271000 China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- The Technology Research Center of Polymer Materials Engineering of Tai'an, Longteng Polymer Materials, Co., Ltd.; Tai'an 271000 China
| | - Aimin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
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18
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19
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Ramesan MT. Fabrication, characterization, and properties of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)/magnetite nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. Ramesan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Calicut; Kerala 673 635 India
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20
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Yang Z, Yuan L, Gu Y, Li M, Sun Z, Zhang Z. Improvement in mechanical and thermal properties of phenolic foam reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing; 100191; People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing; 100191; People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhuo Gu
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing; 100191; People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing; 100191; People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing; 100191; People's Republic of China
| | - Zuoguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing; 100191; People's Republic of China
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Thomassin JM, Vuluga D, Alexandre M, Jérôme C, Molenberg I, Huynen I, Detrembleur C. A convenient route for the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in polymers: Application to the preparation of electromagnetic interference (EMI) absorbers. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nguyen BCN, Meador MAB, Medoro A, Arendt V, Randall J, McCorkle L, Shonkwiler B. Elastic behavior of methyltrimethoxysilane based aerogels reinforced with tri-isocyanate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:1430-1443. [PMID: 20426430 DOI: 10.1021/am100081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The elastic properties and/or flexibility of polymer reinforced silica aerogels having methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) and bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)amine (BTMSPA) making up the silica structure are examined. The dipropylamine spacer from BTMSPA is used both to provide a flexible linking group in the silica structure, and as a reactive site via its secondary amine for reaction with a tri-isocyanate, Desmodur N3300A. The tri-isocyanate provides an extended degree of branching or reinforcement, resulting in increased compressive strength of the aerogel monoliths while the overall flexibility arising from the underlying silica structure is maintained. The compressive moduli of the reinforced aerogel monoliths in this study range from 0.001 to 158 MPa. Interestingly, formulations across this entire range of modulus recover nearly all of their length after two compressions to 25% strain. Differences in pore structure of the aerogels due to processing conditions and solvent are also discussed.
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