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Langhorst A, Zhang D, Berman J, Biraku X, Rieland J, Yu M, Love B, Banu M, Taub A. Mechanical property enhancement of flax fibers via supercritical fluid treatment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18819. [PMID: 39138227 PMCID: PMC11322329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69105-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The desire for lightweight, carbon-negative materials has been increasing in recent years, particularly as the transportation sector reduces its global carbon footprint. Natural fibers, such as flax fiber and their composites, offer a compelling combination of properties including low density, high specific strength, and carbon negativity. However, because of the low modulus and high variability in performance, natural fibers can't compete with glass fibers as structural reinforcements in polymer composites. In this study, flax technical fibers were treated in supercritical CO2 (scCO2), and the effects of this treatment on the morphology and properties of flax fibers are reported. Treatment in scCO2 successfully resulted in higher fiber modulus and strength by 33% and 40%, respectively. Fiber porosity was reduced by 50% and morphological changes to the fibers were observed. Specifically, fiber lumen collapsed during treatment and micro/mesoporosity was reduced by 27%. Treated flax fibers were used to create 30 vol% unidirectional flax-epoxy composites. ScCO2 treatment raised composite modulus and strength by 33% and 25%, respectively. Because of the dependence between technical fiber size and mechanical properties, the relationship between fiber modulus and fiber size were created and applied to the rule-of-mixtures. This relationship were found to be viable representations of the fiber performance within each composite. Overall, the treatment developed in this study has the potential to significantly improve natural fiber properties, enabling their consideration for use in lightweight, semi-structural composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Langhorst
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonah Berman
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xhulja Biraku
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Julie Rieland
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mengjie Yu
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian Love
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mihaela Banu
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alan Taub
- Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Mechanical Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Wieczorek M, Tatarchuk T, Skórczewska K, Szulc J, Tomaszewska J. The Effect of Silanized Halloysite Nanotubes on the Structure of Polyethylene-Based Composite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3260. [PMID: 38998341 PMCID: PMC11242803 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Chemical modification of the surface of halloysite nanotubes (HNT) by alkalization (with sodium hydroxide (NaOH)) and grafting with silanes (bis(trimethylsilyl)amine (HMDS)) was carried out. The efficiency of the alkalization and grafting process was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the nitrogen adsorption method were used. XRD and FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of bonds of trimethylsilyl groups to the HNT surface which changed the nature of the surface from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. In addition, it was noted that grafting with silanes decreases by 7.2% the specific surface area of the halloysite compared to the alkalized material. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites with halloysite (HNT), alkalized halloysite (alk-HNT), and HMDS-modified halloysite (m-HNT) were processed in the molten state in a Brabender mixer chamber. On SEM/EDS micrographs of HDPE composites with silanized HNT, a change in surface characteristics from smooth to ductile was observed. Higher melting point values based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of HDPE composites with 5%wt silanized halloysite in comparison with HNT and alk-HNT of, respectively, 2.2% and 1.4% were found, which indicates a slight beneficial influence of the filler on the quality of ordering of the crystalline phase of the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Wieczorek
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Tetiana Tatarchuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30387 Kraków, Poland;
- Educational and Scientific Center of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 76018 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Joanna Szulc
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Jolanta Tomaszewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.W.); (J.S.)
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3
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Lv C, Luo S, Guo W, Chang L. Enhancing interfacial interaction and crystallization in polylactic acid-based biocomposites via synergistic effect of wood fiber and self-assembly nucleating agent. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127265. [PMID: 37802453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of natural fibers into polylactic acid (PLA) provides a feasible pathway to improve the performance of PLA with a low environmental impact. However, the insufficient interfacial adhesion between fiber and matrix limits the reinforcement efficiency of fiber and final mechanical properties of the biocomposites. Herein we reported an efficient method to simultaneously enhance interfacial interaction, crystallization and mechanical performance of PLA-based biocomposites via combination of wood fiber (WF) and a self-assembly nucleating agent (TMC-300). The interactions between WF and TMC-300 and its influence on PLA, including interfacial crystal morphology, crystallization behavior, and mechanical performance were studied. The results showed that TMC-300 could self-assemble into dendritic-like structure on WF surface driven by hydrogen bonding, inducing the epitaxial crystallization of PLA. This unique interfacial crystallization integrated PLA matrix with WF, resulting in better interfacial adhesion. Under the optimal TMC-300 content (0.5 wt%), the flexural strength and notched impact strength of PLA composites increased by 10 % and 69 % compared with neat PLA, respectively. Additionally, TMC-300 and WF synergistically functioned as effective nucleating agents, which significantly accelerated the crystallization rate and improved the crystallinity of PLA. This work provides a new insight into the enhancement of interfacial bonding in natural fiber/PLA biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lv
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 2 Dongxiaofu, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shupin Luo
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 2 Dongxiaofu, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Wenjing Guo
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 2 Dongxiaofu, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Liang Chang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 2 Dongxiaofu, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
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4
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Kumar B, Kim J. Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Behavior of the Lignocellulosic Pine Needle Fiber-Reinforced SEBS Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051225. [PMID: 36904466 PMCID: PMC10007580 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aiming to generate wealth from waste and due to their significant fire threats to forests and their rich cellulose content, lignocellulosic pine needle fibers (PNFs) are utilized in this study as a reinforcement of the thermoplastic elastomer styrene ethylene butylene styrene (SEBS) matrix to create environmentally friendly and economical PNF/SEBS composites using a maleic anhydride-grafted SEBS compatibilizer. The chemical interaction in the composites studied by FTIR shows that strong ester bonds are formed between reinforcing PNF, the compatibilizer, and the SEBS polymer, leading to strong interfacial adhesion between the PNF and SEBS in the composites. This strong adhesion in the composite exhibits higher mechanical properties than the matrix polymer indicating a 1150 % higher modulus and a 50 % higher strength relative to the matrix. Further, the SEM pictures of the tensile-fractured samples of the composites validate this strong interface. Finally, the prepared composites show better dynamic mechanical behavior indicating higher storage and loss moduli and Tg than the matrix polymer suggesting their potential for engineering applications.
