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Pearson A, Polly PD. Temporal lobe evolution in Hominidae and the origin of human lobe proportions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024:e25027. [PMID: 39360349 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.25027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Evolutionary changes in hominin social complexity have been associated with increases in absolute brain size. The temporal lobes are nestled in the middle cranial fossae (MCF) of the skull, the dimensions of which allow estimation of temporal lobe volume (TLV) in extant and fossil taxa. Materials and Methods The main aim of this study is to determine where along the hominid phylogeny, major temporal lobe size transitions occurred. We used computed tomography (CT) scans of crania, 3D photogrammetry data, and laser surface scans of endocranial casts to measure seven MCF metrics in 11 extant anthropoid taxa using multiple regressions to estimate TLV in 5 extant hominids and 10 fossil hominins. Phylogenetic comparative methods mapped temporal lobe size, brain size, and temporal lobe proportions onto phylogenetic trees broadly for Hominidae and specifically for Hominini. Results Extant Homo sapiens were not an outlier in relative brain size, temporal lobe size, or proportions of the temporal lobes, but some proportions within the lobe were uniquely altered. The most notable changes in relative temporal lobe size and proportions saw a decrease in relative temporal lobe size and proportions in the genus Pan compared to other extant great apes and fossil hominins while there was a relative increase in the temporal lobe width and length in Australopithecus-Paranthropus clade compared to the genus Homo and other extant great apes including modern humans. Discussion We do not find support for the social brain, environmental or functional craniology hypotheses alone but think it prudent to consider the implications of cerebral reorganization between the temporal lobes and other regions of the brain within the context of these hypotheses and with future investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alannah Pearson
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - P David Polly
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Evteev A, Syutkina T, Grosheva A, Santos P, Ghirotto S, Hanihara T, Hubbe M, Menéndez LP. Disparate and parallel craniofacial climatic adaptations in native populations of Asia, North America, and South America. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 39183681 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the impact that climate had in shaping cranial variation is critical for inferring the evolutionary mechanisms that played a role in human diversification. Here, we provide a comprehensive study aiming to analyze the association between climate and cranial variation of high latitude populations living in temperate to cold environments of Asia, North America, and South America. For this, we compiled a large morphometric dataset (N = 2633), which was combined with climatic and genomic data. We tested the influence of climate on the facial skeleton, nasal protrusion, and cranial vault and through multiple statistical tests at two geographical scales: intracontinental and intercontinental. We show that populations living in cold areas share a morphological pattern characterized by an increase in nasal height, facial and orbital heights and widths, a decrease in facial protrusion, and larger, longer, and lower cranial vaults. There are also distinctive features; populations from north Asia present the tallest noses, largest faces, and cranial vaults of the whole sample. Nasal breadth dimensions show small values in Asians, large values in South Americans, and non-significant changes in arctic North America. The morphological pattern in populations living at high latitude may be the result of parallel adaptation, as supported by physiological, morphometric, ecological, and genetic explanations, while the differences in magnitude and phenotypic expression could be due to the diverse population histories, severity of climate, and cultural strategies. Overall, our study shows that climate is a relevant factor shaping modern human morphology and it should be considered when studying modern human evolution and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Evteev
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Taisiya Syutkina
- Miklukho-Maklay Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra Grosheva
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Patrícia Santos
- CNRS, UMR 5199 - PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghirotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tsunehiko Hanihara
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mark Hubbe
- Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Instituto de Arqueología y Antropología, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile
| | - Lumila Paula Menéndez
- Department of Anthropology of the Americas, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Bastir M, Sanz-Prieto D, Burgos MA, Pérez-Ramos A, Heuzé Y, Maréchal L, Evteev A, Toro-Ibacache V, Esteban-Ortega F. Beyond skeletal studies: A computational analysis of nasal airway function in climate adaptation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24932. [PMID: 38516761 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ecogeographic variation in human nasal anatomy has historically been analyzed on skeletal morphology and interpreted in the context of climatic adaptations to respiratory air-conditioning. Only a few studies have analyzed nasal soft tissue morphology, actively involved in air-conditioning physiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used in vivo computer tomographic scans of (N = 146) adult individuals from Cambodia, Chile, Russia, and Spain. We conducted (N = 438) airflow simulations during inspiration using computational fluid dynamics to analyze the air-conditioning capacities of the nasal soft tissue in the inflow, functional, and outflow tract, under three different environmental conditions: cold-dry; hot-dry; and hot-humid. We performed statistical comparisons between populations and sexes. RESULTS Subjects from hot-humid regions showed significantly lower air-conditioning capacities than subjects from colder regions in all the three conditions, specifically within the isthmus region in the inflow tract, and the anterior part of the internal functional tract. Posterior to the functional tract, no differences were detected. No differences between sexes were found in any of the tracts and under any of the conditions. DISCUSSION Our statistical analyses support models of climatic adaptations of anterior nasal soft tissue morphology that fit with, and complement, previous research on dry skulls. However, our results challenge a morpho-functional model that attributes air-conditioning capacities exclusively to the functional tract located within the nasal cavity. Instead, our findings support studies that have suggested that both, the external nose and the intra-facial soft tissue airways contribute to efficiently warming and humidifying air during inspiration. This supports functional interpretations in modern midfacial variation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural Sciences-Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanz-Prieto
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural Sciences-Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
- Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Engineering Group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel A Burgos
- Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Engineering Group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Ramos
- Paleobiology, Paleoclimatology, and Paleogeography Group, Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Yann Heuzé
- CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Laura Maréchal
- CNRS, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Andrej Evteev
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Center for Quantitative Analysis in Dental Anthropology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Martin-Moya D, Ribot I. Investigating temporal bone variation of colonial populations from St-Lawrence Valley, Quebec: A 3D geometric morphometric approach. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:e24885. [PMID: 38146128 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In Quebec, genetic and genealogical research are used to document migratory events and family structures since colonial times, because bioarchaeological analysis is limited by poor skeletal preservation. This article aims to fill this gap by exploring past population structure in the St-Lawrence Valley from the French (1683-1760) and British (1760-1867) regimes using morphological variation of well-preserved temporal bones. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3D geometric morphometrics shape data from seven populations (five Catholics of French descent and two Protestants of British descent; n = 214) were collected from temporal bones. Using Procrustes distances and both MANOVA and Discriminant Function Analysis, morphological differences were measured to calculate affinities patterns among populations. Shape variations were explored with between-group analysis, Mahalanobis distances and quantified by means of Fst estimates using Relethford-Blangero analysis. RESULTS Despite strong affinities between all Catholic cemeteries, all show divergent morphological regional diversity -especially Montreal and the fortified villages dedicated to its defense. Montreal exhibits low increase in morphological variance over three centuries. As our results show no morphological differences between the Catholic and the Protestant cemeteries in Montreal, this fact may highlight the potential presence of Irish or admixed individuals in Montreal cemeteries after the British takeover. DISCUSSION Patterns of morphological diversity highlighted that French colonists did not equally contribute to the descendant populations as reflected by significant interregional variation. Although historical records show that French and English-speaking populations did not tend to admix, morphological affinities between Protestants and Catholics in the beginning of the industrial era in Montreal could reflect the genetic contribution of Catholic Irish migrants. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS All Catholic cemeteries display distinct morphologies, highlighting differential contributions from French colonists and founder effects, which have increased regional differences. Montreal Catholic (French descent) and Protestant (English colonists) cemeteries show significant morphological affinities at the beginning of the industrial era. The Irish migration following the British conquest may explain morphological similarities observed between Catholic and Protestant cemeteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Martin-Moya
- Département d'Anthropologie, Laboratoire de Bioarchéologie Humaine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Ribot
- Département d'Anthropologie, Laboratoire de Bioarchéologie Humaine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Buck LT, Menéndez LP, De Groote I, Hassett BR, Matsumura H, Stock JT. Factors influencing cranial variation between prehistoric Japanese forager populations. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2023; 16:3. [PMID: 38098511 PMCID: PMC10716076 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-023-01901-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors shaping human crania has long been a goal of biological anthropology, and climate, diet, and population history are three of the most well-established influences. The effects of these factors are, however, rarely compared within a single, variable population, limiting interpretations of their relative contribution to craniofacial form. Jomon prehistoric foragers inhabited Japan throughout its climatic and ecological range and developed correspondingly varied modes of subsistence. We have previously demonstrated that a large sample of Jomon crania showed no clear climatic pattern; here, we examine variation in Jomon crania in more detail to determine if dietary factors and/or population history influence human intrapopulation variation at this scale. Based on well-established archaeological differences, we divide the Jomon into dietary groups and use geometric morphometric methods to analyse relationships between cranial shape, diet, and population history. We find evidence for diet-related influences on the shape of the neurocranium, particularly in the temporalis region. These shape differences may be interpreted in the context of regional variation in the biomechanical requirements of different diets. More experimental biomechanical and nutritional evidence is needed, however, to move suggested links between dietary content and cranial shape from plausible to well-supported. In contrast with the global scale of human variation, where neutral processes are the strongest influence on cranial shape, we find no pattern of population history amongst individuals from these Jomon sites. The determinants of cranial morphology are complex and the effect of diet is likely mediated by factors including sex, social factors, and chronology. Our results underline the subtlety of the effects of dietary variation beyond the forager/farmer dichotomy on cranial morphology and contribute to our understanding of the complexity of selective pressures shaping human phenotypes on different geographic scales. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12520-023-01901-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. T. Buck
