1
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Georgopoulou A, Srisawadi S, Wiroonpochit P, Clemens F. Soft Wearable Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Natural Rubber Fabricated with a Customized Vat-Based Additive Manufacturing Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102410. [PMID: 37242985 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Piezoresistive sensors for monitoring human motions are essential for the prevention and treatment of injury. Natural rubber is a material of renewable origin that can be used for the development of soft wearable sensors. In this study, natural rubber was combined with acetylene black to develop a soft piezoresistive sensing composite for monitoring the motion of human joints. An additive manufacturing technique based on stereolithography was used, and it was seen that the sensors produced with the method could detect even small strains (<10%) successfully. With the same sensor composite fabricated by mold casting, it was not possible to detect low strains reliably. TEM microscopy revealed that the distribution of the filler was not homogeneous for the cast samples, suggesting a directionality of the conductive filler network. For the sensors fabricated through the stereolithography-based method, a homogeneous distribution could be achieved. Based on mechano-electrical characterization, it was seen that the samples produced with AM combined the ability to endure large elongations with a monotonic sensor response. Under dynamic conditions, the sensor response of the samples produced by 3D printing showed lower drift and lower signal relaxation. The piezoresistive sensors were examined for monitoring the motion of the human finger joints. By increasing the bending angle of the sensor, it was possible to increase the sensitivity of the response. With the renewable origin of natural rubber and manufacturing method, the featured sensors can expand the applicability of soft flexible electronics in biomedical applications and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Georgopoulou
- Department of Advanced Materials and Surfaces, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sasitorn Srisawadi
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 114 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Panithi Wiroonpochit
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 114 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Frank Clemens
- Department of Advanced Materials and Surfaces, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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2
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Bragaglia M, Paleari L, Berrocal JA, Lamastra FR, Nanni F. Towards sustainable rubber compounds: The use of waste raw materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bragaglia
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini” University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
- INSTM Research Unit Roma “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Lorenzo Paleari
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini” University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
- INSTM Research Unit Roma “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | | | - Francesca R. Lamastra
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini” University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
- INSTM Research Unit Roma “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
| | - Francesca Nanni
- Department of Enterprise Engineering “Mario Lucertini” University of Rome “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
- INSTM Research Unit Roma “Tor Vergata” Rome Italy
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3
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Kumar A, Connal LA. Biobased Transesterification Vitrimers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200892. [PMID: 36661130 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The rapid increase in the use of plastics and the related sustainability issues, including the depletion of global petroleum reserves, have rightly sparked interest in the use of biobased polymer feedstocks. Thermosets cannot be remolded, processed, or recycled, and hence cannot be reused because of their permanent molecular architecture. Vitrimers have emerged as a novel polymer family capable of bridging the difference between thermoplastic and thermosets. Vitrimers enable unique recycling strategies, however, it is still important to understand where the raw material feedstocks originate from. Transesterification vitrimers derived from renewable resources are a massive opportunity, however, limited research has been conducted in this specific family of vitrimers. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of transesterification vitrimers produced from biobased monomers. The focus is on the biomass structural suitability with dynamic covalent chemistry, as well as the viability of the synthetic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Luke A Connal
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
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4
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Wadgaonkar SP, Wagner M, Baptista LA, Cortes-Huerto R, Frey H, Müller AHE. Anionic Polymerization of the Terpene-Based Diene β-Ocimene: Complex Mechanism Due to Stereoisomer Reactivities. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivani P. Wadgaonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | - Luis Andre Baptista
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | - Axel H. E. Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128Mainz, Germany
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5
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Iacob C, Heck M, Wilhelm M. Molecular Dynamics of Polymyrcene: Rheology and Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy on a Stockmayer Type A Polymer. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian Iacob
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, 240050 Rm. Valcea, Romania
| | - Matthias Heck
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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6
