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Wang Y, Qin Q, Wang Z, Negri S, Sono T, Tower RJ, Li Z, Xing X, Archer M, Thottappillil N, Zhu M, Suarez A, Kim DH, Harvey T, Fan CM, James AW. The Mohawk homeobox gene represents a marker and osteo-inhibitory factor in calvarial suture osteoprogenitor cells. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:420. [PMID: 38886383 PMCID: PMC11183145 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The regeneration of the mammalian skeleton's craniofacial bones necessitates the action of intrinsic and extrinsic inductive factors from multiple cell types, which function hierarchically and temporally to control the differentiation of osteogenic progenitors. Single-cell transcriptomics of developing mouse calvarial suture recently identified a suture mesenchymal progenitor population with previously unappreciated tendon- or ligament-associated gene expression profile. Here, we developed a Mohawk homeobox (MkxCG; R26RtdT) reporter mouse and demonstrated that this reporter identifies an adult calvarial suture resident cell population that gives rise to calvarial osteoblasts and osteocytes during homeostatic conditions. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data reveal that Mkx+ suture cells display a progenitor-like phenotype with expression of teno-ligamentous genes. Bone injury with Mkx+ cell ablation showed delayed bone healing. Remarkably, Mkx gene played a critical role as an osteo-inhibitory factor in calvarial suture cells, as knockdown or knockout resulted in increased osteogenic differentiation. Localized deletion of Mkx in vivo also resulted in robustly increased calvarial defect repair. We further showed that mechanical stretch dynamically regulates Mkx expression, in turn regulating calvarial cell osteogenesis. Together, we define Mkx+ cells within the suture mesenchyme as a progenitor population for adult craniofacial bone repair, and Mkx acts as a mechanoresponsive gene to prevent osteogenic differentiation within the stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Qizhi Qin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stefano Negri
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology of the University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Takashi Sono
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Robert J Tower
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Xin Xing
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mary Archer
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Manyu Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Allister Suarez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tyler Harvey
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Chen-Ming Fan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Aaron W James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Remesz R, Khurelbaatar T, Rabey KN, Doschak MR, Romanyk DL. Three-dimensional morphometric analysis of cranial sutures - A novel approach to quantitative analysis. Bone Rep 2023; 19:101714. [PMID: 37767331 PMCID: PMC10520544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Differences in complexity of cranial suture forms on the endocranial (i.e., deep) and ectocranial (i.e., superficial) skull surfaces have been noted in the literature, indicating through thickness three-dimensional (3D) suture variability depending on the chosen section and necessity for considering the complete 3D structure in many cases. This study aims to evaluate the variability of suture morphology through the skull thickness using a rat model, and to provide more robust metrics and methodologies to analyze suture morphology. Design X-ray micro-computed tomographic (μCT) imaging methods were utilized in order to provide internal structure information. Methods were developed to isolate and analyze sutures widths and linear interdigitation index (LII) values on each adjacent offset transverse plane of the μCT datasets. LII was defined as the curved path length of the suture divided by the linear length between the ends of the region of interest. Scans were obtained on 15 female rats at ages of 16, 20, and 24 weeks (n = 5/age). Samples were imaged at 18 μm resolutions with 90 kV source voltage, 278 μA source amperage, and 0.7° increments. Suture widths and LII values were compared using a Kruskal-Wallis test. Results 3D variability in local suture widths within individuals, as well as through thickness variabilities in planar widths and LII was observed. Kruskal-Wallis tests for bulk through thickness averaged suture widths and LII were found to be statistically insignificant, despite clear geometric differences through suture thicknesses. Conclusion Although the bulk morphometric variability between age groups was found to be statistically insignificant, the 3D variability within individuals point to the importance of analyzing suture form using 3D metrics when studying suture development, response to functional activity, or morphometry in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Remesz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Karyne N. Rabey
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael R. Doschak
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dan L. Romanyk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Gorucu-Coskuner H, Al-Yassary M, Billiaert K, Kiliaridis S, Antonarakis GS. Age-related transversal changes in craniofacial sutures of the anterior viscerocranium in growing rats. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1201990. [PMID: 37398902 PMCID: PMC10311509 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1201990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the dimensional changes that occur in the internasal and nasopremaxillary sutures, and related transverse craniofacial dimensions, of rats from 4 to 38-weeks of age. Methods: Four groups of twelve male Wistar rats were sacrificed at different ages [4-weeks (immature), 16-weeks (adolescent), 26-weeks (young adult), 38-weeks (adult)]. The rats were scanned with a high-resolution micro-computed tomography imaging device with 90 µm voxel size and 45 mm × 45 mm field of view (FOV) to obtain images of the viscreocranium, and with 10 µm voxel size and 5 mm × 5 mm FOV to obtain images of the internasal and left nasopremaxillary sutures. The nasal bone width, transverse width between the nasopremaxillary sutures and interzygomatic width were measured as craniofacial measurements. The endocranial, ectocranial and mean suture widths (cross-sectional area between endocranial and ectocranial borders/suture height), and suture height were measured at 5 frontal planes with 1.2 mm intervals. Outcomes were compared at different ages, and correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between craniofacial and suture changes. Results: All transverse craniofacial dimensions increased significantly from 4-16 weeks of age (p < 0.001). After 16-weeks of age, the only significant increase was observed in interzygomatic width (p = 0.02), between 26 and 38 weeks. In both the internasal and nasopremaxillary sutures, the endocranial suture mean widths decreased from 4-16 weeks (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively), but did not show any significant change after 16-weeks of age. The ectocranial internasal suture width decreased from 4-16 weeks (p < 0.001), increased until 26-weeks (p = 0.035), and subsequently decreased (p < 0.001). The nasopremaxillary suture widths decreased from 4-38 weeks to varying degrees in different frontal planes. Except for the internasal ectocranial suture width, all suture measurements were found highly and negatively correlated with the transverse craniofacial dimensions. The height of the sutures increased with time, with the most significant changes occurring between 4 and 16 weeks of age (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Although the internasal and nasopremaxillary endocranial suture widths nearly reach their final widths during adolescence, the changes in the ectocranial and mean suture widths continue into early adulthood. These results may serve as a reference for future studies aiming to evaluate the effects of functional demands on suture development and dimensional changes of the viscerocranium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Gorucu-Coskuner
- Department of Orthodontics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Al-Yassary
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Billiaert
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stavros Kiliaridis
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gregory S. Antonarakis
- Division of Orthodontics, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Byron C, Reed D, Iriarte-Diaz J, Wang Q, Strait D, Laird MF, Ross CF. Sagittal suture strain in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus and Cebus) during feeding. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 180:633-654. [PMID: 36790169 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Morphological variation in cranial sutures is used to infer aspects of primate feeding behavior, including diet, but strain regimes across sutures are not well documented. Our aim is to test hypotheses about sagittal suture morphology, strain regime, feeding behavior, and muscle activity relationships in robust Sapajus and gracile Cebus capuchin primates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Morphometrics of sinuosity in three regions of the sagittal suture were compared among museum specimens of Sapajus and Cebus, as well as in robust and gracile lab specimens. In vivo strains and bilateral electromyographic (EMG) activity were recorded from these regions in the temporalis muscles of capuchin primates while they fed on mechanically-varying foods. RESULTS Sapajus and the anterior suture region exhibited greater sinuosity than Cebus and posterior regions. In vivo data reveal minor differences in strain regime between robust and gracile phenotypes but show higher strain magnitudes in the middle suture region and higher tensile strains anteriorly. After gage location, feeding behavior has the most consistent and strongest impact on strain regime in the sagittal suture. Strain in the anterior suture has a high tension to compression ratio compared to the posterior region, especially during forceful biting in the robust Sapajus-like individual. DISCUSSION Sagittal suture complexity in robust capuchins likely reflects feeding behaviors associated with mechanically challenging foods. Sutural strain regimes in other anthropoid primates may also be affected by activity in feeding muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, USA
| | - David Reed
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - David Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Myra F Laird
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Al-Manei K, Jia L, Al-Manei KK, Ndanshau EL, Grigoriadis A, Kumar A. Food Hardness Modulates Behavior, Cognition, and Brain Activation: A Systematic Review of Animal and Human Studies. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051168. [PMID: 36904167 PMCID: PMC10005610 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Food hardness is one of the dietary features that may impact brain functions. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the effect of food hardness (hard food versus soft food diet) on behavior, cognition, and brain activation in animals and humans (PROSPERO ID: CRD42021254204). The search was conducted on 29 June 2022 using Medline (Ovid), Embase, and Web of Science databases. Data were extracted, tabulated by food hardness as an intervention, and summarized by qualitative synthesis. The SYRCLE and JBI tools were used to assess the risk of bias (RoB) of individual studies. Of the 5427 studies identified, 18 animal studies and 6 human studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. The RoB assessment indicated that 61% of animal studies had unclear risks, 11% had moderate risks, and 28% had low risks. All human studies were deemed to have a low risk of bias. The majority (48%) of the animal studies showed that a hard food diet improved behavioral task performance compared to soft food diets (8%). However, 44% of studies also showed no differential effects of food hardness on behavioral tests. It was also evident that certain regions of the brain were activated in response to changes in food hardness in humans, with a positive association between chewing hard food, cognition performance, and brain function. However, variations in the methodologies of the included studies hindered the meta-analysis execution. In conclusion, our findings highlight the beneficial effects of dietary food hardness on behavior, cognition, and brain function in both animals and humans, however, this effect may depend on several factors that require further understanding of the causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Al-Manei
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 04 Huddinge, Sweden
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leming Jia
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 04 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kholod Khalil Al-Manei
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anastasios Grigoriadis
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 04 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 141 04 Huddinge, Sweden
- Academic Center for Geriatric Dentistry, 112 19 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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6
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Cranial suture morphometry and mechanical response to loading: 2D vs. 3D assumptions and characterization. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:1251-1265. [PMID: 35666355 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cranial sutures are complex soft tissue structures whose mechanics are often studied due to their link with bone growth in the skull. Researchers will often use a cross-sectional two-dimensional slice to define suture geometry when studying morphometry and/or mechanical response to loading. However, using a single cross section neglects the full suture complexity and may introduce significant errors when defining their form. This study aims to determine trends in suture path variability through skull thickness in a swine model and the implications of using a 'representative' cross section on mechanical modeling. To explore these questions, a mixture of quantitative analysis of computed tomography images and finite element models was used. The linear interdigitation and width of coronal and sagittal sutures were analyzed on offset transverse planes through the skull thickness. It was found that sagittal suture width and interdigitation were largely consistent through the skull thickness, whereas the coronal suture showed significant variation in both. The finite element study found that average values of displacement and strain were similar between the two-dimensionally variable and three-dimensionally variable models. Larger ranges and more complex distributions of strain were found in the three-dimensionally variable model. Outcomes of this study indicate that the appropriateness of using a representative cross section to describe suture morphometry and predict mechanical response should depend on specific research questions and goals. Two-dimensional approximations can be sufficient for less-interdigitated sutures and when bulk site mechanics are of interest, while taking the true three-dimensional geometry into account is necessary when considering spatial variability and local mechanical response.
