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Yuan Y, Lin W, Xiao Y, Yu B, Wang W. Advancements in Flame-Retardant Systems for Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Molecules 2023; 28:7549. [PMID: 38005271 PMCID: PMC10673599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The amplified employment of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has accentuated the importance of its flame-retardant properties in stimulating demand. Thus, a compelling research report is essential to scrutinize the recent progression in the field of the flame retardancy and smoke toxicity reduction of RPUF. This comprehensive analysis delves into the conventional and innovative trends in flame-retardant (FR) systems, comprising reactive-type FRs, additive-type FRs, inorganic nanoparticles, and protective coatings for flame resistance, and summarizes their impacts on the thermal stability, mechanical properties, and smoke toxicity suppression of the resultant foams. Nevertheless, there are still several challenges that require attention, such as the migration of additives, the insufficient interfacial compatibility between flame-retardant polyols or flame retardants and the RPUF matrix, and the complexity of achieving both flame retardancy and mechanical properties simultaneously. Moreover, future research should focus on utilizing functionalized precursors and developing biodegradable RPUF to promote sustainability and to expand the applications of polyurethane foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Weiliang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Xiao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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2
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Zou Y, Cui W, Chen D, Luo F, Li H. In Situ-Generated Heat-Resistant Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework for Remarkably Improving Both Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47463-47474. [PMID: 37750712 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the heat-resistant hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) material HOF-FJU-1 was synthesized via in situ generation and then used as flame retardants (FRs) to improve the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP). HOF-FJU-1 can maintain high crystallinity at 450 °C and thus function as a flame retardant in EP. The study found that HOF-FJU-1 facilitates the improvement of char formation in EP, thus inhibiting heat transfer and smoke release during combustion. For EP/HOF-FJU-1 composites, the in situ-generated HOF-FJU-1 can remarkably improve both the mechanical properties and the flame retardancy of EP. Furthermore, the in situ-generated HOF-FJU-1 has better fire safety than the ex situ-generated HOF-FJU-1 at the same filling content. Thermal degradation products and flame retardation mechanisms in the gas and condensed phases were further investigated. This work demonstrates that the in situ-generated HOF-FJU-1 is promising to be an excellent flame-retardant candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbing Zou
- Engineering Research Center of polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resource science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Wenqi Cui
- Engineering Research Center of polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resource science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Denglong Chen
- Quangang Petrochemical Research Institute, Fujian Normal University, Quanzhou 362801, China
| | - Fubin Luo
- Engineering Research Center of polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resource science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Hongzhou Li
- Engineering Research Center of polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resource science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
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3
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Wang J, Yu S, Xiao S. Research progress of triazine flame retardants. Macromol Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-023-00157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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4
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Highly efficient phosphorous-containing flame retardant for transparent epoxy resin with good mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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5
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Fang Q, Zhan Y, Chen X, Wu R, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wu X, He Y, Zhou J, Yuan B. A bio-based intumescent flame retardant with biomolecules functionalized ammonium polyphosphate enables polylactic acid with excellent flame retardancy. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Huang Z, Drigo N, Wang Z, Zhao R, Lehner S, Jovic M, Gaan S. Fire safe epoxy composite with low dielectric properties from a combination of fluoro-phosphonium salt, melamine and copper hydroxystannate. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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7
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A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foam from 1963 to 2021. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153011. [PMID: 35893975 PMCID: PMC9332328 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame-retardant science and technology are sciences developed to prevent the occurrence of fire, meet the needs of social safety production, and protect people's lives and property. Rigid polyurethane (PU) is a polymer formed by the additional polymerization reaction of a molecule with two or more isocyanate functional groups with a polyol containing two or more reactive hydroxyl groups under a suitable catalyst and in an appropriate ratio. Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is a foam-like material with a large contact area with oxygen when burning, resulting in rapid combustion. At the same time, RPUF produces a lot of toxic gases when burning and endangers human health. Improving the flame-retardant properties of RPUF is an important theme in flame-retardant science and technology. This review discusses the development of flame-retardant RPUF through the lens of bibliometrics. A total of 194 articles are analyzed, spanning from 1963 to 2021. We describe the development and focus of this theme at different stages. The various directions of this theme are discussed through keyword co-occurrence and clustering analysis. Finally, we provide reasonable perspectives about the future research direction of this theme based on the bibliometric results.