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Boon ZH, Teo YY, Ang DTC. Recent development of biodegradable synthetic rubbers and bio-based rubbers using sustainable materials from biological sources. RSC Adv 2022; 12:34028-34052. [PMID: 36545000 PMCID: PMC9710532 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06602e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubber is an amorphous hyperelastic polymer which is widely used in this modern era. Natural rubber is considered the ultimate rubber in terms of mechanical performance, but over the years, some limitations and challenges in natural rubber cultivation that could result in serious shortages in the supply chain had been identified. Since then, the search for alternatives including new natural and synthetic rubbers has been rather intense. The initiative to explore new sources of natural rubber which started during the 1940s has been reignited recently due to the increasing demand for natural rubber. The commercialization of natural rubber from the Parthenium argentatum and Taraxacum kok-saghyz species, with the cooperation from rubber product manufacturing companies, has somewhat improved the sustainability of the natural rubber supply chain. Meanwhile, the high demand for synthetic rubber drastically increases the rate of depletion of fossil fuels and amplifies the adverse environmental effect of overexploitation of fossil fuels. Moreover, rubber and plastic products disposal have been a major issue for many decades, causing environmental pollution and the expansion of landfills. Sustainable synthetic rubber products could be realized through the incorporation of materials from biological sources. They are renewable, low cost, and most importantly, biodegradable in nature. In this review, brief introduction to natural and synthetic rubbers, challenges in the rubber industry, alternatives to conventional natural rubber, and recent advances in biodegradable and/or bio-based synthetic rubbers are discussed. The effect of incorporating various types of biologically sourced materials in the synthetic rubbers are also elaborated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Hern Boon
- Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya50603 Kuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Yin Yin Teo
- Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya50603 Kuala LumpurMalaysia
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7
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Xu J, Hao Y, Yang Z, Li W, Xie W, Huang Y, Wang D, He Y, Liang Y, Matsiko J, Wang P. Rubber Antioxidants and Their Transformation Products: Environmental Occurrence and Potential Impact. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192114595. [PMID: 36361475 PMCID: PMC9657274 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants are prevalently used during rubber production to improve rubber performance, delay aging, and extend service life. However, recent studies have revealed that their transformation products (TPs) could adversely affect environmental organisms and even lead to environmental events, which led to great public concern about environmental occurrence and potential impacts of rubber antioxidants and their TPs. In this review, we first summarize the category and application of rubber antioxidants in the world, and then demonstrate the formation mechanism of their TPs in the environment, emphasizing their influence on the ozone oxidative degradation. The potential toxic effects of antioxidants and their TPs are further reviewed to improve understanding of their biological health impact and environmental risks. Finally, the environmental occurrences of antioxidants and their TPs are summarized and their environmental impacts are demonstrated based on the recent studies. Due to the currently limited understanding on the toxic and biological effects of these compounds, further studies are required in order to better assess various TPs of these antioxidants and their environmental impact. To our knowledge, this is the first review on antioxidants and their TPs in the environment, which may elevate the environmental risk awareness of rubber products and their TPs in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yanfen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Zhiruo Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Wenjing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yani Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Deliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yuqing He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Julius Matsiko
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Muni University, Arua P.O. Box 725, Uganda
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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8
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Mahmoud DS, Said AA, El‐Kader AEA, El‐Sabbagh SH. Enhanced physicomechanical performance of nitrile rubber composites by utilizing eco‐friendly natural oil as a plasticizer. JOURNAL OF VINYL AND ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 28:894-906. [DOI: 10.1002/vnl.21936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPetroleum oil derivatives have been used as a primary plasticizer in rubber compounding for tire applications. Due to the toxicity of petroleum oil derivatives, much attention has been paid to substituting them with renewable sources, aiming to produce more environmentally friendly rubber formulations. Although it harms the environment, it is also a nonrenewable resource that necessarily needs to be replaced. The present work aims to study the effects of vegetable and fruit oils as eco‐friendly processing oils for rubber products. The nitrile rubber (NBR) compounding contains a specific amount of vegetable‐based oil, linseed oil (LO), fruit‐based oil, Citrus volkameriana (CV), as alternatives to petroleum‐based oil, and dioctyl phthalate (DOP). The performance of NBR composites containing different processing aids was evaluated regarding the compounds' rheological, mechanical, and aging properties. To sum up, the study showed that substituting petroleum‐based oil with natural oil could substantially enhance the mechanical properties besides the other advantages such as decreased compound cost and increased cure rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa S. Mahmoud
- Polymers and Pigments Department National Research Centre Giza Egypt
| | - Ataa A. Said
- Pharmacognosy Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Research Industries Division National Research Center Giza Egypt
| | - Amal E. Abd El‐Kader
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Pilot Laboratory National Research Centre Giza Egypt
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9
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Styrene-Free Bio-Based Thermosetting Resins with Tunable Properties Starting from Vegetable Oils and Terpenes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194185. [PMID: 36236131 PMCID: PMC9572440 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The substitution of fossil-based monomers in the thermosetting formulations is a fundamental issue to face the environmental concerns related to the use of traditional resins. In this paper, styrene-free thermosetting resins were prepared to start from vegetable oils with different compositions and unsaturation degrees, namely soybean, hempseed, and linseed oils. Using terpenic comonomers such as limonene and β-myrcene allows one to prepare thermosets avoiding the traditional fossil-based diluents such as styrene, thus obtaining an outstanding gain in terms of both environmental and safety concerns. Furthermore, the materials obtained reveal tunable physical properties upon the proper choice of the monomers, with glass transition temperature ranging from 40 to 80 °C and Young's modulus ranging from 200 to 1800 MPa. The possibility of preparing composite materials starting from the resins prepared in this way and natural fibres has also been explored due to the potential applications of bio-based composites in several industrial sectors.
