1
|
Li J, Zhao H, Liu H, Sun J, Wu J, Liu Q, Zheng Y, Zheng P. Recent advances in metal-family flame retardants: a review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22639-22662. [PMID: 37502822 PMCID: PMC10369043 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03536k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of polymer materials is inextricably linked to our manufacturing life. However, most of them are easily combusted in the air and the combustion process generates a large amount of toxic fumes and dangerous smoke. This can result in injuries and property damage, as well as limiting their use. It is essential to enhance the flame-retardant properties and smoke suppression performance by using multiple flame retardants. Metal-based flame retardants have a unique chemical composition. They are environmentally friendly flame retardants, which can impart good smoke suppression, flame retardancy to polymers and further reduce the production of toxic gases. The differences in the compounds formed between the transition metals and the main group metals make them act differently as flame retardants for polymers. As a result, this study presents the research progress and flame-retardant mechanism of flame-retardant polymers for flame retardants from different groups of metals in the periodic table of elements in a systematic manner. In view of the differences between the main group metals and transition metals, the mechanism of their application in flame retardant polymer materials is carefully detailed, as are their distinct advantages and disadvantages. And ultimately, prospects for the development of transition metals and main group metals are outlined. It is hoped that this paper will provide valuable references and insights for scholars in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Li
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Haihan Zhao
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Huaiyin Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Jichang Sun
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 P. R. China
| | - Penglun Zheng
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu T, Guo G, Li W, Gao M. Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect between Ionic Liquid-Functionalized Imogolite Nanotubes and Ammonium Polyphosphate in Unsaturated Polyester Resin. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47601-47609. [PMID: 36591118 PMCID: PMC9798765 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Imogolite nanotubes (INTs) were synthesized from tetraethoxysilane, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, and ammonia solution by the method of Arancibia-Miranda, and their dispersion was modified by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM]PF6) to obtain ionic liquid (IL)-functionalized INTs (INTs-PF6-ILs). Then, the flame retardant INTs-PF6-ILs was complexed with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and applied to unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). The limiting oxygen index value and the UL-94 level of the UPR/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs composites reached 28 and V-0, respectively. The residual carbon of the composites in thermogravimetric analysis increased by 19.47%, compared with that of pure UPR. The cone calorimeter test result showed that the peak of heat release rate and total heat rate values of the UPR/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs composites were lowered by 41 and 34% than those of the pure UPR, respectively. The effect of heat combustion and the maximum mass loss rate of UPR/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs composites were also greatly decreased. There were no holes or folds observed on the surface of the UPR/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs composites' residual carbon in scanning electron microscopy images. The intact residual carbon could have effectively insulated the heat and oxygen to improve the flame retardant performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taohua Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological
Engineering, University of Science and Technology
Beijing, Beijing100083, China
- School
of Electronic Science and Control Engineering, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Sanhe065201, China
| | - Guozheng Guo
- School
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Box 206, Yanjiao, Beijing101601, China
| | - Wanhong Li
- College
of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Kunming
Metallurgy College, Kunming, Yunnan Province650033, China
| | - Ming Gao
- School
of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Box 206, Yanjiao, Beijing101601, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li J, Wang S, Zhang G, Li H, Sun J, Gu X, Zhang S. Burning behavior analysis of polypropylene composite containing poly-siloxane encapsulated expandable graphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Fan X, Xin F, Zhang W, Liu H. Effect of phosphorus-containing modified UiO-66-NH2 on flame retardant and mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
5
|
Li X, Guan J, Zeng W, Li H, Shi J, Wen N, Yang Z, Lei Z. Effects of a symmetrical inorganic-organic monomer on the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polyethylene terephthalate copolymers. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
6
|
