1
|
Lu S, Chen X, Zhang B, Lu Z, Jiang W, Fang X, Li J, Liu B, Ding T, Xu Y. Synergistic Modification of Polyformaldehyde by Biobased Calcium Magnesium Bi-Ionic Melamine Phytate with Intumescent Flame Retardant. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:614. [PMID: 38475298 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) are mainly composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (ME), and some macromolecular char-forming agents. The traditional IFR still has some defects in practical application, such as poor compatibility with the matrix and low flame-retardant efficiency. In order to explore the best balance between flame retardancy and mechanical properties of flame-retardant polyformaldehyde (POM) composite, a biobased calcium magnesium bi-ionic melamine phytate (DPM) synergist was prepared based on renewable biomass polyphosphate phytic acid (PA), and its synergistic system with IFRs was applied to an intumescent flame-retardant POM system. POM/IFR systems can only pass the V-1 grade of the vertical combustion test (UL-94) if they have a limited oxygen index (LOI) of only 48.5%. When part of an IFR was replaced by DPM, the flame retardancy of the composite was significantly improved, and the POM/IFR/4 wt%DPM system reached the V-0 grade of UL-94, and the LOI reached 59.1%. Compared with pure POM, the PkHRR and THR of the POM/IFR/4 wt%DPM system decreased by 61.5% and 51.2%, respectively. Compared with the POM/IFR system, the PkHRR and THR of the POM/IFR/4 wt%DPM system were decreased by 20.8% and 27.5%, respectively, and carbon residue was increased by 37.2%. The mechanical properties of the composite also showed a continuous upward trend with the increase in DPM introduction. It is shown that the introduction of DPM not only greatly reduces the heat release rate and heat release amount of the intumescent flame-retardant POM system, reducing the fire hazard, but it also effectively improves the compatibility between the filler and the matrix and improves the mechanical properties of the composite. It provides a new approach for developing a new single-component multifunctional flame retardant or synergist for intumescent flame-retardant POM systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shike Lu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Xueting Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Zhehong Lu
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- National Special Superfine Powder Engineering Research Center of China, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaomin Fang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jiantong Li
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Baoying Liu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Tao Ding
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Functional Materials and Catalytic Reaction, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Zhang H, Liu X, Lv Z, Jin Y, Zhu D, Dang L. Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Doped Magnesium Hydrate and Its Effect on the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4248. [PMID: 37959928 PMCID: PMC10648635 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, an effective flame retardant consisting of nanoscale zinc oxide doped on the surface of hexagonal lamellar magnesium hydrate (ZO@MH) has been successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal process. Approximately 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (KH-570) is chosen as a modifier of ZO@MH for the purpose of enhancing the interfacial interaction between ZO@MH and the polypropylene (PP) matrix and reducing the agglomeration of ZO@MH. Afterwards, ZO@MH and KH-570 modified ZO@MH (KZO@MH) filled PP (PP/ZO@MH and PP/KZO@MH) composites are respectively prepared via the melt blending method. The flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of PP/ZO@MH and PP/KZO@MH composites are estimated by a cone calorimetry test (CCT). The peak value of the heat release rate of the PP/40KZO@MH composite is 327.0 kW/m2, which is 6.1% and 31.2% lower than that of the PP/40ZO@MH and PP/40MH composites, respectively. The lowest peak values of CO and CO2 production, 0.008 and 0.62 g/s, also appeared in the PP/40KZO@MH composite, which are 11.1% and 10.1% lower than those of the PP/40ZO@MH composite. Analysis of char residues indicates that nanoscale ZO and modification of KH-570 improve the amount and quality of char residues, which should be the main reason for the good flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of KZO@MH. Impact strength and nominal strain at break results show that the PP matrix is toughened by ZO@MH rather than KZO@MH. Tensile properties and the quantitative interfacial interaction calculated by the Turcsányi equation both prove the reinforcement of KZO@MH on the PP matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.L.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.J.)
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.L.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.J.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.L.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.J.)
| | - Zhihui Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.L.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yankui Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.L.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.J.)
