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Haneda Y, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Uchijima Y, Iwase A, Asai R, Kohro T, Wada Y, Kurihara H. Diverse contribution of amniogenic somatopleural cells to cardiovascular development: With special reference to thyroid vasculature. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:59-77. [PMID: 36038963 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The somatopleure serves as the primordium of the amnion, an extraembryonic membrane surrounding the embryo. Recently, we have reported that amniogenic somatopleural cells (ASCs) not only form the amnion but also migrate into the embryo and differentiate into cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells. However, detailed differentiation processes and final distributions of these intra-embryonic ASCs (hereafter referred to as iASCs) remain largely unknown. RESULTS By quail-chick chimera analysis, we here show that iASCs differentiate into various cell types including cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, cardiac interstitial cells, and vascular endothelial cells. In the pharyngeal region, they distribute selectively into the thyroid gland and differentiate into vascular endothelial cells to form intra-thyroid vasculature. Explant culture experiments indicated sequential requirement of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling for endothelial differentiation of iASCs. Single-cell transcriptome analysis further revealed heterogeneity and the presence of hemangioblast-like cell population within ASCs, with a switch from FGF to VEGF receptor gene expression. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates novel roles of ASCss especially in heart and thyroid development. It will provide a novel clue for understanding the cardiovascular development of amniotes from embryological and evolutionary perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Haneda
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Animal Nursing Science, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Uchijima
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiyasu Iwase
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Asai
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Takahide Kohro
- Department of Medical Informatics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Youichiro Wada
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Laura VG, Marcela SG, Ricardo JC, Roberto L, Filiberto TT, Sánchez Gómez C. Incorporation of the first and second heart fields and prospective fate of the straight heart tube via in vivo labeling of chicken embryos. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234069. [PMID: 32649674 PMCID: PMC7351196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries of at least two heart fields and dynamic nature of cardiac development as well as controversies regarding the participation of heart fields in development of different heart structures led us to investigate the dynamics of incorporation of the first and second heart fields and prospective fate of the straight heart tube by labeling chicken embryos in vivo with the fluorescent lipophilic dye DiI. The cephalic and caudal limits of the anterior and posterior segments of the straight heart tube were labeled in two groups of embryos. Labels were tracked along the “C,” “S,” and “U” loops up to the tetracavitary or mature heart (n = 30 embryos/group; torsion and looping stage). To determine whether the atria and atrioventricular canal are derived from the first heart field the straight heart tube was cultured in vitro and immunodetection of Sox-9 and troponin I was performed to identify the mesenchymal and myocardial lineages respectively. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunodetection was used to determine the involvement of cell proliferation in heart tube development during torsion and looping. Embryological constitution of the straight heart tube and heart looping (C, S, and U) were not consistent with current descriptions. In fact, right ventricle precursors were absent in the straight heart tube derived from the first heart field. During torsion and looping, the cephalic segment of the straight heart tube gradually shifted into the heart tube until it was located at the myocardial interventricular septum in the tetracavitary heart. In contrast, the caudal segment of the straight heart tube was elongated and remodeled to become the first heart field derived left ventricle and the proximal part of the ventricular inlets. The ventricular outflows, right ventricle, distal part of the ventricular inlets, and atria developed from the second heart field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Villavicencio Guzmán Laura
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Salazar García Marcela
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Cruz Ricardo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana—Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lazzarini Roberto
- Departamento Biología de la Reproducción, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Toledano-Toledano Filiberto
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Basada en Evidencias, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez Instituto Nacional de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Concepción Sánchez Gómez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail: ,
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Wang JJ, Liu HX, Song L, Li HR, Yang YP, Zhang T, Jing Y. Isl-1 positive pharyngeal mesenchyme subpopulation and its role in the separation and remodeling of the aortic sac in embryonic mouse heart. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:771-783. [PMID: 31175693 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second heart field cells and neural crest cells have been reported to participate in the morphogenesis of the pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs); however, how the PAAs grow out and are separated from the aortic sac into left and right sections is unknown. RESULTS An Isl-1 positive pharyngeal mesenchyme protrusion in the aortic sac ventrally extends and fuses with the aortic sac wall to form a midsagittal septum that divides the aortic sac. The aortic sac division separates the left and right PAAs to form independent arteries. The midsagittal septum dividing the aortic sac has a different expression pattern from the aortic-pulmonary (AP) septum in which Isl-1 positive cells are absent. At 11 days post-conception (dpc) in a mouse embryo, the Isl-1 positive mesenchyme protrusion appears as a heart-shaped structure, in which subpopulations with Isl-1+ Tbx3+ and Isl-1+ Nkx2.5+ cells are included. CONCLUSIONS The aortic sac is a dynamic structure that is continuously divided during the migration from the pharyngeal mesenchyme to the pericardial cavity. The separation of the aortic sac is not complete until the AP septum divides the aortic sac into the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. Moreover, the midsagittal septum and the AP septum are distinct structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hui-Xia Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Li Song