- Research Centre for Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
| | - L. P. Menéndez
- Department of Anthropology of the Americas, University of Bonn, Oxfordstrasse 15, 53111 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - I. De Groote
- Department of Archaeology, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - B. R. Hassett
- University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Rd, Preston, PR1 2HE Lancashire UK
- Natural History Museum London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - H. Matsumura
- School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, S1W17, Sapporo, 0608556 Japan
| | - J. T. Stock
- Department of Anthropology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
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Cho HW, Ban HJ, Jin HS, Cha S, Eom YB. A genome-wide association scan reveals novel loci for facial traits of Koreans. Genomics 2023; 115:110710. [PMID: 37734486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
DNA-based prediction of externally visible characteristics (EVC) with SNPs is one of the research areas of interest in the forensic field. Based on a previous study performing GWAS on facial traits in a Korean population, herein, we present results stemming from GWA analysis with KoreanChip and novel genetic loci satisfying genome-wide significant level. We discovered a total of 20 signals and 12 loci were found to have novel associations with facial traits, including six loci located in intergenic regions and six loci located at UBE2O, HECTD2, CCDC108, TPK1, FCN2, and FRMPD1. Additionally, we performed a polygenic score analysis for 33 distance-related traits in facial phenotyping and determined genetic relationships between facial traits and SNPs using the GCTA program. The results of the current study offer an understanding of how facial morphology is influenced by complex genetic structures and provide insights into forensic investigation and population genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Cho
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Ban
- Korea Medicine (KM) Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seok Jin
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Asan, Chungnam 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwon Cha
- Korea Medicine (KM) Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Bin Eom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Del Bove A, Menéndez L, Manzi G, Moggi-Cecchi J, Lorenzo C, Profico A. Mapping sexual dimorphism signal in the human cranium. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16847. [PMID: 37803023 PMCID: PMC10558540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of sexual dimorphism in human crania has important applications in the fields of human evolution and human osteology. Current, the identification of sex from cranial morphology relies on manual visual inspection of identifiable anatomical features, which can lead to bias due to user's expertise. We developed a landmark-based approach to automatically map the sexual dimorphism signal on the human cranium. We used a sex-known sample of 228 individuals from different geographical locations to identify which cranial regions are most sexually dimorphic taking into account shape, form and size. Our results, which align with standard protocols, show that glabellar and supraciliary regions, the mastoid process and the nasal region are the most sexually dimorphic traits (with an accuracy of 73%). The accuracy increased to 77% if they were considered together. Surprisingly the occipital external protuberance resulted to be not sexually dimorphic but mainly related to variations in size. Our approach here applied could be expanded to map other variable signals on skeletal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Del Bove
- Department of History and History of Arts, University Rovira i Virgli, Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain.
- Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Lumila Menéndez
- Department of Anthropology of the Americas, University of Bonn, Oxfordstraße 15, 53111, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgio Manzi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Moggi-Cecchi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via del Proconsolo, 12, 50122, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Department of History and History of Arts, University Rovira i Virgli, Avinguda de Catalunya 35, 43002, Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution (IPHES-CERCA), Zona Educacional 4, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio Profico
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Luca Ghini, 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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Gautney JR. A new approach to exploratory data analysis in hominin phylogenetic reconstruction. J Hum Evol 2023; 182:103412. [PMID: 37499423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships between fossil hominin taxa have been a contentious topic for decades. Recent discoveries of new taxa, rather than resolving the issue, have only further confused it. Compounding this problem are the limitations of some of the tools frequently used by paleoanthropologists to analyze these relationships. Most commonly, phylogenetic questions are investigated using analytical methods such as maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis. While these are useful analytical tools, these tree-building methods can have limitations when investigating taxa that may have complex evolutionary histories. Exploratory data analysis can provide information about patterns in a dataset that are obscured by tree-based methods. These patterns include phylogenetic signal conflict, which is not depicted in tree-based methods. Signal conflict can have a number of sources, including methodological issues with character choice, taxonomic issues, homoplasy, and gene flow between taxa. In this study, an exploratory data analysis of fossil hominin morphological data is conducted using the tree-based analytical method neighbor-joining and the network-based analytical method neighbor-net with the goal of visualizing phylogenetic signal conflict within a hominin morphological data set. The data set is divided into cranial regions, and each cranial region is analyzed individually to investigate which regions of the skull contain the highest levels of signal conflict. Results of this analysis show that conflicting phylogenetic signals are present in the hominin fossil record during the relatively speciose period between 3 and 1 Ma, and they also indicate that levels of signal conflict vary by cranial region. Possible sources of these conflicting signals are then explored. Exploratory data analyses such as this can be a useful tool in generating phylogenetic hypotheses and in refining character choice. This study also highlights the value network-based approaches can bring to the hominin phylogenetic analysis toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna R Gautney
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Weber State University, 1299 Edvalson St., Ogden, UT, USA.
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9
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Rathmann H, Perretti S, Porcu V, Hanihara T, Scott GR, Irish JD, Reyes-Centeno H, Ghirotto S, Harvati K. Inferring human neutral genetic variation from craniodental phenotypes. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad217. [PMID: 37457893 PMCID: PMC10338903 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing consensus that global patterns of modern human cranial and dental variation are shaped largely by neutral evolutionary processes, suggesting that craniodental features can be used as reliable proxies for inferring population structure and history in bioarchaeological, forensic, and paleoanthropological contexts. However, there is disagreement on whether certain types of data preserve a neutral signature to a greater degree than others. Here, we address this unresolved question and systematically test the relative neutrality of four standard metric and nonmetric craniodental data types employing an extensive computational genotype-phenotype comparison across modern populations from around the world. Our computation draws on the largest existing data sets currently available, while accounting for geographically structured environmental variation, population sampling uncertainty, disparate numbers of phenotypic variables, and stochastic variation inherent to a neutral model of evolution. Our results reveal that the four data types differentially capture neutral genomic variation, with highest signals preserved in dental nonmetric and cranial metric data, followed by cranial nonmetric and dental metric data. Importantly, we demonstrate that combining all four data types together maximizes the neutral genetic signal compared with using them separately, even with a limited number of phenotypic variables. We hypothesize that this reflects a lower level of genetic integration through pleiotropy between, compared to within, the four data types, effectively forming four different modules associated with relatively independent sets of loci. Therefore, we recommend that future craniodental investigations adopt holistic combined data approaches, allowing for more robust inferences about underlying neutral genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Perretti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Valentina Porcu
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Tsunehiko Hanihara
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - G Richard Scott
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Joel D Irish
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
- The Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg WITS 2050, South Africa
| | - Hugo Reyes-Centeno
- Department of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- William S. Webb Museum of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40504, USA
- DFG Center for Advanced Studies ‘Words, Bones, Genes, Tools’, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
| | - Silvia Ghirotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
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10
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Francis G, Wang Q. Coming to the Caribbean-acclimation of Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at Cayo Santiago. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 181:271-295. [PMID: 37083128 PMCID: PMC10443431 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico (Latitude: 18.1564°N; temperature range 19°C to 32°C) rhesus macaque population has acclimated to their tropical island conditions since arriving from Lucknow, India (Latitude: 26.8470°N; temperature range 8°C to 41°C) in 1938. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the derived skeletal collection, measurements were taken of long bone lengths, diaphyseal circumference, and body weight using 635 (237 males and 398 females) skeletally mature individuals. Measurements sampled colony members born over a 51-year time span at Cayo Santiago, from 1951 to 2002. RESULTS Results demonstrated that body weights and diaphyseal circumferences significantly declined in both males and females. Long bone lengths relative to body weight and diaphyseal circumference also increased in females. Whereas body weight, long bone length and diaphyseal circumference declined at near parallel rates in males. DISCUSSION The population has acclimated to homogenous, tropical, conditions of the Caribbean island since their arrival over 80 years ago. Trends in both sexes aligned with Bergmann's rule, though females displayed a greater decline in body weight, as well as greater affinity with Allen's rule, than did males. Buffering effects related to male competition may be responsible for this discrepancy. Overall, the Cayo Santiago populations, as shown over a significant period (1951-2002) of their history, have acclimated to their island conditions by decreasing in size and altering body proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Francis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
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11
