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Zehtabvar O, Vajhi A, Masoudifard M, Davudypoor S, Tonekabony SHM. Anatomical study of pericardioperitoneal canal in immature beluga (Huso huso) with ultrasonography. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1563. [PMID: 39110021 PMCID: PMC11304902 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the special anatomical structures in sturgeons is the pericardioperitoneal canal (PPC), which has not been studied much. Considering that the presence and absence of this channel and its morphometry have not been investigated in this type of fish, this study was conducted. OBJECTIVE The purpose of present study was to obtain a complete understanding about anatomical features and ultrasonography of PPC in the heart of immature beluga species in order to provide standard approaches for performing sonography and echocardiography on this sturgeon species. METHODS Ten immature belugas (Huso huso) were used to perform ultrasonography with Sonosite MicroMaxx ultrasonography machine of ventral approach between two pectoral fins. After performing the steps of ultrasonographic study, gross anatomical studies were also performed, and the morphometric measurement of the canal was also performed. RESULTS A small PPC was observed, which communicated between the pericardial cavity, and the peritoneal (coelomic) cavity. The cranial part of this channel, which was located immediately after the transverse septum, was on the midline of the body and was seen in midsagittal ultrasonograms. On average, the length of this canal was 3.23 ± 0.05 cm, and its diameter (cranial part) was 0.24 ± 0.04 cm. CONCLUSIONS In the present study on immature beluga, it was observed that the canal is located behind the sinus venosus and is caudoventral to it, though behind the transverse septum. It has been mentioned that this PPC establishes a connection between the pericardial cavity and the peritoneal cavity, so this connection is between the peritoneal cavity and the space between the two layers of the pericardium and has no connection with the pericardial sac (the space where the heart is located). In this study, the anatomical structure and morphometry of the PPC in immature beluga were investigated, and some approaches were presented to observe the canal in ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Zehtabvar
- Anatomy Sector, Department of Basic scienceFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - AliReza Vajhi
- Department of Surgery and RadiologyFaculty of Veterinary medicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Majid Masoudifard
- Department of Surgery and RadiologyFaculty of Veterinary medicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
| | - Somaye Davudypoor
- Veterinary Radiologist, DVM, DVSc, Graduated from Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TehranTehranIran
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Männer J. The Functional Significance of Cardiac Looping: Comparative Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Looped Design of Vertebrate Hearts. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:252. [PMID: 39195160 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11080252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The flow path of vertebrate hearts has a looped configuration characterized by curved (sigmoid) and twisted (chiral) components. The looped heart design is phylogenetically conserved among vertebrates and is thought to represent a significant determinant of cardiac pumping function. It evolves during the embryonic period of development by a process called "cardiac looping". During the past decades, remarkable progress has been made in the uncovering of genetic, molecular, and biophysical factors contributing to cardiac looping. Our present knowledge of the functional consequences of cardiac looping lags behind this impressive progress. This article provides an overview and discussion of the currently available information on looped heart design and its implications for the pumping function. It is emphasized that: (1) looping seems to improve the pumping efficiency of the valveless embryonic heart. (2) bilaterally asymmetric (chiral) looping plays a central role in determining the alignment and separation of the pulmonary and systemic flow paths in the multi-chambered heart of tetrapods. (3) chiral looping is not needed for efficient pumping of the two-chambered hearts of fish. (4) it is the sigmoid curving of the flow path that may improve the pumping efficiency of lower as well as higher vertebrate hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Männer
- Group Cardio-Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, UMG, Georg-August-University Goettingen, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany
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Huijskes MM, Icardo JM, Coolen BF, Jensen B. Laterality defect of the heart in non-teleost fish. J Anat 2023; 243:1052-1058. [PMID: 37533305 PMCID: PMC10641032 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dextrocardia is a rare congenital malformation in humans in which most of the heart mass is positioned in the right hemithorax rather than on the left. The heart itself may be normal and dextrocardia is sometimes diagnosed during non-related explorations. A few reports have documented atypical positions of the cardiac chambers in farmed teleost fish. Here, we report the casual finding of a left-right mirrored heart in an 85 cm long wild-caught spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) with several organ malformations. Macroscopic observations showed an outflow tract originating from the left side of the ventricular mass, rather than from the right. Internal inspection revealed the expected structures and a looped cavity. The inner curvature of the loop comprised a large trabeculation, the bulboventricular fold, as expected. The junction between the sinus venosus and the atrium appeared normal, only mirrored. MRI data acquired at 0.7 mm isotropic resolution and subsequent 3D-modeling revealed the atrioventricular canal was to the right of the bulboventricular fold, rather than on the left. Spurred by the finding of dextrocardia in the shark, we revisit our previously published material on farmed Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii), a non-teleost bony fish. We found several alevins with inverted (left-loop) hearts, amounting to an approximate incidence of 1%-2%. Additionally, an adult sturgeon measuring 90 cm in length showed abnormal topology of the cardiac chambers, but normal position of the abdominal organs. In conclusion, left-right mirrored hearts, a setting that resembles human dextrocardia, can occur in both farmed and wild non-teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrte M. Huijskes
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - José M. Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyUniversity of CantabriaSantanderSpain
| | - Bram F. Coolen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular SciencesUniversity of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMCAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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4
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Chen Y, Wu X, Lai J, Liu Y, Song M, Li F, Gong Q. Molecular characterization and tissue distribution of cholecystokinin and its receptor in Yangtze sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus) and their response to different feeding conditions. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 265:111129. [PMID: 34942371 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Yangtze sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus) is a species endemic to Yangtze River drainage in China and is listed as a critically endangered species on the IUCN Red List. In the present study, cholecystokinin (CCK), one of the most important neuroregulatory digestive genes, and its receptor (CCKr) were identified from the full-length transcriptome analysis of A. dabryanus. The deduced amino acid sequences of CCK and CCKr from A. dabryanus showed structural features common to those in other vertebrates. Gene expression profile analysis showed that CCK and CCKr were universally expressed in different tissues, and both had the highest expression in the brain. Starvation and refeeding significantly regulated the expression levels of CCK and CCKr in the brain, suggesting that CCK and CCKr were involved in feed intake regulation in A. dabryanus as in mammals. In addition, the expression levels of CCK and CCKr under different feeding frequencies were studied. Compared with the control group (fed two times a day), the expression levels of CCK and CCKr in the intestine and brain did not change significantly in the other groups after 8 weeks of rearing, indicating that the feeding frequency might not influence the appetite of A. dabryanus. The present work provides a basis for further investigation into the regulation of feeding in A. dabryanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyu Chen
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 611730, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 611730, China
| | - Jiansheng Lai
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 611730, China
| | - Ya Liu
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 611730, China
| | - Mingjiang Song
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 611730, China
| | - Feiyang Li
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 611730, China
| | - Quan Gong
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 611730, China.