| | - Donghai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China;
| | - Li Dang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (X.L.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.L.); (Y.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Synergistic Flame Retardant Properties of Polyoxymethylene with Surface Modified Intumescent Flame Retardant and Calcium Carbonate. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030537. [PMID: 36771838 PMCID: PMC9920611 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was successfully modified by a titanate coupling agent which was compounded with benzoxazine (BOZ) and melamine (ME) to become a new type of intumescent flame retardant (Ti-IFR). Ti-IFR and CaCO3 as synergists were utilized to modify polyoxymethylene (POM), and the flame-retardant properties and mechanism of the composites were analyzed by vertical combustion (UL-94), limiting oxygen index (LOI), TG-IR, and cone calorimeter (Cone), etc. The results show that Ti-IFR can enhance the gas phase flame retardant effect, while CaCO3 further strengthens the barrier effect in the condensed phase. When they were used together, they can exert their performance, respectively, at the same time showing excellent synergistic effect. The FR-POM composite with 29% Ti-IFR and 1% CaCO3 can pass the UL-94 V0 level. The LOI reaches 58.2%, the average heat release (Av HRR) is reduced by 81.1% and the total heat release (THR) is decreased by 35.3%.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang Z, Kang X, Lu S, Wang Z, Fang X, Li J, Liu B, Ding T, Xu Y. Synergistic effects of molybdenum disulfide on a novel intumescent flame retardant polyformaldehyde system. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Xinglong Kang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Shike Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Xiaomin Fang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Jiantong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Baoying Liu
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Tao Ding
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yadav A, de Souza FM, Dawsey T, Gupta RK. Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Yadav
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Felipe M. de Souza
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Tim Dawsey
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu S, Feng Y, Zhang P, Hong W, Chen Y, Fan H, Yu D, Chen X. Preparation of Flame-Retardant Polyurethane and Its Applications in the Leather Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111730. [PMID: 34070588 PMCID: PMC8198486 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a novel polymer, polyurethane (PU) has been widely applied in leather, synthetic leather, and textiles due to its excellent overall performance. Nevertheless, conventional PU is flammable and its combustion is accompanied by severe melting and dripping, which then generates hazardous fumes and gases. This defect limits PU applications in various fields, including the leather industry. Hence, the development of environmentally friendly, flame-retardant PU is of great significance both theoretically and practically. Currently, phosphorus-nitrogen (P-N) reactive flame-retardant is a hot topic in the field of flame-retardant PU. Based on this, the preparation and flame-retardant mechanism of flame-retardant PU, as well as the current status of flame-retardant PU in the leather industry were reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Lu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yechang Feng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Peikun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Wei Hong
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Haojun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (X.C.)
| | - Dingshan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Xudong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (X.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kang X, Liu Y, Chen N, Feng W, Liu B, Xu Y, Li J, Ding T, Fang X. Influence of modified ammonium polyphosphate on the fire behavior and mechanical properties of polyformaldehyde. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Kang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Ningxuan Chen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Weili Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Baoying Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Jiantong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Tao Ding
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Xiaomin Fang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lu Z, Feng W, Kang X, Wang J, Xu H, Wang Y, Liu B, Fang X, Ding T. Synthesis of siloxane‐containing benzoxazine and its synergistic effect on flame retardancy of polyoxymethylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhehong Lu
- Institute of Functional Polymer Composites, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan University Kaifeng China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame‐Retardant and Functional MaterialsHenan University Kaifeng China
| | - Weili Feng
- Institute of Functional Polymer Composites, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan University Kaifeng China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame‐Retardant and Functional MaterialsHenan University Kaifeng China
| | - Xinglong Kang
- Institute of Functional Polymer Composites, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan University Kaifeng China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame‐Retardant and Functional MaterialsHenan University Kaifeng China
| | - Junliang Wang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame‐Retardant and Functional MaterialsHenan University Kaifeng China
| | - Hao Xu
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame‐Retardant and Functional MaterialsHenan University Kaifeng China
| | - Yanpeng Wang
- Institute of Functional Polymer Composites, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan University Kaifeng China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame‐Retardant and Functional MaterialsHenan University Kaifeng China
| | - Baoying Liu
- Institute of Functional Polymer Composites, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan University Kaifeng China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame‐Retardant and Functional MaterialsHenan University Kaifeng China
| | - Xiaomin Fang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame‐Retardant and Functional MaterialsHenan University Kaifeng China
| | - Tao Ding
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame‐Retardant and Functional MaterialsHenan University Kaifeng China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ren Q, Xia Y, Zhang X, Zhang F, Guo J, Zhang S. Synthesis of a Novel Flame Retardant and Its Synergistic Effect With a Phosphapheanthrene Flame Retardant in Polypropylene/Polyethylene Vinyl Acetate Blends. J MACROMOL SCI B 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2017.1411075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglong Ren
- Department of Materials Science, School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Materials Science, School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Fengfeng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Materials Science, School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Guo J, Xu Y, Chen X, Hu S, He M, Qin S. Influences of organic montmorillonite on the combustion behaviors and thermal stability of polyamide 6/polystyrene blends. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008314553041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The nanocomposites of polyamide 6/polystyrene (PA6/PS) with different contents of organic montmorillonite (OMMT) have been obtained by melt blending. The combustion behaviors, morphology of char residues, and thermal stability of nanocomposites have been characterized by cone calorimeter tests (CCT), electron probe microanalysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The CCT results indicated that the OMMT was an efficient flame retardant (FR) in the FR-PA6/PS blends. The heat release rates, the total heat release, and carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide production of the FR nanocomposites decreased in comparison with PA6/PS blends. The SEM photographs showed that the “spongy” structure on the surface of char residues increased. In addition, the thickness and strength of char residues enhanced with the increase of OMMT content. The tight multilayer carbon silicate layer structure was formed which was conducive to FR. The TGA data indicated that OMMT greatly enhanced the thermal stability, and char residues of PA6/PS/OMMT nanocomposites gradually increased with increasing the OMMT content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shijun Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Min He
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tian N, Wen X, Gong J, Ma L, Xue J, Tang T. Synthesis and characterization of a novel organophosphorus flame retardant and its application in polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Jiang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100039 China
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Jian Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| |
Collapse
|