1
|
Deane AS, Muchlinski MN, Organ JM, Vereecke E, Bistrekova V, Hays L, Butterfield T. The comparative and functional anatomy of the forelimb muscle architecture of Humboldt's woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38938152 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Humboldt's woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagortricha) is a ceboid primate that more frequently engages in plantigrade quadrupedalism (~89%) but is, like most other members of the subfamily Atelinae, capable of suspensory postures and "tail assisted" brachiation. That taxon's decreased reliance on suspension is reflected in the skeletal anatomy of the upper limb which is less derived relative to more frequently suspensory atelines (Ateles, Brachyteles) but is in many ways (i.e., phalangeal curvature, enlarged joint surfaces, elongated diaphyses) intermediate between highly suspensory and quadrupedal anthropoids. Although it has been suggested that muscle may have morphogenetic primacy with respect to bone this has not been explicitly tested. The present study employs analyses of Lagothrix upper limb muscle fiber length, relative physiological cross-sectional area and relative muscle mass to test whether muscular adaptations for suspensory postures and locomotion in Lagothrix precede adaptive refinements in the skeletal tissues or appear more gradually in conjunction with related skeletal adaptations. Results demonstrate that Lagothrix upper limb musculature is most like committed quadrupeds but that limited aspects of the relative distribution of segmental muscle mass may approach suspensory hylobatids consistent with only a limited adaptive response in musculature prior to bone. Results specific to the shoulder were inconclusive owing to under-representation of quadrupedal shoulder musculature and future work should be focused more specifically on the adaptive and functional morphology of the muscular anatomy and microstructure of the scapulothoracic joint complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Deane
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Jason M Organ
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Evie Vereecke
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vanya Bistrekova
- ICTA, Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lindsey Hays
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Timothy Butterfield
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, University of Kentucky College of Health Sciences, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Young JW, Chadwell BA, O'Neill TP, Pastor F, Marchi D, Hartstone-Rose A. Quantitative assessment of grasping strength in platyrrhine monkeys. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:e24900. [PMID: 38269651 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the longstanding importance of grasping adaptations in theories of primate evolution, quantitative data on primate grasping strength remain rare. We present the results of two studies testing the prediction that callitrichines-given their comparative retreat from a small-branch environment and specialization for movement and foraging on tree trunks and large boughs-should be characterized by weaker grasping forces and underdeveloped digital flexor muscles relative to other platyrrhines. METHODS First, we directly measured manual grasping strength in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis), using a custom-constructed force transducer. Second, we reanalyzed existing datasets on the fiber architecture of forearm and leg muscles in 12 platyrrhine species, quantifying digital flexor muscle physiological cross-sectional area (i.e., PCSA, a morphometric proxy of muscle strength) relative to the summed PCSA across all forearm or leg muscles. RESULTS Callithrix was characterized by lower mean and maximum grasping forces than Saimiri, and callitrichines as a clade were found to have relatively underdeveloped manual digital flexor muscle PCSA. However, relative pedal digital flexor PCSA did not significantly differ between callitrichines and other platyrrhines. CONCLUSIONS We found partial support for the hypothesis that variation in predominant substrate usage explains variation in empirical measurements of and morphological correlates of grasping strength in platyrrhines. Future research should extend the work presented here by (1) collecting morphological and empirical metrics of grasping strength in additional primate taxa and (2) extending performance testing to include empirical measures of primate pedal grasping forces as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Brad A Chadwell
- Department of Anatomy, Idaho College of Osteopathic Medicine, Meridian, Idaho, USA
| | - Timothy P O'Neill
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University (NEOMED), Rootstown, Ohio, USA
| | - Francisco Pastor