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5
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Feng L, Wang D, Yan J. Reliability Study of Wood-Plastic Composites Based on Probabilistic Finite Elements. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020312. [PMID: 36679192 PMCID: PMC9865161 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to further expand the application field of wood-plastic composites, it is necessary to study the reliability of this material in practical applications. Therefore, this work takes the maximum stress theory as the failure criterion and uses the finite element method to simulate the reliability of the WPC specimen. Based on the simulation results, the relationship between reliability and random variables such as geometric parameters and external load is analyzed. Finite element simulations are carried out for each group of specimens under the same operating environment to analyze the influence of process parameters such as the wood flour content, granulation temperature, coupling agent content and screw speed on the reliability of the specimens during the manufacturing process. The results show that the wood flour content has the greatest influence on the reliability of the specimens when the wood-plastic composites are used as building paving materials, followed by the granulation temperature, coupling agent content and screw speed, which provides a basis for the selection of the manufacturing process parameters of WPC based on reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Feng
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-451-8219-0397
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6
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Hasanin MS, Abd El-Aziz ME, El-Nagar I, Hassan YR, Youssef AM. Green enhancement of wood plastic composite based on agriculture wastes compatibility via fungal enzymes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19197. [PMID: 36357465 PMCID: PMC9649651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study deals with the production of natural fiber plastic composites (NFPCs) to reduce environmental pollution with agricultural and plastic waste. Where the NFPCs were prepared from waste/pure polyethylene (WPE) (pure polyethylene (50%)/recycled polyethylene (50%)) and modified sunflower waste via an eco-friendly and economic biological process. The sunflower fibers (SF) were treated via whole selective fungal isolate, namely, Rhizopus oryzae (acc no. OM912662) using two different incubation conditions; submerged (Sub), and solid-state fermentation (SSF) to enhance the fibers' compatibility with WPE. The treated and untreated fibers were added to WPE with various concentrations (10 and 20 wt%). The morphology and structure of fibers were characterised by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). Furthermore, the mechanical properties, morphology, biodegradation and water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) for the prepared NFPCs were investigated. The results showed that compatibility, mechanical properties and biodegradation of NFPCs were improved by the addition of sunflower fibers treated by SSF conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Hasanin
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E. Abd El-Aziz
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Polymers and Pigments Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Islam El-Nagar
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Packaging Materials Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Youssef R. Hassan
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Packaging Materials Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Youssef
- grid.419725.c0000 0001 2151 8157Packaging Materials Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St. (Former El Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
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7
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Elgharbawy AS, Ali RM. A comprehensive review of the polyolefin composites and their properties. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09932. [PMID: 35859640 PMCID: PMC9293630 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyolefins are formed by the polymerization of olefin monomer units such as ethylene, styrene, and vinyl chloride. Polyolefins composites are a mixture of polyolefins with different types of other polymers, reinforcements, or fillers. Blending neat polyolefins with composites widens its uses in various applications that require high efficiency in the areas of environmental degradation, impact resistance, fire and chemical resistance, or strength. In this review, the effects of blending neat polyolefin with other types of polymers or wood fibers on the properties of neat polymers have been represented. Moreover, this review reveals the importance of a coupling agent or compatibilizer in the improvement of the polyolefin’s compatibility with the other added components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah S Elgharbawy
- Materials Science Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, 163 Horrya Avenue, P.O. Box 832, Shatby, 21526, Alexandria, Egypt.,The Egyptian Ethylene and Derivatives Company (ETHYDCO), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rehab M Ali
- Fabrication Technology Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, 21934, Egypt
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8