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Bi XP, Zhang GJ. Ancestral developmental potentials in early bony fish contributed to vertebrate water-to-land transition. Zool Res 2021; 42:135-137. [PMID: 33709637 PMCID: PMC7995279 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The water-to-land transition was a major step in vertebrate evolution and eventually gave rise to the tetrapods, including amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The first land invasion of our fish ancestors is considered to have occurred during the late Devonian period ~370 million years ago (Daeschler et al., 2006). Many fossils from important transitional species, such as Tiktaalik, Acanthostega, and Ichthyostega, have helped to identify key morphological and anatomical structures crucial to vertebrate terrestrial adaptation (Coates, 1996; Johanson & Ahlberg, 2001; Shubin et al., 2006). However, homologous analyses of these body forms and structures in more ancient species have suggested that some of the morphologies related to vertebrate land dispersal were already present in early bony fish species. For instance, the presence of shoulder girdles on the articular surface of the endoskeleton in Late Lochkovian Psarolepis indicates that stem sarcopterygians already possessed an endoskeletal fin pattern similar to that of tetrapod stylopods (Zhu & Yu, 2009). In addition, primitive lungs, which originated from the respiratory pharynx and were located on the ventral side of the alimentary tracts, can be observed in several extant basal actinopterygians (bichirs, reedfish) and all extant sarcopterygians, as well as some fossils of coelacanths and salamanders (Cupello et al., 2017; Tissier et al., 2017) (Figure 1). This evidence suggests that, instead of relying on genetic innovations evolving after the first fish left their water habitat, this transition may have been accomplished by adopting physical traits and genetic components that already existed far earlier than when the transition occurred. Whether such an ancestral developmental regulatory network was present or not and how far this ancestral network can be traced in history are challenging questions for paleontologists. Three recent papers published in Cell provide new insights into this hypothesis. Wang et al. (2021) sequenced the giant genome of lungfish, the closest fish species to tetrapods, and Bi et al. (2021) sequenced the genomes of multiple early divergent ray-finned fish. Comparative genomic analyses from these two studies confirmed the presence of ancestral genetic regulatory networks that likely played essential roles in the development and evolution of various biological functions related to vertebrate land invasion. Although certain ancestral features have been lost in teleosts, the most derived fish lineage to evolve after whole-genome duplication (Sato & Nishida, 2010), they have been recreated in zebrafish by modifying their genetic makeup to reactivate the ancestral genetic network (Hawkins et al., 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Peng Bi
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Guo-Jie Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark. E-mail:
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6
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Bi X, Wang K, Yang L, Pan H, Jiang H, Wei Q, Fang M, Yu H, Zhu C, Cai Y, He Y, Gan X, Zeng H, Yu D, Zhu Y, Jiang H, Qiu Q, Yang H, Zhang YE, Wang W, Zhu M, He S, Zhang G. Tracing the genetic footprints of vertebrate landing in non-teleost ray-finned fishes. Cell 2021; 184:1377-1391.e14. [PMID: 33545088 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Rich fossil evidence suggests that many traits and functions related to terrestrial evolution were present long before the ancestor of lobe- and ray-finned fishes. Here, we present genome sequences of the bichir, paddlefish, bowfin, and alligator gar, covering all major early divergent lineages of ray-finned fishes. Our analyses show that these species exhibit many mosaic genomic features of lobe- and ray-finned fishes. In particular, many regulatory elements for limb development are present in these fishes, supporting the hypothesis that the relevant ancestral regulation networks emerged before the origin of tetrapods. Transcriptome analyses confirm the homology between the lung and swim bladder and reveal the presence of functional lung-related genes in early ray-finned fishes. Furthermore, we functionally validate the essential role of a jawed vertebrate highly conserved element for cardiovascular development. Our results imply the ancestors of jawed vertebrates already had the potential gene networks for cardio-respiratory systems supporting air breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Liandong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | | | - Haifeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qiwei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Hao Yu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Chenglong Zhu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yiran Cai
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Yuming He
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xiaoni Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Honghui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Daqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Youan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 142 Xi-zhi-men-wai Street, Beijing 100044, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Qiu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Academician Workstation of BGI Synthetic Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yong E Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming 650223, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 142 Xi-zhi-men-wai Street, Beijing 100044, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Shunping He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming 650223, China; Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China.