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wiseman AL, Charles JP, Hutchinson JR. Static versus dynamic muscle modelling in extinct species: a biomechanical case study of the Australopithecus afarensis pelvis and lower extremity. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16821. [PMID: 38313026 PMCID: PMC10838096 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The force a muscle generates is dependent on muscle structure, in which fibre length, pennation angle and tendon slack length all influence force production. Muscles are not preserved in the fossil record and these parameters must be estimated when constructing a musculoskeletal model. Here, we test the capability of digitally reconstructed muscles of the Australopithecus afarensis model (specimen AL 288-1) to maintain an upright, single-support limb posture. Our aim was to ascertain the influence that different architectural estimation methods have on muscle specialisation and on the subsequent inferences that can be extrapolated about limb function. Parameters were estimated for 36 muscles in the pelvis and lower limb and seven different musculoskeletal models of AL 288-1 were produced. These parameters represented either a 'static' Hill-type muscle model (n = 4 variants) which only incorporated force, or instead a 'dynamic' Hill-type muscle model with an elastic tendon and fibres that could vary force-length-velocity properties (n = 3 variants). Each muscle's fibre length, pennation angle, tendon slack length and maximal isometric force were calculated based upon different input variables. Static (inverse) simulations were computed in which the vertical and mediolateral ground reaction forces (GRF) were incrementally increased until limb collapse (simulation failure). All AL 288-1 variants produced somewhat similar simulated muscle activation patterns, but the maximum vertical GRF that could be exerted on a single limb was not consistent between models. Three of the four static-muscle models were unable to support >1.8 times body weight and produced models that under-performed. The dynamic-muscle models were stronger. Comparative results with a human model imply that similar muscle group activations between species are needed to sustain single-limb support at maximally applied GRFs in terms of the simplified static simulations (e.g., same walking pose) used here. This approach demonstrated the range of outputs that can be generated for a model of an extinct individual. Despite mostly comparable outputs, the models diverged mostly in terms of strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh L.A. Wiseman
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Charles
- Evolutionary Morphology and Biomechanics Lab, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martens LL, Piersanti SJ, Berger A, Kida NA, Deutsch AR, Bertok K, Humphries L, Lassiter A, Hartstone-Rose A. The Effects of Onychectomy (Declawing) on Antebrachial Myology across the Full Body Size Range of Exotic Species of Felidae. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2462. [PMID: 37570271 PMCID: PMC10416871 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While people are familiar with the practice of declawing domestic cats, "onychectomy", as it is also known, is also performed on non-domesticated species, including pantherines, to prolong their use for entertainment purposes. Although the surgery (the partial or complete removal of the distal phalanx) has clear osteological implications, its myological effects have never been studied. As the mass of an animal increases cubically as a product of its volume, while the areas of its paws only increase as a square, larger felids have higher foot pressures and, therefore, the surgery may have particularly substantial functional effects on larger cats. In this study, we evaluate the forearms of clawed and declawed non-domestic felid specimens that spanned the body size range of the whole family to evaluate the effects of onychectomy on muscle fiber architecture. We found that the deep digital flexors (the muscles most directly affected by onychectomy) of declawed felids are significantly lighter (~73%) and less powerful (46-66%) than those of non-declawed felids, while other muscles do not make up for these reductions. Thus, onychectomy has a substantial effect on the myological capabilities of cats, and because these deficiencies are not compensated for in biomechanically disadvantaged larger felids, it probably has even more functionally devastating consequences for these species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara L. Martens
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (L.L.M.); (S.J.P.); (A.B.); (N.A.K.); (A.R.D.)
| | - Sarah Jessica Piersanti
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (L.L.M.); (S.J.P.); (A.B.); (N.A.K.); (A.R.D.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Arin Berger
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (L.L.M.); (S.J.P.); (A.B.); (N.A.K.); (A.R.D.)
| | - Nicole A. Kida
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (L.L.M.); (S.J.P.); (A.B.); (N.A.K.); (A.R.D.)
| | - Ashley R. Deutsch
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (L.L.M.); (S.J.P.); (A.B.); (N.A.K.); (A.R.D.)
| | - Kathryn Bertok
- Carolina Tiger Rescue, Pittsboro, NC 27312, USA; (K.B.); (L.H.); (A.L.)
| | - Lauren Humphries
- Carolina Tiger Rescue, Pittsboro, NC 27312, USA; (K.B.); (L.H.); (A.L.)
| | - Angela Lassiter
- Carolina Tiger Rescue, Pittsboro, NC 27312, USA; (K.B.); (L.H.); (A.L.)