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10
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Tzourtzouklis I, Hahn C, Frey H, Floudas G. Molecular Dynamics and Viscoelastic Properties of the Biobased 1,4-Polymyrcene. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Hahn
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz 55099, Germany
- Max Planck Graduate Center Mainz, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz 55099, Germany
| | - George Floudas
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
- University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI) - Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina 45110, Greece
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11
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Sahu P, Oh JS. Biobased Elastomer from Renewable Biomass β-Farnesene: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pranabesh Sahu
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, RIGET, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Seok Oh
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, RIGET, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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12
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Surya KP, Naskar K, Bhowmick AK. Nanofiber‐Carbon
black dual filler reinforced sustainable
high‐performance
Natural Rubber nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kinsuk Naskar
- Rubber Technology Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Anil K. Bhowmick
- Rubber Technology Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur West Bengal India
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Houston Houston Texas USA
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13
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Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Li S, Cui D. Coordination Polymerization of Renewable (E)‐4,
8‐Dimethyl
‐1,3,
7‐Nonatriene
by
Rare‐Earth
Metal Catalysts. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China. Hefei 230026 China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130022 China
| | - Shihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China. Hefei 230026 China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering University of Science and Technology of China. Hefei 230026 China
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14
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Recent Advances in Development of Waste-Based Polymer Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051050. [PMID: 35267873 PMCID: PMC8914771 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited petroleum sources, suitable law regulations, and higher awareness within society has caused sustainable development of manufacturing and recycling of polymer blends and composites to be gaining increasing attention. This work aims to report recent advances in the manufacturing of environmentally friendly and low-cost polymer materials based on post-production and post-consumer wastes. Sustainable development of three groups of materials: wood polymer composites, polyurethane foams, and rubber recycling products were comprehensively described. Special attention was focused on examples of industrially applicable technologies developed in Poland over the last five years. Moreover, current trends and limitations in the future “green” development of waste-based polymer materials were also discussed.
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15
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Steube M, Johann T, Barent RD, Müller AH, Frey H. Rational design of tapered multiblock copolymers for thermoplastic elastomers. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Carpenedo GA, Guerra NB, Giovanela M, Paoli MAD, Crespo JDS. Evaluation of lignin as stabilizer in vulcanized natural rubber formulations. POLIMEROS 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.20220077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Parvathi K, Ramesan MT. Natural rubber composites filled with zinc ferrite nanoparticles: focus on structural, morphological, curing, thermal and mechanical properties. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-021-04586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Wahlen C, Frey H. Anionic Polymerization of Terpene Monomers: New Options for Bio-Based Thermoplastic Elastomers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wahlen
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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19
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Schallert V, Slugovc C. A Natural Rubber Waste Derived Surfactant for High Internal Phase Emulsion Templating of Poly(Dicyclopentadiene). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Schallert
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 Graz A‐8010 Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Organocatalysis in Polymerization Stremayrgasse 9 Graz A‐8010 Austria
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 Graz A‐8010 Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Organocatalysis in Polymerization Stremayrgasse 9 Graz A‐8010 Austria
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20
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Koley R, Kasilingam R, Sahoo S, Chattopadhyay S, Bhowmick AK. WASTE MORINGA OLEIFERA GUM AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL ADDITIVE FOR UNFILLED SBR COMPOUND. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.21.79998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A natural waste (gum) of the drumstick tree, Moringa oleifera, was used for the first time as a sustainable multifunctional additive in an SBR compound. Improved cure rate with lower optimum cure time was obtained by using the gum as an accelerator activator. Tack strength of the M. oleifera gum–SBR compound was superior to both the control and the compound containing commercial phenol–formaldehyde resin at 5 parts per hundred of rubber loading. At different loadings, the gum acted as a plasticizer for the rubber and augmented processing by reducing the viscosity of the compound. The glass transition temperature of the compounds decreased by 2 °C compared with the pristine SBR. Moringa oleifera gum at any loading reduced the die swell of SBR. This study has relevance because the rubber industry is looking for feasible sustainable additives as alternatives to existing petroleum-based compounding ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Koley