| | - Guojie Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming 650223, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Song M, Lai J, Sun J, Gong Q. Molecular polymorphism and expression of MHC I α, II α, II β and II invariant chain in the critically endangered Dabry's sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103494. [PMID: 31513821 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a key player in the regulation of immune responses through presenting foreign antigens to T lymphocytes. In this study, three MHC genes, namely, MHC I α, II α, II β and the II invariant chain (Ii), were identified and characterized in the critically endangered Dabry's sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus). A tissue distribution study showed that the MHC and Ii transcripts were widely expressed in various tissues. The highest expression levels of MHC I α, II α and Ii were found in the gill, while MHC II β was primarily expressed in the spleen. Challenge of A. dabryanus with a pathogenic bacterium in vivo resulted in significant upregulation of both MHC and Ii expression, indicating potential roles of these genes in immune response. Phylogenetic analysis showed that A. dabryanus MHC grouped with other teleost MHC genes and sequences from Polyodon spathula and A. dabryanus had an intermingling of alleles. According to the split time between paddlefishes and sturgeons, this result indicated that trans-species MHC lineages in Chondrostei were much older than those in tetrapods. The molecular polymorphisms of the complete open reading frame regions of the MHC genes were analysed in several A. dabryanus individuals. MHC II α and II β were highly polymorphic in different individuals, while MHC I α was more conserved. The ratio of non-synonymous substitution occurred at a significantly higher frequency than synonymous substitution in peptide-binding regions (PBR) of MHC II α and II β, demonstrating the existence of positive selection at peptide-binding sites. Our study suggested potential roles of the MHC chains in immune response to pathogen microbial infection, and the numerous alleles identified in this study will help further genetic management and molecular marker-assisted selective breeding programmes in A. dabryanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyu Chen
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Ya Liu
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Mingjiang Song
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Jiansheng Lai
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Jiahua Sun
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Quan Gong
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China.
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8
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Gardinal MVB, Ruiz TFR, dos Santos DD, Vidal MR, Moron SE, Falleiros Junior LR, Taboga SR, Franceschini Vicentini IB, Vicentini CA. Histochemical characterization and connective fiber distribution of the cardiac outflow tract of pirarucu, Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) (Osteoglossiformes, Arapaimidae). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-019-00459-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. Development and evolution of the metazoan heart. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:634-656. [PMID: 31063648 PMCID: PMC6767493 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of the evolution and development of the heart in metazoans are highlighted, starting with the evolutionary origin of the contractile cell, supposedly the precursor of cardiomyocytes. The last eukaryotic common ancestor is likely a combination of several cellular organisms containing their specific metabolic pathways and genetic signaling networks. During evolution, these tool kits diversified. Shared parts of these conserved tool kits act in the development and functioning of pumping hearts and open or closed circulations in such diverse species as arthropods, mollusks, and chordates. The genetic tool kits became more complex by gene duplications, addition of epigenetic modifications, influence of environmental factors, incorporation of viral genomes, cardiac changes necessitated by air‐breathing, and many others. We evaluate mechanisms involved in mollusks in the formation of three separate hearts and in arthropods in the formation of a tubular heart. A tubular heart is also present in embryonic stages of chordates, providing the septated four‐chambered heart, in birds and mammals passing through stages with first and second heart fields. The four‐chambered heart permits the formation of high‐pressure systemic and low‐pressure pulmonary circulation in birds and mammals, allowing for high metabolic rates and maintenance of body temperature. Crocodiles also have a (nearly) separated circulation, but their resting temperature conforms with the environment. We argue that endothermic ancestors lost the capacity to elevate their body temperature during evolution, resulting in ectothermic modern crocodilians. Finally, a clinically relevant paragraph reviews the occurrence of congenital cardiac malformations in humans as derailments of signaling pathways during embryonic development. The cardiac regulatory toolkit contains many factors including epigenetic, genetic, viral, hemodynamic, and environmental factors, but also transcriptional activators, repressors, duplicated genes, redundancies and dose‐dependancies. Numerous toolkits regulate mechanisms including cell‐cell interactions, EMT, mitosis patterns, cell migration and differentiation and left/right sidedness involved in the development of endocardial cushions, looping, septum complexes, pharyngeal arch arteries, chamber and valve formation and conduction system. Evolutionary development of the yolk sac circulation likely preceded the advent of endothermy in amniotes. Parallel evolutionary traits regulate the development of contractile pumps in various taxa often in conjunction with the gut, lungs and excretory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Poelmann
- Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Chen Y, Gong Q, Song M, Lai J, Sun J, Liu Y. Identification and characterization of three novel antimicrobial peptides from Acipenser dabryanus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:207-216. [PMID: 30807859 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play essential roles in the innate immune system to protect against a wide variety of pathogens in aquatic environments. In this study, three very important AMPs, cathelicidin, hepcidin and defensin, were identified in the critically endangered Acipenser dabryanus. The full-length cDNA sequences of these three AMPs were identified from transcriptome sequencing and the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique. Phylogenetic analysis showed that cathelicidin formed a clade with the other members of the cathelicidin family, and similar results were obtained for hepcidin. The A. dabryanus β-defensin belonged to the fish class 2 β-defensins. A tissue distribution study showed that the three AMP transcripts could be detected constitutively in various tissues. The highest expression levels of cathelicidin and hepcidin were found in the liver, while defensin was primarily expressed in the skin. Bacterial challenge in vivo revealed significant changes in the gene expression of the three AMPs at both mucosal sites and systemic sites. Striking upregulation of cathelicidin and hepcidin was observed in the skin at 12 h post-challenge, with increases of more than 7000-fold and 1000-fold, respectively, compared to the control, and the expression of defensin mRNA was remarkably elevated in the hindgut (by 230-fold at 6 h post-challenge). Moreover, according to the expression profiles of the AMPs post-challenge, we found that the mucosal immune response occurred earlier than the systemic immune response following bacterial infection. Our results suggest that these three novel AMPs may play important roles in the innate immune system of A. dabryanus to protect against invading pathogens, especially during the mucosal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyu Chen
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Quan Gong
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Mingjiang Song
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Jiansheng Lai
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Jiahua Sun
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Ya Liu
- The Fishery Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 611730, China.
