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Mouro C, Martins R, Gomes AP, Gouveia IC. Upcycling Wool Waste into Keratin Gel-Based Nanofibers Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. Gels 2023; 9:661. [PMID: 37623117 PMCID: PMC10453718 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of tons of wool waste are produced yearly by textile industries, which may become a serious environmental hazard in the near future. Given this concern, it is crucial to explore strategies to reduce the amount of wool waste generated worldwide and adopt more sustainable practices for dissolving and regenerating wool keratin (WK) from textile waste. Most traditional methods involve the use of expensive, toxic, harmful, and poorly biodegradable compounds. To overcome these limitations and facilitate the reuse of wool waste through a cascade valorization strategy, researchers have started testing the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) as a more sustainable and eco-friendly alternative for WK dissolution and regeneration. In this study, the potential of two different DES mixtures, Choline chloride (ChCl): Urea and L-Cysteine (L-Cys): Lactic acid (LA), was explored for dissolving wool waste. Subsequently, the gels obtained based on DES-WK were blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in different ratios to produce nanofibers using the electrospinning technique. The PVA/L-Cys: LA DES-WK proved to be the most effective DES mixture for fabricating WK gel-based nanofibers. Furthermore, their antioxidant and antimicrobial abilities were evaluated, thus confirming their bioactivity. The results obtained revealed that this approach to valorizing textile waste offers a unique avenue for the development of sustainable functional materials with potential applications in various biomedical and industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabel C. Gouveia
- FibEnTech Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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2
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Chen Y, Liao S, Mensah A, Wang Q, Wei Q. Hydrogel transformed from sandcastle-worm-inspired powder for adhering wet adipose surfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 646:472-483. [PMID: 37207428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Normally, hydrogel adhesives do not perform well on adipose matters that are covered with bodily fluids. Besides, the maintenance of high extensibility and self-healing ability in fully swollen state still remains challenging. Based on these concerns, we reported a sandcastle-worm-inspired powder, which was made of tannic acid-functionalized cellulose nanofiber (TA-CNF), polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). The obtained powder can rapidly absorb diverse bodily fluids and transform into a hydrogel, displaying fast (<3 s), self-strengthening and repeatable wet adhesion to adipose tissues. Due to the dense physically cross-linked network, the formed hydrogel still showed excellent extensibility (∼14 times) and self-healing ability after being immersed in water. Moreover, excellent hemostasis, antibacterial ability and biocompatibility make it suitable for numerous biomedical applications. With combined advantages of powders and hydrogels, such as good adaptability to irregular sites, efficient drug loading capacity and tissue affinity, the sandcastle-worm-inspired powder offers significant promise as tissue adhesive and repair materials. This work may open new avenues for designing high-performance bioadhesives with efficient and robust wet adhesiveness to adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqin Liao
- Jiangxi Centre for Modern Apparel Engineering and Technology, Jiangxi Institute of Fashion Technology, Nanchang 330201, People's Republic of China
| | - Alfred Mensah
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qufu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China; Jiangxi Centre for Modern Apparel Engineering and Technology, Jiangxi Institute of Fashion Technology, Nanchang 330201, People's Republic of China.
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3
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An L, Perkins P, Yi R, Ren T. Development of polylactic acid based antimicrobial food packaging films with N-halamine modified microcrystalline cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124685. [PMID: 37148924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bio-based "green" films with superior antimicrobial activity were developed from polylactic acid (PLA) and cyclic N-halamine 1-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-4-imidazolidinone (MC) grafted microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) fibers (herein referred to as g-MCC). The structure of g-MCC was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results indicated N-halamine MC was successfully grafted onto MCC fibers, with a grafting percentage of 10.24 %. The grafting improved compatibility between g-MCC and PLA, leading to an excellent dispersion of g-MCC in the film matrix, and a superior transparency of the g-MCC/PLA compared to that of the MCC/PLA films. Additionally, the enhanced compatibility the g-MCC/PLA films produced better mechanical properties including mechanical strength, elongation at break and initial modulus than those of both MCC/PLA and MC/PLA composites. With N-halamine, g-MCC/PLA completely inactivated all the inoculated Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus within 5 and 30 min of contact, respectively. More importantly, the migration test showed that the oxidative chlorine of g-MCC/PLA was highly stable than that of MC/PLA films, providing a long-term antimicrobial activity. Finally, preservation test conducted on fresh bread slices further demonstrated its promising applications in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling An
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Phil Perkins
- Solaster LLC, 2001 Duck Cove Dr, Knoxville, TN 37922, USA.