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Hai-Rong Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan-Ping Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ya Jing
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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4
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Ivanovitch K, Temiño S, Torres M. Live imaging of heart tube development in mouse reveals alternating phases of cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis. eLife 2017; 6:30668. [PMID: 29202929 PMCID: PMC5731822 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate heart development, two progenitor populations, first and second heart fields (FHF, SHF), sequentially contribute to longitudinal subdivisions of the heart tube (HT), with the FHF contributing the left ventricle and part of the atria, and the SHF the rest of the heart. Here, we study the dynamics of cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis by tracking individual cells in live analysis of mouse embryos. We report that during an initial phase, FHF precursors differentiate rapidly to form a cardiac crescent, while limited morphogenesis takes place. In a second phase, no differentiation occurs while extensive morphogenesis, including splanchnic mesoderm sliding over the endoderm, results in HT formation. In a third phase, cardiac precursor differentiation resumes and contributes to SHF-derived regions and the dorsal closure of the HT. These results reveal tissue-level coordination between morphogenesis and differentiation during HT formation and provide a new framework to understand heart development. We all start life as a single cell, which – over the course of nine months – multiplies to generate the billions of cells that can be found in a newborn. As an embryo develops, the cells need to achieve two major tasks: they need to diversify into different types of cells, such as blood cells or muscle cells, and they need to organize themselves in space to form tissues and organs. The heart of an embryo, for example, first forms a simple structure called the heart tube that can pump blood and later develops into the four chambers that we see in adults. The tube is made up of cells from two different origins, known as the first and second heart fields. Unlike other organs, the heart has to start beating while it is still developing, and until now, it was unclear how the heart manages this difficult task. Here, Ivanovich et al. studied mouse embryos grown outside the womb by using a combination of advanced microscopy and genetic labeling to track how single cells turn into beating cells and move while the heart forms. The results showed that specializing into beating cells and forming the heart tube shape happened during alternating phases. The first heart-field cells turned into beating cells and began to contract at an early stage before the heart tube was formed. Next, the cells of the second heart field did not instantly develop into beating cells, but instead, helped the first heart-field cells to acquire the shape of a heart tube. Once this was completed, the second heart-field cells started to specialize into beating cells and created the additional parts of the more complex adult heart. This research shows that the second heart field plays an active role in helping the heart tube form. The alternating phases of cell specialization and tissue formation allow the heart to become active whilst it is still developing. A better insight into how the heart forms may help us to create new treatments for various genetic heart conditions. The methods used here could also help to study how cells build other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Ivanovitch
- Developmental Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Temiño
- Developmental Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Torres
- Developmental Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Asai R, Haneda Y, Seya D, Arima Y, Fukuda K, Kurihara Y, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Kurihara H. Amniogenic somatopleure: a novel origin of multiple cell lineages contributing to the cardiovascular system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8955. [PMID: 28827655 PMCID: PMC5566219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The somatopleure is the amniotic primordium in amniote development, but its boundary to the embryonic body at early embryonic stages and the fate of cells constituting this structure are not well characterized. It also remains unclear how cells behave during the demarcation between intra- and extra-embryonic tissues. Here we identify cellular alignments, which indicate two streams towards the sites of dorsal amniotic closure and ventral thoracic wall formation. A subpopulation of mesodermal cells moving ventrally from the somatopleural region adjacent to the base of the head fold enter the body of the embryo and distribute to the thoracic wall, pharyngeal arches and heart. These cells are induced to differentiate into vascular endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes possibly by FGF and BMP signaling, respectively. These results indicate that the somatopleure acting as the amniotic primordium also serves as a source of embryonic cells, which may contribute to cardiovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Asai
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Yuka Haneda
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daiki Seya
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan.,Department of Molecular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Arima
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kimiko Fukuda
- Department of Biological Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyagawa-Tomita
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan. .,Department of Veterinary Technology, Yamazaki Gakuen University, 4-7-2 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0364, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kurihara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan. .,Institute for Biology and Mathematics of Dynamical Cell Processes (iBMath), The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Tokyo, 153-8914, Japan.