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Lv C, Luo S, Guo W. Investigation of the crystallization and mechanical properties of wood fiber/polypropylene composites nucleated by a self-assembly β-nucleating agent. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Subramaniam D, Natesan R, Shanmugavel BP. Development of storage bin using lantana camara flour reinforced polypropylene composites: product performance study on the composite bin for pharmaceutical applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-02959-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Wastes from Agricultural Silage Film Recycling Line as a Potential Polymer Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091383. [PMID: 33922794 PMCID: PMC8123011 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recycling of plastics is currently one of the most significant industrial challenges. Due to the enormous amounts of plastic wastes generated by various industry branches, it is essential to look for potential methods for their utilization. In the presented work, we investigated the recycling potential of wastes originated from the agricultural films recycling line. Their structure and properties were analyzed, and they were modified with 2.5 wt % of commercially available compatibilizers. The mechanical and thermal performance of modified wastes were evaluated by tensile tests, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that incorporation of such a small amount of modifiers may overcome the drawbacks caused by the presence of impurities. The incorporation of maleic anhydride-grafted compounds enhanced the tensile strength of wastes by 13–25%. The use of more ductile compatibilizers—ethylene-vinyl acetate and paraffin increased the elongation at break by 55–64%. The presence of compatibilizers also reduced the stiffness of materials resulting from the presence of solid particles. It was particularly emphasized for styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, which caused up to a 20% drop of Young’s modulus. Such effects may facilitate the further applications of analyzed wastes, e.g., in polymer film production. Thermal performance was only slightly affected by compatibilization. It caused a slight reduction in polyethylene melting temperatures (up to 2.8 °C) and crystallinity degree (up to 16%). For more contaminated materials, the addition of compatibilizers caused a minor reduction in the decomposition onset (up to 6 °C). At the same time, for the waste after three washing cycles, thermal stability was improved. Moreover, depending on the desired properties and application, materials do not have to go through the whole recycling line, simplifying the process, reducing energy and water consumption. The presented results indicate that it is possible to efficiently use the materials, which do not have to undergo the whole recycling process. Despite the presence of impurities, they could be applied in the manufacturing of products which do not require exceptional mechanical performance.
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11
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Propolis and Organosilanes as Innovative Hybrid Modifiers in Wood-Based Polymer Composites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14020464. [PMID: 33478032 PMCID: PMC7836005 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The article presents characteristics of wood/polypropylene composites, where the wood was treated with propolis extract (EEP) and innovative propolis-silane formulations. Special interest in propolis for wood impregnation is due to its antimicrobial properties. One propolis-silane formulation (EEP-TEOS/VTMOS) consisted of EEP, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMOS), while the other (EEP-TEOS/OTEOS) contained EEP, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and octyltriethoxysilane (OTEOS). The treated wood fillers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the composites were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and optical microscopy. The wood treated with EEP and propolis-silane formulations showed resistance against moulds, including Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium globosum, and Trichoderma viride. The chemical analyses confirmed presence of silanes and constituents of propolis in wood structure. In addition, treatment of wood with the propolis-silane formulations produced significant changes in nucleating abilities of wood in the polypropylene matrix, which was confirmed by an increase in crystallization temperature and crystal conversion, as well as a decrease in half-time of crystallization parameters compared to the untreated polymer matrix. In all the composites, the formation of a transcrystalline layer was observed, with the greatest rate recorded for the composite with the filler treated with EEP-TEOS/OTEOS. Moreover, impregnation of wood with propolis-silane formulations resulted in a considerable improvement of strength properties in the produced composites. A dependence was found between changes in the polymorphic structures of the polypropylene matrix and strength properties of composite materials. It needs to be stressed that to date literature sources have not reported on treatment of wood fillers using bifunctional modifiers providing a simultaneous effect of compatibility in the polymer-filler system or any protective effect against fungi.