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Yim AD, Cowgill L, Katz DC, Roseman CC. Variation in ontogenetic trajectories of limb dimensions in humans is attributable to both climatic effects and neutral evolution. J Hum Evol 2023; 179:103369. [PMID: 37104893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that there is variation in ontogenetic trajectories of human limb dimensions and proportions. However, little is known about the evolutionary significance of this variation. This study used a global sample of modern human immature long bone measurements and a multivariate linear mixed-effects model to study 1) whether the variation in ontogenetic trajectories of limb dimensions is consistent with ecogeographic predictions and 2) the effects of different evolutionary forces on the variation in ontogenetic trajectories. We found that genetic relatedness arising from neutral (nonselective) evolution, allometric variation associated with the change in size, and directional effects from climate all contributed to the variation in ontogenetic trajectories of all major long bone dimensions in modern humans. After accounting for the effects of neutral evolution and holding other effects considered in the current study constant, extreme temperatures have weak, positive associations with diaphyseal length and breadth measurements, while mean temperature shows negative associations with diaphyseal dimensions. The association with extreme temperatures fits the expectations of ecogeographic rules, while the association with mean temperature may explain the observed among-group variation in intralimb indices. The association with climate is present throughout ontogeny, suggesting an explanation of adaptation by natural selection as the most likely cause. On the other hand, genetic relatedness among groups, as structured by neutral evolutionary factors, is an important consideration when interpreting skeletal morphology, even for nonadult individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Di Yim
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Truman State University, 100 E Normal Ave, Kirksville, MO, USA; Department of Biology, Truman State University, 100 E Normal Ave, Kirksville, MO, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 109 Davenport Hall, 607 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Libby Cowgill
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, 112 Swallow Hall, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David C Katz
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Canada
| | - Charles C Roseman
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 515 Morrill Hall, 505 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, USA
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Auerbach BM, Savell KRR, Agosto ER. Morphology, evolution, and the whole organism imperative: Why evolutionary questions need multi-trait evolutionary quantitative genetics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37060292 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Since Washburn's New Physical Anthropology, researchers have sought to understand the complexities of morphological evolution among anatomical regions in human and non-human primates. Researchers continue, however, to preferentially use comparative and functional approaches to examine complex traits, but these methods cannot address questions about evolutionary process and often conflate function with fitness. Moreover, researchers also tend to examine anatomical elements in isolation, which implicitly assumes independent evolution among different body regions. In this paper, we argue that questions asked in primate evolution are best examined using multiple anatomical regions subjected to model-bound methods built from an understanding of evolutionary quantitative genetics. A nascent but expanding number of studies over the last two decades use this approach, examining morphological integration, evolvability, and selection modeling. To help readers learn how to use these methods, we review fundamentals of evolutionary processes within a quantitative genetic framework, explore the importance of neutral evolutionary theory, and explain the basics of evolutionary quantitative genetics, namely the calculation of evolutionary potential for multiple traits in response to selection. Leveraging these methods, we demonstrate their use to understand non-independence in possible evolutionary responses across the limbs, limb girdles, and basicranium of humans. Our results show that model-bound quantitative genetic methods can reveal unexpected genetic covariances among traits that create a novel but measurable understanding of evolutionary complexity among multiple traits. We advocate for evolutionary quantitative genetic methods to be a standard whenever appropriate to keep studies of primate morphological evolution relevant for the next seventy years and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Auerbach
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kristen R R Savell
- Department of Biology, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Agosto
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Pestana C, de Sousa AA, Todorov OS, Beaudet A, Benoit J. Evolutionary history of hominin brain size and phylogenetic comparative methods. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2023; 275:217-232. [PMID: 36841569 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
An absolutely and relatively large brain has traditionally been viewed as a distinctive characteristic of the Homo genus, with anatomically modern humans presented at the apex of a long line of progressive increases in encephalization. Many studies continue to focus attention on increasing brain size in the Homo genus, while excluding measures of absolute and relative brain size of more geologically recent, smaller brained, hominins such as Homo floresiensis, and Homo naledi and smaller brained Homo erectus specimens. This review discusses the benefits of using phylogenetic comparative methods to trace the diverse changes in hominin brain evolution and the drawbacks of not doing so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Pestana
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Orlin S Todorov
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amélie Beaudet
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julien Benoit
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Ajanović Z, Ajanović U, Dervišević L, Hot H, Voljevica A, Talović E, Dervišević E, Hašimbegović S, Sarač-Hadžihalilović A. A Geometric Morphometrics Approach for Sex Estimation Based on the Orbital Region of Human Skulls from Bosnian Population. SCANNING 2023; 2023:2223138. [PMID: 37089258 PMCID: PMC10121348 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2223138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Understanding the anatomy and morphological variability of the orbital region is of great importance in clinical practice, forensic medicine, and biological anthropology. Several methods are used to estimate sex based on the skeleton or parts of the skeleton: classic methods and the geometric morphometric method. The objective of this research was to analyse sex estimation of the orbital region on a sample of skulls from a Bosnian population using the geometric morphometric method. Materials and Methods The research was conducted on three-dimensional models of 211 human adult skulls (139 males and 72 females) from the Osteological Collection at the Faculty of Medicine in Sarajevo. The skulls were recorded using a laser scanner to obtain skull 3D models. We marked 12 landmarks on each model to analyse sexual dimorphism. Landmarks were marked using the program Landmark Editor. After marking the landmarks, we used the MorphoJ program to analyse the morphological variability between male and female orbital regions. Results After Procrustes superimposition, generating a covariant matrix, and introducing sex as a variable for classification, a discriminant functional analysis (DFA) was applied which determined the estimation for males with 86.33% accuracy and for females with 88.89% based on the form of the orbital region. The results of regression analysis showed that the size of the orbital region has a statistically significant effect on its shape's sexual dimorphism. After excluding the influence of size and providing DFA, we concluded that sex estimation was possible with 82.01% accuracy for males and 80.55% accuracy for females based on the shape of the orbital region in the examined sample. Conclusion Sex estimation based on the orbital region was possible with more than 80% accuracy for both sexes, which is a high percentage of correct estimation. Therefore, we recommend using the orbital region of the skull for sex estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zurifa Ajanović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Uzeir Ajanović
- Department of Information Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Natural and Medical Sciences, International Burch University, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Lejla Dervišević
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Haris Hot
- Department of Information Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Natural and Medical Sciences, International Burch University, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alma Voljevica
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Elvira Talović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Emina Dervišević
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Selma Hašimbegović
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital Serbia, 71 123 East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Aida Sarač-Hadžihalilović
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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15
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Schroeder L, Ackermann RR. Moving beyond the adaptationist paradigm for human evolution, and why it matters. J Hum Evol 2023; 174:103296. [PMID: 36527977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Journal of Human Evolution (JHE) was founded 50 years ago when much of the foundation for how we think about human evolution was in place or being put in place, providing the main framework for how we consider our origins today. Here, we will explore historical developments, including early JHE outputs, as they relate to our understanding of the relationship between phenotypic variation and evolutionary process, and use that as a springboard for considering our current understanding of these links as applied to human evolution. We will focus specifically on how the study of variation itself has shifted us away from taxonomic and adaptationist perspectives toward a richer understanding of the processes shaping human evolutionary history, using literature searches and specific test cases to highlight this. We argue that natural selection, gene exchange, genetic drift, and mutation should not be considered individually when considering the production of hominin diversity. In this context, we offer suggestions for future research directions and reflect on this more complex understanding of human evolution and its broader relevance to society. Finally, we end by considering authorship demographics and practices in the last 50 years within JHE and how a shift in these demographics has the potential to reshape the science of human evolution going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Schroeder
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada; Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
| | - Rebecca Rogers Ackermann
- Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa; Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
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16
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Harvati K, Reyes-Centeno H. Evolution of Homo in the Middle and Late Pleistocene. J Hum Evol 2022; 173:103279. [PMID: 36375244 PMCID: PMC9703123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Middle and Late Pleistocene is arguably the most interesting period in human evolution. This broad period witnessed the evolution of our own lineage, as well as that of our sister taxon, the Neanderthals, and related Denisovans. It is exceptionally rich in both fossil and archaeological remains, and uniquely benefits from insights gained through molecular approaches, such as paleogenetics and paleoproteomics, that are currently not widely applicable in earlier contexts. This wealth of information paints a highly complex picture, often described as 'the Muddle in the Middle,' defying the common adage that 'more evidence is needed' to resolve it. Here we review competing phylogenetic scenarios and the historical and theoretical developments that shaped our approaches to the fossil record, as well as some of the many remaining open questions associated with this period. We propose that advancing our understanding of this critical time requires more than the addition of data and will necessitate a major shift in our conceptual and theoretical framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology, Institute for Archaeological Sciences and Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 19-23, Tübingen 72070, Germany; DFG Centre for Advanced Studies 'Words, Bones, Genes, Tools: Tracking Linguistic, Cultural and Biological Trajectories of the Human Past', Rümelinstrasse 19-23, Tübingen 72070, Germany.