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajkumar Kasilingam
- Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association, Thane West- 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suchismita Sahoo
- Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association, Thane West- 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santanu Chattopadhyay
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Anil K. Bhowmick
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4004
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21
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Low DYS, Supramaniam J, Soottitantawat A, Charinpanitkul T, Tanthapanichakoon W, Tan KW, Tang SY. Recent Developments in Nanocellulose-Reinforced Rubber Matrix Composites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:550. [PMID: 33673391 PMCID: PMC7918781 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research and development of nanocellulose and nanocellulose-reinforced composite materials have garnered substantial interest in recent years. This is greatly attributed to its unique functionalities and properties, such as being renewable, sustainable, possessing high mechanical strengths, having low weight and cost. This review aims to highlight recent developments in incorporating nanocellulose into rubber matrices as a reinforcing filler material. It encompasses an introduction to natural and synthetic rubbers as a commodity at large and conventional fillers used today in rubber processing, such as carbon black and silica. Subsequently, different types of nanocellulose would be addressed, including its common sources, dimensions, and mechanical properties, followed by recent isolation techniques of nanocellulose from its resource and application in rubber reinforcement. The review also gathers recent studies and qualitative findings on the incorporation of a myriad of nanocellulose variants into various types of rubber matrices with the main goal of enhancing its mechanical integrity and potentially phasing out conventional rubber fillers. The mechanism of reinforcement and mechanical behaviors of these nanocomposites are highlighted. This article concludes with potential industrial applications of nanocellulose-reinforced rubber composites and the way forward with this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Yi Sern Low
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
| | - Janarthanan Supramaniam
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
| | - Apinan Soottitantawat
- Center of Excellence in Particle Technology and Materials Processing, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.S.); (T.C.); (W.T.)
| | - Tawatchai Charinpanitkul
- Center of Excellence in Particle Technology and Materials Processing, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.S.); (T.C.); (W.T.)
| | - Wiwut Tanthapanichakoon
- Center of Excellence in Particle Technology and Materials Processing, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (A.S.); (T.C.); (W.T.)
- Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
| | - Khang Wei Tan
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
| | - Siah Ying Tang
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Platform, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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22
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Cheng L, Zhao Z, Chen B, Zhao Y, Chai Y, Yang S. Purification of High-Purity 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole by Two-Steps. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-14390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Wahlen C, Blankenburg J, von Tiedemann P, Ewald J, Sajkiewicz P, Müller AHE, Floudas G, Frey H. Tapered Multiblock Copolymers Based on Farnesene and Styrene: Impact of Biobased Polydiene Architectures on Material Properties. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wahlen
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Blankenburg
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp von Tiedemann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Ewald
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paweł Sajkiewicz
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Adolfa Pawińskiego 5b, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Axel H. E. Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - George Floudas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, D-55125 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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24
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Kang SS, Choi K, Nam JD, Choi HJ. Magnetorheological Elastomers: Fabrication, Characteristics, and Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4597. [PMID: 33076562 PMCID: PMC7602820 DOI: 10.3390/ma13204597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Magnetorheological (MR) elastomers become one of the most powerful smart and advanced materials that can be tuned reversibly, finely, and quickly in terms of their mechanical and viscoelastic properties by an input magnetic field. They are composite materials in which magnetizable particles are dispersed in solid base elastomers. Their distinctive behaviors are relying on the type and size of dispersed magnetic particles, the type of elastomer matrix, and the type of non-magnetic fillers such as plasticizer, carbon black, and crosslink agent. With these controllable characteristics, they can be applied to various applications such as vibration absorber, isolator, magnetoresistor, and electromagnetic wave absorption. This review provides a summary of the fabrication, properties, and applications of MR elastomers made of various elastomeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Soon Kang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea;
| | - Kisuk Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (K.C.); (J.-D.N.)
| | - Jae-Do Nam
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (K.C.); (J.-D.N.)