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12
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Sasimowski E, Majewski Ł, Grochowicz M. Analysis of Selected Properties of Biocomposites Based on Polyethylene with a Natural Origin Filler. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4182. [PMID: 32962286 PMCID: PMC7560486 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The study investigates the effect of the content and size of wheat bran grains on selected properties of a lignocellulosic biocomposite on a polyethylene matrix. The biocomposite samples were made by injection method of low-density polyethylene with 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of wheat bran. Three bran fractions with grain sizes <0.4 mm, 0.4-0.6 mm and 0.6-0.8 mm were used. The properties of the mouldings (after primary shrinkage) were examined after their 2.5-year natural aging period. Processing properties, such as MFR (mass flow rate) and processing shrinkage, were determined. Selected physical, mechanical and structural properties of the produced biocomposite samples were tested. The results allowed the determination of the influence of both the content of bran and the size of its grains on such properties of the biocomposite as: color, gloss, processing shrinkage, tensile strength, MFR mass flow rate, chemical structure (FTIR), thermal properties (DSC, TG), p-v-T relationship. The tests did not show any deterioration of the mechanical characteristics of the tested composites after natural aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Sasimowski
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 36 Nadbystrzycka Street, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Majewski
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, 36 Nadbystrzycka Street, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marta Grochowicz
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, 33 Gliniana Street, 20-614 Lublin, Poland;
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Nagamine S, Mizuno Y, Hikima Y, Okada K, Wang L, Ohshima M. Reinforcement of polypropylene by cellulose microfibers modified with polydopamine and octadecylamine. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Yuta Hikima
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | | | - Long Wang
- Polymers and Composites Division, Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
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Plasma Treatment of Polypropylene-Based Wood-Plastic Composites (WPC): Influences of Working Gas. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091933. [PMID: 32867036 PMCID: PMC7563392 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a polypropylene (PP)-based wood–plastic composite with maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as a coupling agent and a wood content of 60% was extruded and specimens were injection molded. The samples were plasma treated utilizing a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) setup with three different working gases: Ar/O2 (90%/10%), Ar/N2 (90%/10%), and synthetic air. This process aims to improve the coating and gluing properties of the otherwise challenging apolar surface of PP based wood–plastic composites (WPC). Chemical analysis with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the formation of oxygen-based functional groups on the surface, independently from the working gas used for the treatment. Laser scanning microscopy (LSM) examined the surface roughness and revealed that the two argon-containing working gases roughened the surface more than synthetic air. However, the contact angle for water was reduced significantly after treatment, revealing measurement artifacts for water and diiodomethane due to the severe changes in surface morphology. The adhesion of acrylic dispersion coating was significantly increased, resulting in a pull-off strength of approximately 4 N/mm2, and cross-cut tests assigned the best adhesion class (0), on a scale from 0 to 5, after plasma treatment with any working gas.
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15
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Shu Y, Luo Q, Wang M, Ouyang Y, Lin H, Sheng L, Su S. Preparation and properties of poly(lactic acid)/lignin‐modified polyvinyl acetate composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- You Shu
- Key Lab for Fine Processing of Resources and Advanced Materials of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha Hunan China
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber Material Huaihua University Huaihua Hunan China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro‐chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources Hunan Normal University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Qionglin Luo
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber Material Huaihua University Huaihua Hunan China
| | - Mingliang Wang
- Key Lab for Fine Processing of Resources and Advanced Materials of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Yuejun Ouyang
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber Material Huaihua University Huaihua Hunan China
| | - Hongwei Lin
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Preparation Technology of Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber Material Huaihua University Huaihua Hunan China
| | - Liping Sheng
- Key Lab for Fine Processing of Resources and Advanced Materials of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha Hunan China
| | - Shengpei Su
- Key Lab for Fine Processing of Resources and Advanced Materials of Hunan Province Hunan Normal University Changsha Hunan China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro‐chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources Hunan Normal University Changsha Hunan China
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16
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Phenolic Resin Foam Composites Reinforced by Acetylated Poplar Fiber with High Mechanical Properties, Low Pulverization Ratio, and Good Thermal Insulation and Flame Retardant Performance. MATERIALS 2019; 13:ma13010148. [PMID: 31906048 PMCID: PMC6982198 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic foam composites (PFs) are of substantial interest due to their uniform closed-cell structure, low thermal conductivity, and good thermal insulation performance. However, their disadvantages of a high pulverization rate and poor mechanical properties restrict their application in building exterior insulation. Therefore, the toughening of these composites is necessary. In this paper, poplar fiber was treated with an acetylation reagent, and the acetylated fiber was used to prepare modified phenolic foams (FTPFs); this successfully solved the phenomenon of the destruction of the foam structure due to the agglomeration of poplar fiber in the resin substrate. The foam composites were comprehensively evaluated via the characterization of their chemical structures, surface morphologies, mechanical properties, thermal conductivities, and flame retardant properties. It was found that the compressive strength and compressive modulus of FTPF-5% respectively increased by 28.5% and 37.9% as compared with those of PF. The pulverization ratio was reduced by 32.3%, and the thermal insulation performance and flame retardant performance (LOI) were improved. Compared with other toughening methods for phenolic foam composites, the phenolic foam composites modified with surface-compatibilized poplar fiber offer a novel strategy for the value-added utilization of woody fiber, and improve the toughness and industrial viability of phenolic foam.
