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Kervran M, Shabanian M, Vagner C, Ponçot M, Meier-Haack J, Laoutid F, Gaan S, Vahabi H. Flame retardancy of sustainable polylactic acid and polyhydroxybutyrate (PLA/PHB) blends. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126208. [PMID: 37567537 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, development of new biobased/biodegradable polymers from biological resources is of great interest from a sustainability standpoint. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polylactic acid (PLA) are two biopolymers obtained from renewable resources. In this study, the flame-retardant effect of a newly developed flame retardant (FR) based on melamine in a PLA/PHB blend was studied. Several combinations containing this new FR combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and sepiolite were introduced in a PLA/PHB blend. 20 wt% of FR were introduced into a matrix containing 75 wt% PLA and 25 wt% PHB blended with a microcompounder. According to pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) analyses, all the FR formulations exhibited reduced flammability. The results revealed a considerable decrease in the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) by 33 % in the presence of the new FR while a reduction of about 60 % for combinations with APP and sepiolite. The new FR system significantly enhanced the fire behaviour of PLA/PHB blend. The work presents the first cone calorimeter analyses of PLA/PHB composites. The fire behaviour evolved from thin sample to a thick charring behaviour highlighted by an increase of the residue after cone calorimeter from 0 to 14.7 % with this FR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kervran
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - M Shabanian
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - C Vagner
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - M Ponçot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - J Meier-Haack
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - F Laoutid
- Polymeric and Composite Materials Unit, Materia Nova Research Center, University of Mons UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - S Gaan
- Laboratory of Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - H Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.
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2
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Yan B, Yang W, Zhong Y, Duan Q, Xie J. Effects of Y-nodes in DGEBA/TDE-85/MTHPA blends on their thermal and mechanical properties: MD simulation and experimental study. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 123:108532. [PMID: 37276721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the development of alternate electrical power system and the improvement of voltage level, the operation conditions faced by epoxy resin (ER) insulation materials are becoming more and more complex. The traditional ER materials have been difficult to meet the increasingly stringent requirements. In this paper, the thermal and mechanical properties of DGEBA/TDE-85/MTHPA blend system were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and experiment. The results show that the addition of TDE-85 can significantly improve the thermal and mechanical properties, and the comprehensive improvement effect is the best when the molar ratio of DGEBA and TDE-85 is about 8:2. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation results. Further analysis of the micro-parameters of the monomer and the cross-linking network found that the torsional energy barrier of TDE-85 is higher than DGEBA. And the compatibility of the two ER is better when the ratio is 8:2. In addition, TDE-85 can introduce high-stability Y-nodes into the system, making the cross-linked network more stable, which has a significant effect on improving the thermal and mechanical properties. The research provide a reference for the blending modification of high-performance ER for high-voltage insulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyue Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology, Beijing, 102209, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology, Beijing, 102209, China
| | - Yuyao Zhong
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Qijun Duan
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Security Defense, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China.
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Sadak AE, Cucu E, Hamur B, Ün İ, Altundas R. Cyclotriphosphazene and tricarbazole based microporous hyper-crosslinked conjugated polymer for CCUS: Exceptional CO2 selectivity and high capacity CO2, CH4, and H2 capture. J CO2 UTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Gaseous- and Condensed-Phase Activities of Some Reactive P- and N-Containing Fire Retardants in Polystyrenes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010278. [PMID: 36615472 PMCID: PMC9822389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) was modified by covalently binding P-, P-N- and/or N- containing fire-retardant moieties through co- or ter-polymerization reactions of styrene with diethyl(acryloyloxymethyl)phosphonate (DEAMP), diethyl-p-vinylbenzyl phosphonate (DEpVBP), acrylic acid-2-[(diethoxyphosphoryl)methylamino]ethyl ester (ADEPMAE) and maleimide (MI). In the present study, the condensed-phase and the gaseous-phase activities of the abovementioned fire retardants within the prepared co- and ter-polymers were evaluated for the first time. Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry was employed to identify the volatile products formed during the thermal decomposition of the modified polymers. Benzaldehyde, α-methylstyrene, acetophenone, triethyl phosphate and styrene (monomer, dimer and trimer) were detected in the gaseous phase following the thermal cracking of fire-retardant groups and through main chain scissions. In the case of PS modified with ADEPMAE, the evolution of pyrolysis gases was suppressed by possible inhibitory actions of triethyl phosphate in the gaseous phase. The reactive modification of PS by simultaneously incorporating P- (DEAMP or DEpVBP) and N- (MI) monomeric units, in the chains of ter-polymers, resulted in a predominantly condensed-phase mode of action owing to synergistic P and N interactions. The solid-state 31P NMR spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, Inductively-Coupled Plasma/Optical Emission Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of char residues, obtained from ter-polymers, confirmed the retention of the phosphorus species in their structures.
