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Wang X, Zhao Z, Zhang M, Liang Y, Liu Y. Polyurethanes Modified by Ionic Liquids and Their Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11627. [PMID: 37511385 PMCID: PMC10380480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) refers to the polymer containing carbamate groups in its molecular structure, generally obtained by the reaction of isocyanate and alcohol. Because of its flexible formulation, diverse product forms, and excellent performance, it has been widely used in mechanical engineering, electronic equipment, biomedical applications, etc. Through physical or chemical methods, ionic groups are introduced into PU, which gives PU electrical conductivity, flame-retardant, and antistatic properties, thus expanding the application fields of PU, especially in flexible devices such as sensors, actuators, and functional membranes for batteries and gas absorption. In this review, we firstly introduced the characteristics of PU in chemical and microphase structures and their related physical and chemical performance. To improve the performance of PU, ionic liquids (ILs) were applied in the processing or synthesis of PU, resulting in a new type of PU called ionic PU. In the following part of this review, we mainly summarized the fabrication methods of IL-modified PUs via physical blending and the chemical copolymerization method. Then, we summarized the research progress of the applications for IL-modified PUs in different fields, including sensors, actuators, transistors, antistatic films, etc. Finally, we discussed the future development trends and challenges faced by IL-modified PUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Meiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yongri Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yingdan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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Sheima Y, Venkatesan TR, Frauenrath H, Opris DM. Synthesis of polysiloxane elastomers modified with sulfonyl side groups and their electromechanical response. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2023; 11:7367-7376. [PMID: 37304728 PMCID: PMC10249063 DOI: 10.1039/d3tc00200d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric elastomer transducers are elastic capacitors that respond to mechanical or electrical stress. They can be used in applications such as millimeter-sized soft robots and harvesters of the energy contained in ocean waves. The dielectric component of these capacitors is a thin elastic film, preferably made of a material having a high dielectric permittivity. When properly designed, these materials convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa, as well as thermal energy into electrical energy and vice versa. Whether a polymer can be used for one or the other application is determined by its glass transition temperature (Tg), which should be significantly below room temperature for the former and around room temperature for the latter function. Herein, we report a polysiloxane elastomer modified with polar sulfonyl side groups to contribute to this field with a powerful new material. This material has a dielectric permittivity as high as 18.4 at 10 kHz and 20 °C, a relatively low conductivity of 5 × 10-10 S cm-1, and a large actuation strain of 12% at an electric field of 11.4 V μm-1 (0.25 Hz and 400 V). At 0.5 Hz and 400 V, the actuator showed a stable actuation of 9% over 1000 cycles. The material exhibited a Tg of -13.6 °C, which although is well below room temperature affected the material's response in actuators, which shows significant differences in the response at different frequencies and temperatures and in films with different thicknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauhen Sheima
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 Dübendorf CH-8600 Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 6 Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Thulasinath Raman Venkatesan
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 Dübendorf CH-8600 Switzerland
| | - Holger Frauenrath
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) Station 6 Lausanne CH-1015 Switzerland
| | - Dorina M Opris
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa Überlandstrasse 129 Dübendorf CH-8600 Switzerland
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Wei X, Zhao H, Yin L, Miao Z, Ding X, Wang Q, Bai J. The improved low‐field electro‐actuation of dielectric elastomer composites regulated by entirely‐inorganic
BaTiO
3
@
TiO
2
core‐shell construction. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Wei
- International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, and Institute of Photonics & Photon‐Technology Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Hang Zhao
- International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, and Institute of Photonics & Photon‐Technology Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Lei Yin
- International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, and Institute of Photonics & Photon‐Technology Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Zhiying Miao
- International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, and Institute of Photonics & Photon‐Technology Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Xiaoyu Ding