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Chinchillas-Chinchillas MJ, Pellegrini-Cervantes MJ, Castro-Beltrán A, Rodríguez-Rodríguez M, Orozco-Carmona VM, Peinado-Guevara HJ. Properties of Mortar with Recycled Aggregates, and Polyacrylonitrile Microfibers Synthesized by Electrospinning. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3849. [PMID: 31766611 PMCID: PMC6926541 DOI: 10.3390/ma12233849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently it is necessary to find alternatives towards a sustainable construction, in order to optimize the management of natural resources. Thus, using recycled fine aggregate (RFA) is a viable recycling option for the production of new cementitious materials. In addition, the use of polymeric microfibers would cause an increase in the properties of these materials. In this work, mortars were studied with 25% of RFA and an addition of polyacrylonitrile PAN microfibers of 0.05% in cement weight. The microfibers were obtained by the electrospinning method, which had an average diameter of 1.024 µm and were separated by means of a homogenizer to be added to the mortar. Cementing materials under study were evaluated for compressive strength, flexural strength, total porosity, effective porosity and capillary absorption, resistance to water penetration, sorptivity and carbonation. The results showed that using 25% of RFA causes decreases mechanical properties and durability, but adding PAN microfibers in 0.05% caused an increase of 2.9% and 30.8% of compressive strength and flexural strength respectively (with respect to the reference sample); a decrease in total porosity of 5.8% and effective porosity of 7.4%; and significant decreases in capillary absorption (approximately 23.3%), resistance to water penetration (25%) and carbonation (14.3% after 28 days of exposure). The results showed that the use of PAN microfibers in recycled mortars allowed it to increase the mechanical properties (because they increase the tensile strength), helped to fill pores or cavities and this causes them to be mortars with greater durability. Therefore, the use of PAN microfibers as a reinforcement in recycled cementitious materials would be a viable option to increase their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J. Chinchillas-Chinchillas
- Faculty of Engineering Mochis, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Fuente de Poseidón y Ángel Flores s/n, Col. Jiquilpan, Module B2, Los Mochis, Sinaloa 81210, Mexico;
| | - Manuel J. Pellegrini-Cervantes
- Faculty of Engineering Mochis, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Fuente de Poseidón y Ángel Flores s/n, Col. Jiquilpan, Module B2, Los Mochis, Sinaloa 81210, Mexico;
| | - Andrés Castro-Beltrán
- Faculty of Engineering Mochis, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Fuente de Poseidón y Ángel Flores s/n, Col. Jiquilpan, Module B2, Los Mochis, Sinaloa 81210, Mexico;
| | - Margarita Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Engineering Mochis, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Fuente de Poseidón y Ángel Flores s/n, Col. Jiquilpan, Module B2, Los Mochis, Sinaloa 81210, Mexico;
| | | | - Héctor J. Peinado-Guevara
- Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, San Joachín, Guasave 81101, Sinaloa, Mexico;
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Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Montmorillonite-Reinforced Polypropylene/Rice Husk Hybrid Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101557. [PMID: 31557811 PMCID: PMC6835578 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the use of natural fibers as potential reinforcing fillers in polymer composites despite their hydrophilicity, which limits their widespread commercial application. The present study explored the fabrication of nanocomposites by melt mixing, using an internal mixer followed by a compression molding technique, and incorporating rice husk (RH) as a renewable natural filler, montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay as water-resistant reinforcing nanoparticles, and polypropylene-grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MAH) as a compatibilizing agent. To correlate the effect of MMT delamination and MMT/RH dispersion in the composites, the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were studied. XRD analysis revealed delamination of MMT platelets due to an increase in their interlayer spacing, and SEM micrographs indicated improved dispersion of the filler(s) from the use of compatibilizers. The mechanical properties were improved by the incorporation of MMT into the PP/RH system and the reinforcing effect was remarkable as a result of the use of compatibilizing agent. Prolonged water exposure of the prepared samples decreased their tensile and flexural properties. Interestingly, the maximum decrease was observed for PP/RH composites and the minimum was for MMT-reinforced and PP-g-MAH-compatibilized PP/RH composites. DSC results revealed an increase in crystallinity with the addition of filler(s), while the melting and crystallization temperatures remained unaltered. TGA revealed that MMT addition and its delamination in the composite systems improved the thermal stability of the developed nanocomposites. Overall, we conclude that MMT nanoclay is an effective water-resistant reinforcing nanoparticle that enhances the durability, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of composites.
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Bio-Polyethylene-Based Composites Reinforced with Alkali and Palmitoyl Chloride-Treated Coffee Silverskin. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173113. [PMID: 31461962 PMCID: PMC6749558 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the feasibility of using coffee silverskin (CSS) as a reinforcing agent in biobased polyethylene (BioPE) composites, by adding it in bulk and thin film samples. The effect of two different treatments, alkali bleaching (CSS_A) and esterification with palmitoyl chloride (CSS_P), on mechanical, thermal, morphological and water absorption behavior of produced materials at different CSS loading (10, 20 and 30 wt %) was investigated. A reactive graft copolymerization of BioPE with maleic anhydride was considered in the case of alkali treated CSS. It was found that, when introduced in bulk samples, improvement in the elastic modulus and a reduction in strain at maximum stress were observed with the increase in CSS fraction for the untreated and treated CSS composites, while the low aspect ratio of the CSS particles and their poor adhesion with the polymeric matrix were responsible for reduced ductility in films, decreasing crystallinity values and reduction of elastic moduli. When CSS_A and CSS_P are introduced in the matrix, a substantial reduction in the water uptake is also obtained in films, mainly due to presence of maleated PE, that builds up some interactions to eliminate the amounts of OH groups and hydrophobized CSS, due to the weakened absorption capacity of the functionalized CSS.