| | - Hugo Reyes-Centeno
- Department of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, 211 Lafferty Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; William S. Webb Museum of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, 1020 Export St, Lexington, KY 40504, USA
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17
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Cho EO, Cowgill LW, Middleton KM, Blomquist GE, Savoldi F, Tsoi J, Bornstein MM. The influence of climate and population structure on East Asian skeletal morphology. J Hum Evol 2022; 173:103268. [PMID: 36288639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that global variation in body proportions is more complex than previously thought as some traits formerly associated with climate adaptation are better explained by geographic proximity and neutral evolutionary forces. While the recent incorporation of quantitative genetic methodologies has improved understanding of patterns related to climate in Africa, Europe, and the Americas, Asia remains underrepresented in recent and historic studies of body form. As ecogeographic studies tend to focus on male morphology, potential sex differences in features influenced by climate remain largely unexplored. Skeletal measurements encompassing the dimensions of the skull, pelvis, limbs, hands, and feet were collected from male (n = 459) and female (n = 442) remains curated in 13 collections across seven countries in East Asia (n = 901). Osteological data were analyzed with sex and minimum temperature as covariates adjusted by autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphism population genetic distance using univariate Bayesian linear mixed models, and credible intervals were calculated for each trait. Analysis supports a relationship between specific traits and climate as well as providing the magnitude of response in both sexes. After accounting for genetic distance between populations, greater association between climate and morphology was found in postcranial traits, with the relationship between climate and the skull limited primarily to breadth measurements. Larger body size is associated with colder climates with most measurements increasing with decreased temperature. The same traits were not always associated with climate for males and females nor correlated with the same intensity for both sexes. The varied directional association with climate for different regions of the skeleton and between the sexes underscores the necessity of future ecogeographic research to holistically evaluate body form and to look for sex-specific patterns to better understand population responses to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth O Cho
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Libby W Cowgill
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kevin M Middleton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Fabio Savoldi
- Orthodontics, Division of Paediatric Dentistry & Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
| | - James Tsoi
- Dental Materials Science, Division of Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China
| | - Michael M Bornstein
- Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Division of Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong S.A.R., P.R. China; Department of Oral Health and Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland
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18
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Fuessinger MA, Metzger MC, Rothweiler R, Brandenburg LS, Schlager S. Cranial reconstruction evaluation - comparison of European statistical shape model performance on Chinese dataset. Bone Rep 2022; 17:101611. [PMID: 36120645 PMCID: PMC9478677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Morphological variability of the skull is an important consideration for cranioplasty and implant design. Differences in morphology of the skull based on the ethnicity are known. In a previous study we could show the accuracy and benefits of virtual reconstructions based on a statistical shape model (SSM) for neurocranial defects. As the SSM is trained on European data, the question arises how well this model fares when dealing with patients with a different ethnic background. In this study we aim to evaluate the accuracy and applicability of our proposed method when deploying a cranial SSM generated from European data to estimate missing parts of the neurocranium in a Chinese population. Methods We used the same data and methods as in our previous study and compared the outcomes when applied to Chinese individuals. A large unilateral defect on the right side and a bilateral defect were created. The outer surface of the cranial table was reconstructed from CT scans, meshed with triangular elements, and registered to a template. Principal component analysis together with Thin Plate Spines (TPS) deformation was applied to quantify modes of variation. The mesh to mesh distances between the original defects´ surfaces and the reconstructed surface were computed. Results Comparing the Chinese test group with the European control group, regarding the entire defect the analysis shows no significant difference for unilateral defects (test vs. control group/0.46 mm ± vs. 0.44 mm). Reconstruction of bilateral defects exhibited only in slightly higher prediction errors than those of unilateral defects (0.49 mm ± vs. 0.45 mm). Conclusion The proposed method shows a high accuracy that seems to be ethnical independent - with low error margins for virtual skull reconstruction and implant design. Clinical relevance: Metallic objects may severely impact image quality in several CBCT devices. Statistical shape modelling enables automatic skull reconstruction for computer assisted surgery Despite a Caucasian database, the statistical shape model can provide accurate results for other ethnic groups. The results facilitate the development of reconstruction algorithms, as the data basis can be kept smaller
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Anton Fuessinger
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marc Christian Metzger
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rene Rothweiler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leonard Simon Brandenburg
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schlager
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Hebelstr. 29, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Oriola LS, Oller NA, Martínez-Abadías N. Virtual Anthropology: Forensic applications to cranial skeletal remains from the Spanish Civil War. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 341:111504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Harvati K, Ackermann RR. Merging morphological and genetic evidence to assess hybridization in Western Eurasian late Pleistocene hominins. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1573-1585. [PMID: 36064759 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01875-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous scientific consensus saw human evolution as defined by adaptive differences (behavioural and/or biological) and the emergence of Homo sapiens as the ultimate replacement of non-modern groups by a modern, adaptively more competitive group. However, recent research has shown that the process underlying our origins was considerably more complex. While archaeological and fossil evidence suggests that behavioural complexity may not be confined to the modern human lineage, recent palaeogenomic work shows that gene flow between distinct lineages (for example, Neanderthals, Denisovans, early H. sapiens) occurred repeatedly in the late Pleistocene, probably contributing elements to our genetic make-up that might have been crucial to our success as a diverse, adaptable species. Following these advances, the prevailing human origins model has shifted from one of near-complete replacement to a more nuanced view of partial replacement with considerable reticulation. Here we provide a brief introduction to the current genetic evidence for hybridization among hominins, its prevalence in, and effects on, comparative mammal groups, and especially how it manifests in the skull. We then explore the degree to which cranial variation seen in the fossil record of late Pleistocene hominins from Western Eurasia corresponds with our current genetic and comparative data. We are especially interested in understanding the degree to which skeletal data can reflect admixture. Our findings indicate some correspondence between these different lines of evidence, flag individual fossils as possibly admixed, and suggest that different cranial regions may preserve hybridization signals differentially. We urge further studies of the phenotype to expand our ability to detect the ways in which migration, interaction and genetic exchange have shaped the human past, beyond what is currently visible with the lens of ancient DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Harvati
- Paleoanthropology section, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- DFG Centre for Advanced Studies 'Words, Bones, Genes, Tools', Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - R R Ackermann
- Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- DFG Centre for Advanced Studies 'Words, Bones, Genes, Tools', Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Mandibular canal and the arrangement of the neurovascular bundle exit routes in divergent populations. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.18778/1898-6773.85.3.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In face anatomy and surgery, variation in the presence, number, location, and size of the mental foramen is discussed. Knowledge of the location of the mental foramen canal, which may led due to the possibility of accidental injury of the neurovascular bundle passing through this canal may lead to anesthesia. This study aimed to present selected anatomical features of human mandibles, focusing on the morphology of the mandibular canal and its neurovascular bundle exit in populations with different socio-economic status.
Material and methods: Selected well preserved and unharmed human skulls (N= 169) (50.3% males, 49.7% females) from two populations (rural and outskirts) from Poland were used. Populations differed in socioeconomic statuses.
Results: Obvious dimorphic differences in each analyzed population were stated and inter-population differences were observed as well. In an outskirt population sexual dimorphism was more evident. Those differences should be considered when approaching the mandibular canal during anesthetic, surgical and forensic procedures.
Discussion: The occurrence of the mental foramen is relatively constant, but location is variable, and thus, each individual may exhibit a different arrangement of bundle exits. Both the position and the direction of the exit of the neurovascular bundle were similar to other European population. However, differences in localization between those two investigated populations were observed. This may suggest that not only genetic but also environmental factors, such as living conditions and diet (which affects developmental stability), may influence the morphology of the mandibular features.
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A Geometric Morphometric Study on Sexual Dimorphism in Viscerocranium. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091333. [PMID: 36138812 PMCID: PMC9495862 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The level of sexual dimorphism manifested by human bones is an important factor for development of effective sex estimation methods. The aim of the study was to investigate the sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the viscerocranium using geometric morphometric techniques. It also aimed to explore the sex differences in distinct viscerocranial regions and to establish the most dimorphic region with regard to size and shape. Computed tomography images of 156 males and 184 females were used in the study. Three-dimensional coordinates of 31 landmarks were acquired. Five landmark configurations were constructed from the viscerocranium and its orbital, nasal, maxillary, and zygomatic region. Generalized Procrustes superimposition, principal component analysis, and discriminant analysis were applied to each configuration. The significance of the sex differences in size and shape was assessed and significant differences were found in all configurations. The highest accuracy was obtained from both shape and size of the whole viscerocranium. Based on size only, the highest accuracy was achieved by the nasal region. The accuracy based on shape was generally low for all configurations, but the highest result was attained by the orbital region. Hence, size is a better sex discriminator than shape.
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Matsumura H, Tanijiri T, Kouchi M, Hanihara T, Friess M, Moiseyev V, Stringer C, Miyahara K. Global patterns of the cranial form of modern human populations described by analysis of a 3D surface homologous model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13826. [PMID: 35970916 PMCID: PMC9378707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the regional diversity of the human cranial form by using geometric homologous models based on scanned data from 148 ethnic groups worldwide. This method adopted a template-fitting technique for a nonrigid transformation via the iterative closest point algorithm to generate the homologous meshes. Through the application of principal component analysis to 342 sampled homologous models, the largest variation was detected in overall size, and small South Asian crania were clearly verified. The next greatest diversity was found in the length/breadth proportion of the neurocranium, which showed the contrast between the elongated crania of Africans and the globular crania of Northeast Asians. Notably, this component was slightly correlated with the facial profile. Well-known facial features, such as the forward projection of the cheek among Northeast Asians and compaction of the European maxilla, were reconfirmed. These facial variations were highly correlated with the calvarial outline, particularly the degree of frontal and occipital inclines. An allometric pattern was detected in facial proportions in relation to overall cranial size; in larger crania, the facial profiles tend to be longer and narrower, as demonstrated among many American natives and Northeast Asians. Although our study did not include data on environmental variables that are likely to affect cranial morphology, such as climate or dietary conditions, the large datasets of homologous cranial models will be usefully available for seeking various attributions to phenotypic skeletal characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Matsumura
- School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.