- International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, and Institute of Photonics & Photon‐Technology Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Qian Wang
- International Collaborative Center on Photoelectric Technology and Nano Functional Materials, and Institute of Photonics & Photon‐Technology Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Jinbo Bai
- Laboratoire de Mécanique des Sols, Structures et Matériaux, CNRS UMR 8579, Centrale‐Supélec Université Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
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Lu G, Shuai C, Liu Y, Yang X. Study on the Actuation Properties of Polyurethane Fiber Membranes Filled with PEG-SWNTs Dielectric Microcapsules. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1026. [PMID: 36295785 PMCID: PMC9606993 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12101026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane dielectric elastomer (PUDE), a typical representative of emerging intelligent materials, has advantages, such as good elasticity and flexibility, fast response speed, high electromechanical conversion efficiency, and strong environmental tolerance. It has promising applications in underwater bionic actuators, but its electromechanical properties should be improved further. In this context, the design of polyethylene glycol (PEG) single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNTs) dielectric microcapsules was adopted to balance the problem of contradictions, which conventional dielectric modification methods face between comprehensive properties (e.g., dielectric properties and modulus). Moreover, the dielectric microcapsule was evenly filled into the polyurethane fiber by coaxial spinning technology to enhance the actuation performance and instability of the electrical breakdown threshold of conventional polyurethane dielectric modification. It was revealed that the dielectric microcapsules were oriented in the polyurethane fiber, and the actuation performance of the composite fiber membrane was significantly better than that of the polyurethane fiber membrane filled with SWNTs, thus confirming that the filling design of the dielectric microcapsules in polyurethane fiber could have certain technical advantages. On that basis, this study provides a novel idea for the dielectric modification of polyurethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- Institute of Noise and Vibration, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- Key Laboratory of Ship Vibration and Noise, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Changgeng Shuai
- Institute of Noise and Vibration, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- Key Laboratory of Ship Vibration and Noise, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Yinsong Liu
- Institute of Noise and Vibration, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- Key Laboratory of Ship Vibration and Noise, Wuhan 430033, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Institute of Noise and Vibration, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China
- Key Laboratory of Ship Vibration and Noise, Wuhan 430033, China
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Preparation and Dielectric Sensitivity of Polyurethane Composite Fiber Membrane Filled with BaTiO3. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040364. [PMID: 35448334 PMCID: PMC9028771 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane dielectric elastomer (PUDE) is considered a potential underwater flexible actuator material due to its excellent designability and environmental tolerance at the molecular level. Currently, the application of the polyurethane elastomer as an actuating material is constrained by such problems as the conflict between various properties such as dielectric properties and modulus and the low level of dielectric sensitivity. This is a common challenge facing polyurethane dielectric research related to the uneven distribution of dielectric fillers in the matrix. Besides, another challenge for the academic circles is the easy agglomeration of micro and nanofillers. Given the above-mentioned background of the application and technical problems, the coaxial electrospinning technology is proposed in this paper. The polyurethane fiber network is constructed with the preferred hydrolysis resistant polyether-Diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer as the matrix material. Dispersed by ultrasound, the micro nano dielectric filler is integrated into polyurethane fiber through the coaxial dual-channel design. Additionally, directional constraint molding is conducted to improve the agglomeration of small-scale particles induced by the loss of mechanical energy in traditional blending. After characterization, the distribution of BaTiO3 particles in the fiber bundle is relatively uniform. Compared to the polyurethane dielectric composites prepared by traditional blending (BaTiO3-Dielectric Elastomer, BaTiO3-DE), the dielectric sensitivity factor of the polyurethane composite fiber membrane (BaTiO3-Dielectric Elastomer Membrane, BaTiO3-DEM) is enhanced by over 25%; the electrostrictive strain of BaTiO3-DEM is boosted by least 10%.