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Increasing the Impact Toughness of Cellulose Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites—Influence of Different Impact Modifiers and Production Scales. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs3030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While cellulose fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites typically offer good stiffness and strength in combination with ecological benefits and a high potential for lightweight construction, they often require measures taken to improve their impact performance. In this work, the influence of different types of impact modifier on the mechanical performance of a PP–cellulose composite was systematically investigated, with a particular focus on the improvement of the notched impact strength and the accompanying loss of stiffness. Among the tested impact modifiers, ethylene-octene copolymers appeared to be the most suitable class to achieve a good overall performance. A high modifier viscosity increased its potential to improve the notched impact strength of the composite. Additionally, composite production on a larger scale improved the impact performance without significantly affecting the tensile properties. Several composites from this study surpassed the overall mechanical performance of a benchmark commercial PP–cellulose composite. While the impact strength of commercial high-impact PP–talc composites could not be reached, the considerably lower density of the PP–cellulose composites is worth mentioning.
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Utilization of Recycled Material Sources for Wood-Polypropylene Composites: Effect on Internal Composite Structure, Particle Characteristics and Physico-Mechanical Properties. FIBERS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fib6040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, various wood material sources were used for the manufacture of wood-polymer composites (WPC). The materials were categorised as virgin wood particles (VWP), reprocessed WPC particles (RWP) and recycled thermoset composite particles (RCP) and derived from two virgin wood sources, three-layer particleboards, medium-density fibreboards (MDF) boards, or two different wood/polypropylene composites. All produced wood-polypropylene compounds contained 60% wood material and were manufactured using a co-rotating extruder. Malleated polypropylene was used as a coupling agent. Specimens were injection moulded and subsequently tested for their physico-mechanical properties. To characterize particles before and after processing, dynamic image analysis (DIA) measurement were performed. Additionally, X-ray micro-computed tomography (XµCT) was used to characterize the internal structure of the composites and to verify the obtained particle’s characteristics. It was found that length and aspect ratio of particles were remarkably different before and after processing (loss in length of 15–70% and aspect ratio of 10–40%). Moreover, there were notably differences between the particle sources (RCP retained the highest length and aspect ratio values, followed by VWP and RWP). The results suggest that increased aspect ratios can indeed significantly improve mechanical properties (up to 300% increase in impact bending strength and 75% increase in tensile strength, comparing WPC based either on virgin spruce or MDF material). This phenomenon is suggested to be partially superimposed by improved dispersion of particles, which is expected due to lower variance and increased mechanical properties of RWP composites. However, no notable alterations were observed for composite density. Reprocessed WPC and, particularly, RCP material have proved to be an appealing raw material substitute for the manufacturing of wood–polymer composites.
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22
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Fortini A, Mazzanti V. Combined effect of water uptake and temperature on wood polymer composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Fortini
- Department of Engineering (DE); University of Ferrara, via Saragat 1; Ferrara 44122 Italy
| | - Valentina Mazzanti
- Department of Engineering (DE); University of Ferrara, via Saragat 1; Ferrara 44122 Italy
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23
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Saccani A, Manzi S, Baldazzi L, Sisti L. Epoxy composites containing wastes from wine production as fillers. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Saccani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile; Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, Viale Terracini 28; Bologna 40131 Italy
| | - Stefania Manzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile; Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, Viale Terracini 28; Bologna 40131 Italy
| | - Luca Baldazzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile; Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, Viale Terracini 28; Bologna 40131 Italy
| | - Laura Sisti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile; Chimica, Ambientale e dei Materiali, Viale Terracini 28; Bologna 40131 Italy
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24
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Diestel S, Krause A. Wood-based composites with thermoplastic polyurethane as matrix polymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Diestel
- Department of Biology; Center of Wood Science and Technology, University Hamburg; Hamburg Germany
| | - Andreas Krause
- Department of Biology; Center of Wood Science and Technology, University Hamburg; Hamburg Germany
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25