| | | | - Makiko Kouchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan
| | | | - Martin Friess
- Département Homme et Environnement, Musée de l'Homme, 75116, Paris, France
| | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Chris Stringer
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Kengo Miyahara
- Kyoto City Archeological Research Institute, Kyoto, 602-8435, Japan
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The Application of Bony Labyrinth Methods for Forensic Affinity Estimation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071088. [PMID: 36101466 PMCID: PMC9312872 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary When human remains are recovered, it is important to identify the individual for multiple reasons, including reuniting the individual with family members. In cases when human remains are incomplete, it can be challenging to identify the individual. This research found a highly successful method for identifying a person’s affinity by using measurements of the inner ear cavity. Since the inner ear is housed in a bony region that survives extremely well, the potential for identifying human remains is exciting. Researchers developed functions that can identify with 90.8% and higher accuracy between three different population samples using measurements from the bony labyrinth alone. These methods are non-destructive and quick to make, and plug into the functions developed in this research. This research points to potential for this method and calls for additional samples to be added to the data base to help with more identifications in the future. Abstract Population affinity identification is important for reconstructing the biological profile of human skeletal remains. Most anthropological methods for predicting population affinity rely on complete crania or cranial parts. However, complete parts are frequently not found in forensic and bioarchaeological contexts. In contrast, the petrous portion of the cranium presents a unique rate of preservation in the field. Therefore, this study aimed to develop stepwise discriminant function formulae to determine population affinity using measurements on three-dimensional models of the human adult bony labyrinth. The sample utilised consisted of 30 German, 38 African Zulu, and 30 Oneota individuals. A total of four function equations were developed. The function involving all three populations presented an average accuracy of 90.8%. Mathematical equations were also derived to discriminate between Zulu and Germans (91.2%), Zulu and Oneota (95.5%), as well as Oneota and Germans (96.7%). These results indicate this new method of population affinity identification is highly successful, even with fragmentary remains.
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Beaudet A, Dumoncel J, Heaton JL, Pickering TR, Clarke RJ, Carlson KJ, Bam L, Van Hoorebeke L, Stratford D. Shape analysis of the StW 578 calotte from Jacovec Cavern, Gauteng (South Africa). S AFR J SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2022/11743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The fossiliferous deposits within the lower-lying Jacovec Cavern in the locality of Sterkfontein yielded valuable hominin remains, including the StW 578 specimen. Because StW 578 mainly preserves the calotte, the taxonomic status of this specimen has been a matter of discussion. Within this context, here we employed high-resolution microtomography and a landmark-free registration method to explore taxonomically diagnostic features in the external surface of the StW 578 calotte. Our comparative sample included adult humans and common chimpanzees as well as one Australopithecus africanus specimen (Sts 5). We partially restored the StW 578 calotte digitally and compared it to extant specimens and Sts 5 using a landmark-free registration based on smooth and invertible surface deformation. Our comparative shape analysis reveals morphological differences with extant humans, especially in the frontal bones, and with extant chimpanzees, as well as intriguing specificities in the morphology of the StW 578 parietal bones. Lastly, our study suggests morphological proximity between StW 578 and Sts 5. Given the intimate relationship between the brain and the braincase, as well as the integration of the hominin face and neurocranium, we suggest that cranial vault shape differences between StW 578 and extant humans, if confirmed by further analyses, could be either explained by differences in brain surface morphology or in the face. Besides providing additional information about the morphology of the Jacovec calotte that will be useful in future taxonomic discussion, this study introduces a new protocol for the landmark-free analysis of fossil hominin cranial shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Beaudet
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Catalan Institute of Palaeontology Miquel Crusafont, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean Dumoncel
- French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Jason L. Heaton
- Department of Biology, Birmingham- Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section, Department of Vertebrates, Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Travis R. Pickering
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section, Department of Vertebrates, Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ronald J. Clarke
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kristian J. Carlson
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, California, USA
| | - Lunga Bam
- South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa), Pelindaba, South Africa
| | - Luc Van Hoorebeke
- UCGT Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominic Stratford
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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26
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Godde K, Rangel González M. Uncovering the hidden history of transpacific contact between Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia through skeletal population genetics. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanya Godde
- Department of Sociology/Anthropology University of La Verne La Verne California USA
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27
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Plomp KA, Dobney K, Collard M. A 3D basicranial shape-based assessment of local and continental northwest European ancestry among 5th to 9th century CE Anglo-Saxons. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252477. [PMID: 34161340 PMCID: PMC8221467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The settlement of Great Britain by Germanic-speaking people from continental northwest Europe in the Early Medieval period (early 5th to mid 11th centuries CE) has long been recognised as an important event, but uncertainty remains about the number of settlers and the nature of their relationship with the preexisting inhabitants of the island. In the study reported here, we sought to shed light on these issues by using 3D shape analysis techniques to compare the cranial bases of Anglo-Saxon skeletons to those of skeletons from Great Britain that pre-date the Early Medieval period and skeletons from Denmark that date to the Iron Age. Analyses that focused on Early Anglo-Saxon skeletons indicated that between two-thirds and three-quarters of Anglo-Saxon individuals were of continental northwest Europe ancestry, while between a quarter and one-third were of local ancestry. In contrast, analyses that focused on Middle Anglo-Saxon skeletons suggested that 50–70% were of local ancestry, while 30–50% were of continental northwest Europe ancestry. Our study suggests, therefore, that ancestry in Early Medieval Britain was similar to what it is today—mixed and mutable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Plomp
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Archaeology, Classics, Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (KAP); (MC)
| | - Keith Dobney
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Archaeology, Classics, Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Collard
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: (KAP); (MC)
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28
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Stansfield E, Mitteroecker P, Vasilyev SY, Vasilyev S, Butaric LN. Respiratory adaptation to climate in modern humans and Upper Palaeolithic individuals from Sungir and Mladeč. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7997. [PMID: 33846400 PMCID: PMC8042039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As our human ancestors migrated into Eurasia, they faced a considerably harsher climate, but the extent to which human cranial morphology has adapted to this climate is still debated. In particular, it remains unclear when such facial adaptations arose in human populations. Here, we explore climate-associated features of face shape in a worldwide modern human sample using 3D geometric morphometrics and a novel application of reduced rank regression. Based on these data, we assess climate adaptations in two crucial Upper Palaeolithic human fossils, Sungir and Mladeč, associated with a boreal-to-temperate climate. We found several aspects of facial shape, especially the relative dimensions of the external nose, internal nose and maxillary sinuses, that are strongly associated with temperature and humidity, even after accounting for autocorrelation due to geographical proximity of populations. For these features, both fossils revealed adaptations to a dry environment, with Sungir being strongly associated with cold temperatures and Mladeč with warm-to-hot temperatures. These results suggest relatively quick adaptative rates of facial morphology in Upper Palaeolithic Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Stansfield
- Unit of Theoretical Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Philipp Mitteroecker
- Unit of Theoretical Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergey Y Vasilyev
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Vasilyev
- Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lauren N Butaric
- Department of Anatomy, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, USA
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29
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Milella M, Franklin D, Belcastro MG, Cardini A. Sexual differences in human cranial morphology: Is one sex more variable or one region more dimorphic? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:2789-2810. [PMID: 33773067 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of cranial sexual dimorphism (CSD) among modern humans is relevant in evolutionary studies of morphological variation and in a forensic context. Despite the abundance of quantitative studies of CSD, few have specifically examined intra-sex variability. Here we quantify CSD in a geographically homogeneous sample of adult crania, which includes Italian individuals from the 19th and 20th centuries. Cranial morphology is described with 92 3D landmarks analyzed using Procrustean geometric morphometrics (PGMM). Size and shape variables are used to compare morphological variance between sexes in the whole cranium and four individual regions. The same variables, plus Procrustes form, are used to quantify average sex differences and explore classification accuracy. Our results indicate that: (a) as predicted by Wainer's rule, males present overall more variance in size and shape, albeit this is statistically significant only for total cranial size; (b) differences between sexes are dominated by size and to a lesser extent by Procrustes form; (c) shape only accounts for a minor proportion of variance; (d) the cranial base shows almost no dimorphism for shape; and (e) facial Procrustes form is the most accurate predictor of skeletal sex. Overall, this study suggests developmental factors underlying differences in CSD among cranial regions; stresses the need for population-specific models that describe craniofacial variation as the basis for models that facilitate the estimation of sex in unidentified skeletal remains; and provides one of the first confirmations of "Wainer's rule" in relation to sexual dimorphism in mammals specific to the human cranium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Milella
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Franklin
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Maria Giovanna Belcastro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Cardini
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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30
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How and why patterns of sexual dimorphism in human faces vary across the world. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5978. [PMID: 33727579 PMCID: PMC7966798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection, including mate choice and intrasexual competition, is responsible for the evolution of some of the most elaborated and sexually dimorphic traits in animals. Although there is sexual dimorphism in the shape of human faces, it is not clear whether this is similarly due to mate choice, or whether mate choice affects only part of the facial shape difference between men and women. Here we explore these questions by investigating patterns of both facial shape and facial preference across a diverse set of human populations. We find evidence that human populations vary substantially and unexpectedly in both the magnitude and direction of facial sexually dimorphic traits. In particular, European and South American populations display larger levels of facial sexual dimorphism than African populations. Neither cross-cultural differences in facial shape variation, sex differences in body height, nor differing preferences for facial femininity and masculinity across countries, explain the observed patterns of facial dimorphism. Altogether, the association between sexual shape dimorphism and attractiveness is moderate for women and weak (or absent) for men. Analysis that distinguishes between allometric and non-allometric components reveals that non-allometric facial dimorphism is preferred in women's faces but not in faces of men. This might be due to different regimes of ongoing sexual selection acting on men, such as stronger intersexual selection for body height and more intense intrasexual physical competition, compared with women.