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7
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Allouch GM, Alshanbari FA. Morphological study on the skull sutures and their relationships to skull morphology in young camels ( Camelus dromedarius). Open Vet J 2022; 12:718-727. [PMID: 36589401 PMCID: PMC9789767 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i5.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The sutures are associated with anatomical and physiological differences in skull camels. There is a deficiency in the information regarding the anatomy of dromedary camels, especially on fibrous joints (sutures) of the camels' skull. Aim The goal of this work was to give a detailed gross anatomical and radiographic description of the sutures in the camels' skull. This description may be of great importance for veterinarians to differentiate between the suture and the fracture of the head in the radiographic photos. Methods The current study was conducted on 10 skulls of the young (Howar) dromedary camel at 4-10 months old. The skulls were prepared by using the boiling and maceration techniques. The gross and radiographic photos of the sutures were taken using a digital camera and Siemens mobile full-wave X-ray machine (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany). Results The skull is made up of nineteen bones -6 single and 13 paired-the majority of which are joined by joints termed as sutures. The sutures of the camel skulls were viewed in dorsal, ventral, lateral-vertical, and inside directions. They were of four types which are the coronal, serrate, plane, and squamosal sutures in different positions of the skull. Conclusion The current study showed that the fibrous joints of camel skulls (sutures) were similar to those of other domestic animals. This information is critical for supporting veterinarians to differentiate sutures from fractures that may have happened in the skull of the dromedary camel using radiological pictures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Mounir Allouch
- Corresponding Author: Gamal Mounir Allouch. College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia.
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8
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Ok G, Sen Yilmaz B, Aksoy DO, Kucukkeles N. Maturity evaluation of orthodontically important anatomic structures with computed tomography. Eur J Orthod 2021; 43:8-14. [PMID: 32006443 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The success of the orthopaedic treatment is closely related to the patient's skeletal maturation. This study aimed to evaluate the midpalatal suture (MPS), the zygomaticomaxillary suture (ZMS) maturation, and the closure degree of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) in patients of different age groups. The presence of a correlation between these parameters and the palatal dimensions was also verified. SUBJECTS/METHODS The study was based on computed tomography images of 314 patients between 7 and 30 years of age with no orthodontic treatment history. The images were retrieved from the archive of the Radiology Department of Bezmialem Vakif University Hospital and divided into six groups according to the patient's age: 7-10, 11-13, 14-16, 17-20, 21-25, and 26-30 years. The maturation scores of ZMS, SOS, and MPS were determined, and palatal thickness and length were recorded. The data were analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows 22.0. RESULTS A positive relationship was found between SOS closure degree and MPS/ZMS maturation (MPS-ZMS: r = 0.816, MPS-SOS: r = 0.736, ZMS-SOS: r = 0.868, P = 0.000). The degrees of ZMS and MPS maturation were significantly increased as the SOS closure degree increased. The MPS maturation score was significantly lower in patients with a short and thick palate (MPS-palatal thickness: r = 0.405, MPS-palatal length: r = 0.387, P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS A positive correlation indicated the simultaneous progress in the maturation of the SOS, MPS, and ZMS. Moreover, the ANS-PNS length increase was found to be correlated with the increase of the MPS, ZMS, and SOS maturation scores. In contrast, a negative correlation was observed between the palatal thickness and the maturation stage of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokcen Ok
- Private Practice, Neo Golpark Villaları, Kocayusuf Cad., Bolluca, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berza Sen Yilmaz
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Direnc Ozlem Aksoy
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nazan Kucukkeles
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Cheronet O, Ash A, Anders A, Dani J, Domboróczki L, Drozdova E, Francken M, Jovanovic M, Milasinovic L, Pap I, Raczky P, Teschler-Nicola M, Tvrdý Z, Wahl J, Zariņa G, Pinhasi R. Sagittal suture morphological variation in human archaeological populations. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:2811-2822. [PMID: 33773064 PMCID: PMC9291749 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cranial sutures join the many bones of the skull. They are therefore points of weakness and consequently subjected to the many mechanical stresses affecting the cranium. However, the way in which this impacts their morphological complexity remains unclear. We examine the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of human sagittal sutures by quantifying the morphology from 107 individuals from archaeological populations spanning the Mesolithic to Middle ages, using standardized two‐dimensional photographs. Results show that the most important factor determining sutural complexity appears to be the position along the cranial vault from the junction with the coronal suture at its anterior‐most point to the junction with the lambdoid suture at its posterior‐most point. Conversely, factors such as age and lifeways show few trends in complexity, the most significant of which is a lower complexity in the sutures of Mesolithic individuals who consumed a tougher diet. The simple technique used in this study therefore allowed us to identify that, taken together, structural aspects play a more important role in defining the complexity of the human sagittal suture than extrinsic factors such as the mechanical forces imposed on the cranium by individuals' diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Abigail Ash
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alexandra Anders
- Institute of Archeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Eva Drozdova
- Department of Experimental Biology, Section of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Biological and Molecular Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk Univerzity, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Francken
- Osteology, State Office for Cultural Heritage Baden-Wuerttemberg, Constance, Germany
| | | | | | - Ildiko Pap
- Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Raczky
- Institute of Archeological Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Teschler-Nicola
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zdeněk Tvrdý
- Anthropos Institute, Moravian Museum, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Joachim Wahl
- Institut für Naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie Abteilung Paläoanthropologie, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gunita Zariņa
- University of Latvia, Institute of Latvian History, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Mitteroecker P, Bartsch S, Erkinger C, Grunstra NDS, Le Maître A, Bookstein FL. Morphometric Variation at Different Spatial Scales: Coordination and Compensation in the Emergence of Organismal Form. Syst Biol 2021; 69:913-926. [PMID: 32011716 PMCID: PMC7440742 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a classic aim of quantitative and evolutionary biology to infer genetic architecture and potential evolutionary responses to selection from the variance–covariance structure of measured traits. But a meaningful genetic or developmental interpretation of raw covariances is difficult, and classic concepts of morphological integration do not directly apply to modern morphometric data. Here, we present a new morphometric strategy based on the comparison of morphological variation across different spatial scales. If anatomical elements vary completely independently, then their variance accumulates at larger scales or for structures composed of multiple elements: morphological variance would be a power function of spatial scale. Deviations from this pattern of “variational self-similarity” (serving as a null model of completely uncoordinated growth) indicate genetic or developmental coregulation of anatomical components. We present biometric strategies and R scripts for identifying patterns of coordination and compensation in the size and shape of composite anatomical structures. In an application to human cranial variation, we found that coordinated variation and positive correlations are prevalent for the size of cranial components, whereas their shape was dominated by compensatory variation, leading to strong canalization of cranial shape at larger scales. We propose that mechanically induced bone formation and remodeling are key mechanisms underlying compensatory variation in cranial shape. Such epigenetic coordination and compensation of growth are indispensable for stable, canalized development and may also foster the evolvability of complex anatomical structures by preserving spatial and functional integrity during genetic responses to selection.[Cranial shape; developmental canalization; evolvability; morphological integration; morphometrics; phenotypic variation; self-similarity.]