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8
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Lu W, Jin Z. Synthesis of phosphorus/nitrogen containing intumescent flame retardants from p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin and syringaldehyde for rigid polyurethane foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Synthesis of a bio-based flame retardant via a facile strategy and its synergistic effect with ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy of polylactic acid. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Huang Z, Wang Z. Synthesis of a bio‐based piperazine phytate flame retardant for epoxy resin with improved flame retardancy and smoke suppression. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Huang
- Department of Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Zhengzhou Wang
- Department of Polymeric Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials (Tongji University) Ministry of Education Shanghai China
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11
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Lu S, Feng Y, Zhang P, Hong W, Chen Y, Fan H, Yu D, Chen X. Preparation of Flame-Retardant Polyurethane and Its Applications in the Leather Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111730. [PMID: 34070588 PMCID: PMC8198486 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a novel polymer, polyurethane (PU) has been widely applied in leather, synthetic leather, and textiles due to its excellent overall performance. Nevertheless, conventional PU is flammable and its combustion is accompanied by severe melting and dripping, which then generates hazardous fumes and gases. This defect limits PU applications in various fields, including the leather industry. Hence, the development of environmentally friendly, flame-retardant PU is of great significance both theoretically and practically. Currently, phosphorus-nitrogen (P-N) reactive flame-retardant is a hot topic in the field of flame-retardant PU. Based on this, the preparation and flame-retardant mechanism of flame-retardant PU, as well as the current status of flame-retardant PU in the leather industry were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Lu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yechang Feng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Peikun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Wei Hong
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Haojun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (X.C.)
| | - Dingshan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Xudong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (X.C.)
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12
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Pan Y, Luo Z, Wang B. Synergistic flame retardant effect of piperazine salt and ammonium polyphosphate as intumescent flame retardant system for polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingtong Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Zhonglin Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Biaobing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
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13
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Acuña P, Lin X, Calvo MS, Shao Z, Pérez N, Villafañe F, Rodríguez-Pérez MÁ, Wang DY. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and phenylphosphonic-aniline salt on flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Zhu M, Liu L, Wang Z. Mesoporous silica via self-assembly of nano zinc amino-tris-(methylenephosphonate) exhibiting reduced fire hazards and improved impact toughness in epoxy resin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 392:122343. [PMID: 32092660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica@nano-zinc amino-tris-(methylenephosphonate) (m-SiO2@Zn-AMP) spheres were synthesized via a self-assembly process to integrate the outstanding flame retardancy, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of these materials. The results indicated that nano Zn-AMP particles were successfully deposited on the surface of m-SiO2 through electrostatic interactions. The prepared m-SiO2@Zn-AMP was utilized to improve the flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties of epoxy resin (EP). The storage modulus, impact, and tensile strengths of the EP with 1% m-SiO2@Zn-AMP (sample EP/1m-SiO2@Zn-AMP) were increased by 29.9, 50.0, and 23.5 %, respectively, relative to the values for untreated EP. The presence of multiple flame retardant elements (i.e. Si, P, N, and Zn) in the mesoporous spheres led to the formation of high yields of compact char residues and the release of inert substance during combustion, for high flame retardancy and efficient smoke suppression in the condensed and gaseous phase. The EP/5m-SiO2@Zn-AMP sample achieved a V0 rating in a vertical UL-94 test. Compared to untreated EP, the amount of total smoke released and the peak CO production rate of EP/5m-SiO2@Zn-AMP were reduced by 53.1 and 61.5 %, respectively. Additionally, the total heat release and peak heat release rate of EP/5m-SiO2@Zn-AMP were decreased by 45.2 and 57.8 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghe Zhu
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, PR China
| | - Zhengzhou Wang
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201804, PR China.