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6
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Hosseini HS, Garcia KE, Taber LA. A new hypothesis for foregut and heart tube formation based on differential growth and actomyosin contraction. Development 2017; 144:2381-2391. [PMID: 28526751 DOI: 10.1242/dev.145193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
For decades, it was commonly thought that the bilateral heart fields in the early embryo fold directly towards the midline, where they meet and fuse to create the primitive heart tube. Recent studies have challenged this view, however, suggesting that the heart fields fold diagonally. As early foregut and heart tube morphogenesis are intimately related, this finding also raises questions concerning the traditional view of foregut formation. Here, we combine experiments on chick embryos with computational modeling to explore a new hypothesis for the physical mechanisms of heart tube and foregut formation. According to our hypothesis, differential anisotropic growth between mesoderm and endoderm drives diagonal folding. Then, active contraction along the anterior intestinal portal generates tension to elongate the foregut and heart tube. We test this hypothesis using biochemical perturbations of cell proliferation and contractility, as well as computational modeling based on nonlinear elasticity theory including growth and contraction. The present results generally support the view that differential growth and actomyosin contraction drive formation of the foregut and heart tube in the early chick embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi S Hosseini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.,Department of Physics, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Kara E Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Larry A Taber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
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7
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Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Biermans MWM, Dolfing AI, Jagessar A, van Hattum S, Hoogenboom A, Wisse LJ, Vicente-Steijn R, de Bakker MAG, Vonk FJ, Hirasawa T, Kuratani S, Richardson MK. Outflow tract septation and the aortic arch system in reptiles: lessons for understanding the mammalian heart. EvoDevo 2017; 8:9. [PMID: 28491275 PMCID: PMC5424407 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-017-0072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac outflow tract patterning and cell contribution are studied using an evo-devo approach to reveal insight into the development of aorto-pulmonary septation. RESULTS We studied embryonic stages of reptile hearts (lizard, turtle and crocodile) and compared these to avian and mammalian development. Immunohistochemistry allowed us to indicate where the essential cell components in the outflow tract and aortic sac were deployed, more specifically endocardial, neural crest and second heart field cells. The neural crest-derived aorto-pulmonary septum separates the pulmonary trunk from both aortae in reptiles, presenting with a left visceral and a right systemic aorta arising from the unseptated ventricle. Second heart field-derived cells function as flow dividers between both aortae and between the two pulmonary arteries. In birds, the left visceral aorta disappears early in development, while the right systemic aorta persists. This leads to a fusion of the aorto-pulmonary septum and the aortic flow divider (second heart field population) forming an avian aorto-pulmonary septal complex. In mammals, there is also a second heart field-derived aortic flow divider, albeit at a more distal site, while the aorto-pulmonary septum separates the aortic trunk from the pulmonary trunk. As in birds there is fusion with second heart field-derived cells albeit from the pulmonary flow divider as the right 6th pharyngeal arch artery disappears, resulting in a mammalian aorto-pulmonary septal complex. In crocodiles, birds and mammals, the main septal and parietal endocardial cushions receive neural crest cells that are functional in fusion and myocardialization of the outflow tract septum. Longer-lasting septation in crocodiles demonstrates a heterochrony in development. In other reptiles with no indication of incursion of neural crest cells, there is either no myocardialized outflow tract septum (lizard) or it is vestigial (turtle). Crocodiles are unique in bearing a central shunt, the foramen of Panizza, between the roots of both aortae. Finally, the soft-shell turtle investigated here exhibits a spongy histology of the developing carotid arteries supposedly related to regulation of blood flow during pharyngeal excretion in this species. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that is shown that an interplay of second heart field-derived flow dividers with a neural crest-derived cell population is a variable but common, denominator across all species studied for vascular patterning and outflow tract septation. The observed differences in normal development of reptiles may have impact on the understanding of development of human congenital outflow tract malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Poelmann
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel W M Biermans
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne I Dolfing
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Armand Jagessar
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sam van Hattum
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda Hoogenboom
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus J Wisse
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Vicente-Steijn
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Merijn A G de Bakker
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Freek J Vonk
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tatsuya Hirasawa
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kuratani
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Morphology, RIKEN, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Michael K Richardson
- Animal Sciences and Health, Sylvius Laboratories, University of Leiden, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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Martin PS, Kloesel B, Norris RA, Lindsay M, Milan D, Body SC. Embryonic Development of the Bicuspid Aortic Valve. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2015; 2:248-272. [PMID: 28529942 PMCID: PMC5438177 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd2040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital valvular heart defect with an overall frequency of 0.5%–1.2%. BAVs result from abnormal aortic cusp formation during valvulogenesis, whereby adjacent cusps fuse into a single large cusp resulting in two, instead of the normal three, aortic cusps. Individuals with BAV are at increased risk for ascending aortic disease, aortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta. The frequent occurrence of BAV and its anatomically discrete but frequent co-existing diseases leads us to suspect a common cellular origin. Although autosomal-dominant transmission of BAV has been observed in a few pedigrees, notably involving the gene NOTCH1, no single-gene model clearly explains BAV inheritance, implying a complex genetic model involving interacting genes. Several sequencing studies in patients with BAV have identified rare and uncommon mutations in genes of cardiac embryogenesis. But the extensive cell-cell signaling and multiple cellular origins involved in cardiac embryogenesis preclude simplistic explanations of this disease. In this review, we examine the series of events from cellular and transcriptional embryogenesis of the heart, to development of the aortic valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Th724, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mails: (P.S.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Benjamin Kloesel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Th724, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mails: (P.S.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley St, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Mark Lindsay
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Richard B. Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; E-Mails: (M.L.); (D.M.)