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mitteroecker
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,KLI Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Silvester Bartsch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Corinna Erkinger
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole D S Grunstra
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,KLI Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Mammal Collection, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Le Maître
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratoire Paléontologie Evolution Paléoécosystèmes Paléoprimatologie (PALEVOPRIM) - UMR 7262 CNRS INEE, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fred L Bookstein
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Oliveira PLE, Campos V, de Andrade RM, de Souza Araújo MT, Pithon MM, Sant'Anna EF. Deformation of the circummaxillary sutures during acute micro-implant assisted rapid palatal expansion and tooth-supported expansion: An ex vivo study. Orthod Craniofac Res 2020; 24:396-404. [PMID: 33277817 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to assess and compare the deformation that develops in the circummaxillary sutures during activation of micro-implant assisted rapid palatal expander (MARPE) and tooth-supported expander (Hyrax) s, in the rapid maxillary expansion. SETTINGS AND SAMPLE 7 pigs Sus Scrofa received custom-made MARPE (n = 3) and Hyrax (n = 4) appliances. MATERIAL AND METHODS The devices were activated 25 times with strain readings captured by strain gauges attached to the following regions: posterior midpalatal suture (MPS), maxilla-premaxilla suture (MPM), maxilla-zygomatic suture (MZ) and maxilla pterygoid-process suture (MPP). The intermolar distance and suture width were measured immediately before activation and at the 20th and 25th activation. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test was applied. RESULTS The MARPE group presented greater MPS displacement in all measured regions, and one of the devices produced a significant opening (1.7 mm) in the posterior region. The accumulated tension in the MPS was higher compared to the other sutures (P < .05). A MARPE animal presented higher median tension in the MPS region (294.77με) compared to all other animals except one Hyrax animal (P < .05). Regarding the median tensions of the different activation intervals, the median tension measured during the 16th to 25th activation interval in the Hyrax group was lower than that measured during the first 8 activations, in both the MPS and MZ (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS MARPE expanders developed more constant tensions during all activations (MPS and MZ), while Hyrax showed lower tension in the 16th to 25th activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Lima Emmerich Oliveira
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Campos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, UFES, Vitoria, Brazil
| | | | - Mônica Tirre de Souza Araújo
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matheus Melo Pithon
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, UESB, Jequié, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Franzotti Sant'Anna
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Tonni I, Ricciardi G, Piancino MG, Stretti C, Costantinides F, Paganelli C. The influence of food hardness on the physiological parameters of mastication: A systematic review. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 120:104903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zadi ZH, Bidhendi AJ, Shariati A, Pae EK. A clinically friendly viscoelastic finite element analysis model of the mandible with Herbst appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2020; 160:215-220.e2. [PMID: 32863087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As a powerful numerical approximation tool, finite element analysis (FEA) has been widely used to predict stress and strain distributions in facial bones generated by orthodontic appliances. Previous FEA models were constructed on the basis of a linear elastic phase of the bone response (eg, elastic bone strains to loading). However, what is more useful for clinical understanding would be predicting long-term strains and displacements of bone-segments responding to loading, yet tissue responses are (1) not promptly observable and (2) hard to predict in nature. METHODS Viscoelastic property of the mandibular bone was incorporated into FEA models to visualize long-term, time-dependent stress and strain patterns in the mandible after being exposed to orthopedic stress. A mandible under loading by a Herbst appliance was modeled, and outcomes of the constructed elastic and viscoelastic models were compared. RESULTS Patterns and magnitudes of the displacement throughout the mandible predicted by the viscoelastic model were exhibited in accordance with previous clinical outcomes of Herbst appliance therapy. The elastic models exhibited similar displacement patterns; however, the magnitude of the displacements in the models was invariably small (approximately 1 per 100) compared with those outputs of corresponding viscoelastic models. The corresponding maximum stress level in our viscoelastic mandible subjected to the Herbst appliance with the same loading was considerably low and relaxed in various regions when compared with the elastic model. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that a viscoelastic model of the mandible mimics our general prediction of orthopedic treatment outcomes better than those by elastic models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir J Bidhendi
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Eung-Kwon Pae
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Md.
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14
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Nasoori A. Formation, structure, and function of extra-skeletal bones in mammals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:986-1019. [PMID: 32338826 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the formation, structure, and function of bony compartments in antlers, horns, ossicones, osteoderm and the os penis/os clitoris (collectively referred to herein as AHOOO structures) in extant mammals. AHOOOs are extra-skeletal bones that originate from subcutaneous (dermal) tissues in a wide variety of mammals, and this review elaborates on the co-development of the bone and skin in these structures. During foetal stages, primordial cells for the bony compartments arise in subcutaneous tissues. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition is assumed to play a key role in the differentiation of bone, cartilage, skin and other tissues in AHOOO structures. AHOOO ossification takes place after skeletal bone formation, and may depend on sexual maturity. Skin keratinization occurs in tandem with ossification and may be under the control of androgens. Both endochondral and intramembranous ossification participate in bony compartment formation. There is variation in gradients of density in different AHOOO structures. These gradients, which vary according to function and species, primarily reduce mechanical stress. Anchorage of AHOOOs to their surrounding tissues fortifies these structures and is accomplished by bone-bone fusion and Sharpey fibres. The presence of the integument is essential for the protection and function of the bony compartments. Three major functions can be attributed to AHOOOs: mechanical, visual, and thermoregulatory. This review provides the first extensive comparative description of the skeletal and integumentary systems of AHOOOs in a variety of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Nasoori
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
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15
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Pediatric Skull Fracture Characteristics Associated with the Development of Leptomeningeal Cysts in Young Children after Trauma: A Single Institution's Experience. Plast Reconstr Surg 2020; 145:953e-962e. [PMID: 32332544 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the pathogenesis of leptomeningeal cysts, also known as growing skull fractures, is still debated. The purpose of this study was to examine the specific skull fracture characteristics that are associated with the development of growing skull fractures and describe the authors' institutional experience managing this rare entity. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed that included all patients younger than 5 years presenting to a single institution with skull fractures from 2003 to 2017. Patient demographics, cause of injury, skull fracture characteristics (e.g., amount of diastasis, linear versus comminuted fracture), concomitant neurologic injuries, and management outcomes were recorded. Potential factors contributing to the development of a growing skull fracture and neurologic injuries associated with growing skull fractures were evaluated using univariate logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 905 patients met the authors' inclusion criteria. Of these, six (0.66 percent) were diagnosed with a growing skull fracture. Growing skull fractures were more likely to be comminuted (83.3 percent versus 40.7 percent; p = 0.082) and to present with diastasis on imaging (100 percent versus 26.1 percent; p < 0.001; mean amount of diastasis, 7.1 mm versus 3.1 mm; p < 0.001). Univariate logistic regression analysis confirmed the role of a comminuted fracture pattern (OR, 7.572) and the degree of diastasis (OR, 2.081 per mm diastasis) as significant risk factors for the development of growing skull fractures. CONCLUSIONS The authors' analysis revealed that fracture comminution and diastasis width are associated with the development of growing skull fractures. The authors recommend dural integrity assessment, close follow-up, and early management in young children who present with these skull fracture characteristics. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, III.
