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Peritrophin-like Genes Are Associated with Delousing Drug Response and Sensitivity in the Sea Louse Caligus rogercresseyi. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113341. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Caligus rogercresseyi is the main ectoparasite that affects the salmon industry in Chile. The mechanisms used by the parasite to support its life strategy are of great interest for developing control strategies. Due to the critical role of insect peritrophins in host–parasite interactions and response to pest control drugs, this study aimed to identify and characterize the peritrophin-like genes present in C. rogercresseyi. Moreover, the expression of peritrophin-like genes was evaluated on parasites exposed to delousing drugs such as pyrethroids and azamethiphos. Peritrophin genes were identified by homology analysis among the sea louse transcriptome database and arthropods peritrophin-protein database obtained from GenBank and UniProt. Moreover, the gene loci in the parasite genome were located. Furthermore, peritrophin gene expression levels were evaluated by RNA-Seq analysis in sea louse developmental stages and sea lice exposed to delousing drugs deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and azamethiphos. Seven putative peritrophin-like genes were identified in C. rogercresseyi with high homology with other crustacean peritrophins. Differences in the presence of signal peptides, the number of chitin-binding domains, and the position of conserved cysteines were found. In addition, seven peritrophin-like gene sequences were identified in the C. rogercresseyi genome. Gene expression analysis revealed a stage-dependent expression profile. Notably, differential regulation of peritrophin genes in resistant and susceptible populations to delousing drugs was found. These data are the first report and characterization of peritrophin genes in the sea louse C. rogercresseyi, representing valuable knowledge to understand sea louse biology. Moreover, this study provides evidence for a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of C. rogercresseyi response to delousing drugs.
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Comparative Hessian Fly Larval Transcriptomics Provides Novel Insight into Host and Nonhost Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111498. [PMID: 34768928 PMCID: PMC8583952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hessian fly is a destructive pest of wheat. Employing additional molecular strategies can complement wheat's native insect resistance. However, this requires functional characterization of Hessian-fly-responsive genes, which is challenging because of wheat genome complexity. The diploid Brachypodium distachyon (Bd) exhibits nonhost resistance to Hessian fly and displays phenotypic/molecular responses intermediate between resistant and susceptible host wheat, offering a surrogate genome for gene characterization. Here, we compared the transcriptomes of Biotype L larvae residing on resistant/susceptible wheat, and nonhost Bd plants. Larvae from susceptible wheat and nonhost Bd plants revealed similar molecular responses that were distinct from avirulent larval responses on resistant wheat. Secreted salivary gland proteins were strongly up-regulated in all larvae. Genes from various biological pathways and molecular processes were up-regulated in larvae from both susceptible wheat and nonhost Bd plants. However, Bd larval expression levels were intermediate between larvae from susceptible and resistant wheat. Most genes were down-regulated or unchanged in avirulent larvae, correlating with their inability to establish feeding sites and dying within 4-5 days after egg-hatch. Decreased gene expression in Bd larvae, compared to ones on susceptible wheat, potentially led to developmentally delayed 2nd-instars, followed by eventually succumbing to nonhost resistance defense mechanisms.
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Zha XL, Yu XB, Zhang HY, Wang H, Huang XZ, Shen YH, Lu C. Identification of Peritrophins and Antiviral Effect of Bm01504 against BmNPV in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217973. [PMID: 33121000 PMCID: PMC7663561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect midgut secretes a semi-permeable, acellular peritrophic membrane (PM) that maintains intestinal structure, promotes digestion, and protects the midgut from food particles and pathogenic microorganisms. Peritrophin is an important PM protein (PMP) in the PM. Here, we identified 11 peritrophins with 1–16 chitin binding domains (CBDs) comprising 50–56 amino acid residues. Multiple CBDs in the same peritrophin clustered together, rather than by species. The CBD contained six highly conserved cysteine residues, with the key feature of amino acids between them being CX11-15CX5CX9-14CX11-12CX6-7C. Peritrophins with 2 and 4 CBDs (Bm09641 and Bm01504, respectively), and with 1, 8, and 16 CBDs (Bm11851, Bm00185, and Bm01491, respectively) were mainly expressed in the anterior midgut, and throughout the midgut, respectively. Survival rates of transgenic silkworms with Bm01504 overexpression (Bm01504-OE) and knockout (Bm01504-KO) infected with B. morinucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) were significantly higher and lower, whereas expression of the key viral gene, p10, were lower and higher, respectively, compared with wild type (WT). Therefore, Bm01504-OE and Bm01504-KO transgenic silkworms were more and less resistant, respectively, to BmNPV. Bm01504 plays important roles in resisting BmNPV invasion. We provide a new perspective for studying PM function, and reveal how the silkworm midgut resists invasive exogenous pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Le Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.-L.Z.); (X.-B.Y.); (H.-Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Xin-Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.-L.Z.); (X.-B.Y.); (H.-Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Hong-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.-L.Z.); (X.-B.Y.); (H.-Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.-L.Z.); (X.-B.Y.); (H.-Y.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Xian-Zhi Huang
- Science and Technology Department, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Yi-Hong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.-L.Z.); (X.-B.Y.); (H.-Y.Z.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.S.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-138-8360-7000 (Y.-H.S.); +86-23-6825-0346 (C.L.)