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Zhi M, Yang X, Fan R, Yue S, Zheng L, Liu Q, He Y. A comprehensive review of reactive flame-retardant epoxy resin: fundamentals, recent developments, and perspectives. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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6
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Kamalipour J, Beheshty M, Zohuriaan-Mehr M. Novel phosphonated hardeners derived from diamino diphenyl sulfone for epoxy resins: Synthesis and one-pack flame-retardant formulation alongside dicyandiamide. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Seraji SM, Gan H, Swan SR, Varley RJ. Phosphazene as an effective flame retardant for rapid curing epoxy resins. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Stanfield MK, Carrascal J, Henderson LC, Eyckens DJ. α-Aminophosphonate Derivatives for Enhanced Flame Retardant Properties in Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123230. [PMID: 34208110 PMCID: PMC8230893 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the introduction of various α-aminophosphonate compounds to an epoxy resin system, thereby improving flame retardance properties. The α-aminophosphonate scaffold allows for covalent incorporation (via the secondary amine) of the compounds into the polymer network. This work explores the synergistic effect of phosphorus and halogens (such as fluorine) to improve flame retardancy. The compounds were all prepared and isolated in analytical purity and in good yield (95%). Epoxy samples were prepared, individually incorporating each compound. Thermogravimetric analysis showed an increased char yield, indicating an improved thermal resistance (with respect to the control sample). Limiting oxygen index for the control polymer was 28.0% ± 0.31% and it increased to 34.6% ± 0.33% for the fluorinated derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Stanfield
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.K.S.); (D.J.E.); Tel.: +61-352-275-767 (M.K.S.); Tel.: +61-395-452-242 (D.J.E.)
| | - Jeronimo Carrascal
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Luke C. Henderson
- Carbon Nexus, Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia;
| | - Daniel J. Eyckens
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.K.S.); (D.J.E.); Tel.: +61-352-275-767 (M.K.S.); Tel.: +61-395-452-242 (D.J.E.)
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9
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Multi elements-based hybrid flame retardants for the superior fire performance of polyamide 66 textiles. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Kundu CK, Wang X, Rahman MZ, Song L, Hu Y. Application of Chitosan and DOPO derivatives in fire protection of polyamide 66 textiles: Towards a combined gas phase and condensed phase activity. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Li A, Mao P, Liang B. The effect of a novel phosphorus-nitrogen reactive flame retardant curing agent on the performance of epoxy resin. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2018.1560226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anxin Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Pingli Mao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bing Liang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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12
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Yang R, Wang B, Han X, Ma B, Li J. Synthesis and characterization of flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam based on a reactive flame retardant containing phosphazene and cyclophosphonate. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Liang WJ, Zhao B, Zhang CY, Jian RK, Liu DY, Liu YQ. Enhanced flame retardancy of DGEBA epoxy resin with a novel bisphenol-A bridged cyclotriphosphazene. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Pang XY, Tian Y, Shi XZ. Synergism between hydrotalcite and silicate-modified expandable graphite on ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer combustion behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yan Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Tian
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Zhu Shi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
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15
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Müller P, Morys M, Sut A, Jäger C, Illerhaus B, Schartel B. Melamine poly(zinc phosphate) as flame retardant in epoxy resin: Decomposition pathways, molecular mechanisms and morphology of fire residues. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Wang P, Yang F, Li L, Cai Z. Flame-retardant properties and mechanisms of epoxy thermosets modified with two phosphorus-containing phenolic amines. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Fusheng Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Zaisheng Cai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
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17
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Müller P, Schartel B. Melamine poly(metal phosphates) as flame retardant in epoxy resin: Performance, modes of action, and synergy. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Müller
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87; Berlin 12205 Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87; Berlin 12205 Germany
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18
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Liao F, Ju Y, Dai X, Cao Y, Li J, Wang X. A novel efficient polymeric flame retardant for poly (lactic acid) (PLA): Synthesis and its effects on flame retardancy and crystallization of PLA. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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You G, Cheng Z, Tang Y, He H. Functional Group Effect on Char Formation, Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Phosphonate–Triazine-based Compound as Flame Retardant in Epoxy Resin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geyun You
- Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhiquan Cheng
- Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yuying Tang
- Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hongwu He
- Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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