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11
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Gong Q, Lai J, Song M, Du J, Deng X. Gonadal transcriptome sequencing of the critically endangered Acipenser dabryanus to discover candidate sex-related genes. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5389. [PMID: 30065900 PMCID: PMC6065465 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acipenser dabryanus, an endemic Chinese species, has been listed as a first-class protected animal in China. Sturgeons are among the oldest and most primitive group of existing fish in the world and occupy a special place in the evolutionary history of fish. Thus, a study of the reproduction and sex differentiation of sturgeon will be of great value for fish as well as the whole vertebrate group. Methods In this study, we conducted comparative analysis of the testes and ovaries transcriptomes of A. dabryanus to screen for sex-differentiation and sexual development-related genes. Results The transcriptome sequencing of six cDNA libraries generated 265 million clean reads, encompassing 79 Gb of sequences. The N50 and mean length of the identified 91,375 unigenes were 1,718 and 989 bp, respectively. A total of 6,306, 9,961, 13,170, 15,484, and 23,588 unigenes were annotated in the clusters of orthologous groups, gene ontology categories, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway, euKaryotic orthologous groups, and NCBI non-redundant protein databases, respectively. A total of 5,396 differentially expressed genes were found between the two sexes, with 1,938 predicted to be up-regulated in ovaries and 3,458 in testes. A total of 73 candidate genes known to be involved in sex differentiation and sexual development were searched in the transcriptome of A. dabryanus of which 52 showed significant similarity. We highlighted six genes that are differentially expressed between the two sexes and may play important roles in sex differentiation and gonad maintenance. In addition, 24,271 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 550,519 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected. Discussion This work represents the first transcriptome study comparing the ovary and testis in A. dabryanus. The putative differentially expressed genes between the gonads provide an important source of information for further study of the sex-differentiation related genes and the sex-differentiation mechanism in sturgeons. The SSRs or SNPs identified in this study will be helpful in the discovery of sex-related markers in A. dabryanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeyu Chen
- The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Fishery Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Liu
- The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Fishery Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Quan Gong
- The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Fishery Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiansheng Lai
- The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Fishery Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingjiang Song
- The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Fishery Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Du
- The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Fishery Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochuan Deng
- The Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, The Fishery Institute, Chengdu, China
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Lorenzale M, López-Unzu MA, Rodríguez C, Fernández B, Durán AC, Sans-Coma V. The anatomical components of the cardiac outflow tract of chondrichthyans and actinopterygians. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1604-1619. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lorenzale
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - Miguel A. López-Unzu
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n; 29071 Málaga Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Universidad de Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n; 29071 Málaga Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Universidad de Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - Borja Fernández
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n; 29071 Málaga Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Universidad de Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - Ana C. Durán
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n; 29071 Málaga Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); Universidad de Málaga; 29071 Málaga Spain
| | - Valentín Sans-Coma
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n; 29071 Málaga Spain
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13
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The bulbus arteriosus of the holocephalan heart: gross anatomy, histomorphology, pigmentation, and evolutionary significance. ZOOLOGY 2017; 123:37-45. [PMID: 28760682 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether the outflow tract of the holocephalan heart is composed of a myocardial conus arteriosus and a non-myocardial bulbus arteriosus, as is the case in elasmobranchs. This is a key issue to verify the hypothesis that these two anatomical components existed from the onset of the jawed vertebrate radiation. The Holocephali are the sister group of the elasmobranchs, sharing with them a common, still unknown Palaeozoic ancestor. The sample examined herein consisted of hearts from individuals of four species, two of them belonging to the Chimaeridae and the other two to the Rhinochimaeridae. In all specimens, the cardiac outflow tract consisted of a conus arteriosus, with myocardium in its walls and two rows of valves at its luminal side, and an intrapericardial bulbus arteriosus shorter than the conus and devoid of valves. The bulbus, mainly composed of elastin and smooth musculature, was covered by the epicardium and crossed longitudinally by coronary artery trunks. These findings give added support to the viewpoint that the outflow tract of the primitive heart of the gnathostomes was not composed of a single component, but two, the conus and the bulbus. All rabbitfish (Chimaera monstrosa) examined had pigment cells over the surface of the heart. The degree of pigmentation, which varied widely between individuals, was particularly intense in the cardiac outflow tract. Pigment cells also occurred in the bulbus arteriosus of one of the two hearts of the straightnose rabbitfish (Rhinochimaera atlantica) included in the study. The cells containing pigment, presumably derived from the neural crest, were located in the subepicardium.