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Zhu J, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Yin L, Zha J, Dang Z. Advanced dielectric elastomer based on optimized thermoplastic polyurethane–styrene ethylene butylene styrene blend: Experiment and simulation. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Electrical Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Li‐Juan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China
| | - Jun‐Wei Zha
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Zhi‐Min Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Power System, Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China
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Silva RML, Merces L, Bof Bufon CC. Temperature-Independent Polarization of Ultrathin Phthalocyanine-Based Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Heterojunctions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:29556-29565. [PMID: 32447957 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The combination of organic and inorganic materials at the nanoscale to form functional hybrid structures is a powerful strategy to develop novel electronic devices. The knowledge on semiconductor thin-film polarization brings direct benefits to the hybrid organic/inorganic electronics, becoming primordial for the development of devices such as electromechanical logic gates, solar cells, miniaturized valves, organic diodes, and molecular supercapacitors, among others. Here, we report on the dielectric polarization of ultrathin organic semiconducting films-ca. 5 nm thick metal phthalocyanine ensembles (viz., CuPc, CoPc, F16CuPc)-employed to build up hybrid metal/oxide/molecule heterojunctions. Such hybrid heterostructures are fully integrated into self-rolled nanomembrane-based capacitors and further investigated by impedance spectroscopy measurements as a function of temperature (from 6 to 300 K). The dielectric polarization of the metal phthalocyanines is found to be thermally activated above a specific threshold temperature, which depends on the molecular structure. Below this threshold, the current leakage across the system is suppressed, thus evidencing intrinsic-like polarization mechanisms. The temperature-independent permittivities of the ultrathin molecular films are found to be strongly dependent on the organic/inorganic hybrid interfaces, while the calculated relaxation times are more likely related to each single-molecule polarization. Beyond the advances in determining the temperature dependence of the permittivity for ultrathin phthalocyanine films integrated within solid-state electronics, our results also support the deterministic design of novel functional devices based on nanoscale hybrid organic/inorganic heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M L Silva
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), 17033-360 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Merces
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Bof Bufon
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Technology (POSMAT), São Paulo State University (UNESP), 17033-360 Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Li J, Wong WY, Tao XM. Recent advances in soft functional materials: preparation, functions and applications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:1281-1306. [PMID: 31912063 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07035d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic materials and biomaterials with elastic moduli lower than 10 MPa are generally considered as soft materials. Research studies on soft materials have been boosted due to their intriguing features such as light-weight, low modulus, stretchability, and a diverse range of functions including sensing, actuating, insulating and transporting. They are ideal materials for applications in smart textiles, flexible devices and wearable electronics. On the other hand, benefiting from the advances in materials science and chemistry, novel soft materials with tailored properties and functions could be prepared to fulfil the specific requirements. In this review, the current progress of soft materials, ranging from materials design, preparation and application are critically summarized based on three categories, namely gels, foams and elastomers. The chemical, physical and electrical properties and the applications are elaborated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of soft materials to researchers in different disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Tao
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
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Wongtimnoi K, Cavaillé JY, Chenal JM, Guiffard B, Bogner A, Seveyrat L. Thickness-dependent microstructural and electromechanical properties in polyurethane films obtained by polymer solution casting. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Wongtimnoi
- Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Ferroélectricité (EA682); INSA Lyon, Université de Lyon; F-69621 Villeurbanne France
- MATEIS, UMR 5510, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université de Lyon; F-69621 Villeurbanne France
- Faculty of Engineering; Burapha University, 169 Long-Hard Bangsaen Road, Saensook District; Muang 20131 Chonburi Thailand
| | - J.-Y. Cavaillé
- MATEIS, UMR 5510, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université de Lyon; F-69621 Villeurbanne France
- ELyTMaX, UMI 3757, CNRS; Tohoku University and Université de Lyon, International Joint Unit, Tohoku University, Room#503, MaSC Building, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-Ku; 980-8577 Sendai Japan
| | - J.-M. Chenal
- MATEIS, UMR 5510, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université de Lyon; F-69621 Villeurbanne France
| | - B. Guiffard
- Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Ferroélectricité (EA682); INSA Lyon, Université de Lyon; F-69621 Villeurbanne France
- UBL Université, Université de Nantes; IETR, UMR CNRS 6164; F-44322 Nantes France
| | - A. Bogner
- MATEIS, UMR 5510, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université de Lyon; F-69621 Villeurbanne France
| | - L. Seveyrat
- Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Ferroélectricité (EA682); INSA Lyon, Université de Lyon; F-69621 Villeurbanne France
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