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (L.L.M.); (S.J.P.); (A.B.); (N.A.K.); (A.R.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dickinson E, Hartstone-Rose A. Behavioral correlates of fascicular organization: The confluence of muscle architectural anatomy and function. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023. [PMID: 36880440 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Muscle is a complex tissue that has been studied on numerous hierarchical levels: from gross descriptions of muscle organization to cellular analyses of fiber profiles. In the middle of this space between organismal and cellular biology lies muscle architecture, the level at which functional correlations between a muscle's internal fiber organization and contractile abilities are explored. In this review, we summarize this relationship, detail recent advances in our understanding of this form-function paradigm, and highlight the role played by The Anatomical Record in advancing our understanding of functional morphology within muscle over the past two decades. In so doing, we honor the legacy of Editor-in-Chief Kurt Albertine, whose stewardship of the journal from 2006 through 2020 oversaw the flourishing of myological research, including numerous special issues dedicated to exploring the behavioral correlates of myology across diverse taxa. This legacy has seen the The Anatomical Record establish itself as a preeminent source of myological research, and a true leader within the field of comparative anatomy and functional morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Charles J, Kissane R, Hoehfurtner T, Bates KT. From fibre to function: are we accurately representing muscle architecture and performance? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1640-1676. [PMID: 35388613 PMCID: PMC9540431 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The size and arrangement of fibres play a determinate role in the kinetic and energetic performance of muscles. Extrapolations between fibre architecture and performance underpin our understanding of how muscles function and how they are adapted to power specific motions within and across species. Here we provide a synopsis of how this 'fibre to function' paradigm has been applied to understand muscle design, performance and adaptation in animals. Our review highlights the widespread application of the fibre to function paradigm across a diverse breadth of biological disciplines but also reveals a potential and highly prevalent limitation running through past studies. Specifically, we find that quantification of muscle architectural properties is almost universally based on an extremely small number of fibre measurements. Despite the volume of research into muscle properties, across a diverse breadth of research disciplines, the fundamental assumption that a small proportion of fibre measurements can accurately represent the architectural properties of a muscle has never been quantitatively tested. Subsequently, we use a combination of medical imaging, statistical analysis, and physics-based computer simulation to address this issue for the first time. By combining diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and deterministic fibre tractography we generated a large number of fibre measurements (>3000) rapidly for individual human lower limb muscles. Through statistical subsampling simulations of these measurements, we demonstrate that analysing a small number of fibres (n < 25) typically used in previous studies may lead to extremely large errors in the characterisation of overall muscle architectural properties such as mean fibre length and physiological cross-sectional area. Through dynamic musculoskeletal simulations of human walking and jumping, we demonstrate that recovered errors in fibre architecture characterisation have significant implications for quantitative predictions of in-vivo dynamics and muscle fibre function within a species. Furthermore, by applying data-subsampling simulations to comparisons of muscle function in humans and chimpanzees, we demonstrate that error magnitudes significantly impact both qualitative and quantitative assessment of muscle specialisation, potentially generating highly erroneous conclusions about the absolute and relative adaption of muscles across species and evolutionary transitions. Our findings have profound implications for how a broad diversity of research fields quantify muscle architecture and interpret muscle function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Charles
- Structure and Motion Lab, Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHawkshead LaneHatfieldHertfordshireAL9 7TAU.K.
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolThe William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby StreetLiverpoolL7 8TXU.K.
| | - Roger Kissane
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolThe William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby StreetLiverpoolL7 8TXU.K.
| | - Tatjana Hoehfurtner
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Lincoln, Joseph Banks LaboratoriesGreen LaneLincolnLN6 7DLU.K.