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16
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Lin JD, Ryder M, Kang M, Ho SP. Biomechanical pathways of dentoalveolar fibrous joints in health and disease. Periodontol 2000 2020; 82:238-256. [PMID: 31850635 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal adaptations within periodontal tissues and their interfaces result from functional loads. Functional loads can be physiologic and/or pathologic in nature. The prolonged effect of these loads can alter the overall biomechanics of a dentoalveolar fibrous joint (dentoalveolar joint) by changing the form of the tooth root and its socket. This "sculpting" of the tooth root and alveolar bony socket is a consequence of several mechano-biological changes that occur within the periodontal complex of a load-bearing dentoalveolar joint. These include changes in biochemical expressions, structure, elemental composition, and mechanical properties of alveolar bone, the underlying tissues of the roots of teeth, and their interfaces. These physicochemical changes in tissues continue to prompt mechano-responsive biochemical activities at the attachment sites of periodontal ligament (soft) with bone (hard), and ligament with cementum (hard), which are the entheses of a load-bearing dentoalveolar joint. Forces at soft-hard tissue attachment sites between disparate materials with different stiffness values theoretically generate strain singularities or discontinuities. These discontinuities under prolonged functional loading increase the probability for failure to occur specifically at the enthesial zones. However, in a normal dentoalveolar joint, gradual stiffness gradients exist from ligament to bone, and from ligament to cementum. The gradual transitions in stiffness from softer ligament (lower stiffness) to harder bone or cementum (higher stiffness) or vice versa optimize tissue and interfacial strains. Optimization of tissue and ligament-enthesial physical and chemical properties facilitates transmission of cyclic forces of varying magnitudes and frequencies that collectively maintain the overall biomechanics of a dentoalveolar joint. The objectives of this review are 3-fold: (i) to illustrate physicochemical adaptations at the periodontal ligament entheses of a human periodontal complex affected by subgingival calculus; (ii) to demonstrate how to "program" the hallmarks of periodontitis in small-scale vertebrates in vivo to generate spatiotemporal maps of physicochemical adaptations in a diseased dentoalveolar joint; and (iii) to correlate dentoalveolar joint biomechanics in healthy and diseased states to spatiotemporal maps of physicochemical adaptations within respective periodontal tissues. This interdisciplinary approach demonstrates that physicochemical adaptations within periodontal tissues using the mechanics of materials (tissue mechanics), materials science (tissue composition), and mechano-biology (matrix molecules) can help explain the mechano-adaptation of dentoalveolar joints in normal and diseased functional states. Multiscale biomechanics and mechano-biology approaches can provide insights into the functional competence of a diseased relative to a normal dentoalveolar joint. Insights gathered from interdisciplinary and multiscale biomechanics approaches include the following: (i) physiologic loads related to chewing maintain a balance between mineral-forming and-resorbing biochemical cellular events, resulting in gradual stiffness gradients at the periodontal ligament entheses, and, in turn, sustain the overall biomechanics of a normal "healthy" dentoalveolar joint; (ii) pathologic loads resulting from tissue degradation and physical changes to the periodontal complex promote an abrupt stiffness gradient at the periodontal ligament entheses. The shift from gradual to an abrupt stiffness gradient could prompt a shift in the biochemical cascades, exacerbate mechano-responsive biochemical expressions at periodontal ligament entheses farther away from the site of insult, and culminate in joint degradation; (iii) sustained pathologic function on periodontally diseased joints exacerbates degradation of periodontal ligament entheses providing insights into "rescue therapy", such as the use of an adequate "mechanocal dose" to regain joint function; and (iv) spatiotemporal maps of changes in biochemical expressions, and physicochemical properties of strain-dominated affected sites, including the periodontal ligament entheses, can guide anatomy-specific therapeutics for tissue regeneration and/or disease control with the purpose of regaining dentoalveolar joint function. Modulation of occlusal loads could minimize disease progression and potentially assist in regaining functional attachment of ligament to bone and/or ligament to cementum of the dentoalveolar joint. Elucidating mechanisms that drive the breakdown of the functionally active periodontal complex burdened with microbes will provide the required critical insights into regenerative medicine and/or biomimetic approaches that would facilitate rescue/regain of dentoalveolar joint function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Lin
- Division of Preclinical Education, Biomaterials & Engineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mark Ryder
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Misun Kang
- Division of Preclinical Education, Biomaterials & Engineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sunita P Ho
- Division of Preclinical Education, Biomaterials & Engineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Masticatory Loading and Ossification of the Mandibular Symphysis during Anthropoid Origins. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5950. [PMID: 32249773 PMCID: PMC7136211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An ossified or 'fused' mandibular symphysis characterizes the origins of the Anthropoidea, a primate suborder that includes humans. Longstanding debate about the adaptive significance of variation in this jaw joint centers on whether a bony symphysis is stronger than an unfused one spanned by cartilage and ligaments. To provide essential information regarding mechanical performance, intact adult symphyses from representative primates and scandentians were loaded ex vivo to simulate stresses during biting and chewing - dorsoventral (DV) shear and lateral transverse bending ('wishboning'). The anthropoid symphysis requires significantly more force to induce structural failure vs. strepsirrhines and scandentians with unfused joints. In wishboning, symphyseal breakage always occurs at the midline in taxa with unfused conditions, further indicating that an ossified symphysis is stronger than an unfused joint. Greater non-midline fractures among anthropoids suggest that fusion imposes unique constraints on masticatory function elsewhere along the mandible, a phenomenon likely to characterize the evolution of fusion and jaw form throughout Mammalia.
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Ruengdit S, Troy Case D, Mahakkanukrauh P. Cranial suture closure as an age indicator: A review. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 307:110111. [PMID: 31901460 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cranial suture closure has been recognized for over a century as a useful trait for age estimation. Although this indicator has become a standard feature of age assessment protocols in skeletal remains, serious questions have been raised about its reliability. This article attempts to provide a comprehensive review of cranial suture closure as an age indicator from several perspectives, including its anatomy and history, as well as issues relating to validation, statistics, and the potential of technological advancements to improve outcomes. We further suggest a path forward for the use of cranial suture closure as an estimator of age. Although its unreliability has been widely reported, cranial suture closure still appears to have value as an aging method, and it is hoped that the information contained in this article can serve as a stepping stone toward more effective use of this indicator. The cranium is often more durable than other skeletal elements in both archaeological and forensic circumstances, so maximizing the effectiveness of cranial indicators is an important goal. It is hoped that recent advancements in technology and in analytical approaches to the cranial sutures could breathe some new life into this feature as an indicator of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sittiporn Ruengdit
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - D Troy Case
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8107, Raleigh, NC 27695-8107, USA.
| | - Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Forensic Osteology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Thailand; Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center (ORTC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Analysis of bioinspired non-interlocking geometrically patterned interfaces under predominant mode I loading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 96:244-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Farke D, Staszyk C, Failing K, Kirberger RM, Schmidt MJ. Sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography for the determination of the developmental state of cranial sutures and synchondroses in the dog. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:221. [PMID: 31262279 PMCID: PMC6604170 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During skull ontogenesis, growth centers in the skull base and calvarial bones allow gradual expansion of the cranial vault. Premature growth termination of cranial base synchondroses and/or calvarial sutures can result in devastating skull dysmorphologies. There is evidence to believe that a premature closure in one or more cranial growth centers contribute to the brachycephalic skull morphology in dogs. To provide a proof of concept for the non-invasive investigation of ontogenetic changes in cranial sutures and synchondroses in living dogs, we compared magnet resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) with histologic findings. Our aim was to determine the in vitro sensitivity and specificity for conventional clinical imaging methods in the assessment of cranial suture closure and synchondroses ossification in dogs. RESULTS The evaluation of cranial base synchondroses in MRI had a sensitivity of up to 93.1% and a specificity of 72.7% dependent on the observer. The evaluation of cranial base synchondroses in CT had a sensitivity of 92.2% and a specificity of 86.4%. Suture assessment on MRI suture assessment had a sensitivity of 82.1% dependent on the observer and a specificity of 19.3%. CT suture assessment had a sensitivity of 85.1% and a specificity of 40.4% in dependence of the observer. CONCLUSION Conventional cross-sectional imaging techniques (MRI and CT) allow reliable assessment of the open or closed state of synchondroses within the cranial base. In contrast CT and MRI are not suitable for a reliable assessment of the cranial sutures in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Farke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 108, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Carsten Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology, and –Embryology, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 98, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Department of Biomathematics, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 95, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert M. Kirberger
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110 South Africa
| | - Martin J. Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 108, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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21
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Kulik ZT, Sidor CA. The original boneheads: histologic analysis of the pachyostotic skull roof in Permian burnetiamorphs (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia). J Anat 2019; 235:151-166. [PMID: 31070781 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thickened, pachyostotic skulls are best known in pachycephalosaur dinosaurs, but evolved convergently in Permian burnetiamorphs as well as in some other stem-mammal groups and Triassic archosauromorphs. Until now, only pachycephalosaur domes have been histologically sampled to reveal patterns of bone tissue microstructure and growth. Using computed tomography and osteohistology, we serially thin-sectioned one of the smallest burnetiamorph skull caps ever recovered (estimated skull length = 10 cm), as well as an individual nearly twice as large, and here report the first cranial histological data from this clade. We recognize four highly vascularized histological zones visible in coronal thin-sections, only one of which shares morphological similarities with the tripartite zonation previously reported in pachycephalosaur domes. Zone A forms the endocranial region of the skull cap and records disorganized primary osteons in a fibrolamellar complex. Zone B preserves a border of compact, avascular layers of parallel-fibered bone surrounding an interior of partially remodeled vascular canals. Interestingly, the outline of Zone B resembles the shape of an incipient skull roof. Zone C forms the thickest portion of the skull cap and is composed of fast-growing woven bone with minimal osteonal development. The superficial Zone D has a matrix of predominantly woven bone with narrower primary vascular canals than in deeper regions of the skull caps. Unlike in pachycephalosaurs, where primary vascular porosity is thought to decrease through ontogeny, both burnetiamorph skull caps preserve a thick Zone C of highly vascularized tissue. Additionally, the remnants of sutures are visible as radial struts that taper superficially, leaving no trace on the surface of the skull. Even in the smallest individual, the sutures are closed ectocranially, which is unusual, given that some large, presumably adult pachycephalosaur domes preserve open sutural gaps. Although pachycephalosaur and burnetiamorph skull domes are superficially similar, histological analysis reveals differences in their vascularity and construction that imply multiple evolutionary pathways to form an elaborate pachyostotic dome.