| | - David Milan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Richard B. Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; E-Mails: (M.L.); (D.M.)
| | - Simon C. Body
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Th724, Boston, MA 02115, USA; E-Mails: (P.S.M.); (B.K.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-617-732-7330; Fax: +1-617-730-2813
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9
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Keith MCL, Bolli R. "String theory" of c-kit(pos) cardiac cells: a new paradigm regarding the nature of these cells that may reconcile apparently discrepant results. Circ Res 2015; 116:1216-30. [PMID: 25814683 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous preclinical investigations have consistently demonstrated salubrious effects of c-kit(pos) cardiac cells administered after myocardial infarction, the mechanism of action remains highly controversial. We and others have found little or no evidence that these cells differentiate into mature functional cardiomyocytes, suggesting paracrine effects. In this review, we propose a new paradigm predicated on a comprehensive analysis of the literature, including studies of cardiac development; we have (facetiously) dubbed this conceptual construct "string theory" of c-kit(pos) cardiac cells because it reconciles multifarious and sometimes apparently discrepant results. There is strong evidence that, during development, the c-kit receptor is expressed in different pools of cardiac progenitors (some capable of robust cardiomyogenesis and others with little or no contribution to myocytes). Accordingly, c-kit positivity, in itself, does not define the embryonic origins, lineage capabilities, or differentiation capacities of specific cardiac progenitors. C-kit(pos) cells derived from the first heart field exhibit cardiomyogenic potential during development, but these cells are likely depleted shortly before or after birth. The residual c-kit(pos) cells found in the adult heart are probably of proepicardial origin, possess a mesenchymal phenotype (resembling bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells), and are capable of contributing significantly only to nonmyocytic lineages (fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells). If these 2 populations (first heart field and proepicardium) express different levels of c-kit, the cardiomyogenic potential of first heart field progenitors might be reconciled with recent results of c-kit(pos) cell lineage tracing studies. The concept that c-kit expression in the adult heart identifies epicardium-derived, noncardiomyogenic precursors with a mesenchymal phenotype helps to explain the beneficial effects of c-kit(pos) cell administration to ischemically damaged hearts despite the observed paucity of cardiomyogenic differentiation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C L Keith
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY
| | - Roberto Bolli
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University of Louisville, KY.
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Signaling through retinoic acid receptors in cardiac development: Doing the right things at the right times. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:94-111. [PMID: 25134739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is a terpenoid that is synthesized from vitamin A/retinol (ROL) and binds to the nuclear receptors retinoic acid receptor (RAR)/retinoid X receptor (RXR) to control multiple developmental processes in vertebrates. The available clinical and experimental data provide uncontested evidence for the pleiotropic roles of RA signaling in development of multiple embryonic structures and organs such eyes, central nervous system, gonads, lungs and heart. The development of any of these above-mentioned embryonic organ systems can be effectively utilized to showcase the many strategies utilized by RA signaling. However, it is very likely that the strategies employed to transfer RA signals during cardiac development comprise the majority of the relevant and sophisticated ways through which retinoid signals can be conveyed in a complex biological system. Here, we provide the reader with arguments indicating that RA signaling is exquisitely regulated according to specific phases of cardiac development and that RA signaling itself is one of the major regulators of the timing of cardiac morphogenesis and differentiation. We will focus on the role of signaling by RA receptors (RARs) in early phases of heart development. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear receptors in animal development.
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