| | - Karl T. Bates
- Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolThe William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby StreetLiverpoolL7 8TXU.K.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marchi D, Rimoldi A, García‐Martínez D, Bastir M. Morphological correlates of distal fibular morphology with locomotion in great apes, humans, and Australopithecus afarensis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 178:286-300. [PMID: 36790753 PMCID: PMC9314891 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies highlighted the importance of the fibula to further our understanding of locomotor adaptations in fossil hominins. In this study, we present a three-dimensional geometric morphometric (3D-GM) investigation of the distal fibula in extant hominids and Australopithecus afarensis with the aim of pointing out morphological correlations to arboreal behavior. METHODS Three-dimensional surface meshes of the distal fibula were obtained using computer tomography for 40 extant hominid specimens and laser scanner for five A. afarensis specimens. Distal fibula morphology was quantified positioning 11 fixed landmarks, 40 curve semilandmarks, and 20 surface landmarks on each specimen. A generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA) was carried out on all landmark coordinates followed by Procrustes ANOVA. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the GPA-aligned shape coordinates. Kruskal-Wallis tests and Mann-Whitney test were performed on scores along PCs. RESULTS Great apes are characterized by a shorter subcutaneous triangular surface (STS), more downward facing fibulotalar articular facets, more anteriorly facing lateral malleolus and wider/deeper malleolar fossa than humans. Within great apes, orangutans are characterized by more medially facing fibulotalar articular facets. Australopithecus afarensis shows a unique distal fibular morphology with several traits that are generally associated more to arboreality and less to bipedalism such as a short STS, a more anteriorly facing, laterally pointing malleolus and deeper and larger malleolar fossa. CONCLUSIONS The distal fibula morphology is indicative of locomotor patterns within extant hominids. The 3D-GM method presented here can be successfully used to further our understanding of arboreal adaptations in fossil hominins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Marchi
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PisaPisa
- Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human JourneyUniversity of the WitwatersrandWits
| | | | - Daniel García‐Martínez
- Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human JourneyUniversity of the WitwatersrandWits
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH)BurgosSpain
- Paleoanthropology GroupMuseo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Markus Bastir
- Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human JourneyUniversity of the WitwatersrandWits
- Paleoanthropology GroupMuseo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dickinson E, Boettcher ML, Smith MR, Worden NA, Swindell SR, Seelye JS, Pastor F, Hartstone‐Rose A. Myological variation in the forearm anatomy of Callitrichidae and Lemuridae. J Anat 2021; 239:669-681. [PMID: 34018180 PMCID: PMC8349451 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The anatomy of the primate forearm is frequently investigated in terms of locomotor mode, substrate use, and manual dexterity. Such studies typically rely upon broad, interspecific samples for which one or two representative taxa are used to characterize the anatomy of their genus or family. To interpret variation between distantly related taxa, however, it is necessary to contextualize these differences by quantifying variation at lower hierarchical levels, that is, more fine-grained representation within specific genera or families. In this study, we present a focused evaluation of the variation in muscle organization, integration, and architecture within two speciose primate families: the Callitrichidae and Lemuridae. We demonstrate that, within each lineage, several muscle functional groups exhibit substantial variation in muscle organization. Most notably, the digital extensors appear highly variable (particularly among callitrichids), with many unique configurations represented. In terms of architectural variables, both families are more conservative, with the exception of the genus Callimico-for which an increase is observed in forearm muscle mass and strength. We suggest this reflects the increased use of vertical climbing and trunk-to-trunk leaping within this genus relative to the more typically fine-branch substrate use of the other callitrichids. Overall, these data emphasize the underappreciated variation in forearm myology and suggest that overly generalized typification of a taxon's anatomy may conceal significant intraspecific and intrageneric variation therein. Thus, considerations of adaptation within the forearm musculature should endeavor to consider the full range of anatomical variation when making comparisons between multiple taxa within an evolutionary context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Marissa L. Boettcher