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22
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Nikolova S, Toneva D, Georgiev I, Lazarov N. Sagittal suture maturation: Morphological reorganization, relation to aging, and reliability as an age-at-death indicator. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:78-92. [PMID: 30848843 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The sagittal suture (SS) is assumed to be an initial site for the commencement of cranial suture closure as well as the most frequent spot of isolated craniosynostosis. The present study aimed to inspect the reorganization of the SS at the microlevel to assess the relation between its closure and aging and to establish whether it could be used as a reliable indicator in age-at-death prediction. MATERIALS AND METHODS The SS was investigated in 68 dry contemporary adult male skulls of known age-at-death. An additional series of 20 skulls was used for verification. The skulls were scanned using a micro-computed tomography system. The SS closure degree was assessed along the three bone layers on cross-sectional tomograms by using a scoring scale. RESULTS In the entirely open SS, the bone edges consist of compact bone and are widely separated. With SS maturation, the bone edges come into contact, and the remodeling process leads to a decrease in the sutural area and bone homogenization across all three layers. SS closure is an irregular process roughly related to aging, beginning in the early 20s, reaching its peak at about 30 years of age and abating in the late 40s. DISCUSSION Although related to aging, SS closure is not a simple function of it. Rather, the underlying factors inducing and managing this process are multifaceted and complex. Although the etiology of SS maturation remains unclear, it is reasonable to use SS closure cautiously and only as a supportive method for age prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviya Nikolova
- Department of Anthropology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Diana Toneva
- Department of Anthropology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Georgiev
- Department of Scientific Computations, Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Department of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Analysis, Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Department of Synaptic Signaling and Communications, Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Buezas GN, Becerra F, Echeverría AI, Cisilino A, Vassallo AI. Mandible strength and geometry in relation to bite force: a study in three caviomorph rodents. J Anat 2019; 234:564-575. [PMID: 30768871 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The monophyletic group Caviomorpha constitutes the most diverse rodent clade in terms of locomotion, ecology and diet. Caviomorph species show considerable variation in cranio-mandibular morphology that has been linked to the differences in toughness of dietary items and other behaviors, such as chisel-tooth digging. This work assesses the structural strength of the mandible of three caviomorph species that show remarkable differences in ecology, behavior and bite force: Chinchilla lanigera (a surface-dwelling species), Octodon degus (a semi-fossorial species) and Ctenomys talarum (a subterranean species). Finite element (FE) models of the mandibles are used to predict the stresses they withstand during incisor biting; the results are related to in vivo bite forces and interspecific variations in the mandibular geometries. The study concludes that the mandible of C. talarum is better able to withstand strong incisor bites. Its powerful adducting musculature is consistent with the notorious lateral expansion of the angular process and the masseteric crest, and the enhanced cortical bone thickness. Although it has a relatively low bite force, the mandible of O. degus also shows a good performance for mid-to-strong incisor biting, in contrast to that of C. lanigera, which exhibits, from a mechanical point of view, the worst performance. The mandibles of C. talarum and O. degus appear to be better suited to withstand stronger reaction forces from incisor biting, which is consistent with their closer phylogenetic affinity and shared digging behaviors. The contrast between the low in vivo bite force of C. lanigera and the relatively high estimations that result from the models suggests that its adductor musculature could play significant roles in functions other than incisor biting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido N Buezas
- Laboratorio de Morfología Funcional y Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Federico Becerra
- Laboratorio de Morfología Funcional y Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandra I Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Morfología Funcional y Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Adrián Cisilino
- División Mecánica de Materiales, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnolgía de Materiales (INTEMA), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Aldo I Vassallo
- Laboratorio de Morfología Funcional y Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Tsai CY, Wang CW, Chang CW. Effects of masticatory muscle function affected by BTX on maxillofacial bone growth through the sutural modification. Orthod Craniofac Res 2019; 22:112-117. [PMID: 30657256 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX)-induced masticatory muscle hypofunction on the maxillofacial suture bone growth of growing rats. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION Department of Orthodontics at Taipei Medical University. Forty-eight male 4-week-old Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The N group received injections of normal saline into each of the masseter and temporalis muscles. The M group received injections of normal saline into each of the temporalis muscle and injections of BTX into each of the masseter muscle. The T group received injections of normal saline into each of the masseter muscle and injections of BTX into each of the temporalis muscle. The MT group received injections of BTX into each of the masseter and temporalis muscles. MATERIAL & METHODS Rats were sacrificed after 42 days of growth. Changes in body and muscle weight were measured. Anthropometric measurements of the maxillary arch, sutural bone mineral density and sutural bone deposition distances were recorded. Statistical comparisons were performed using analysis of variance. RESULTS No significant change in body weight was found across groups. However, significant decreases were observed in muscle weight, anthropometric measurements, sutural bone mineral density and bone apposition distance in the BTX-injected group. CONCLUSIONS Reduced masticatory muscle function in growing rats can affect maxillofacial suture bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yang Tsai
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Wang
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Wen Chang
- Division of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Velasco-Hogan A, Xu J, Meyers MA. Additive Manufacturing as a Method to Design and Optimize Bioinspired Structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800940. [PMID: 30133816 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a current technology undergoing rapid development that is utilized in a wide variety of applications. In the field of biological and bioinspired materials, additive manufacturing is being used to generate intricate prototypes to expand our understanding of the fundamental structure-property relationships that govern nature's spectacular mechanical performance. Herein, recent advances in the use of AM for improving the understanding of the structure-property relationship in biological materials and for the production of bioinspired materials are reviewed. There are four essential components to this work: a) extracting defining characteristics of biological designs, b) designing 3D-printed prototypes, c) performing mechanical testing on 3D-printed prototypes to understand fundamental mechanisms at hand, and d) optimizing design for tailorable performance. It is intended to highlight how the various types of additive manufacturing methods are utilized, to unravel novel discoveries in the field of biological materials. Since AM processing techniques have surpassed antiquated limitations, especially with respect to spatial scales, there has been a surge in their demand as an integral tool for research. In conclusion, current challenges and the technical perspective for further development of bioinspired materials using AM are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Automotive Engineering, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Advanced Vehicle Research Center (AVRC), Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Marc A Meyers
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Isfeld D, Flores-Mir C, Leon-Salazar V, Lagravère M. Evaluation of a novel palatal suture maturation classification as assessed by cone-beam computed tomography imaging of a pre- and postexpansion treatment cohort. Angle Orthod 2018; 89:252-261. [PMID: 30457354 DOI: 10.2319/040518-258.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the reliability and usefulness of the midpalatal suture maturation classification and methodology proposed in 2013 by Angelieri et al. for successful prediction of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) treatment results. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reliability testing focused on 16 patients aged 9.5-17 years with early mixed to full permanent dentition, representing all proposed palatal maturation stages, from available preexpansion cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). A retrospective observational longitudinal (cohort) study evaluated 63 preadolescent and adolescent patients aged 11-17 years with full permanent dentition treated with tooth-borne RME appliances who had CBCT records taken at pre- (T1) and postexpansion (T2). CBCT three-dimensional landmarking produced skeletal and dental widths and dental angulations used to evaluate the extent of skeletal and/or dental expansion. A regression model was used to assess the prediction capability of the T1 palatal suture classification of each subject for dental and skeletal changes. RESULTS There was almost perfect intraexaminer agreement and slight to poor interexaminer agreement, differing from previously reported reliability, affected by necessary operator calibration and the degree of postacquisition image sharpness and clarity. Further exploration of its scientific basis suggested that the proposed classification was ill-founded. Results from the cohort study were also wholly unsupportive of efficacy of the proposed palatal suture maturation classification in predicting the magnitude of portrayed changes. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should be cautious in applying this classification. Although it has merits, the palatal classification still needs much more research and validation.