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (X.-L.Z.); (X.-B.Y.); (H.-Y.Z.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.S.); (C.L.); Tel.: +86-138-8360-7000 (Y.-H.S.); +86-23-6825-0346 (C.L.)
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Groen SC, Humphrey PT, Chevasco D, Ausubel FM, Pierce NE, Whiteman NK. Pseudomonas syringae enhances herbivory by suppressing the reactive oxygen burst in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [PMID: 26205072 PMCID: PMC4721946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions have evolved in the presence of plant-colonizing microbes. These microbes can have important third-party effects on herbivore ecology, as exemplified by drosophilid flies that evolved from ancestors feeding on plant-associated microbes. Leaf-mining flies in the genus Scaptomyza, which is nested within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila, show strong associations with bacteria in the genus Pseudomonas, including Pseudomonas syringae. Adult females are capable of vectoring these bacteria between plants and larvae show a preference for feeding on P. syringae-infected leaves. Here we show that Scaptomyza flava larvae can also vector P. syringae to and from feeding sites, and that they not only feed more, but also develop faster on plants previously infected with P. syringae. Our genetic and physiological data show that P. syringae enhances S. flava feeding on infected plants at least in part by suppressing anti-herbivore defenses mediated by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Groen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| | - Parris T Humphrey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
| | - Daniela Chevasco
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| | - Frederick M Ausubel
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
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Sinha DK, Atray I, Bentur JS, Nair S. Feeding on resistant rice leads to enhanced expression of defender against apoptotic cell death (OoDAD1) in the Asian rice gall midge. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:235. [PMID: 26428861 PMCID: PMC4591563 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Asian rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae) is a destructive insect pest of rice. Gall midge infestation in rice triggers either compatible or incompatible interactions leading to survival or mortality of the feeding maggots, respectively. In incompatible interactions, generation of plant allelochemicals/defense molecules and/or inability of the maggots to continue feeding on the host initiate(s) apoptosis within the maggots. Unraveling these molecular events, triggered within the maggots as a response to feeding on resistant hosts, will enable us to obtain a better understanding of host resistance. The present study points towards the likely involvement of a defender against apoptotic cell death gene (DAD1) in the insect in response to the host defense. RESULTS The cDNA coding for the DAD1 orthologue in the rice gall midge (OoDAD1) consisted of 339 nucleotides with one intron of 85 bp and two exons of 208 and 131 nucleotides. The deduced amino acid sequence of OoDAD1 showed a high degree of homology (94.6%) with DAD1 orthologue from the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor)--a major dipteran pest of wheat. Southern hybridization analysis indicated that OoDAD1 was present as a single copy in the genomes of the Asian rice gall midge biotypes (GMB) 1, 4 and 4 M. In the interactions involving GMB4 with Jaya (susceptible rice host) the expression level of OoDAD1 in feeding maggots gradually increased to 3-fold at 96 hai (hours after infestation) and peaked to 3.5-fold at 96 hai when compared to that at 24 hai. In contrast, expression in maggots feeding on RP2068 (resistant host) showed a steep increase of more than 8-fold at 24 hai and this level was sustained at 48, 72 and 96 hai when compared with the level in maggots feeding on Jaya at 24 hai. Recombinant OoDAD1, expressed in E. coli cells, when injected into rice seedlings induced a hypersensitive response (HR) in the resistant rice host, RP2068, but not in the susceptible rice variety, Jaya. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the expression of OoDAD1 is triggered in the feeding maggots probably due to the host resistance response and therefore, is likely an important molecule in the initial stages of the interaction between the midge and its rice host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K Sinha
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India.
| | - Isha Atray
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India.
| | - J S Bentur
- Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500 030, India.