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea;
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25
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Azizli MJ, Barghamadi M, Rezaeeparto K, Mokhtary M, Parham S, Goodarzi V, Soltani S. Enhancement of thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of compatibilized based on
PA6
‐enriched graphene oxide/
EPDM‐
g
‐MA
/
CR
: Graphene oxide and
EPDM‐
g
‐MA
compatibilizer role. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Azizli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rasht Branch Islamic Azad University Rasht Iran
- Zolal Gostar Rooz Technical Inspection and Consulting Engineers CO Tehran Iran
- Khazra Sazan Rad Polymer Parsian Consulting Polymer Engineers CO Shiraz Iran
| | | | - Katayoon Rezaeeparto
- Exploration and Production Directorate, Geoscience Department Research Institute of Petroleum Industry Tehran Iran
| | - Masoud Mokhtary
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rasht Branch Islamic Azad University Rasht Iran
| | - Somayeh Parham
- Exploration and Production Directorate, Geoscience Department Research Institute of Petroleum Industry Tehran Iran
| | - Vahabodin Goodarzi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Sedigheh Soltani
- Department of Rubber Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute Tehran Iran
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26
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The effect of protecting waxes on staining antidegradant performance in tyre sidewall formulation. J RUBBER RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-020-00042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Guayule natural rubber composites: impact of fillers on their cure characteristics, dynamic and mechanical behavior. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-020-00803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Qi Y, Liu S, Cui L, Dai Q, Bai C. Depositing Different Carbon Species on MoP to Enhance Its Activity for Isoprene Production in Different Ways. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Qi
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #5625, Renmin Road, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #5625, Renmin Road, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, #96, JinZhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Long Cui
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #5625, Renmin Road, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Quanquan Dai
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #5625, Renmin Road, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Chenxi Bai
- Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #5625, Renmin Road, Changchun 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, #96, JinZhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
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29
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Kausar A. Rubber toughened epoxy-based nanocomposite: a promising pathway toward advanced materials. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2020.1730190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- Nanosciences Division, National Center For Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
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30
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Lamparelli DH, Paradiso V, Monica FD, Proto A, Guerra S, Giannini L, Capacchione C. Toward More Sustainable Elastomers: Stereoselective Copolymerization of Linear Terpenes with Butadiene. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Hermann Lamparelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli″, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Veronica Paradiso
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli″, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Francesco Della Monica
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli″, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Antonio Proto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli″, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Silvia Guerra
- Pirelli Tyre S.p.A., Viale Piero e Alberto Pirelli, 25-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Giannini
- Pirelli Tyre S.p.A., Viale Piero e Alberto Pirelli, 25-20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Carmine Capacchione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “Adolfo Zambelli″, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
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31
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Bahena A, Magaña I, López González HR, Handa R, Enríquez-Medrano FJ, Kumar S, Carrizales RM, Fernandez S, Valencia L, Díaz de León Gómez RE. Bio-elastomer nanocomposites reinforced with surface-modified graphene oxide prepared via in situ coordination polymerization. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36531-36538. [PMID: 35517941 PMCID: PMC9057045 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07008d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article proposes a method to produce bio-elastomer nanocomposites, based on polyfarnesene or polymyrcene, reinforced with surface-modified graphene oxide (GO). The surface modification is performed by grafting alkylamines (octyl-, dodecyl-, and hexadecylamine) onto the surface of GO. The successful grafting was confirmed via spectroscopic (FTIR and Raman) and X-ray diffraction techniques. The estimated grafted amines appear to be around 30 wt%, as calculated via thermogravimetric analysis, increasing the inter-planar spacing among the nanosheets as a function of alkyl length in the amine. The resulting modified GOs were then used to prepare bio-elastomer nanocomposites via in situ coordination polymerization (using a ternary neodymium-based catalytic system), acting as reinforcing additives of polymyrcene and polyfarnesene. We demonstrated that the presence of the modified GO does not affect significantly the catalytic activity, nor the microstructure-control of the catalyst, which led to high cis-1,4 content bio-elastomers (>95%). Moreover, we show via rheometry that the presence of the modified-GO expands the capacity of the elastomer to store deformation or applied stress, as well as exhibit an activation energy an order of magnitude higher. This article proposes a method to produce bio-elastomer nanocomposites, based on polyfarnesene or polymyrcene, reinforced with surface-modified graphene oxide (GO).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Arely Bahena