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31
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Botzenhart UU, Keil C, Tsagkari E, Zeidler-Rentzsch I, Gredes T, Gedrange T. Influence of botulinum toxin A on craniofacial morphology after injection into the right masseter muscle of dystrophin deficient (mdx-) mice. Ann Anat 2021; 236:151715. [PMID: 33675949 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe craniofacial and dental abnormalities, typical for patients with progressive Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), are an exellcent demonstration of Melvin L. Moss "functional matrix theory", highlighting the influence of muscle tissue on craniofacial growth and morphology. However, the currently best approved animal model for investigation of this interplay is the mdx-mouse, which offers only a limited time window for research, due to the ability of muscle regeneration, in contrast to the human course of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate craniofacial morphology after BTX-A induced muscle paralysis in C57Bl- and mdx-mice, to prove the suitability of BTX-A intervention to inhibit muscle regeneration in mdx-mice and thus, mimicking the human course of the DMD disease. METHODS Paralysis of the right masseter muscle was induced in 100 days old C57Bl- and mdx-mice by a single specific intramuscular BTX-A injection. Mice skulls were obtained at 21 days and 42 days after BTX-A injection and 3D radiological evaluation was performed in order to measure various craniofacial dimensions in the sagittal, transversal and vertical plane. Statstical analysis were performed using SigmaStat®Version 3.5. In case of normal distribution, unpaired t-test and otherwise the Mann-Whitney-U test was applied. A statistical significance was given in case of p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS In contrast to C57Bl-mice, in mdx-mice, three weeks after BTX-A treatment a significant decrease of skull dimensions was noted in most of the measurements followed by a significant increase at the second investigation period. CONCLUSIONS BTX-A can induce changes in craniofacial morphology and presumably partially inhibit muscle regeneration in mdx-mice, but cannot completely intensify craniofacial effects elicited by dystrophy. Further research is necessary in order to fully understand muscle-bone interplay after BTX-A injection into dystrophic muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christiane Keil
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Campus, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany; Department of Orthodontics, Carl Gustav Carus Campus, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eirini Tsagkari
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ines Zeidler-Rentzsch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Campus, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gredes
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Campus, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany; Department of Orthodontics, Carl Gustav Carus Campus, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gedrange
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Campus, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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32
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Plomp KA, Gestsdóttir H, Dobney K, Price N, Collard M. The composition of the founding population of Iceland: A new perspective from 3D analyses of basicranial shape. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246059. [PMID: 33556115 PMCID: PMC7870008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The settlement of Iceland in the Viking Age has been the focus of much research, but the composition of the founding population remains the subject of debate. Some lines of evidence suggest that almost all the founding population were Scandinavian, while others indicate a mix of Scandinavians and people of Scottish and Irish ancestry. To explore this issue further, we used three-dimensional techniques to compare the basicrania of skeletons from archaeological sites in Iceland, Scandinavia, and the British Isles. Our analyses yielded two main results. One was that the founding population likely consisted of roughly equal numbers of Scandinavians and people from the British Isles. The other was that the immigrants who originated from the British Isles included individuals of southern British ancestry as well as individuals of Scottish and Irish ancestry. The first of these findings is consistent with the results of recent analyses of modern and ancient DNA, while the second is novel. Our study, therefore, strengthens the idea that the founding population was a mix of Scandinavians and people from the British Isles, but also raises a new possibility regarding the regions from which the settlers originated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Plomp
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Archaeology, Classics, and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Keith Dobney
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Archaeology, Classics, and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Price
- Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark Collard
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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33
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Abstract
Homo erectus is the first hominin species with a truly cosmopolitan distribution and resembles recent humans in its broad spatial distribution. The microevolutionary events associated with dispersal and local adaptation may have produced similar population structure in both species. Understanding the evolutionary population dynamics of H. erectus has larger implications for the emergence of later Homo lineages in the Middle Pleistocene. Quantitative genetics models provide a means of interrogating aspects of long-standing H. erectus population history narratives. For the current study, cranial fossils were sorted into six major palaeodemes from sites across Africa and Asia spanning 1.8-0.1 Ma. Three-dimensional shape data from the occipital and frontal bones were used to compare intraspecific variation and test evolutionary hypotheses. Results indicate that H. erectus had higher individual and group variation than Homo sapiens, probably reflecting different levels of genetic diversity and population history in these spatially disperse species. This study also revealed distinct evolutionary histories for frontal and occipital bone shape in H. erectus, with a larger role for natural selection in the former. One scenario consistent with these findings is climate-driven facial adaptation in H. erectus, which is reflected in the frontal bone through integration with the orbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Baab
- Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA
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34
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Pomeroy E, Stock JT, Wells JCK. Population history and ecology, in addition to climate, influence human stature and body proportions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:274. [PMID: 33431970 PMCID: PMC7801440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79501-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide variation in human stature and limb proportions is widely accepted to reflect thermal adaptation, but the contribution of population history to this variation is unknown. Furthermore, stature and relative lower limb length (LLL) show substantial plastic responses to environmental stressors, e.g., nutrition, pathogen load, which covary with climate. Thus ecogeographic patterns may go beyond temperature-based selection. We analysed global variation in stature, sitting height and absolute and relative LLL using large worldwide samples of published anthropometric data from adult male (n = 571) and female (n = 268) populations in relation to temperature, humidity, and net primary productivity (NPP). Population history was modeled using spatial eigenvector mapping based on geographic distances reflecting the hypothesized pattern for the spread of modern humans out of Africa. Regression models account for ~ 50% of variation in most morphological variables. Population history explains slightly more variation in stature, sitting height and LLL than the environmental/climatic variables. After adjusting for population history, associations between (usually maximum) temperature and LLL are consistent with Allen's "rule" and may drive similar relationships with stature. NPP is a consistent negative predictor of anthropometry, which may reflect the growth-limiting effects of lower environmental resource accessibility (inversely related to NPP) and/or pathogen load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pomeroy
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DZ, UK.
| | - Jay T Stock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Jonathan C K Wells
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
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35
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Grunstra NDS, Bartsch SJ, Le Maître A, Mitteroecker P. Detecting Phylogenetic Signal and Adaptation in Papionin Cranial Shape by Decomposing Variation at Different Spatial Scales. Syst Biol 2020; 70:694-706. [PMID: 33337483 PMCID: PMC8208804 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic reconstruction based on morphometric data is hampered by homoplasies. For example, many similarities in cranial form between primate taxa more strongly reflect ecological similarities rather than phylogenetic relatedness. However, the way in which the different cranial bones constitute cranial form is, if at all, of less functional relevance and thus largely hidden from selection. We propose that these “constructional details” are better indicators of phylogenetic history than any large-scale shape feature or raw form variable. Within a geometric morphometric context, we show how to analyze the relative extent of bones independently of differences in overall shape. We also show how to decompose total shape variation into small-scale and large-scale shape variation. We apply both methods to the midsagittal cranial morphology of papionin monkeys, which are well known for the discrepancy between morphological similarities and phylogenetic relationships. We study phylogenetic signal and functional adaptation using a molecular phylogeny and contextual data on feeding ecology and locomotor behavior. As expected, total cranial shape, bone outline shape, and large-scale shape features were only weakly associated with phylogenetic distance. But the relative bone contributions and small-scale shape features were both highly correlated with phylogenetic distances. By contrast, the association with ecological and behavioral variables was strongest for the outline shape and large-scale shape features. Studies of morphological adaptation and phylogenetic history thus profit from a decomposition of shape variation into different spatial scales. [Adaptation; canalization; cranial shape; geometric morphometrics; papionini; partial warps; phylogeny.]