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15
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Zhang Z, Li D, Xu M, Li B. Synthesis of a novel phosphorus and nitrogen-containing flame retardant and its application in rigid polyurethane foam with expandable graphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Flame retardant, mechanical and thermal insulating properties of rigid polyurethane foam modified by nano zirconium amino-tris-(methylenephosphonate) and expandable graphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Rigid polyurethane/expanded vermiculite/ melamine phenylphosphate composite foams with good flame retardant and mechanical properties. E-POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2019-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExpanded vermiculite (EV) was introduced into rigid polyurethane (RPU) foam. The incorporation of 10 wt% EV into RPU foam increases the compressive strength and the flexural strength by 82% and by 115%, respectively compared with untreated RPU foam. The LOI of RPU foam containing 20 wt% EV is only 19.5%. To further improve the flame retardancy of RPU/EV composite foam, melamine phenylphosphate (MPP) was synthesized and introduced into the RPU/EV composite foam. The RPU/EV composite foam with 15% MPP (sample RPU/EV/MPP15) has a LOI of 27.5% and a V0 rating in the vertical UL-94 test. The PHRR and THR of sample RPU/EV/MPP15 decrease by 39% and 24%, respectively, compared with the ones of untreated RPU/EV composite foam. The compressive strength and flexural strength of RPU/EV/MPP composite foam gradually decrease with the increase in the amount of MPP. TGA results indicated that the addition of MPP further increase the residue char of the RPU/EV composite foam.
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18
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Günther M, Lorenzetti A, Schartel B. Fire Phenomena of Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10101166. [PMID: 30961091 PMCID: PMC6403833 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) typically exhibit low thermal inertia, resulting in short ignition times and rapid flame spread. In this study, the fire phenomena of RPUFs were investigated using a multi-methodological approach to gain detailed insight into the fire behaviour of pentane- and water-blown polyurethane (PUR) as well as pentane-blown polyisocyanurate polyurethane (PIR) foams with densities ranging from 30 to 100 kg/m3. Thermophysical properties were studied using thermogravimetry (TG); flammability and fire behaviour were investigated by means of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and a cone calorimeter. Temperature development in burning cone calorimeter specimens was monitored with thermocouples inside the foam samples and visual investigation of quenched specimens’ cross sections gave insight into the morphological changes during burning. A comprehensive investigation is presented, illuminating the processes taking place during foam combustion. Cone calorimeter tests revealed that in-depth absorption of radiation is a significant factor in estimating the time to ignition. Cross sections examined with an electron scanning microscope (SEM) revealed a pyrolysis front with an intact foam structure underneath, and temperature measurement inside burning specimens indicated that, as foam density increased, their burning behaviour shifted towards that of solid materials. The superior fire performance of PIR foams was found to be based on the cellular structure, which is retained in the residue to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Günther
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alessandra Lorenzetti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Padova University, v. F. Marzolo 9, 35131 Padua, Italy.
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Padova University, v. F. Marzolo 9, 35131 Padua, Italy.
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19
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Ai L, Chen S, Zeng J, Liu P, Liu W, Pan Y, Liu D. Synthesis and flame retardant properties of cyclophosphazene derivatives containing boron. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Liu L, Wang Z. High performance nano-zinc amino-tris-(methylenephosphonate) in rigid polyurethane foam with improved mechanical strength, thermal stability and flame retardancy. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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21
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Li A, Yang DD, Li HN, Jiang CL, Liang JZ. Flame-retardant and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam/MRP/mg(OH) 2
/GF/HGB composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Li
- School of Safety Engineering; China University of Mining and Technology; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Gas and Fire control for Coal Mines (China University of Mining and Technology), Ministry of Education; Xuzhou 221116 People's Republic of China
| | - D. D. Yang
- School of Safety Engineering; China University of Mining and Technology; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Gas and Fire control for Coal Mines (China University of Mining and Technology), Ministry of Education; Xuzhou 221116 People's Republic of China
| | - H. N. Li
- School of Safety Engineering; China University of Mining and Technology; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Gas and Fire control for Coal Mines (China University of Mining and Technology), Ministry of Education; Xuzhou 221116 People's Republic of China
| | - C. L. Jiang
- School of Safety Engineering; China University of Mining and Technology; Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116 People's Republic of China
| | - J. Z. Liang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
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22
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Liu DY, Zhao B, Wang JS, Liu PW, Liu YQ. Flame retardation and thermal stability of novel phosphoramide/expandable graphite in rigid polyurethane foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yue Liu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Jun-Sheng Wang
- Tianjin Fire Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security; Tianjin 300381 China
| | - Peng-Wei Liu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Ya-Qing Liu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
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