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSCUSA
| | - Madison R. Smith
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Nikole A. Worden
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Sidney R. Swindell
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Jason S. Seelye
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Francisco Pastor
- Departamento de Anatomia y RadiologiaUniversidad de ValladolidMuseo AnatomicoValladolidSpain
| | - Adam Hartstone‐Rose
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Architectural properties of the musculoskeletal system in the shoulder of two callitrichid primate species derived from virtual dissection. Primates 2021; 62:827-843. [PMID: 34181123 PMCID: PMC8410736 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Callitrichidae are small, arboreal New World primates that utilize a variety of locomotor behaviors including trunk-to-trunk leaping (TTL) and horizontal locomotion which involve differential functional demands. Little is known about the relationship between the preferred locomotor behavior and musculoskeletal architecture of these primates. In this study, we compared the musculoskeletal architecture of selected shoulder muscles in two cadavers each of the trunk-to-trunk leaper Cebuella pygmaea and the mainly pronograde quadrupedally moving Saguinus imperator subgrisescens. Contrast-enhanced microfocus computed tomography (µCT) was used to virtually dissect the cadavers, produce muscle maps, and create 3D reconstructions for an image-based analysis of the muscles. Muscle lengths, muscle volumes, and osteological muscle moment arms were measured, and the anatomical cross-sectional areas (ACSA) were calculated. We expected the muscles of the forelimb of S. imperator to be larger in volume and to be relatively shorter with a larger ACSA due to a higher demand for powerful extension in the forelimbs of this horizontally locomoting species. For C. pygmaea, we expected relatively larger moment arms for the triceps brachii, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis, as larger moment arms present an advantage for extensive vertical clinging on the trunk. The muscles of S. imperator were relatively larger in volume than in C. pygmaea and had a relatively larger ACSA. Thus, the shoulder muscles of S. imperator were suited to generate relatively larger forces than those of C. pygmaea. Contrary to our expectations, there were only slight differences between species in regard to muscle lengths and moment arms, which suggests that these properties are not dependent on the preferred locomotor mode. The study of this limited dataset demonstrates that some but not all properties of the musculoskeletal architecture reflect the preferred locomotor behavior in the two species of Callitrichidae examined.
Collapse
|
10
|
Leonard KC, Worden N, Boettcher ML, Dickinson E, Hartstone-Rose A. Effects of long-term ethanol storage on muscle architecture. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:184-198. [PMID: 33843155 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Muscle excursion and force potential can be estimated from architectural variables, including mass, volume, fascicle length, and density. These have been collected from fresh specimens, preserved specimens, and sometimes mixed samples of both. However, preservation alters the gross morphology of muscles. This study aims to quantify the effects of long-term storage on myological properties across a sample of fresh and ethanol preserved Mus musculus specimens ranging in storage time from 16 to 130 years. Masses, volumes, and densities of biceps femoris, quadriceps femoris, and triceps surae were measured, and histological cross-sections of some specimens were used to evaluate the microscale effects of long-term fluid preservation. For the remainder of the sample, chemically dissected fascicle lengths were measured to evaluate the fixation effects on the linear dimensions of muscle architecture. Relative muscle mass, volume, fascicle length, average fiber area, and density, and percent fiber area were regressed against years stored in ethanol. Muscle size dropped steeply between fresh and stored samples, ultimately decreasing by 62 and 60%, respectively. These losses correlate with histologically measured shrinking of average muscle fiber area. Density of stored specimens plateaued 5% below that of fresh ones. Although muscles lost mass and volume during ethanol storage, fascicle lengths did not shorten significantly (presumably because they were preserved attached on either end to bone). This study demonstrates that muscle mass, volume, and density of specimens stored long-term in ethanol should be corrected by factors of 2.64, 2.49, and 1.054 respectively for comparability to fresh specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn C Leonard
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Meredith College, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nikole Worden
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marissa L Boettcher