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Byron C, Segreti M, Hawkinson K, Herman K, Patel S. Dietary material properties shape cranial suture morphology in the mouse calvarium. J Anat 2018; 233:807-813. [PMID: 30298923 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial sutures are fibrous connective tissue articulations found between intramembranous bones of the vertebrate cranium. Growth and remodeling of these tissues is partially regulated by biomechanical loading patterns that include stresses related to chewing. Advances in oral processing structure and function of the cranium that enabled mammalian-style chewing is commonly tied to the origins and evolution of this group. To what degree masticatory overuse or underuse shapes the complexity and ossification around these articulations can be predicted based on prior experimental and comparative work. Here, we report on a mouse model system that has been used to experimentally manipulate dietary material properties in order to investigate cranial suture morphology. Experimental groups were fed diets of contrasting material properties. A masticatory overuse group was fed pelleted rodent chow, nuts with shells, and given access to cotton bedding squares. An underuse group was deprived of cotton bedding as well as diverse textured food, and instead received gelatinized food continuously. Animals were raised from weaning to adulthood on these diets, and sagittal, coronal and lambdoid suture morphology was compared between groups. Predicted intergroup variation was observed in mandibular corpus size and calvarial suture morphology, suggesting that masticatory overuse is associated with jaw and suture growth. The anterior region of the sagittal suture where it intersects with the coronal suture (bregma) showed no effect from the experiment. The posterior sagittal suture where it intersects with the lambdoid sutures (lambda) was more complex in the overuse group. In other words, the posterior calvarium was responsive to dietary material property demands while the anterior calvarium was not. This probably resulted from the different strain magnitudes and/or strain frequencies that occurred during overuse diets with diverse material properties as compared with underuse diets deprived of such enrichment. This work highlights the contrasting pattern of the sutural response to loading differences within the calvarium as a result of diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Meghan Segreti
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, GA, USA
| | | | - Katelyn Herman
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Shivam Patel
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, GA, USA
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28
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Using modern human cortical bone distribution to test the systemic robusticity hypothesis. J Hum Evol 2018; 119:64-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Mu S, Tee BC, Emam H, Zhou Y, Sun Z. Culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cell sheets enhance extraction-site alveolar bone growth: An animal study. J Periodontal Res 2018; 53:514-524. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Mu
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University; Harbin China
| | - B. C. Tee
- Division of Biosciences; College of Dentistry; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH USA
| | - H. Emam
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; College of Dentistry; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH USA
| | - Y. Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH USA
| | - Z. Sun
- Division of Orthodontics; College of Dentistry; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH USA
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30
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Angelieri F, Franchi L, Cevidanes LHS, Hino CT, Nguyen T, McNamara JA. Zygomaticomaxillary suture maturation: A predictor of maxillary protraction? Part I - A classification method. Orthod Craniofac Res 2018; 20:85-94. [PMID: 28414869 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to present a method of classifying the maturational level of the zygomaticomaxillary sutures (ZMSs). METHODS Cone-beam CT (CBCT) images from 74 subjects (5.6-58.4 years) were examined to define the radiographic stages of ZMS maturation. Five stages of maturation of the ZMS were identified and defined: Stage A-uniform high-density sutural line, with no or little interdigitation; Stage B-scalloped appearance of the high-density sutural line; Stage C-two parallel, scalloped, high-density lines, separated in some areas by small low-density spaces; Stage D-fusion in the inferior portion of the suture; and Stage E-complete fusion. Intra- and inter-examiner agreements were evaluated by weighted kappa tests. RESULTS The intra- and inter-examiners reproducibility values demonstrated substantial to almost perfect agreement. No fusion of ZMSs was observed in patients up to 10 years of age. From 10 to 15 years, all maturational stages were identified. After 15 years of age, the majority of patients showed fusion of ZMSs. CONCLUSIONS The classification of ZMS maturation using CBCT is a reliable method that allows the assessment of the morphology of the ZMSs in the individual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Angelieri
- Department of Orthodontics, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L Franchi
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Orthodontics, The University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - L H S Cevidanes
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C T Hino
- Special Studies in Orthodontics, São Paulo Military Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T Nguyen
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J A McNamara
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Cell and Development Biology, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center of Human Growth and Development, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Savoldi F, Tsoi JK, Paganelli C, Matinlinna JP. The Biomechanical Properties of Human Craniofacial Sutures and Relevant Variables in Sutural Distraction Osteogenesis: A Critical Review. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2018; 24:25-36. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Savoldi
- Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - James K.H. Tsoi
- Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Corrado Paganelli
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jukka P. Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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32
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Oh J, Kim YK, Yasuda M, Koyabu D, Kimura J. Cranial suture closure pattern in water deer and implications of suture evolution in cervids. Mamm Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Stover KK, Sidote J, Williams SH. An ontogenetic perspective on symphyseal fusion, occlusion and mandibular loading in alpacas (Vicugna pacos). ZOOLOGY 2017; 124:95-105. [PMID: 28811168 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A primary hypothesis for the evolution of mandibular symphyseal fusion in some mammals is that it functions to resist loads incurred during routine mastication. Anecdotal support for this hypothesis is based on the fact that when the symphysis fuses, it typically does so early during postnatal ontogeny prior to or around the time of weaning. However, little is known about the process of fusion, particularly relative to feeding behaviors and the dynamics of mastication, including occlusion and masticatory loading. In the present study, we investigate the timing and process of symphyseal fusion in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in the context of maturation of the oral apparatus and oral behavior. We also report on in vivo strains from the symphysis and corpus in young alpacas prior to and following full fusion and M1 occlusion. Results show that fusion begins rostrally by 1 month and is complete by 6-7 months whereas all deciduous premolars and M1 come into occlusion by 6 months. Although symphyseal loading patterns are maintained throughout ontogeny, in young alpacas symphyseal strain magnitudes are low compared with adults but corpus strain magnitudes are comparable to those found in adults. Reduced symphyseal loading in young individuals is contrary to what might be predicted given that the symphysis is still fusing. When considered in light of the development of occlusion and rumination, strain magnitudes may be necessarily low and reflect an overall delay in the maturation of masticatory dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Stover
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - JoAnna Sidote
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 228 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Susan H Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 228 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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Moyano SR, Giannini NP. Comparative cranial ontogeny of Tapirus (Mammalia: Perissodactyla: Tapiridae). J Anat 2017; 231:665-682. [PMID: 28736808 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Skull morphology in tapirs is particularly interesting due to the presence of a proboscis with important trophic, sensory and behavioral functions. Several studies have dealt with tapir skull osteology but chiefly in a comparative framework between fossil and recent species of tapirs. Only one study examined an aspect of cranial ontogeny, development of the sagittal crest (Holbrook. J Zool Soc Lond 2002; 256; 215). Our goal is to describe in detail the morphological changes that occur during the postnatal ontogeny of the skull in two representative tapir species, Tapirus terrestris and Tapirus indicus, and to explore possible functional consequences of their developmental trajectories. We compared qualitative features of the skull on a growth series of 46 specimens of T. terrestris ordered on the basis of the sequence of eruption and tooth wear, dividing the sample into three age classes: class Y (very young juvenile), class J (from young juvenile to young adult) and class A (full and old adult). The qualitative morphological analysis consisted of describing changes in the series in each skull bone and major skull structure, including the type and degree of transformation (e.g. appearance, fusion) of cranial features (e.g. processes, foramina) and articulations (sutures, synchondroses, and synovial joints). We then measured 23 cranial variables in 46 specimens of T. terrestris that included the entire ontogenetic series from newborn to old adults. We applied statistical multivariate techniques to describe allometric growth, and compared the results with the allometric trends calculated for a sample of 25 specimens of T. indicus. Results show that the skull structure was largely conserved throughout the postnatal ontogeny in T. terrestris, so class Y was remarkably similar to class A in overall shape, with the most significant changes localized in the masticatory apparatus, specifically the maxillary tuber as a support of the large-sized permanent postcanine dentition, and correlated changes in diastemata, mandibular body, and sagittal and nuchal crests. In the nasal region, ontogenetic remodeling affected the space for the meatal diverticulum and the surfaces for the origin of the proboscis musculature. Overall, ontogenetic trajectories exhibited more negative allometric components in T. indicus than in T. terrestris, and they shared 47.83% of allometric trends. Tapirus indicus differed most significantly from T. terrestris in the allometry of postcanine toothrows, diastemata and mandibular body. Thus, some allometric trends seem to be highly conserved among the species studied, and the changes observed showed a strong functional and likely adaptive basis in this lineage of ungulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rocio Moyano
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina.,Centro de Estudios Territoriales Ambientales y Sociales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, San Salvador de Jujuy, Jujuy, Argentina
| | - Norberto P Giannini
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
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35
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Lee N, Williams LN, Mun S, Rhee H, Prabhu R, Bhattarai KR, Horstemeyer MF. Stress wave mitigation at suture interfaces. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aa777e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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36
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Isfeld D, Lagravere M, Leon-Salazar V, Flores-Mir C. Novel methodologies and technologies to assess mid-palatal suture maturation: a systematic review. Head Face Med 2017; 13:13. [PMID: 28615034 PMCID: PMC5471738 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-017-0144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A reliable method to assess midpalatal suture maturation to drive clinical decision-making, towards non-surgical or surgical expansion, in adolescent and young adult patients is needed. The objectives were to systematically review and evaluate what is known regarding contemporary methodologies capable of assessing midpalatal suture maturation in humans. METHODS A computerized database search was conducted using Medline, PubMed, Embase and Scopus to search the literature up until October 5, 2016. A supplemental hand search was completed of references from retrieved articles that met the final inclusion criteria. RESULTS Twenty-nine abstracts met the initial inclusion criteria. Following assessment of full articles, only five met the final inclusion criteria. The number of subjects involved and quality of studies varied, ranging from an in-vitro study using autopsy material to prospective studies with in vivo human patients. Three types of evaluations were identified: quantitative, semi-quantitative and qualitative evaluations. Four of the five studies utilized computed tomography (CT), while the remaining study utilized non-invasive ultrasonography (US). No methodology was validated against a histological-based reference standard. CONCLUSIONS Weak limited evidence exists to support the newest technologies and proposed methodologies to assess midpalatal suture maturation. Due to the lack of reference standard validation, it is advised that clinicians still use a multitude of diagnostic criteria to subjectively assess palatal suture maturation and drive clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Isfeld
