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Chen CW, Ranganathan P, Mutharani B, Shiu JW, Rwei SP, Chang YH, Chiu FC. Synthesis of High-Value Bio-Based Polyamide 12,36 Microcellular Foams with Excellent Dimensional Stability and Shape Recovery Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:159. [PMID: 38201824 PMCID: PMC10780462 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for alternatives to petroleum-based thermoplastic polyamide elastomers (TPAEs) has recently drawn great interest. In this study, a bio-massed TPAE, PA12,36, was synthesized using 1,12-dodecanediamine (DDA) and fatty dimer acid (FDA, PripolTM1009) precursors via catalyst and solvent-free melt polycondensation. The molecular structure and molecular weight of the PA12,36 were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, and GPC. PA12,36 displayed a low melting temperature of 85.8 °C, an initial degradation temperature of 425 °C, and a glass-transition temperature of 30.4 °C, whereas it sustained satisfactory tensile strength (10.0 MPa) and superior strain at break (1378%). Furthermore, PA12,36 was foamed by supercritical CO2, and the cell size, cell density, and porosity were determined. The entangled long-chained FDA component generated a physically crosslinked network, which promoted the melt viscosity of PA12,36 against elongations of foam cell growth and increased foamability significantly. As a result, uniform structured cellular foams with a cell diameter of 15-24 µm and high cell density (1011 cells/cm3-1012 cells/cm3) were successfully achieved. The foaming window was widened from 76 to 81 °C, and the expansion ratio was increased from 4.8 to 9.6. Additionally, PA12,36 foam with a physically crosslinked structure presented a better creep shape recovery percentage (92-97.9%) and sturdier dimensional stability. This bio-based PA12,36 foam is a promising candidate to replace petroleum-based thermoplastic elastomer foams for engineering applications, particularly shoe soles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Wen Chen
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (P.R.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Palraj Ranganathan
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (P.R.); (J.-W.S.)
| | | | - Jia-Wei Shiu
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (P.R.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Syang-Peng Rwei
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (P.R.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Yen-Hsiang Chang
- Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Fang-Chyou Chiu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
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2
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Li S, Jiang T, Zeng X, Zhu N, Shen C, Gong W, Zhang C, He L. The Effect of α-Olefin-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer on the Rheological and Crystalline Properties and Microcellular Foaming Behavior of Polyamide 6. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092056. [PMID: 37177202 PMCID: PMC10180843 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The α-olefin-maleic anhydride copolymer DIA as a chain extender was used to modify polyamide 6 (PA6) during melt blending. The ability to modulate this modification for PA6 has been shown to be dependent on the effects of its content on the molecular weight distribution, rheological properties, crystalline properties, mechanical properties, and foaming behavior of foam samples. By increasing the DIA content, the viscoelasticity, water contact angle, and elongation at break improved as a result of a significant decrease in water absorption and melt flow rate. Compared with raw PA6, the modified PA6 presented a relatively wider molecular weight distribution. However, the crystallinity of modified PA6 samples decreased, the double melting peaks became one peak, and the α crystallites at 20.3° gradually disappeared with increasing DIA content. The morphologies of composite foams with different contents were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the cell size of different PA6 samples decreased from 160 μm to 83 μm and the cell density increased from 1.1 × 105 cells/cm3 to 5.9 × 105 cells/cm3 when the content of DIA increased from 0 wt% to 5 wt%. Meanwhile, the cell morphology obviously improved and the cell size distribution became narrow. Thus, a preparation technology based on foaming materials with excellent performance, such as better bubble quality and low water absorption, was developed for further research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
| | - Tuanhui Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
| | - Xiangbu Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
| | - Nenggui Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
| | - Chao Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
| | - Wei Gong
- Institute of Materials and Construction, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li He
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550016, China
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3
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Zhao Y, Zheng J, Guo P, Wang C, Guo M, Xin C, He Y. Study on Chain Extension Blending Modification and Foaming Behavior of Thermoplastic Polyamide Elastomer. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9832-9842. [PMID: 36969475 PMCID: PMC10034832 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the melt foaming properties of thermoplastic polyamide elastomers and reduce the shrinkage rate of foamed materials, acid anhydride chain extenders SMA (styrene maleic anhydride copolymer) are used in this paper to in situ reactive blending thermoplastic polyamide elastomers (TPAE) and polyamide 6 (PA6). The rheological and crystalline properties of the modified samples were characterized by a rotational rheometer and differential scanning calorimeter, and the melt batch foaming experiment with CO2 as the foaming agent was carried out. The results showed that the melting enthalpy of modified TPAE reduced with the addition of content of PA6, which implied that the crystallinity of the hard phase of the system was depressed. Nevertheless, the reduction of crystallinity was beneficial to improve the penetration of gas and reduce the effect of the pressure difference inside and outside the cell on foam shrinkage. Additionally, the microcross-linked structure formed with the increase of PA6 content enhanced the storage modulus of modified TPAE, which could accelerate recovery of strain. The foaming temperature zone and recovery performance of all modified TPAE samples were significantly improved. The overall shrinkage rate was reduced to less than 10%, the maximum expansion ratio could reach 11-13 times with a more complete and uniform cell structure, and the resilience was improved by about 12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyin Zhao