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vanhoof MJM, van Leeuwen T, Galletta L, Vereecke EE. The forearm and hand musculature of semi-terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and arboreal gibbons (fam.Hylobatidae). Part II. Quantitative analysis. J Anat 2021; 238:321-337. [PMID: 33011967 PMCID: PMC7812139 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates have a highly diverse locomotor repertoire defined by an equally diverse hand use. Based on how primates use their hands during locomotion, we can distinguish between terrestrial and arboreal taxa. The 'arboreal' hand is likely adapted towards high wrist mobility and grasping, whereas the 'terrestrial' hand will show adaptations to loading. While the morphology of the forearm and hand bones have been studied extensively, functional adaptations in the forearm and hand musculature to locomotor behaviour have been documented only scarcely. In this paper, we investigate the forelimb musculature of the highly arboreal gibbons (including Hylobates lar,Hylobates pileatus,Nomascus leucogenys,Nomascus concolor and Symphalangus syndactylus) and compare this with the musculature of the semi-terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Anatomical data from previous dissections on knuckle-walking bonobos (Pan paniscus) and bipedal humans (Homo sapiens) are also included to further integrate the analyses in the scope of catarrhine hand adaptation. This study indicates that the overall configuration of the arm and hand musculature of these primates is very similar but there are some apparent differences in relative size which can be linked to differences in forelimb function and which might be related to their specific locomotor behaviour. In macaques, there is a large development of wrist deviators, wrist and digital flexors, and m. triceps brachii, as these muscles are important during the different phases of palmi- and digitigrade quadrupedal walking to stabilize the wrist and elbow. In addition, their m. flexor carpi ulnaris is the most important contributor to the total force-generating capacity of the wrist flexors and deviators, and is needed to counteract the adducting torque at the elbow joint during quadrupedal walking. Gibbons show a relatively high force-generating capacity in their forearm rotators, wrist and digital flexors, which are important muscles in brachiation to actively regulate forward movement of the body. The results also stress the importance of the digital flexors in bonobos, during climbing and clambering, and in humans, which is likely linked to our advanced manipulation skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie J. M. Vanhoof
- Muscles & MovementBiomedical Sciences GroupKU Leuven Campus KulakKortrijkBelgium
| | - Timo van Leeuwen
- Muscles & MovementBiomedical Sciences GroupKU Leuven Campus KulakKortrijkBelgium
| | - Lorenzo Galletta
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesDeakin UniversityWaurn PoundsVictoriaAustralia
| | - Evie E. Vereecke
- Muscles & MovementBiomedical Sciences GroupKU Leuven Campus KulakKortrijkBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), an important biomechanical variable, is an estimate of a muscle's contractile force potential and is derived from dividing muscle mass by the product of a muscle's average fascicle length and a theoretical constant representing the density of mammalian skeletal muscle. This density constant is usually taken from experimental studies of small samples of several model taxa using tissues collected predominantly from the lower limbs of adult animals. The generalized application of this constant to broader analyses of mammalian myology assumes that muscle density (1) is consistent across anatomical regions and (2) is unaffected by the aging process. To investigate the validity of these assumptions, we studied muscles of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in the largest sample heretofore investigated explicitly for these variables, and we did so from numerous anatomical regions and from three different age-cohorts. Differences in muscle density and histology as a consequence of age and anatomical region were evaluated using Tukey's HSD tests. Overall, we observed that older individuals tend to have denser muscles than younger individuals. Our findings also demonstrated significant differences in muscle density between anatomic regions within the older cohorts, though none in the youngest cohort. Approximately 50% of the variation in muscle density can be explained histologically by the average muscle fiber area and the average percent fiber area. That is, muscles with larger average fiber areas and a higher proportion of fiber area tend to be denser. Importantly, using the age and region dependent measurements of muscle density that we provide may increase the accuracy of PCSA estimations. Although we found statistically significant differences related to ontogeny and anatomical region, if density cannot be measured directly, the specific values presented herein should be used to improve accuracy. If a single muscle density constant that has been better validated than the ones presented in the previous literature is preferred, then 1.0558 and 1.0502 g/cm3 would be reasonable constants to use across all adult and juvenile muscles respectively.