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D S Grunstra
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Mammal Collection, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvester J Bartsch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Le Maître
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,PALEVOPRIM - UMR 7262 CNRS INEE, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Philipp Mitteroecker
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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36
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Stull KE, Bartelink EJ, Klales AR, Berg GE, Kenyhercz MW, L'Abbé EN, Go MC, McCormick K, Mariscal C. Commentary on: Bethard JD, DiGangi EA. Letter to the Editor-Moving beyond a lost cause: Forensic anthropology and ancestry estimates in the United States. J Forensic Sci. 2020;65(5):1791-2. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.14513. J Forensic Sci 2020; 66:417-420. [PMID: 33152112 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyra E Stull
- University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV, USA.,University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa
| | | | | | - Gregory E Berg
- Department of Defense POW/MIA A-ccounting Agency, Central Identification Laboratory, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, HI, USA
| | - Michael W Kenyhercz
- University of Pretoria, Arcadia, South Africa.,Department of Defense POW/MIA A-ccounting Agency, Central Identification Laboratory, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, HI, USA
| | | | - Matthew C Go
- Supporting the Department of Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, Central Identification Laboratory, SNA International, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, HI, USA
| | - Kyle McCormick
- Department of Defense POW/MIA A-ccounting Agency, Central Identification Laboratory, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, HI, USA
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37
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Abstract
Teeth have been studied for decades and continue to reveal information relevant to human evolution. Studies have shown that many traits of the outer enamel surface evolve neutrally and can be used to infer human population structure. However, many of these traits are unavailable in archaeological and fossil individuals due to processes of wear and taphonomy. Enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) morphology, the shape of the junction between the enamel and the dentine within a tooth, captures important information about tooth development and vertebrate evolution and is informative because it is subject to less wear and thus preserves more anatomy in worn or damaged specimens, particularly in mammals with relatively thick enamel like hominids. This study looks at the molar EDJ across a large sample of human populations. We assessed EDJ morphological variation in a sample of late Holocene modern humans (n = 161) from archaeological populations using μ-CT biomedical imaging and geometric morphometric analyses. Global variation in human EDJ morphology was compared to the statistical expectations of neutral evolution and "Out of Africa" dispersal modeling of trait evolution. Significant correlations between phenetic variation and neutral genetic variation indicate that EDJ morphology has evolved neutrally in humans. While EDJ morphology reflects population history, its global distribution does not follow expectations of the Out of Africa dispersal model. This study increases our knowledge of human dental variation and contributes to our understanding of dental development more broadly, with important applications to the investigation of population history and human genetic structure.
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38
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Schuh A, Gunz P, Villa C, Kupczik K, Hublin JJ, Freidline SE. Intraspecific variability in human maxillary bone modeling patterns during ontogeny. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:655-670. [PMID: 33029815 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compares the ontogenetic bone modeling patterns of the maxilla to the related morphological changes in three human populations to better understand how morphological variability within a species is established during ontogeny at both micro- and macroscopic levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS The maxillary bones of an ontogenetic sample of 145 subadult and adult individuals from Greenland (Inuit), Western Europe (France, Germany, and Portugal), and South Africa (Khoekhoe and San) were analyzed. Bone formation and resorption were quantified using histological methods to visualize the bone modeling patterns. In parallel, semilandmark geometric morphometric techniques were used on 3D models of the same individuals to capture the morphological changes. Multivariate statistics were applied and shape differences between age groups were visualized through heat maps. RESULTS The three populations show differences in the degree of shape change acquired during ontogeny, leading to divergences in the developmental trajectories. Only subtle population differences in the bone modeling patterns were found, which were maintained throughout ontogeny. Bone resorption in adults mirrors the pattern found in subadults, but is expressed at lower intensities. DISCUSSION Our data demonstrate that maxillary morphological differences observed in three geographically distinct human populations are also reflected at the microscopic scale. However, we suggest that these differences are mostly driven by changes in rates and timings of the cellular activities, as only slight discrepancies in the location of bone resorption could be observed. The shared general bone modeling pattern is likely characteristic of all Homo sapiens, and can be observed throughout ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schuh
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Gunz
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chiara Villa
- Laboratory of Advanced Imaging and 3D modelling, Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-Jacques Hublin
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah E Freidline
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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39
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Pureepatpong Kongkasuriyachai N, Prasitwattanaseree S, Case DT, Mahakkanukrauh P. Craniometric estimation of ancestry in Thai and Japanese individuals. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2020.1789219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natthamon Pureepatpong Kongkasuriyachai
- Forensic Osteology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Forensic Osteology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - D. Troy Case
- Department of Sociology & Anthropology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Pasuk Mahakkanukrauh
- Forensic Osteology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center (ORTC), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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40
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Testing the utility of dental morphological trait combinations for inferring human neutral genetic variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10769-10777. [PMID: 32376635 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914330117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers commonly rely on human dental morphological features in order to reconstruct genetic affinities among past individuals and populations, particularly since teeth are often the best preserved part of a human skeleton. Tooth form is considered to be highly heritable and selectively neutral and, therefore, to be an excellent proxy for DNA when none is available. However, until today, it remains poorly understood whether certain dental traits or trait combinations preserve neutral genomic signatures to a greater degree than others. Here, we address this long-standing research gap by systematically testing the utility of 27 common dental traits and >134 million possible trait combinations in reflecting neutral genomic variation in a worldwide sample of modern human populations. Our analyses reveal that not all traits are equally well-suited for reconstructing population affinities. Whereas some traits largely reflect neutral variation and therefore evolved primarily as a result of genetic drift, others can be linked to nonstochastic processes such as natural selection or hominin admixture. We also demonstrate that reconstructions of population affinity based on many traits are not necessarily more reliable than those based on only a few traits. Importantly, we find a set of highly diagnostic trait combinations that preserve neutral genetic signals best (up to [Formula: see text] r = 0.580; 95% r range = 0.293 to 0.758; P = 0.001). We propose that these trait combinations should be prioritized in future research, as they allow for more accurate inferences about past human population dynamics when using dental morphology as a proxy for DNA.
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41
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Monson TA. Patterns and magnitudes of craniofacial covariation in extant cercopithecids. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 303:3068-3084. [PMID: 32220100 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The cranium contains almost all of the vertebrate sensory organs and plays an essential role in vertebrate evolution. Research on the primate cranium has revealed that it is both highly integrated and modular, but studies have historically focused on covariance between the neurocranium and facial skeleton rather than on bones specific to special senses such as vision. The goal of this work is to investigate patterns and magnitudes of craniofacial covariation in extant cercopithecids with particular attention to the orbits. This study takes a quantitative approach using data collected from 38 homologous cranial landmarks across 11 genera of cercopithecid monkeys (Cercopithecidae, N = 291). These data demonstrate that both patterns and magnitudes of craniofacial covariation differ across Cercopithecidae at subfamily, tribe, and genus levels, with the strongest integration in the papionins (and specifically Papio) and significantly weaker covariation in the colobines, particularly Presbytis. Orbital height does not covary with other measurements of the cranium to the same degree as other cranial traits in Cercopithecidae and is highly constrained across the family. This study has important implications for our understanding of the evolution and development of morphological diversity in the cercopithecid cranium and evolution of the primate eye. This study also highlights the potential error of broad assumptions about generalizing patterns and magnitudes of modularity and integration across primates. Additionally, these findings reiterate the importance of trait selection for interpreting fossil taxonomy, as craniofacial covariation may impact phenotypes commonly used to differentiate fossil primate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesla A Monson
- Department of Anthropology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, USA
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42
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Hubbe M, Terrazas Mata A, Herrera B, Benavente Sanvicente ME, González González A, Rojas Sandoval C, Avilés Olguín J, Acevez Núñez E, Von Cramon-Taubadel N. Morphological variation of the early human remains from Quintana Roo, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico: Contributions to the discussions about the settlement of the Americas. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227444. [PMID: 31995578 PMCID: PMC6988924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human settlement of the Americas has been a topic of intense debate for centuries, and there is still no consensus on the tempo and mode of early human dispersion across the continent. When trying to explain the biological diversity of early groups across North, Central and South America, studies have defended a wide range of dispersion models that tend to oversimplify the diversity observed across the continent. In this study, we aim to contribute to this debate by exploring the cranial morphological affinities of four late Pleistocene/early Holocene specimens recovered from the caves of Quintana Roo, Mexico. The four specimens are among the earliest human remains known in the continent and permit the contextualization of biological diversity present during the initial millennia of human presence in the Americas. The specimens were compared to worldwide reference series through geometric morphometric analyses of 3D anatomical landmarks. Morphological data were analyzed through exploratory visual multivariate analyses and multivariate classification based on Mahalanobis distances. The results show very different patterns of morphological association for each Quintana Roo specimen, suggesting that the early populations of the region already shared a high degree of morphological diversity. This contrasts with previous studies of South American remains and opens the possibility that the initial populations of North America already had a high level of morphological diversity, which was reduced as populations dispersed into the southern continent. As such, the study of these rare remains illustrates that we are probably still underestimating the biological diversity of early Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hubbe
- Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Instituto de Arqueología y Antropología, Universidad Católica del Norte, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Alejandro Terrazas Mata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Brianne Herrera
- Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Martha E. Benavente Sanvicente
- Laboratorio de Prehistoria y Evolución del Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Noreen Von Cramon-Taubadel
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York – Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