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Steidl E, Sobczak L, Pretschuh C. Monitoring of Injection Molding Tool Corrosion and Effects of Wood Plastic Compound's Moisture on Material Properties. INT POLYM PROC 2018. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Before injection molding, wood polymer composites (WPC) normally have to be dried to achieve optimal quality of the injected parts as well as to avoid corrosion of the mold. Based on a literature study, there are currently no published investigations dealing with the dependency of WPC properties on the initial moisture content of the compound's pellets. Further, it is known that water and wood in combination with high temperatures can lead to corrosion of steel parts, but a systematic analysis of the impact of WPC injection molding on tool corrosion has not been found in the literature. For the present study, a compound with 68 wt% (weight percent) polypropylene, 30 wt% wood flour and 2 wt% coupling agent was produced and tested in injection molding trials. Specimens according to ISO 527-2 were produced from WPC with defined moisture contents, respectively. Compound moisture, already at very low contents, had significant negative effects on the tested mechanical properties, namely tensile modulus and strength, unnotched and notched Charpy impact strength and heat deflection temperature. Corrosion trials were performed for different tool steel qualities. The severity of corrosion correlates with the amount of chromium (Cr) in the alloys tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Steidl
- Competence Centre for Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry , Division Wood-Polymer-Composites, Linz , Austria
| | - L. Sobczak
- Competence Centre for Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry , Division Wood-Polymer-Composites, Linz , Austria
| | - C. Pretschuh
- Competence Centre for Wood Composites and Wood Chemistry , Division Wood-Polymer-Composites, Linz , Austria
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26
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Vimalanathan P, Venkateshwaran N, Srinivasan SP, Santhanam V, Rajesh M. Impact of surface adaptation and Acacia nilotica biofiller on static and dynamic properties of sisal fiber composite. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2017.1387689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Vimalanathan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N. Venkateshwaran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. P. Srinivasan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V. Santhanam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Rajesh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus Tamil Nadu, India
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27
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Constante A, Pillay S. Algae fiber polypropylene composites: Modeling of the degradation by solid state kinetics. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Constante
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Materials Processing and Applications (MPAD) Development Center University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama 35294
| | - Selvum Pillay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Materials Processing and Applications (MPAD) Development Center University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama 35294
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28
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Hu Q, Yan X, Dong C, Hu W. Chemical modifications on linen for unsaturated polyester composites. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-016-6101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Sorieul M, Dickson A, Hill SJ, Pearson H. Plant Fibre: Molecular Structure and Biomechanical Properties, of a Complex Living Material, Influencing Its Deconstruction towards a Biobased Composite. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9080618. [PMID: 28773739 PMCID: PMC5509024 DOI: 10.3390/ma9080618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls form an organic complex composite material that fulfils various functions. The hierarchical structure of this material is generated from the integration of its elementary components. This review provides an overview of wood as a composite material followed by its deconstruction into fibres that can then be incorporated into biobased composites. Firstly, the fibres are defined, and their various origins are discussed. Then, the organisation of cell walls and their components are described. The emphasis is on the molecular interactions of the cellulose microfibrils, lignin and hemicelluloses in planta. Hemicelluloses of diverse species and cell walls are described. Details of their organisation in the primary cell wall are provided, as understanding of the role of hemicellulose has recently evolved and is likely to affect our perception and future study of their secondary cell wall homologs. The importance of the presence of water on wood mechanical properties is also discussed. These sections provide the basis for understanding the molecular arrangements and interactions of the components and how they influence changes in fibre properties once isolated. A range of pulping processes can be used to individualise wood fibres, but these can cause damage to the fibres. Therefore, issues relating to fibre production are discussed along with the dispersion of wood fibres during extrusion. The final section explores various ways to improve fibres obtained from wood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Dickson
- Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand.