| | - Runlin Yi
- Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Tian Ren
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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4
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Recent advances in electrospun protein fibers/nanofibers for the food and biomedical applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 311:102827. [PMID: 36584601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning (ES) is one of the most investigated processes for the convenient, adaptive, and scalable manufacturing of nano/micro/macro-fibers. With this technique, virgin and composite fibers may be made in different designs using a wide range of polymers (both natural and synthetic). Electrospun protein fibers (EPF) shave desirable capabilities such as biocompatibility, low toxicity, degradability, and solvolysis. However, issues with the proteins' processibility have limited their widespread utilization. This paper gives an overview of the features of protein-based biomaterials, which are already being employed and has the potential to be exploited for ES. State-of-the-art examples showcasing the usefulness of EPFs in the food and biomedical industries, including tissue engineering, wound dressings, and drug delivery, provided in the applications. The EPFs' future perspective and the challenge they pose are presented at the end. It is believed that protein and biopolymeric nanofibers will soon be manufactured on an industrial scale owing to the limitations of employing synthetic materials, as well as enormous potential of nanofibers in other fields, such as active food packaging, regenerative medicine, drug delivery, cosmetic, and filtration.
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Jaisankar E, Azarudeen RS, Thirumarimurugan M. A Study on the Effect of Nanoscale MgO and Hydrogen Bonding in Nanofiber Mats for the Controlled Drug Release along with In Vitro Breast Cancer Cell Line and Antimicrobial Studies. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:4327-4341. [PMID: 36062471 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanosized metal oxide-incorporated drug carriers have received significant attention due to their biocompatibility, mechanical strength, controlled drug release, and biodegradability. Herein, an attempt was made to fabricate polycaprolactone-based electrospun nanofiber mats involving the 5-fluorouracil (5Fu) drug, MgO nanoparticle, methyl cellulose, and polyethylene glycol. The chemical interactions, surface wettability, mechanical properties, structural and morphological changes, and thermal stability were studied by the respective analyses. The ionic interaction between 5Fu, MgO, and polymers were found to be responsible for the controlled drug release. Zero-order kinetic and model data also revealed that a controlled drug release pattern was observed in a period of 16 days. Furthermore, the nanofiber mats were subjected to cytotoxicity studies against MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line and the results showed higher cytotoxicity in a short time of 24 h and less toxicity to normal L929 fibroblast cell line. The apoptosis in cancer cell lines was also tested by AO/PI staining assay and confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, the growth inhibition of several bacterial and fungal strains was tested for the mats and the results exhibited good inhibition activity. Hence, the reported nanofiber drug carrier was found to be an efficient implant for the controlled release of anticancer drug along with other significant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edumpan Jaisankar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raja Sulaiman Azarudeen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Chemistry, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marimuthu Thirumarimurugan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ye W, Qin M, Qiu R, Li J. Keratin-based wound dressings: From waste to wealth. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 211:183-197. [PMID: 35513107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Keratin is a natural protein with a high content of cysteine residues (7-13%) and is widely found in hair, wool, horns, hooves, and nails. Keratin possesses abundant cell-binding motifs such as leucine-aspartate-valine (LDV), glutamate-aspartate-serine (EDS), and arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD), which benefit cell attachment and proliferation. It has been confirmed that keratin plays important roles in every stage of wound healing, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling, making keratin-based materials good candidates for wound dressings. In combination with synthetic and natural polymers, keratin-based wound dressings in the forms of films, hydrogels, and nanofibers can be achieved with improved mechanical properties. This review focuses on the recent development of keratin-based wound dressings. Firstly, the physicochemical and biological properties of keratin, are systematically discussed. Secondly, the role of keratin in wound healing is proposed. Thirdly, the applications of keratin-based wound dressings are summarized, in terms of the forms and functionalization. Finally, the current challenges and future development of keratin-based wound dressings are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Ye
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China, 610065
| | - Meng Qin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China, 610065
| | - Rongmin Qiu
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Craniofacial Deformity, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disease Treatment, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment for Oral Infectious Diseases, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China.