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Eyquem AP, Kuzminsky SC, Aguilera J, Astudillo W, Toro-Ibacache V. Normal and altered masticatory load impact on the range of craniofacial shape variation: An analysis of pre-Hispanic and modern populations of the American Southern Cone. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225369. [PMID: 31826020 PMCID: PMC6905515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The reduction of masticatory load intensity resulting from dietary changes in human evolution has been proposed as an important factor that alters craniofacial shape in past and current populations. However, its impact on craniofacial variation and on the perceived differences among populations is unclear. The maxillomandibular relationship, which alters masticatory force direction, is a factor often neglected but it can contribute to variation in craniofacial morphology, particularly among modern/urban populations where the prevalence of dental malocclusions is greater than in prehistoric populations. This study investigates the influence of masticatory load intensity and maxillomandibular relationship as a proxy for force direction on the human craniofacial skeleton. By using 3D imaging and geometric morphometrics, we analyzed craniofacial shape variation among 186 individuals from pre-Hispanic and modern Chilean and Argentinean populations that differ in diet consistency (a proxy for masticatory load intensity) and maxillomandibular relationship. We predicted that masticatory load would have a subtle effect on the upper craniofacial bones and that this would be more marked in the maxilla. Our results showed no clear influence of masticatory load on craniofacial shape, particularly in modern/urban populations. Allometry, on the contrary, shows a stronger effect. The degree of integration between the upper craniofacial bones and the load-bearing maxilla depends on masticatory load intensity, decreasing from high to low but showing a conservative pattern of covariation among the groups. The degree of variation in the shape of the maxilla is greater than the upper craniofacial bones. These results suggest that masticatory load has a limited effect in determining differences in craniofacial morphology among populations. This effect is slightly greater for the maxillary region of the face. We propose that the reduction of functional constraints is key to greater shape variation found in modern/urban populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P. Eyquem
- Centro de Análisis Cuantitativo en Antropología Dental, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susan C. Kuzminsky
- Department of Anthropology and Applied Archaeology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, New Mexico, United States of America
- Anthropology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - José Aguilera
- Facultad de Medicina and Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Williams Astudillo
- Facultad de Medicina and Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Centro de Análisis Cuantitativo en Antropología Dental, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail: ,
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Mori T, Harvati K. Basicranial ontogeny comparison in
Pan troglodytes
and
Homo sapiens
and its use for developmental stage definition of KNM‐ER 42700. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 170:579-594. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Mori
- Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and PalaeoenvironmentEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Palaeoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and PalaeoenvironmentEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Tübingen Germany
- DFG Centre for Advanced Studies “Words, Bones, Genes, Tools: Tracking Linguistic, Cultural and Biological Trajectories of the Human Past”Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Tübingen Germany
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Eisová S, Píšová H, Velemínský P, Bruner E. Normal craniovascular variation in two modern European adult populations. J Anat 2019; 235:765-782. [PMID: 31236921 PMCID: PMC6742892 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular networks running into the meningeal layers, between the brain and braincase, leave imprints on the endocranial surface. These traces are visible in osteological specimens and skeletal collections, providing indirect evidence of vascular patterns in those cases in which bone remains are the only source of anatomical information, such as in forensic science, bioarchaeology and paleontology. The main vascular elements are associated with the middle meningeal artery, the venous sinuses of the dura mater, and the emissary veins. Most of these vascular systems have been hypothesized to be involved in endocranial thermal regulation. Although these traits deal with macroanatomical features, much information on their variation is still lacking. In this survey, we analyze a set of craniovascular imprints in two European dry skull samples with different neurocranial proportions: a brachycephalic Czech sample (n = 103) and a mesocephalic Italian sample (n = 152). We analyzed variation and distribution, correlation with cranial metrics, and sex differences in the dominance of the branches of the middle meningeal artery, the patterns of confluence of the sinuses, and the size of the emissary foramina. The descriptive statistics provide a reference to compare specimens and samples from different case studies. When compared with the Italian skulls, the Czech skulls display a greater dominance of the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery and more asymmetric right-dominance of the confluence of the venous sinuses. There is no sex difference in the middle meningeal vessels, but males show a greater prevalence of the occipito-marginal draining system. Differences in the middle meningeal vessels or venous sinuses are apparently not influenced by cranial dimensions or proportions. The mastoid foramina are larger in larger and more brachycephalic skulls, which increases the emissary potential flow in the Czech sample and males, when compared with the Italian samples and females, respectively. The number of mastoid foramina increases in wider skulls. This anatomic information is necessary to develop further morphological and functional inferences on the relationships between neurocranial bones and vessels at the genetic, ontogenetic, and phylogenetic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava Eisová
- Department of Anthropology and Human GeneticsCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
- Department of AnthropologyNational MuseumPragueCzech Republic
| | - Hana Píšová
- Department of Anthropology and Human GeneticsCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Petr Velemínský
- Department of AnthropologyNational MuseumPragueCzech Republic
| | - Emiliano Bruner
- Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución HumanaBurgosSpain
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Buck LT, De Groote I, Hamada Y, Hassett BR, Ito T, Stock JT. Evidence of different climatic adaptation strategies in humans and non-human primates. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11025. [PMID: 31363121 PMCID: PMC6667491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand human evolution it is critical to clarify which adaptations enabled our colonisation of novel ecological niches. For any species climate is a fundamental source of environmental stress during range expansion. Mammalian climatic adaptations include changes in size and shape reflected in skeletal dimensions and humans fit general primate ecogeographic patterns. It remains unclear however, whether there are also comparable amounts of adaptation in humans, which has implications for understanding the relative importance of biological/behavioural mechanisms in human evolution. We compare cranial variation between prehistoric human populations from throughout Japan and ecologically comparable groups of macaques. We compare amounts of intraspecific variation and covariation between cranial shape and ecological variables. Given equal rates and sufficient time for adaptation for both groups, human conservation of non-human primate adaptation should result in comparable variation and patterns of covariation in both species. In fact, we find similar amounts of intraspecific variation in both species, but no covariation between shape and climate in humans, contrasting with strong covariation in macaques. The lack of covariation in humans may suggest a disconnect in climatic adaptation strategies from other primates. We suggest this is due to the importance of human behavioural adaptations, which act as a buffer from climatic stress and were likely key to our evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Buck
- PAVE research group, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QG, UK. .,Human Origins Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK. .,Department of Anthropology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, 95616, CA, USA.
| | - I De Groote
- School of Natural Science and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Y Hamada
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - B R Hassett
- Human Origins Research Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-4 Gordon Square, London, WC1H 0PY, UK
| | - T Ito
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - J T Stock
- PAVE research group, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QG, UK.,Department of Anthropology, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada.,Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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47
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Marks TN, Maddux SD, Butaric LN, Franciscus RG. Climatic adaptation in human inferior nasal turbinate morphology: Evidence from Arctic and equatorial populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:498-512. [PMID: 30993687 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The nasal turbinates directly influence the overall size, shape, and surface area of the nasal passages, and thus contribute to intranasal heat and moisture exchange. However, unlike the encapsulating walls of the nasal cavity, ecogeographic variation in nasal turbinate morphology among humans has not yet been established. Here we investigate variation in inferior nasal turbinate morphology in two populations from climatically extreme environments. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-three linear measurements of the inferior turbinate, nasal cavity walls, and airway passages were collected from CT scans of indigenous modern human crania from Equatorial Africa (n = 35) and the Arctic Circle (n = 35). MANOVA and ANCOVA were employed to test for predicted regional and sex differences in morphology between the samples. RESULTS Significant morphological differences were identified between the two regional samples, with no evidence of significant sexual dimorphism or region-sex interaction effect. Individuals from the Arctic Circle possessed superoinferiorly and mediolaterally larger inferior turbinates compared to Equatorial Africans. In conjunction with the surrounding nasal cavity walls, these differences in turbinate morphology produced airway dimensions that were both consistent with functional expectations and more regionally distinct than either skeletal component independently. CONCLUSION This study documents the existence of ecogeographic variation in human nasal turbinate morphology reflecting climate-mediated evolutionary demands on intranasal heat and moisture exchange. Humans adapted to cold-dry environments exhibit turbinate morphologies that enhance contact between respired air and nasal mucosa to facilitate respiratory air conditioning. Conversely, humans adapted to hot-humid environments exhibit turbinate morphologies that minimize air-to-mucosa contact, likely to minimize airflow resistance and/or facilitate expiratory heat-shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarah N Marks
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Scott D Maddux
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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Evteev AA, Grosheva AN. Nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses form variation among modern humans of Asian descent. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 169:513-525. [PMID: 30985926 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explores variation, covariation, and ecogeographic pattern of the nasal cavity, maxillary sinuses, and external midfacial skeleton across 15 populations of east Asian origin inhabiting the Far East, Siberia, Alaska and Greenland. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have collected linear measurements of the internal nasal cavity, maxillary sinus and external midfacial skeleton as well as volumes and surface areas of three-dimensional models of the cavity. A set of seven climatic variables, mtDNA and Y-chromosome genetic matrices and a matrix of geographic distances were also utilized. RESULTS A strong association between form of the nasal cavity and climate was found, whereby all north Asian groups display increased volumes, areas and lengths of the cavity, and surface area to volume ratios (SA/V). Most of Siberian groups exhibit not only large and long, but also wide and tall nasal cavity. The Eskimo-Aleutian speaking groups possess cavities that are vertically short and narrow but of a high SA/V ratio. The sinuses exhibit an exceptionally high level of within- and between-group variation which supports the views on the sinus as an architectural byproduct. Both volume and area of the nasal cavity can be reliably estimated based on a set of simple and repeatable linear measurements. DISCUSSION While the nasal cavity and maxillary sinus are both larger in a larger facial skeleton, there is a strong inverse relationship between them at a given facial size. Our results do not support the notion that the shape of the internal nasal cavity is more strongly associated with climate compared to the external midfacial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej A Evteev
- Anuchin's Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra N Grosheva
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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49
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The evolutionary history of the human face. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:726-736. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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50
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Sex and ancestry related differences between two Central European populations determined using exocranial meshes. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 297:364-369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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