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30
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Cisneros-López E, Pérez-Fonseca A, Fuentes-Talavera F, Anzaldo J, González-Núñez R, Rodrigue D, Robledo-Ortíz J. Rotomolded polyethylene-agave fiber composites: Effect of fiber surface treatment on the mechanical properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E.O. Cisneros-López
- Departamento de Madera, Celulosa y Papel; Universidad de Guadalajara; Carretera Guadalajara-Nogales Km 15.5, Las Agujas Zapopan Jalisco 45510 México
| | - A.A. Pérez-Fonseca
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Universidad de Guadalajara; Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán # 1451 Guadalajara Jalisco 44430 México
| | - F.J. Fuentes-Talavera
- Departamento de Madera, Celulosa y Papel; Universidad de Guadalajara; Carretera Guadalajara-Nogales Km 15.5, Las Agujas Zapopan Jalisco 45510 México
| | - J. Anzaldo
- Departamento de Madera, Celulosa y Papel; Universidad de Guadalajara; Carretera Guadalajara-Nogales Km 15.5, Las Agujas Zapopan Jalisco 45510 México
| | - R. González-Núñez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Universidad de Guadalajara; Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán # 1451 Guadalajara Jalisco 44430 México
| | - D. Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering and CERMA; Université Laval; Quebec City Quebec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - J.R. Robledo-Ortíz
- Departamento de Madera, Celulosa y Papel; Universidad de Guadalajara; Carretera Guadalajara-Nogales Km 15.5, Las Agujas Zapopan Jalisco 45510 México
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31
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Duchoslav J, Unterweger C, Steinberger R, Fürst C, Stifter D. Investigation on the thermo-oxidative stability of carbon fiber sizings for application in thermoplastic composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Costa CSMF, Fonseca AC, Serra AC, Coelho JFJ. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis of Polymer Composites Reinforced with Natural Fibers. POLYM REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2015.1108334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Utilization of algae blooms as a source of natural fibers for biocomposite materials: Study of morphology and mechanical performance of Lyngbya fibers. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Yin S, Tuladhar R, Shi F, Shanks RA, Combe M, Collister T. Mechanical reprocessing of polyolefin waste: A review. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yin
- College of Science, Technology & Engineering; James Cook University; Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Rabin Tuladhar
- College of Science, Technology & Engineering; James Cook University; Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Beijing 100000 China
| | - Robert A. Shanks
- School of Applied Sciences; RMIT University; Melbourne Victoria 3001 Australia
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35
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Sönmez M, Georgescu M, Vâlsan M, Radulescu M, Ficai D, Voicu G, Ficai A, Alexandrescu L. Design and characterization of polypropylene matrix/glass fibers composite materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sönmez
- National Research & Development Institute for Textiles and Leather-division: Leather and Footwear Research Institute; Bucharest Romania
| | - Mihai Georgescu
- National Research & Development Institute for Textiles and Leather-division: Leather and Footwear Research Institute; Bucharest Romania
| | - Mihaela Vâlsan
- National Research & Development Institute for Textiles and Leather-division: Leather and Footwear Research Institute; Bucharest Romania
| | - Marius Radulescu
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science; 011061 Bucharest Romania
| | - Denisa Ficai
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science; 011061 Bucharest Romania
| | - Georgeta Voicu
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science; 011061 Bucharest Romania
| | - Anton Ficai
- University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science; 011061 Bucharest Romania
| | - Laurentia Alexandrescu
- National Research & Development Institute for Textiles and Leather-division: Leather and Footwear Research Institute; Bucharest Romania
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36
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Ramamoorthy SK, Skrifvars M, Persson A. A Review of Natural Fibers Used in Biocomposites: Plant, Animal and Regenerated Cellulose Fibers. POLYM REV 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2014.971124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polypropylene Composites Reinforced with Lignocellulose Nanofibers Dried in Melted Ethylene-Butene Copolymer. MATERIALS 2014; 7:6919-6929. [PMID: 28788222 PMCID: PMC5456022 DOI: 10.3390/ma7106919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulose nanofibers were prepared by the wet disk milling of wood flour. First, an ethylene-butene copolymer was pre-compounded with wood flour or lignocellulose nanofibers to prepare master batches. This process involved evaporating the water of the lignocellulose nanofiber suspension during compounding with ethylene-butene copolymer by heating at 105 °C. These master batches were compounded again with polypropylene to obtain the final composites. Since ethylene-butene copolymer is an elastomer, its addition increased the impact strength of polypropylene but decreased the stiffness. In contrast, the wood flour- and lignocellulose nanofiber-reinforced composites showed significantly higher flexural moduli and slightly higher flexural yield stresses than did the ethylene-butene/polypropylene blends. Further, the wood flour composites exhibited brittle fractures during tensile tests and had lower impact strengths than those of the ethylene-butene/polypropylene blends. On the other hand, the addition of the lignocellulose nanofibers did not decrease the impact strength of the ethylene-butene/polypropylene blends. Finally, the addition of wood flour and the lignocellulose nanofibers increased the crystallization temperature and crystallization rate of polypropylene. The increases were more remarkable in the case of the lignocellulose nanofibers than for wood flour.
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38
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Jing X, Mi HY, Peng XF, Turng LS. The morphology, properties, and shape memory behavior of polylactic acid/thermoplastic polyurethane blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jing
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Hao-Yang Mi
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53706
| | - Xiang-Fang Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Wisconsin Institute for Discovery; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53706
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Yıldız S, Karaağaç B, Ozkoc G. Thoughening of poly(lactic acid) with silicone rubber. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Yıldız
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus; 41380 Turkey
| | - Bağdagül Karaağaç
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus; 41380 Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus; 41380 Turkey
| | - Guralp Ozkoc
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus; 41380 Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology; Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus; 41380 Turkey
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Gahleitner M, Tranninger C, Doshev P. Heterophasic copolymers of polypropylene: Development, design principles, and future challenges. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH; Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25; 4021; Linz; Austria
| | - Cornelia Tranninger
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH; Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25; 4021; Linz; Austria
| | - Petar Doshev
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH; Innovation Headquarters, Sankt Peterstrasse 25; 4021; Linz; Austria
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