Wang XC, Sun YP, Sheng J, Geng T, Turng LS, Guo YG, Liu XH, Liu CT. Effects of expandable graphite on the flame-retardant and mechanical performances of rigid polyurethane foams. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:084002. [PMID: 34794133 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac3b27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foams (PUFs) are found everywhere in our daily life, but they suffer from poor fire resistance. In this study, expansible graphite (EG) as flame retardant was incorporated into PUFs to improve material fire resistance. With the presence of EGs in the PU matrix, bubble size in PUF became smaller as confirmed by the scanning electron microscopy. The mass density of PUFs is directly proportional to the content of EG additive. The compression strengths of EG0/PUF and EG30/PUF decrease from 0.51 MPa to 0.29 MPa. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of RPUFs showed that the addition of EGs did not change the functional group structures of RPUFs. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) testing results showed that the carbon residue weight of EG30/PUF is higher than other PU composite foams. The combination of TGA and FTIR indicated that the EG addition did not change the thermal decomposition products of EG0/PUF, but effectively inhibited its thermal decomposition rate. Cone calorimeter combustion tests indicated that the peak of the heat release rate of EG30/PUF significantly decreased to 100.5 kW m-2compared to 390.6 kW m-2for EG0/PUF. The ignition time of EG/PUF composites also increased from 2 s to 11 s with incorporation of 30 wt% EGs. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 standard tests show that the LOI of EG30/PUF can reach 55 vol%, and go through V-0 level. This study showed that adding EG into PU foams could significantly improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy properties of EG/PUF composites without significantly sacrificing material compression strength. The research results provide useful guidelines on industrial production and applications of PUFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Chao Wang
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Peng Sun
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sheng
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tie Geng
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yong-Gang Guo
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, and Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Hu Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Tai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Towards Selection Charts for Epoxy Resin, Unsaturated Polyester Resin and Their Fibre-Fabric Composites with Flame Retardants. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051181. [PMID: 33802309 PMCID: PMC7959149 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins are the most used thermosetting polymers. They are commonly used in electronics, construction, marine, automotive and aircraft industries. Moreover, reinforcing both epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins with carbon or glass fibre in a fabric form has enabled them to be used in high-performance applications. However, their organic nature as any other polymeric materials made them highly flammable materials. Enhancing the flame retardancy performance of thermosetting polymers and their composites can be improved by the addition of flame-retardant materials, but this comes at the expense of their mechanical properties. In this regard, a comprehensive review on the recent research articles that studied the flame retardancy of epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester resin and their composites were covered. Flame retardancy performance of different flame retardant/polymer systems was evaluated in terms of Flame Retardancy index (FRI) that was calculated based on the data extracted from the cone calorimeter test. Furthermore, flame retardant selection charts that relate between the flame retardancy level with mechanical properties in the aspects of tensile and flexural strength were presented. This review paper is also dedicated to providing the reader with a brief overview on the combustion mechanism of polymeric materials, their flammability behaviour and the commonly used flammability testing techniques and the mechanism of action of flame retardants.
Collapse
|
8
|
Shi J, Zeng W, Yang Z, Li J, Zhao P, Li H, Yan X, Wen N, Lei Z, Chen D, Guan J. Effect of particle size on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of hydroxyethyl diphosphate modified aluminum hydroxide intrinsic polyethylene terephthalate. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Shi
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Zhiwang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Ju Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Pufang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Xingxing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Na Wen
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Ziqiang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Denglong Chen
- Quangang Petrochemical Research Institute Fujian Normal University Quanzhou China
| | - Jie Guan
- Lanzhou Fire and Rescue Division Gansu Fire and Rescue Brigade Lanzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen C, Zhou Y, He W, Gao C, Chen X, Guo J, Wang M. Flammability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer/polypropylene composites filled with intumescent flame retardant and inorganic synergists. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Weidi He
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Chengtao Gao
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Jianbing Guo
- College of Materials and Metallurgy Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gao W, Yu Y, Chen T, Zhang Q, Chen Z, Chen Z, Jiang J. Enhanced flame retardancy of unsaturated polyester resin composites containing ammonium polyphosphate and metal oxides. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Yuan Yu
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and ControlNanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Qingwu Zhang
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Zhiquan Chen
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and ControlNanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen Z, Chen T, Yu Y, Zhang Q, Chen Z, Jiang J. Metal‐organic framework MIL‐53 (Fe)@C/graphite carbon nitride hybrids with enhanced thermal stability, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression for unsaturated polyester resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Chen
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Yuan Yu
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and ControlNanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Qingwu Zhang
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Zhiquan Chen
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- College of Safety Science and EngineeringNanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and ControlNanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 China
| |
Collapse
|