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China, 610065; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China; Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
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Mirhaj M, Labbaf S, Tavakoli M, Seifalian A. An Overview on the Recent Advances in the Treatment of Infected Wounds: Antibacterial Wound Dressings. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200014. [PMID: 35421269 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A wound can be surgical, cuts from an operation or due to accident and trauma. The infected wound, as a result of bacteria growth within the damaged skin, interrupts the natural wound healing process and significantly impacts the quality of life. Wound dressing is an important segment of the skincare industry with its economic burden estimated at $ 20.4 billion (in 2021) in the global market. The results of recent clinical trials suggest that the use of modern dressings can be the easiest, most accessible, and most cost-effective way to treat chronic wounds and, hence, holds significant promise. With the sheer number of dressings in the market, the selection of correct dressing is confusing for clinicians and healthcare workers. The aim of this research was to review widely used types of antibacterial wound dressings, as well as emerging products, for their efficiency and mode of action. In this review, we focus on introducing antibiotics and antibacterial nanoparticles as two important and clinically widely used categories of antibacterial agents. The perspectives and challenges for paving the way for future research in this field are also discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Mirhaj
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sheyda Labbaf
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Tavakoli
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amelia Seifalian
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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8
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Stachewicz U. Application of Electrospun Polymeric Fibrous Membranes as Patches for Atopic Skin Treatments. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2022_139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Pouladchang A, Tavanai H, Morshed M, Khajehali J, Shamsabadi AS. Controlled release of thiram pesticide from polycaprolactone micro and nanofibrous mat matrix. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Azimeh Pouladchang
- Department of Textile Engineering Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran
| | - Hossein Tavanai
- Department of Textile Engineering Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran
- Research Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran
| | - Mohammad Morshed
- Department of Textile Engineering Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran
| | - Jahangir Khajehali
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran
| | - Amir Shahin Shamsabadi
- Research Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan Iran
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Guidotti G, Soccio M, Bondi E, Posati T, Sotgiu G, Zamboni R, Torreggiani A, Corticelli F, Lotti N, Aluigi A. Effects of the Blending Ratio on the Design of Keratin/Poly(butylene succinate) Nanofibers for Drug Delivery Applications. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081194. [PMID: 34439860 PMCID: PMC8392087 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been a growing interest in the use of proteins as biocompatible and environmentally friendly biomolecules for the design of wound healing and drug delivery systems. Keratin is a fascinating protein, obtainable from several keratinous biomasses such as wool, hair or nails, with intrinsic bioactive properties including stimulatory effects on wound repair and excellent carrier capability. In this work keratin/poly(butylene succinate) blend solutions with functional properties tunable by manipulating the polymer blending ratios were prepared by using 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol as common solvent. Afterwards, these solutions doped with rhodamine B (RhB), were electrospun into blend mats and the drug release mechanism and kinetics as a function of blend composition was studied, in order to understand the potential of such membranes as drug delivery systems. The electrophoresis analysis carried out on keratin revealed that the solvent used does not degrade the protein. Moreover, all the blend solutions showed a non-Newtonian behavior, among which the Keratin/PBS 70/30 and 30/70 ones showed an amplified orientation ability of the polymer chains when subjected to a shear stress. Therefore, the resulting nanofibers showed thinner mean diameters and narrower diameter distributions compared to the Keratin/PBS 50/50 blend solution. The thermal stability and the mechanical properties of the blend electrospun mats improved by increasing the PBS content. Finally, the RhB release rate increased by increasing the keratin content of the mats and the drug diffused as drug-protein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guidotti
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Michelina Soccio
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Edoardo Bondi
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Tamara Posati
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (T.P.); (G.S.); (R.Z.); (A.T.)
| | - Giovanna Sotgiu
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (T.P.); (G.S.); (R.Z.); (A.T.)
- Kerline srl, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (T.P.); (G.S.); (R.Z.); (A.T.)
| | - Armida Torreggiani
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (T.P.); (G.S.); (R.Z.); (A.T.)
| | - Franco Corticelli
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Nadia Lotti
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (G.G.); (M.S.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (A.A.)
| | - Annalisa Aluigi
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (T.P.); (G.S.); (R.Z.); (A.T.)
- Kerline srl, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (A.A.)
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Ahmed J, Gultekinoglu M, Bayram C, Kart D, Ulubayram K, Edirisinghe M. Alleviating the toxicity concerns of antibacterial cinnamon-polycaprolactone biomaterials for healthcare-related biomedical applications. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:236-246. [PMID: 34766144 PMCID: PMC8491196 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrous constructs with incorporated cinnamon-extract have previously been shown to have potent antifungal abilities. The question remains to whether these constructs are useful in the prevention of bacterial infections in fiber form and what the antimicrobial effects means in terms of toxicity to the native physiological cells. In this work, cinnamon extract containing poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) fibers were successfully manufactured by pressurized gyration and had an average size of ∼2 μm. Cinnamon extract containing PCL fibers were tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis bacterial species to assess their antibacterial capacity; it was found that these fibers were able to reduce viable cell numbers of the bacterial species up to two orders of magnitude lower than the control group. The results of the antibacterial tests were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The constructs were also tested under indirect MTT tests where they showed little to no toxicity, similar to the control groups. Additionally, cell viability fluorescent imaging displayed no significant toxicity issues with the fibers, even at their highest tested concentration. Here we present a viable method for the production the non-toxic and naturally abundant cinnamon extracted fibers for numerous biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubair Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Merve Gultekinoglu
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of PharmacyHacettepe UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Cem Bayram
- Department of Nanotechnology & Nanomedicine DivisionInstitute for Graduate Studies in Science & Engineering Hacettepe UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Didem Kart
- Department of Pharmaceutical MicrobiologyFaculty of PharmacyHacettepe UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Kezban Ulubayram
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of PharmacyHacettepe UniversityAnkaraTurkey
- Department of Nanotechnology & Nanomedicine DivisionInstitute for Graduate Studies in Science & Engineering Hacettepe UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Mohan Edirisinghe
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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