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14
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Lorenzale M, López-Unzu MA, Fernández MC, Durán AC, Fernández B, Soto-Navarrete MT, Sans-Coma V. Anatomical, histochemical and immunohistochemical characterisation of the cardiac outflow tract of the silver arowana, Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (Teleostei: Osteoglossiformes). ZOOLOGY 2017; 120:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Maldanis L, Carvalho M, Almeida MR, Freitas FI, de Andrade JAFG, Nunes RS, Rochitte CE, Poppi RJ, Freitas RO, Rodrigues F, Siljeström S, Lima FA, Galante D, Carvalho IS, Perez CA, de Carvalho MR, Bettini J, Fernandez V, Xavier-Neto J. Heart fossilization is possible and informs the evolution of cardiac outflow tract in vertebrates. eLife 2016; 5:e14698. [PMID: 27090087 PMCID: PMC4841765 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating cardiac evolution has been frustrated by lack of fossils. One celebrated enigma in cardiac evolution involves the transition from a cardiac outflow tract dominated by a multi-valved conus arteriosus in basal actinopterygians, to an outflow tract commanded by the non-valved, elastic, bulbus arteriosus in higher actinopterygians. We demonstrate that cardiac preservation is possible in the extinct fish Rhacolepis buccalis from the Brazilian Cretaceous. Using X-ray synchrotron microtomography, we show that Rhacolepis fossils display hearts with a conus arteriosus containing at least five valve rows. This represents a transitional morphology between the primitive, multivalvar, conal condition and the derived, monovalvar, bulbar state of the outflow tract in modern actinopterygians. Our data rescue a long-lost cardiac phenotype (119-113 Ma) and suggest that outflow tract simplification in actinopterygians is compatible with a gradual, rather than a drastic saltation event. Overall, our results demonstrate the feasibility of studying cardiac evolution in fossils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Maldanis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Murilo Carvalho
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Zoology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fábio Rodrigues
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Siljeström
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ismar S Carvalho
- Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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The anatomical components of the cardiac outflow tract of the gray bichir, Polypterus senegalus: their evolutionary significance. ZOOLOGY 2014; 117:370-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Kim MS, Nam YK, Park C, Kim HW, Ahn J, Lim JM, Gong SP. Establishment condition and characterization of heart-derived cell culture in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 50:909-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Molnár K, Székely C. Tissue preference of some myxobolids (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) from the musculature of European freshwater fishes. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 107:191-198. [PMID: 24429470 DOI: 10.3354/dao02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
For several species of fish myxosporeans known at present, the musculature has been designated as the location of intrapiscine development. In the majority of these cases, plasmodia and spores are actually found in the muscle cells, but there are also myxosporeans that select intermuscular connective tissue, fish bones, nerves and capillaries of the musculature as their site of development. During the plasmodial development of Myxobolus, Henneguya and Thelohanellus species in fish inhabiting Hungarian freshwaters, 3 main locations of development inside the muscles were identified. Pseudodispar-type plasmodia, such as M. cyprini, M. musculi and M. pseudodispar, form plasmodia intracellularly in the muscle cells, while the plasmodia of M. pfeifferi, M. sandrae and T. hovorkai develop in the intermuscular connective tissue. A similar development in the connective tissue of the ventricle and the bulbus arteriosus was observed for M. dogieli, a heart parasite found in some cyprinid fishes. The third type of development is represented by M. tauricus, which prefers the collagenous elements of the fin rays, but its plasmodia are commonly found in the muscle attached to the fish bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kálmán Molnár
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 18, 1581 Budapest, Hungary
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Grimes AC, Durán AC, Sans-Coma V, Hami D, Santoro MM, Torres M. Phylogeny informs ontogeny: a proposed common theme in the arterial pole of the vertebrate heart. Evol Dev 2011; 12:552-67. [PMID: 21040422 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2010.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In chick and mouse embryogenesis, a population of cells described as the secondary heart field (SHF) adds both myocardium and smooth muscle to the developing cardiac outflow tract (OFT). Following this addition, at approximately HH stage 22 in chick embryos, for example, the SHF can be identified architecturally by an overlapping seam at the arterial pole, where beating myocardium forms a junction with the smooth muscle of the arterial system. Previously, using either immunohistochemistry or nitric oxide indicators such as diaminofluorescein 2-diacetate, we have shown that a similar overlapping architecture also exists in the arterial pole of zebrafish and some shark species. However, although recent work suggests that development of the zebrafish OFT may also proceed by addition of a SHF-like population of cells, the presence of a true SHF in zebrafish and in many other developmental biological models remains an open question. We performed a comprehensive morphological study of the OFT of a wide range of vertebrates. Our data suggest that all vertebrates possess three fundamental OFT components: a proximal myocardial component, a distal smooth muscle component, and a middle component that contains overlapping myocardium and smooth muscle surrounding and supporting the outflow valves. Because the middle OFT component of avians and mammals is derived from the SHF, our observations suggest that a SHF may be an evolutionarily conserved theme in vertebrate embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Grimes
- Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Grimes AC, Kirby ML. The outflow tract of the heart in fishes: anatomy, genes and evolution. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 74:983-1036. [PMID: 20735616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A large number of congenital heart defects associated with mortality in humans are those that affect the cardiac outflow tract, and this provides a strong imperative to understand its development during embryogenesis. While there is wide phylogenetic variation in adult vertebrate heart morphology, recent work has demonstrated evolutionary conservation in the early processes of cardiogenesis, including that of the outflow tract. This, along with the utility and high reproductive potential of fish species such as Danio rerio, Oryzias latipes etc., suggests that fishes may provide ideal comparative biological models to facilitate a better understanding of this poorly understood region of the heart. In this review, the authors present the current understanding of both phylogeny and ontogeny of the cardiac outflow tract in fishes and examine how new molecular studies are informing the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trajectories that have been proposed. The authors also attempt to address some of the issues of nomenclature that confuse this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Grimes
- Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Durán AC, Fernández B, Grimes AC, Rodríguez C, Arqué JM, Sans-Coma V. Chondrichthyans have a bulbus arteriosus at the arterial pole of the heart: morphological and evolutionary implications. J Anat 2008; 213:597-606. [PMID: 18803558 PMCID: PMC2667554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been generally assumed that the outflow tract of the chondrichthyan heart consists of the conus arteriosus, characterized by cardiac muscle in its walls. However, classical observations, neglected for many years, indicated that the distal component of the cardiac outflow tract of several elasmobranch species was composed of tissue resembling that of the ventral aorta. The present study was outlined to test the hypothesis that this intrapericardial, non-myocardial component might be homologous to the actinopterygian bulbus arteriosus. The material consisted of Atlantic catshark adults and embryos, which were examined by means of histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques for light and fluorescence microscopy. In this species, the distal component of the outflow tract differs histomorphologically from both the ventral aorta and the conus arteriosus; it is devoid of myocardium, is covered by epicardium and is crossed by the coronary arterial trunks. In the embryonic hearts examined, this distal component showed positive reactivity for 4,5-diaminofluorescein 2-diacetate (DAF-2DA), a fluorescent nitric oxide indicator. These findings, together with other observations in holocephals and several elasmobranch species, confirm that chondrichthyans possess a bulbus arteriosus interposed between the conus arteriosus and the ventral aorta. Therefore, the primitive heart of gnathostomates consists of five intrapericardial components, sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus and bulbus arteriosus, indicating that the bulbus arteriosus can no longer be regarded as an actinopterygian apomorphy. The DAF-2DA-positive reactivity of the chondrichthyan embryonic bulbus suggests that this structure is homologous to the base of the great arterial trunks of birds and mammals, which derives from the embryonic secondary heart field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Durán
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
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22
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Molnár K, Cech G, Székely C. Infection of the heart of the common bream, Abramis brama (L.), with Myxobolus s.l. dogieli (Myxozoa, Myxobolidae). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2008; 31:613-620. [PMID: 18700938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Myxobolus dogieli Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya & Bykhovski, 1940 is regarded as a site specific myxosporean, infecting the heart of cyprinid fish. During a survey of the myxosporean fauna of Lake Balaton fish, heart myxobolosis was found in the common bream, Abramis brama, with heavy infection of the ventricle and the bulbus arteriosus in some infected bream. Developing and mature plasmodia were mostly in the connective tissue of the subepicardium and subendocardium. Plasmodia developing in the subendocardium protruded into the lumen of the heart, while plasmodia developing in the subepicardium protruded over the epicardium forming large sausage-like outgrowths. Plasmodia with mature spores were found in the summer. The shape and size of the spores corresponded to those of the original description. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 18S rDNA sequence of M. dogieli showed that this species fit well in the genus Myxobolus. As no molecular data are available on spores from the type host, common carp, the species studied by us is temporarily designated as Myxobolus s.l. dogieli.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Molnár
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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Abstract
The heart outflow tract (OFT) of primitive fish is formed by two portions: a proximal conus arteriosus and a distal bulbus arteriosus. The OFT of modern teleosts is considered to be formed by a single component, the bulbus, the conus having been lost through evolution. This article challenges the concept of the disappearance of the conus arteriosus in the teleost heart. A total of 28 teleost species belonging to 19 families and 10 orders were analyzed. The hearts were divided into two large groups: those having entirely trabeculated ventricles, and those possessing a compacta. In the hearts having entirely trabeculated ventricles, the conus arteriosus appears as a distinct segment interposed between the ventricle and the bulbus arteriosus, being formed by compact vascularized myocardium. However, the conus of several species lacks vessels. In these cases, the conus presents large intercellular spaces bounded by collagen. In the hearts possessing a ventricular compacta, the conus either appears as a muscular ring of variable length connecting the ventricle and the bulbus or forms a crown or ring of myocardium apposed to the ventricular base. In all the teleosts studied, the conus can be recognized as an anatomic entity different from the ventricle. Furthermore, the conus appears as a distinct heart segment in the developing fish. Therefore, the conus arteriosus has not been lost in evolution and constitutes a fundamental part of the teleost OFT. In all the species studied, the conus supports the OFT valves, which should properly be named conus valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
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Icardo JM, Brunelli E, Perrotta I, Colvee E, Wong WP, Ip YK. Ventricle and outflow tract of the African lungfish Protopterus dolloi. J Morphol 2005; 265:43-51. [PMID: 15858831 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report a morphologic study of the heart ventricle and outflow tract of the African lungfish Protopterus dolloi. The ventricle is saccular and appears attached to the anterior pericardial wall by a thick tendon. An incomplete septum divides the ventricle into two chambers. Both the free ventricular wall and the incomplete ventricular septum are entirely trabeculated. Only a thin rim of myocardium separates the trabecular system from the subepicardial space. The outflow tract consists of proximal, middle, and distal portions, separated by two flexures, proximal and distal. The proximal outflow tract portion is endowed with a layer of compact, well-vascularized myocardium. This portion is homologous to the conus arteriosus observed in the heart of most vertebrates. The middle and distal outflow tract portions are arterial-like, thus being homologous to the bulbus arteriosus. However, the separation between the muscular and arterial portions of the outflow tract is not complete in the lungfish. A thin layer of myocardium covers the arterial tissue, and a thin layer of elastic tissue underlies the conus myocardium. Two unequal ridges composed of loose connective tissue, the spiral and bulbar folds, run the length of the outflow tract. They form an incomplete division of the outflow tract, but fuse at the distal end. The two folds are covered by endocardium and contain collagen, elastin, and fibroblast-like cells. They appear to be homologous to the dextro-dorsal and sinistro-ventral ridges observed during the development of the avian and mammalian heart. Two to three rows of vestigial arterial-like valves appear in the dorsal and ventral aspects of the conus. These valves are unlikely to have a functional role. The possible functional significance of the "gubernaculum cordis," the thick tendon extending between the anterior ventricular surface and the pericardium, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain.