Collapse
|
13
|
Martin ML, Travouillon KJ, Fleming PA, Warburton NM. Review of the methods used for calculating physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) for ecological questions. J Morphol 2020; 281:778-789. [PMID: 32374505 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review examines literature that used physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) as a representative measure of an individual muscle's maximal isometric force production. PCSA is used to understand the muscle architecture and how a trade-off between muscle force and muscle contractile velocity reflect adaptations of the musculoskeletal system as a reflection of functional demands. Over the decades, methods have been developed to measure muscle volume, fascicle lengths, and pennation angle to calculate PCSA. The advantages and limitations of these methods (especially the inclusion/elimination of pennation angle) are discussed frequently; however, these method descriptions are scattered throughout the literature. Here, we reviewed and summarised the different approaches to collecting and recording muscle architectural properties to subsequently calculate PCSA. By critically discussing the advantages and limitations of each methodology, we aim to provide readers with an overview of repeatable methods to assess muscle architecture. This review may serve as a guide to facilitate readers searching for the appropriate techniques to calculate PCSA and measure muscle architecture to be applied in ecomorphology research. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Discuss the theories behind PCSA in a synthesised review to inform researchers about PCSA methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meg L Martin
- Environmental and Conservational Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Kenny J Travouillon
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Australia
| | - Patricia A Fleming
- Environmental and Conservational Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Natalie M Warburton
- Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boettcher ML, Leonard KC, Dickinson E, Herrel A, Hartstone‐Rose A. Extraordinary grip strength and specialized myology in the hyper-derived hand of Perodicticus potto? J Anat 2019; 235:931-939. [PMID: 31309575 PMCID: PMC6794210 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous behavioral reports of the African lorisid, Perodicticus potto, have speculated that these animals have an extraordinary grip strength. This ability is hypothesized to be facilitated by a range of anatomical features within the forelimb, ranging from the presence of a retia mirabilia in its wrist to the hyper-abduction of its pollex. Despite numerous behavioral reports, however, this claim of extraordinary grip strength has not been empirically substantiated. This study quantifies the physiological cross-sectional area of the digital flexor muscles within P. potto. These data are compared with a broad primate sample, including several similarly sized strepsirrhines. Contrary to expectation, we found that P. potto actually has relatively below-average digital flexor PCSA. However, we identified other myological characteristics in the upper limb of P. potto that were unexpected, including the largest brachioradialis muscle (an elbow flexor) among our primate sample, and - despite P. potto having only a vestigial second digit - an independent digital extensor indicis that is absent in almost a quarter of our primate sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaitlyn C. Leonard
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du VivantUMR 7179 C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N.ParisFrance
| | - Adam Hartstone‐Rose
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nyakatura JA, Baumgarten R, Baum D, Stark H, Youlatos D. Muscle internal structure revealed by contrast-enhanced μCT and fibre recognition: The hindlimb extensors of an arboreal and a fossorial squirrel. Mamm Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
16
|
Martin ML, Travouillon KJ, Sherratt E, Fleming PA, Warburton NM. Covariation between forelimb muscle anatomy and bone shape in an Australian scratch‐digging marsupial: Comparison of morphometric methods. J Morphol 2019; 280:1900-1915. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meg L. Martin
- Environmental and Conservation SciencesMurdoch University Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - Kenny J. Travouillon
- Department of Terrestrial ZoologyWestern Australian Museum Welshpool Western Australia Australia
| | - Emma Sherratt
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Adelaide, North Terrace Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Patricia A. Fleming
- Environmental and Conservation SciencesMurdoch University Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - Natalie M. Warburton
- Medical, Molecular, and Forensic SciencesMurdoch University Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hartstone-Rose A, Dickinson E, Boettcher ML, Herrel A. A primate with a Panda's thumb: The anatomy of the pseudothumb of Daubentonia madagascariensis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 171:8-16. [PMID: 31633197 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accessory digits have evolved independently within several mammalian lineages. Most notable among these is the pseudothumb of the giant panda, which has long been considered one of the most extraordinary examples of contingent evolution. To date, no primate has been documented to possess such an adaptation. Here, we investigate the presence of this structure within the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), a species renowned for several other specialized morphological adaptations in the hand, including a morphologically unique third digit. MATERIALS AND METHODS We combine physical dissection techniques with digital imaging processes across a sample of seven individuals (six adults and one immature individual) to describe and visualize the anatomy of the wrist and hand within the aye-aye. RESULTS A distinct pseudothumb, which consists of both a bony component (an expanded radial sesamoid) and a dense cartilaginous extension (the "prepollex") was observed in all specimens. We demonstrate that this pseudodigit receives muscular attachments from three muscles, which collectively have the potential to enable abduction, adduction, and opposition. Finally, we demonstrate that the pseudothumb possesses its own distinct pad within the palm, complete with independent dermatoglyphs. DISCUSSION Pseudothumbs have been suggested to improve palmar dexterity in taxa with overly -generalized first digits (e.g., pandas) and to widen the hand for digging (e.g., some fossorial moles), but the aye-aye's pseudothumb represents what we believe is a heretofore unrecognized third functional role: its accessory digit compensates for overspecialization of its fingers for non-gripping functions (in this case, the aye-aye's unique "tap foraging" practices).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Marissa L Boettcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN, Department Adaptations du Vivant, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Boettcher ML, Leonard KC, Dickinson E, Aujard F, Herrel A, Hartstone‐Rose A. The Forearm Musculature of the Gray Mouse Lemur (