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Pei Guo
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Congxiao Wang
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Menghao Guo
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Chunling Xin
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Engineering
Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment, Ministry of Education, Beijing100029, China
| | - Yadong He
- College
of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing100029, China
- Engineering
Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment, Ministry of Education, Beijing100029, China
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4
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Strengthening of polyamide 6 and isosorbide-containing copolyester immiscible blends by in-situ reactive compatibilization. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Zhu Y, Liu Q, Zhang R, Cao P, Luo G, Yuan H, Zhang J, Sun Y, Shen Q. Numerical simulation of polymethyl‐methacrylate supercritical fluid foaming process: Bubble growth dynamics. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhu
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Qiwen Liu
- Hubei Key Lab of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ruizhi Zhang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Peng Cao
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering Beijing University of Technology Beijing China
| | - Guoqiang Luo
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory Chaozhou China
| | - Huan Yuan
- School of Automotive Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yi Sun
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Qiang Shen
- State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
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6
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Zhuang HT, Zhang L, Bao JB. Enhanced foaming behaviors and compression properties of thermoplastic polyurethane via constructing micro-crosslinking structure assisted by chain extender. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-04960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Effects of grafting and long-chain branching structures on rheological behavior, crystallization properties, foaming performance, and mechanical properties of polyamide 6. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polyamide 6 (PA6) was modified with ethylene maleic anhydride syndiotactic copolymer resin (ZeMac), and triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) as modifiers to prepare a grafting structure and a long-chain branching structure, respectively. The effects of two modifiers on the rheological behavior, crystallization properties, foaming performance, and mechanical properties of PA6 were systematically studied by rotating rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that there were differences in crystallization properties between the two modification methods, but they significantly improved the rheological, foaming performance, and mechanical properties of PA6. In particular, PA6 with long-chain branching structure through TGIC modification showed better performance in various physicochemical characterizations. The introduction of ZeMac reduced the average diameter of bubbles in pure PA6 from 146.32 to 88.12 µm, and the density of bubbles increased from 1.69 × 105 to 5.35 × 105 cells·cm−3. The introduction of TGIC reduced the average diameter of bubbles in pure PA6 from 146.32 to 64.36 µm, and the density of bubbles increased to 1.31 × 106 cells·cm−3. Moreover, the mechanical properties of both nonfoamed and foamed samples were improved after modification.
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8
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Supercritical CO2 foaming and shrinkage resistance of thermoplastic polyurethane/modified magnesium borate whisker composite. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Song M, Luo W, Feng S, Jiang W, Ge Y, Liu T. Effect of viscoelasticity on the foaming behaviour of long-chain branched polypropylene with different branching degrees analysed by using bubble-growth modelling. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Li S, Jiang S, Gong S, Ma S, Yang H, Pan K, Deng J. Preparation Methods, Performance Improvement Strategies, and Typical Applications of Polyamide Foams. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Lee YH, Lee CW, Chou CH, Lin CH, Chen YH, Chen CW, Way TF, Rwei SP. Sustainable polyamide elastomers from a bio-based dimer diamine for fabricating highly expanded and facilely recyclable microcellular foams via supercritical CO2 foaming. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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12
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Zhang T, Kang HJ. Enhancement of the Processability and Properties of Nylon 6 by Blending with Polyketone. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193403. [PMID: 34641218 PMCID: PMC8512074 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyketones (PKs) having strong hydrogen bonding properties and a chain extender are used as additives in the melt processing of nylon 6 (PA6). Their effect on the chain structure and properties of PA6 is studied to enhance the processability of PA6 in melt processing. The addition of the chain extender to PA6 increases the melt viscosity by forming branches on the backbone. The addition of PKs results in an additional increase in viscosity through the hydrogen bonding between N-H of PA6 and C=O of PK. The change in the N-H bond FT-IR peak of PA6 and the swelling data of the PA6/PK blend containing a chain extender, styrene maleic anhydride copolymer (ADR), suggest that incorporation of chain extender and PK in the melt processing of PA6 results in physical crosslinks through hydrogen bonding between the branched PA6 formed by the addition of chain extender and PK chains. This change in the chain structure of PA6 not only increases the melt strength of PA6 but also increases randomness resulting in decreased crystallinity.