- Orthodontic Graduate Program, School of Dentistry University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Manuel Lagravere
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, 11405 - 87th avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Vladimir Leon-Salazar
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Orthodontic Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Savoldi F, Tsoi JKH, Paganelli C, Matinlinna JP. Biomechanical behaviour of craniofacial sutures during distraction: An evaluation all over the entire craniofacial skeleton. Dent Mater 2017; 33:e290-e300. [PMID: 28583671 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sutures are fibrous joints connecting the bones of the head. Despite the fundamental role played by sutures in dentofacial orthopaedics, their biomechanical properties are not completely understood. This study evaluated anatomy, biomechanics, and acoustic emission (AE) during distraction of the sutural ligament (SL). METHODS Seventy-two suture samples were removed from a twelve-months-old swine (Sus scrofa) head. Each volume was acquired using micro-computed tomography (μCT), and the linear interdigitation index was calculated on both planes (LIICOR and LIISAG). Mechanical testing till failure was carried at 1mm/min, and four piezoelectric sensors were used for recording of amplitude (A), duration (D), and energy (E) of AE. The relationships between interdigitation, fracture types, tensile stress (σ0), and AE were statistically analysed with non-parametric tests (α=0.05). RESULTS σ0 of the SL had median values of 4.0MPa, and AE were characterised by A of 49.3dB (IQR=2.2), D of 826.3μs (IQR=533.4), and E of 57,715.8 eu (IQR=439,613.5). Most of the fractures happened in the SL (46%), some within the bone (34%), and fewer were combined (19%). LIICOR had correlation with A (0.383, p=0.028), D (0.348, p=0.048), and E (0.437, p=0.011) of the AE, and σ0 had similar relationship with A (0.500, p=0.003), D (0.495, p=0.003), and E (0.579, p<0.001). Maximum energy values were different between fractures within the bone and within the SL (p=0.021). SIGNIFICANCE Biomechanical properties under tension of most of the sutures of the craniofacial skeleton were reported. AE provided information about the sequence of events during SL distraction, and had significant relationship with its mechanical properties. Further studies are necessary to confirm these preliminary findings, and to identify their relationship with biological processes and dentofacial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Savoldi
- Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - James K H Tsoi
- Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - Corrado Paganelli
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Jukka P Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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38
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Buezas G, Becerra F, Vassallo A. Cranial suture complexity in caviomorph rodents (Rodentia; Ctenohystrica). J Morphol 2017; 278:1125-1136. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Buezas
- Departamento de Biología; IIMyC, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Federico Becerra
- Departamento de Biología; IIMyC, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata Argentina
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
| | - Aldo Vassallo
- Departamento de Biología; IIMyC, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata Argentina
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Abstract
Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of the calvarial sutures that is associated with a number of physical and intellectual disabilities spanning from pediatric to adult years. Over the past two decades, techniques in molecular genetics and more recently, advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing have been used to examine the underlying pathogenesis of this disease. To date, mutations in 57 genes have been identified as causing craniosynostosis and the number of newly discovered genes is growing rapidly as a result of the advances in genomic technologies. While contributions from both genetic and environmental factors in this disease are increasingly apparent, there remains a gap in knowledge that bridges the clinical characteristics and genetic markers of craniosynostosis with their signaling pathways and mechanotransduction processes. By linking genotype to phenotype, outlining the role of cell mechanics may further uncover the specific mechanotransduction pathways underlying craniosynostosis. Here, we present a brief overview of the recent findings in craniofacial genetics and cell mechanics, discussing how this information together with animal models is advancing our understanding of craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Al-Rekabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, 3900 E Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, 1900 9 Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Michael L Cunningham
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, 1900 9 Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine and the, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nathan J Sniadecki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, 3900 E Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15 Ave NE, Seattle WA, 98105, USA
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Wang Q, Dechow PC. Divided Zygomatic Bone in Primates With Implications of Skull Morphology and Biomechanics. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1801-1829. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College of Dentistry; Dallas Texas
| | - Paul C. Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College of Dentistry; Dallas Texas
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Angelieri F, Franchi L, Cevidanes LHS, Bueno-Silva B, McNamara JA. Prediction of rapid maxillary expansion by assessing the maturation of the midpalatal suture on cone beam CT. Dental Press J Orthod 2016; 21:115-125. [PMID: 28125147 PMCID: PMC5278941 DOI: 10.1590/2177-6709.21.6.115-125.sar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) primarily involves the mechanical opening of the midpalatal suture of the maxillary and palatine bones. The fusion of the midpalatal suture determines the failure of RME, a common event in late adolescents and young adults. Recently, the assessment of the maturation of midpalatal suture as viewed using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been introduced. Five maturational stages of the midpalatal suture have been presented: Stage A = straight high-density sutural line, with no or little interdigitation; Stage B = scalloped appearance of the high-density sutural line; Stage C = two parallel, scalloped, high-density lines that lie close to each other, separated in some areas by small low-density spaces; Stage D = fusion of the palatine bone where no evidence of a suture is present; and Stage E = complete fusion that extends also anteriorly in the maxilla. At Stage C, less skeletal response would be expected than at Stages A and B, as there are many bony bridges along the suture. For patients at Stages D and E, surgically assisted RME would be necessary, as the fusion of the midpalatal suture already has occurred either partially or totally. This diagnostic method can be used to estimate the prognosis of the RME, mainly for late adolescents and young adults for whom this procedure is unpredictable clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Angelieri
- Assistant Professor, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil; and Visiting Scholar, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lorenzo Franchi
- Research Associate, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, The University of Florence, Florence, Italy; and Thomas M. Graber Visiting Scholar, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lucia H. S. Cevidanes
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - James A. McNamara
- Thomas M. and Doris Graber Endowed Professor Emeritus (Active), Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry. Professor Emeritus of Cell and Development Biology, School of Medicine; and Research Professor Emeritus, Center of Human Growth and Development, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Durham EL, Howie RN, Black L, Bennfors G, Parsons TE, Elsalanty M, Yu JC, Weinberg SM, Cray JJ. Effects of thyroxine exposure on the Twist 1 +/- phenotype: A test of gene-environment interaction modeling for craniosynostosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 106:803-813. [PMID: 27435288 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more of the cranial sutures, is estimated to occur in 1:1800 to 2500 births. Genetic murine models of craniosynostosis exist, but often imperfectly model human patients. Case, cohort, and surveillance studies have identified excess thyroid hormone as an agent that can either cause or exacerbate human cases of craniosynostosis. METHODS Here we investigate the influence of in utero and in vitro exogenous thyroid hormone exposure on a murine model of craniosynostosis, Twist 1 +/-. RESULTS By 15 days post-natal, there was evidence of coronal suture fusion in the Twist 1 +/- model, regardless of exposure. With the exception of craniofacial width, there were no significant effects of exposure; however, the Twist 1 +/- phenotype was significantly different from the wild-type control. Twist 1 +/- cranial suture cells did not respond to thyroxine treatment as measured by proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and gene expression of osteogenic markers. However, treatment of these cells did result in modulation of thyroid associated gene expression. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the phenotypic effects of the genetic mutation largely outweighed the effects of thyroxine exposure in the Twist 1 +/- model. These results highlight difficultly in experimentally modeling gene-environment interactions for craniosynostotic phenotypes. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:803-813, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Durham
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - R Nicole Howie
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Laurel Black
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Grace Bennfors
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Trish E Parsons
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mohammed Elsalanty
- Departments of Oral Biology, Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Orthopaedic Surgery and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jack C Yu
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.,Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James J Cray
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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Han X, Lu H, Li S, Xu Y, Zhao N, Xu Y, Zhao W. Cell morphologic changes and PCNA expression within craniofacial sutures during monkey Class III treatment. Orthod Craniofac Res 2016; 19:181-189. [PMID: 27405789 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate and compare the cellular morphologic changes and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression within craniofacial sutures in growing Rhesus monkeys treated with a Class III functional appliance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six Rhesus monkeys in the mixed dentition stage were divided into three groups: a 45-day experimental group, a 90-day experimental group, and a control group. Monkeys in the experimental groups were fitted with a Class III magnetic twin-block appliance. Cellular changes in six craniofacial sutures-the zygomaticomaxillary, zygomaticotemporal, transverse palatine, pterygopalatine, zygomaticofrontal, and frontomaxillary sutures were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by means of histomorphologic analysis, TEM, and immunohistochemical test of PCNA. RESULTS Obvious and altered bone remodeling combined with bone deposition and resorption was present in craniofacial sutures in the experimental groups. Increased activity of enlarged fibroblasts with abundant organelles was revealed. PCNA expression increased in the 45-day group compared with the control group, followed by the 90-day group. The highest percentage of PCNA-positive cells was found in the pterygopalatine suture in the 45-day group and the zygomaticomaxillary suture in the 90-day group. CONCLUSIONS The pterygopalatine and zygomaticomaxillary sutures are more active among the craniofacial sutures in the craniofacial complex remodeling during Class III treatment. The magnetic twin-block appliance effectively promoted suture remodeling by enhancing the activity and proliferation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and fibroblasts, especially in the early phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Han
- Stomatology Department, Kunming Children's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - H Lu
- Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - S Li
- Department of Orthodontics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - N Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, 9th People Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - W Zhao
- Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Bailleul AM, Horner JR. Comparative histology of some craniofacial sutures and skull-base synchondroses in non-avian dinosaurs and their extant phylogenetic bracket. J Anat 2016; 229:252-85. [PMID: 27111332 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sutures and synchondroses, the fibrous and cartilaginous articulations found in the skulls of vertebrates, have been studied for many biological applications at the morphological scale. However, little is known about these articulations at the microscopic scale in non-mammalian vertebrates, including extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians). The major goals of this paper were to: (i) document the microstructure of some sutures and synchondroses through ontogeny in archosaurs; (ii) compare these microstructures with previously published sutural histology (i.e. that of mammals); and (iii) document how these articulations with different morphological degrees of closure (open or obliterated) appear histologically. This was performed with histological analyses of skulls of emus, American alligators, a fossil crocodilian and ornithischian dinosaurs (hadrosaurids, pachycephalosaurids and ceratopsids). Emus and mammals possess a sutural periosteum until sutural fusion, but it disappears rapidly during ontogeny in American alligators. This study identified seven types of sutural mineralized tissues in extant and extinct archosaurs and grouped them into four categories: periosteal tissues; acellular tissues; fibrous tissues; and intratendinous tissues. Due to the presence of a periosteum in their sutures, emus and mammals possess periosteal tissues at their sutural borders. The mineralized sutural tissues of crocodilians and ornithischian dinosaurs are more variable and can also develop via a form of necrosis for acellular tissues and metaplasia for fibrous and intratendinous tissues. It was hypothesized that non-avian dinosaurs, like the American alligator, lacked a sutural periosteum and that their primary mode of ossification involved the direct mineralization of craniofacial sutures (instead of intramembranous ossification found in mammals and birds). However, we keep in mind that a bird-like sutural microstructure might have arisen within non-avian saurichians. While synchondroseal histology is relatively similar in archosaurs and mammals, the microstructural differences between the sutures of these two clades are undeniable. Moreover, the current results suggest that the degree of sutural closure can only accurately be known via microstructural analyses. This study sheds light on the microstructure and growth of archosaurian sutures and synchondroses, and reveals a unique, undocumented histological diversity in non-avian dinosaur skulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida M Bailleul
- Museum of the Rockies and Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - John R Horner
- Museum of the Rockies and Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
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Flat bones and sutures formation in the human cranial vault during prenatal development and infancy: A computational model. J Theor Biol 2016; 393:127-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bailleul AM, Scannella JB, Horner JR, Evans DC. Fusion Patterns in the Skulls of Modern Archosaurs Reveal That Sutures Are Ambiguous Maturity Indicators for the Dinosauria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147687. [PMID: 26862766 PMCID: PMC4749387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sutures of the skulls of vertebrates are generally open early in life and slowly close as maturity is attained. The assumption that all vertebrates follow this pattern of progressive sutural closure has been used to assess maturity in the fossil remains of non-avian dinosaurs. Here, we test this assumption in two members of the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket of the Dinosauria, the emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae and the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, by investigating the sequence and timing of sutural fusion in their skulls. As expected, almost all the sutures in the emu skull progressively close (i.e., they get narrower) and then obliterate during ontogeny. However, in the American alligator, only two sutures out of 36 obliterate completely and they do so during embryonic development. Surprisingly, as maturity progresses, many sutures of alligators become wider in large individuals compared to younger, smaller individuals. Histological and histomorphometric analyses on two sutures and one synchondrosis in an ontogenetic series of American alligator confirmed our morphological observations. This pattern of sutural widening might reflect feeding biomechanics and dietary changes through ontogeny. Our findings show that progressive sutural closure is not always observed in extant archosaurs, and therefore suggest that cranial sutural fusion is an ambiguous proxy for assessing maturity in non-avian dinosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alida M. Bailleul
- Museum of the Rockies and Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John B. Scannella
- Museum of the Rockies and Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - John R. Horner
- Museum of the Rockies and Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - David C. Evans
- Royal Ontario Museum and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Tan J, Yang N, Fu X, Cui Y, Guo Q, Ma T, Yin X, Leng H, Song C. Single-dose local simvastatin injection improves implant fixation via increased angiogenesis and bone formation in an ovariectomized rat model. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:1428-39. [PMID: 25982481 PMCID: PMC4448596 DOI: 10.12659/msm.892247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Statins have been reported to promote bone formation. However, taken orally, their bioavailability is low to the bones. Implant therapies require a local repair response, topical application of osteoinductive agents, or biomaterials that promote implant fixation. Material/Methods The present study evaluated the effect of a single local injection of simvastatin on screw fixation in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. Results Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, micro-computed tomography, histology, and biomechanical tests revealed that 5 and 10 mg simvastatin significantly improved bone mineral density by 18.2% and 22.4%, respectively (P<0.05); increased bone volume fraction by 51.0% and 57.9%, trabecular thickness by 16.4% and 18.9%, trabeculae number by 112.0% and 107.1%, and percentage of osseointegration by 115.7% and 126.3%; and decreased trabeculae separation by 34.1% and 36.6%, respectively (all P<0.01). Bone mineral apposition rate was significantly increased (P<0.01). Furthermore, implant fixation was significantly increased (P<0.05), and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) expression was markedly increased. Local injection of a single dose of simvastatin also promoted angiogenesis. Vessel number, volume, thickness, surface area, and vascular volume per tissue volume were significantly increased (all P<0.01). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptor-2, von Willebrand factor, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 expression were enhanced. Conclusions A single local injection of simvastatin significantly increased bone formation, promoted osseointegration, and enhanced implant fixation in ovariectomized rats. The underlying mechanism appears to involve enhanced BMP2 expression and angiogenesis in the target bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xin Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yueyi Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Huijie Leng
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Chunli Song
- Department of Orthopaedic, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
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Habegger ML, Dean MN, Dunlop JWC, Mullins G, Stokes M, Huber DR, Winters D, Motta PJ. Feeding in billfishes: inferring the role of the rostrum from a biomechanical standpoint. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:824-36. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.106146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Perhaps the most striking feature of billfishes is the extreme elongation of the premaxillary bones forming their rostra. Surprisingly, the exact role of this structure in feeding is still controversial. The goal of this study is to investigate the use of the rostrum from a functional, biomechanical and morphological standpoint to ultimately infer its possible role during feeding. Using beam theory, experimental and theoretical loading tests were performed on the rostra from two morphologically different billfish, the blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) and the swordfish (Xiphias gladius). Two loading regimes were applied (dorsoventral and lateral) to simulate possible striking behaviors. Histological samples and material properties of the rostra were obtained along their lengths to further characterize structure and mechanical performance. Intraspecific results show similar stress distributions for most regions of the rostra, suggesting that this structure may be designed to withstand continuous loadings with no particular region of stress concentration. Although material stiffness increased distally, flexural stiffness increased proximally owing to higher second moment of area. The blue marlin rostrum was stiffer and resisted considerably higher loads for both loading planes compared with that of the swordfish. However, when a continuous load along the rostrum was considered, simulating the rostrum swinging through the water, swordfish exhibited lower stress and drag during lateral loading. Our combined results suggest that the swordfish rostrum is suited for lateral swiping to incapacitate their prey, whereas the blue marlin rostrum is better suited to strike prey from a wider variety of directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Habegger
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Mason N. Dean
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids & Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - John W. C. Dunlop
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids & Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Gray Mullins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Michael Stokes
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Daniel R. Huber
- Department of Biology, University of Tampa, 401 W. Kennedy Blvd, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Daniel Winters
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Philip J. Motta
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
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Torimitsu S, Nishida Y, Takano T, Koizumi Y, Hayakawa M, Yajima D, Inokuchi G, Makino Y, Motomura A, Chiba F, Iwase H. Statistical analysis of biomechanical properties of the adult sagittal suture using a bending method in a Japanese forensic sample. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 249:101-6. [PMID: 25679987 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the mechanical properties of the adult sagittal suture compared with surrounding parietal bones using bending tests and investigated the association between the mechanical properties of the suture and age. We used the heads of 116 Japanese cadavers (76 male cadavers and 40 female cadavers) of known age and sex. A total of 1160 cranial samples, 10 from each skull, were collected. The samples were imaged using multidetector computed tomography, and the sample thickness at the center of each sample (ST) was measured. The failure stress of each sample (FS) was measured by a bending test, and the ratio of failure stress to the square of sample thickness (FS/ST(2)) was calculated. Statistical analyses revealed that the FS and FS/ST(2) values were significantly lower at all suture sites than at all bone sites regardless of sex. There were not significant but slight positive correlations between age and FS and FS/ST(2) values at any suture site in male samples. In female samples, age had significant positive correlations with FS and FS/ST(2) values at the middle suture sites, whereas there were not significant but slight positive correlations between age and FS and FS/ST(2) values at the edges of the suture. Statistical analyses also demonstrated that FS and FS/ST(2) values were significantly greater in male samples than in female samples at the middle suture sites. These findings suggest that the bending strength of the adult sagittal suture is significantly lower than that of surrounding parietal bones. Therefore, avoiding direct impact on cranial sutures may be important for preventing skull fractures and severe complications that can cause death. The results of this study also revealed that the bending strength of the middle sagittal suture significantly increases with age in only female samples, whereas the bending strength is significantly higher in male samples than in female samples at the middle suture sites, indicating the possibility of sex difference in the bony interdigitation of the sutures during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Torimitsu
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Nishida
- Designing Everyday Life Function and Social System Team, Digital Human Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.
| | - Tachio Takano
- Designing Everyday Life Function and Social System Team, Digital Human Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Koizumi
- Designing Everyday Life Function and Social System Team, Digital Human Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-3-26 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.
| | - Mutsumi Hayakawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Yajima
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Go Inokuchi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Yohsuke Makino
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Motomura
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Fumiko Chiba
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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Gabutti M, Draper-Rodi J. Osteopathic decapitation: Why do we consider the head differently from the rest of the body? New perspectives for an evidence-informed osteopathic approach to the head. INT J OSTEOPATH MED 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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