Microcebus murinus
): An Ontogenetic Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1354-1363. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L. Boettcher
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Kaitlyn C. Leonard
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | | | | | - Adam Hartstone‐Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dickinson E, Basham C, Rana A, Hartstone‐Rose A. Visualization and Quantification of Digitally Dissected Muscle Fascicles in the Masticatory Muscles of
Callithrix jacchus
Using Nondestructive DiceCT. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1891-1900. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| | - Colin Basham
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee
| | | | - Adam Hartstone‐Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Martin ML, Warburton NM, Travouillon KJ, Fleming PA. Mechanical similarity across ontogeny of digging muscles in an Australian marsupial (Isoodon fusciventer
). J Morphol 2019; 280:423-435. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meg L. Martin
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - Natalie M. Warburton
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - Kenny J. Travouillon
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology; Western Australian Museum; Welshpool Western Australia Australia
| | - Patricia A. Fleming
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Marchi D, Hartstone-Rose A. Functional Morphology and Behavioral Correlates to Postcranial Musculature. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:419-423. [PMID: 29418117 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this the second issue of a two-volume set of the Anatomical Record on the relationship between muscle functional morphology and behavior, the focus is on the postcranial musculature. Traditionally, when talking of the postcranium we think of the skeletal parts that primarily provide the lever system necessary for body movements. However, without the force produced by muscle, the postcranial skeleton could not perform these or most other tasks. In this special issue, our colleagues present ten papers that focus on postcranial muscle morphology and function from different perspectives. They include papers on forelimb and hindlimb muscle functional morphology of vertebrates, including lizards, bats, primates, a carnivoran and a rodent, and involved in different substrate use (arboreal, terrestrial, and flying) and locomotion behavior (quadrupedal, leaper, and suspensory) along with a historical overview to help bookend the contextualization of the issues. The picture that these papers provide is one of great liveliness in the field of muscle functional morphology where both young students and affirmed professors continue to contribute with both traditional approaches and new techniques to further our knowledge of muscle morphology and its relationship with animal behavior. Anat Rec, 301:419-423, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Marchi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, Pisa 50126, Italy.,Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits 2050, South Africa
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Taverne M, Fabre AC, Herbin M, Herrel A, Peigné S, Lacroux C, Lowie A, Pagès F, Theil JC, Böhmer C. Convergence in the functional properties of forelimb muscles in carnivorans: adaptations to an arboreal lifestyle? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Taverne
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Marc Herbin
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Peigné
- UMR 7207 – CR2P, CNRS/MNHN, Département Origines et Evolution, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Camille Lacroux
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Lowie
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Pagès
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Theil
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| | - Christine Böhmer
- UMR 7179, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Département Adaptations du Vivant, rue Buffon, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Marchi D, Leischner CL, Pastor F, Hartstone‐Rose A. L
eg
M
uscle
A
rchitecture in
P
rimates and
I
ts
C
orrelation with
L
ocomotion
P
atterns. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:515-527. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Marchi
- Department of BiologyUniversity di Pisa, Via Derna 1Pisa, 56126 Italy
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre for Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3Wits, 2050 South Africa
| | - Carissa L. Leischner
- Department of Cell Biology and AnatomyUniversity of South Carolina School of MedicineColumbia South Carolina
| | - Francisco Pastor
- Departamento de Anatomía y RadiologíaUniversidad de Valladolid, C/Plaza de Santa Cruz, 847002 Valladolid Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Perry JMG, Prufrock KA. Muscle Functional Morphology in Paleobiology: The Past, Present, and Future of “Paleomyology”. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:538-555. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. G. Perry
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Kristen A. Prufrock
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Böhmer C, Fabre AC, Herbin M, Peigné S, Herrel A. Anatomical Basis of Differences in Locomotor Behavior in Martens: AComparison of the Forelimb Musculature Between Two Sympatric Species ofMartes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:449-472. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Böhmer
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Anne-Claire Fabre
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Marc Herbin
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Stéphane Peigné
- UMR 7207 CR 2P, MNHN/CNRS/UPMC, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP38; 8 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005 France
| |
Collapse
|