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry
- Saltillo
- Mexico
| | - Ilse Magaña
- Research Center for Applied Chemistry
- Saltillo
- Mexico
| | | | - Rishab Handa
- Experimental Physics
- Saarland University
- Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | | | - Sugam Kumar
- Solid State Physics Divison
- Bhaba Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai
- India
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32
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Espósito LH, Marzocca AJ. Silica‐filled S‐SBR with epoxidized soybean oil: Influence of the mixing process on rheological and mechanical properties of the compound. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro H. Espósito
- Research Group, FATE SAICI, Avenue Blanco Encalada 3003 San Fernando 1644GPK Argentina
| | - Angel J. Marzocca
- Research Group, FATE SAICI, Avenue Blanco Encalada 3003 San Fernando 1644GPK Argentina
- Laboratorio de Polímeros y Materiales Compuestos, Departamento de FísicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria C1428EHA Buenos Aires Argentina
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33
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Dworakowska S, Le Coz C, Chollet G, Grau E, Cramail H. Cross‐Linking of Polyesters Based on Fatty Acids. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Dworakowska
- Cracow University of Technology Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology Warszawska 24 31‐155 Cracow Poland
- Université de Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629 F‐33600 Pessac France
| | - Cédric Le Coz
- Université de Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629 F‐33600 Pessac France
| | - Guillaume Chollet
- ITERG Lipochimie Hall Industriel 11 rue Gaspard Monge 33600 Pessac Cedex France
| | - Etienne Grau
- Université de Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629 F‐33600 Pessac France
| | - Henri Cramail
- Université de Bordeaux CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629 F‐33600 Pessac France
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34
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DeButts BL, Chauhan N, Barone JR. Agricultural proteins as multifunctional additives in ZnO‐free synthetic isoprene rubber vulcanizates. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L. DeButts
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering and Macromolecules Innovation Institute Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061
| | - Natasha Chauhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering Virginia Tech 245 Goodwin Hall, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg Virginia 24061
| | - Justin R. Barone
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering and Macromolecules Innovation Institute Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061
- Biological Systems Engineering Virginia Tech 301D Human and Agricultural Biosciences Building 1, 1230 Washington St. SW, Blacksburg Virginia 24061
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061
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35
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Abstract
Synthetic rubbers fabricated from 1,3-butadiene (BD) and its substituted monomers have been extensively used in tires, toughened plastics, and many other products owing to the easy polymerization/copolymerization of these monomers and the high stability of the resulting material in manufacturing operations and large-scale productions. The need for synthetic rubbers with increased environmental friendliness or endurance in harsh environments has motivated remarkable progress in the synthesis of BD and its substituted monomers in recent years. We review these developments with an emphasis on the reactive routes, the products, and the synthetic strategies with a scaling potential. We present reagents that are primarily from bio-derivatives, including ethanol, C4 alcohols, unsaturated alcohols, and tetrahydrofuran; the major products of BD and isoprene; and the by-products, activities, and selectivity of the reaction. Different catalyst systems are also compared. Further, substituted monomers with rigid, polar, or sterically repulsive groups, the purpose of which is to enhance thermal, mechanical, and interface properties, are also exhaustively reviewed. The synthetic strategies using BD and its substituted monomers have great potential to satisfy the increasing demand for better-performing synthetic rubbers at the laboratory scale; the laboratory-scale results are promising, but a big gap still exists between current progress and large scalability.
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36
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Sarkar P, Bhowmick AK. Terpene-Based Sustainable Elastomers: Vulcanization and Reinforcement Characteristics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Preetom Sarkar
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Anil K. Bhowmick
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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37
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Abbas M, Neubauer M, Slugovc C. Converting natural rubber waste into ring-opening metathesis polymers with oligo-1,4-cis-isoprene sidechains. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00233a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cross-metathesis with acrylates is used as the key-step to recycle natural rubber waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Abbas
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
- NAWI Graz
- A 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Maximilian Neubauer
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
- NAWI Graz
- A 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials
- Graz University of Technology
- NAWI Graz
- A 8010 Graz
- Austria
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