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Gregory JA, Graham JB, Cech JJ, Dalton N, Michaels J, Chin Lai N. Pericardial and pericardioperitoneal canal relationships to cardiac function in the white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 138:203-13. [PMID: 15275655 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Revised: 03/25/2004] [Accepted: 03/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sturgeons are primitive bony fishes and their hearts have structural features found in other primitive fishes. Sturgeons have a pericardioperitoneal canal (PPC), a one-way conduit into the peritoneum. A PPC also occurs in elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) and studies with that group demonstrate that pericardial pressure and pericardial fluid loss via the PPC affect stroke volume. A study of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) heart function was conducted to test for a comparable PPC and pericardial effects. White sturgeon-elasmobranch heart-function similarities include biphasic ventricular filling, a comparable operational pericardial pressure (-0.03 kPa), and a strongly negative pressure (-0.2 to -0.6 kPa) with complete pericardial fluid withdrawal. Differences include the white sturgeon's relatively smaller atrium and ventricle but a larger conus arteriosus. Although white sturgeon heart size is also smaller, its pericardial volume is disproportionately less (2.4 to 2.7 vs. 3.5 to 5.4 ml kg(-1) in elasmobranchs), meaning it has less scope for increasing stroke volume upon PPC fluid release. These differences may reflect the phylogenetic progression from the less complex operation of the elasmobranch heart, which lacks sympathetic innervation and has a mechanically mediated (PPC) stroke volume, to the condition in the more derived bony fishes which have sympathetic and parasympathetic regulation of both stroke volume and heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Gregory
- Department of Marine and Environmental Studies, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Guerrero A, Icardo JM, Durán AC, Gallego A, Domezain A, Colvee E, Sans-Coma V. Differentiation of the cardiac outflow tract components in alevins of the sturgeonAcipenser naccarii(Osteichthyes, Acipenseriformes): Implications for heart evolution. J Morphol 2004; 260:172-83. [PMID: 15108157 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previous work showed that in the adult sturgeon an intrapericardial, nonmyocardial segment is interposed between the conus arteriosus of the heart and the ventral aorta. The present report illustrates the ontogeny of this intermediate segment in Acipenser naccarii. The sample studied consisted of 178 alevins between 1 and 24 days posthatching. They were examined using light and electron microscopy. Our observations indicate that the entire cardiac outflow tract displays a myocardial character during early development. Between the fourth and sixth days posthatching, the distal portion of the cardiac outflow tract undergoes a phenotypical transition, from a myocardial to a smooth muscle-like phenotype. The length of this region with regard to the whole outflow tract increases only moderately during subsequent developmental stages, becoming more and more cellularized. The cells soon organize into a pattern that resembles that of the arterial wall. Elastin appears at this site by the seventh day posthatching. Therefore, two distinct components, proximal and distal, can be recognized from the fourth day posthatching in the cardiac outflow tract of A. naccarii. The proximal component is the conus arteriosus, characterized by its myocardial nature and the presence of endocardial cushions. The distal component transforms into the intrapericardial, nonmyocardial segment mentioned above, which is unequivocally of cardiac origin. We propose to designate this segment the "bulbus arteriosus" because it is morphogenetically equivalent to the bulbus arteriosus of teleosts. The present findings, together with data from the literature, point to the possibility that cells from the cardiac neural crest are involved in the phenotypical transition that takes place at the distal portion of the cardiac outflow tract, resulting in the appearance of the bulbus arteriosus. Moreover, they suggest that the cardiac outflow tract came to be formed by a bulbus arteriosus and a conus arteriosus from an early period of the vertebrate evolutionary story. Finally, we hypothesize that the embryonic truncus of birds and mammals is homologous to the bulbus arteriosus of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Guerrero
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Chin Lai N, Dalton N, Lai YY, Kwong C, Rasmussen R, Holts D, Graham JB. A comparative echocardiographic assessment of ventricular function in five species of sharks. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 137:505-21. [PMID: 15123188 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2003.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2003] [Revised: 11/02/2003] [Accepted: 11/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A comparative echocardiographic study was carried out on five shark species that differ in heart morphology and in aspects of their behavior and natural history. The study contrasted the ventricular function in the highly active mako shark (heart type IV) and four other sharks (heart type III) that differ in activity levels (i.e. the sedentary horn and swell sharks vs. the moderately active blue and smooth-hound sharks). All five species exhibited biphasic ventricular filling characterized by an early (conduit) and late (atrial systole) phase. In the mako shark, early filling was dominant as indicated by a higher early flow peak velocity, a greater early:late velocity ratio, and a greater early velocity time integral. In contrast, the late filling phase was the more important filling agent in the other species. Indices of systolic function such as ventricular ejection fraction and ventricular fractional shortening also reflect a more efficient cardiac pumping capacity in mako shark relative to the other four sharks. The comparative echocardiographic assessment of in vivo ventricular function integrates structural and functional features with shark activity level to arrive at a new perspective blending the occurrence of biphasic filling with functional concepts based on heart morphological typology and changing views regarding the role of factors such as central filling pressure and pericardial pressure on end-diastolic ventricular volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chin Lai