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13
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Standau T, Nofar M, Dörr D, Ruckdäschel H, Altstädt V. A Review on Multifunctional Epoxy-Based Joncryl® ADR Chain Extended Thermoplastics. POLYM REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1918710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Standau
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Department Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dominik Dörr
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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14
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Xu M, Lu J, Zhao J, Wei L, Liu T, Zhao L, Park CB. Rheological and foaming behaviors of long-chain branched polyamide 6 with controlled branch length. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Chen Y, Li D, Zhang H, Ling Y, Wu K, Liu T, Hu D, Zhao L. Antishrinking Strategy of Microcellular Thermoplastic Polyurethane by Comprehensive Modeling Analysis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Dongyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yijie Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Kaiwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P. R. China
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16
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Mei XY, Zhou YG, Sun HL, Dong BB, Liu CT, Turng LS. Evaluating the gas-laden ability of polymer melt under atmospheric conditions using a modified torque rheometer. J CELL PLAST 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x21997351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of incorporating gas and the associated influencing factors on polymer melt, a method of evaluating the gas-laden ability using modified rheometric measurements was proposed. In this study, common and widely used thermoplastic materials—polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and their blends with different weight ratios—were selected, and the rheological properties of neat melt and gas-laden melts were tested using a modified torque rheometer. The foamed samples were also produced using a regular injection-molding machine, and the foamed morphology was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The comparison of rheological curves of neat melt and gas-laden melt indicated that the incorporation of gas influenced the rheological properties of the gas-laden polymer melts as evidenced by a decrease of zero-rotational torque and an increase in the melt flow index. The results also suggested that the gas-laden ability of polymer melt could be evaluated quantitatively by the decay (due to desorption) of gas using the modified rheological measurement method. This study also demonstrated that the gas-laden ability can be used to predict the foaming behavior of polymer melts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Mei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ying-Guo Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hong-Long Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Bin-Bin Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Chun-Tai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Polymer Engineering Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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17
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Liu B, Jiang T, Zeng X, Deng R, Gu J, Gong W, He L. Polypropylene/thermoplastic polyester elastomer blend: Crystallization properties, rheological behavior, and foaming performance. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bujin Liu
- The Institute of Materials and Metallurgy of Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Tuanhui Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Xiangbu Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Rong Deng
- The Institute of Materials and Metallurgy of Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Jun Gu
- The Institute of Materials and Metallurgy of Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Wei Gong
- The Institute of Materials and Construction of Guizhou Normal University Guiyang China
| | - Li He
- The Institute of Materials and Metallurgy of Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
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18
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Song C, Luo Y, Liu Y, Li S, Xi Z, Zhao L, Cen L, Lu E. Fabrication of PCL Scaffolds by Supercritical CO 2 Foaming Based on the Combined Effects of Rheological and Crystallization Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040780. [PMID: 32252222 PMCID: PMC7240419 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds have recently been developed via efficient and green supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) melt-state foaming. However, previously reported gas-foamed scaffolds sometimes showed insufficient interconnectivity or pore size for tissue engineering. In this study, we have correlated the thermal and rheological properties of PCL scaffolds with their porous morphology by studying four foamed samples with varied molecular weight (MW), and particularly aimed to clarify the required properties for the fabrication of scaffolds with favorable interconnected macropores. DSC and rheological tests indicate that samples show a delayed crystallization and enhanced complex viscosity with the increasing of MW. After foaming, scaffolds (27 kDa in weight-average molecular weight) show a favorable morphology (pore size = 70–180 μm, porosity = 90% and interconnectivity = 96%), where the lowest melt strength favors the generation of interconnected macropore, and the most rapid crystallization provides proper foamability. The scaffolds (27 kDa) also possess the highest Young’s modulus. More importantly, owing to the sufficient room and favorable material transportation provided by highly interconnected macropores, cells onto the optimized scaffolds (27 kDa) perform vigorous proliferation and superior adhesion and ingrowth, indicating its potential for regeneration applications. Furthermore, our findings provide new insights into the morphological control of porous scaffolds fabricated by scCO2 foaming, and are highly relevant to a broader community that is focusing on polymer foaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobo Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Yunhan Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Yankai Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China;
| | - Zhenhao Xi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (L.C.)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (E.L.); Tel.: +86-21-6425-3042 (Z.X.); +86-21-5875-2345 (E.L.); Fax: +86-21-6425-3528 (Z.X.); +86-21-5839-4262 (E.L.)
| | - Ling Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (L.C.)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Lian Cen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (C.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.); (L.C.)
| | - Eryi Lu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (E.L.); Tel.: +86-21-6425-3042 (Z.X.); +86-21-5875-2345 (E.L.); Fax: +86-21-6425-3528 (Z.X.); +86-21-5839-4262 (E.L.)
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