- Marine Biology Research Division and Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Icardo JM, Schib JL, Ojeda JL, Durán AC, Guerrero A, Colvee E, Amelio D, Sans-Coma V. The conus valves of the adult gilthead seabream (Sparus auratus). J Anat 2003; 202:537-50. [PMID: 12846475 PMCID: PMC1571104 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The conus (bulbo-ventricular) valves of teleosts perform a key function in the control of blood backflow during ventricular diastole. However, the structural characteristics of these valves are almost unknown. This paper presents a systematic anatomical, histological and structural study of the conus valves of the adult gilthead seabream (Sparus auratus). S. auratus shows two major left and right valves consisting of the leaflet and the supporting sinus. Each valvar leaflet can be divided into a stout proximal body and a flap-like distal region. The proximal body is structured into three layers: a luminal fibrosa, a dense cellular core and a parietal fibrosa. The luminal fibrosa is a collagenous structure extending the entire length of the leaflet, while the parietal fibrosa is restricted to the most proximal area. The dense cellular core consists of fibroblastic cells and a matrix rich in glycoconjugates, collagen and elastin. The histochemical and structural data suggest that the luminal fibrosa bears most of the force associated with valvar closure, while the cellular core acts as a cushion dampening vibrations and absorbing the elastic recoil. The sinus wall is a fibrous layer which shows proximal-distal differences in thickness. It also shows compositional differences that can be related to mechanical function. We describe the presence of a fibrous cylinder formed by the sinus wall, the fibrous interleaflet triangles and the fibrous layer that covers the inner surface of the conus myocardium. This fibrous cylinder constitutes the structural nexus between the ventricle, the conus and the bulbus arteriosus, provides support for the conus valves and separates the valvar complex from the surrounding tissues. The structure of the conus valves in S. auratus is different from that found in other vertebrates. Anatomical similarities between the conus valves and the mammalian arterial valves are emphasized. Each phyletic group appears to have developed specific structures in order to perform similar functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
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Icardo JM, Colvee E, Cerra MC, Tota B. The structure of the conus arteriosus of the sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) heart: II. The myocardium, the subepicardium, and the conus-aorta transition. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2002; 268:388-98. [PMID: 12420287 DOI: 10.1002/ar.10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sturgeons constitute a family of living "fossil" fish whose heart is related to that of other ancient fish and the elasmobranches. We have undertaken a systematic study of the structure of the sturgeon heart aimed at unraveling the relationship between the heart structure and the adaptive evolutionary changes. In a related paper, data were presented on the conus valves and the subendocardium. Here, the structure of the conus myocardium, the subepicardial tissue, and the conus-aorta transition were studied by conventional light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, actin localization by fluorescent phalloidin was used. The conus myocardium is organized into bundles whose spatial organization changes along the conus length. The variable orientation of the myocardial cell bundles may be effective in emptying the conus lumen during contraction and in preventing reflux of blood. Myocardial cell bundles are separated by loose connective tissue that contains collagen and elastin fibers, vessels, and extremely flat cells separating the cell bundles and enclosing blood vessels and collagen fibers. The ultrastructure of the myocardial cells was found to be very similar to that of other fish groups, suggesting that it is largely conservative. The subepicardium is characterized by the presence of nodular structures that contain lympho-hemopoietic (thymus-like) tissue in the young sturgeons and a large number of lymphocytes after the sturgeons reach sexual maturity. This tissue is likely implicated in the establishment and maintenance of the immune responses. The intrapericardial ventral aorta shows a middle layer of circumferentially oriented cells and internal and external layers with cells oriented longitudinally. Elastin fibers completely surround each smooth muscle cell, and the spaces between the different layers are occupied by randomly arranged collagen bundles. The intrapericardial segment of the ventral aorta is a true transitional segment whose structural characteristics are different from those of both the conus subendocardium and the rest of the ventral aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
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Schib JL, Icardo JM, Durán AC, Guerrero A, López D, Colvee E, de Andrés AV, Sans-Coma V. The conus arteriosus of the adult gilthead seabream (Sparus auratus). J Anat 2002; 201:395-404. [PMID: 12448774 PMCID: PMC1570942 DOI: 10.1046/j.0021-8782.2002.00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on the presence of the conus arteriosus in the heart of the adult gilthead seabream, Sparus auratus (Perciformes, Teleostei). The junctional region between the single ventricle and the bulbus arteriosus has been studied by conventional light microscopy, and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, fluorescent phalloidin and antibodies against the muscle myosin heavy chains, laminin and collagen type IV have been used. The conus arteriosus is a distinct muscular segment interposed between the ventricle and the bulbus arteriosus. It is clearly different from the bulbus arteriosus due to its myocardial nature. It can also be distinguished from the ventricular myocardium because: (1) it has a conus shape; (2) it is formed by compact, well-vascularized myocardium; (3) it is surrounded on its inner and outer faces by fibrous layers rich in collagen and elastin; (4) it constitutes the anatomical support of the so-termed conus valves; (5) it shows intense staining for laminin and type-IV collagen; and (6) the myocardial cells located close to the inner fibrous layer are helicoidally arranged. By contrast, the ventricular myocardium is highly trabecular, lacks a compacta, shows no vessels, and presents barely detectable amounts of laminin and collagen type IV. The presence of a distinct conus arteriosus in the heart of an evolutionary advanced teleost species indicates that the conus is not a vestigial segment from the evolutionary or embryological points of view. The characteristic spatial arrangement of the conus myocytes strongly suggests that the conus is implicated in the mechanical performance of the conus valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Schib
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Spain
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