- Agri Biotech Foundation, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500 030, India.
| | - Suresh Nair
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110 067, India.
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Sinha DK, Bentur JS, Nair S. Compatible interaction with its rice host leads to enhanced expression of the gamma subunit of oligosaccharyl transferase in the Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 20:567-575. [PMID: 21668550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae, is a fast evolving, damaging pest of rice. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of interaction between the gall midge and rice will help in devising strategies to control and manage the pest. The present study aims to identify rice-responsive genes in the gall midge that aid pest survival. The abundance of transcripts coding for enzymes related to glycosylation, in a cDNA library prepared from maggots of the rice gall midge feeding on susceptible hosts, indicated their probable involvement in the gall midge-rice interaction. Hence, a full-length transcript for a gamma subunit of the oligosaccharyl transferase gene (OoOST) from the gall midge was cloned and characterized. It has 72% similarity to its orthologue cloned from Aedes aegypti. Tissue-specific analysis of the expression of OoOST revealed an increase (> sevenfold) in the transcripts of the gene in the salivary glands of maggots in susceptible plants when compared with the transcript level in the salivary glands of maggots feeding on resistant hosts. Using quantitative PCR, performed on different developmental stages of the maggots in two susceptible and two resistant hosts, we observed similar expression patterns (i.e. overexpression in the compatible interaction). These results indicate the involvement of OoOST in maggot survival and establishment in the susceptible host. In order to identify polymorphism in the gene, OoOST was cloned from three gall midge biotypes GMB1, GMB4 and GMB4M.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Sinha
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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Whiteman NK, Groen SC, Chevasco D, Bear A, Beckwith N, Gregory TR, Denoux C, Mammarella N, Ausubel FM, Pierce NE. Mining the plant-herbivore interface with a leafmining Drosophila of Arabidopsis. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:995-1014. [PMID: 21073583 PMCID: PMC3062943 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Experimental infections of Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) with genomically characterized plant pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae have facilitated the dissection of canonical eukaryotic defence pathways and parasite virulence factors. Plants are also attacked by herbivorous insects, and the development of an ecologically relevant genetic model herbivore that feeds on Arabidopsis will enable the parallel dissection of host defence and reciprocal resistance pathways such as those involved in xenobiotic metabolism. An ideal candidate is Scaptomyza flava, a drosophilid fly whose leafmining larvae are true herbivores that can be found in nature feeding on Arabidopsis and other crucifers. Here, we describe the life cycle of S. flava on Arabidopsis and use multiple approaches to characterize the response of Arabidopsis to S. flava attack. Oviposition choice tests and growth performance assays on different Arabidopsis ecotypes, defence-related mutants, and hormone and chitin-treated plants revealed significant differences in host preference and variation in larval performance across Arabidopsis accessions. The jasmonate and glucosinolate pathways in Arabidopsis are important in mediating quantitative resistance against S. flava, and priming with jasmonate or chitin resulted in increased resistance. Expression of xenobiotic detoxification genes was reduced in S. flava larvae reared on Arabidopsis jasmonate signalling mutants and increased in plants pretreated with chitin. These results and future research directions are discussed in the context of developing a genetic model system to analyse insect-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02478, USA.
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Toprak U, Baldwin D, Erlandson M, Gillott C, Harris S, Hegedus DD. Expression patterns of genes encoding proteins with peritrophin A domains and protein localization in Mamestra configurata. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:1711-1720. [PMID: 20619269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Genes encoding three proteins (McPPAD1-3) with peritrophin A chitin-binding domains (PADs) were identified from a Mamestra configurata larval midgut cDNA library. In addition to midgut, McPPAD1-3 and a previously identified gene encoding the peritrophin, McPM1, were expressed in foregut, hindgut, Malpighian tubules, tracheae, fat body and cuticle; however, the corresponding McPPAD proteins exhibited different localization patterns. McPPAD1 was restricted to the digestive tract and Malpighian tubules, McPPAD2 to Malpighian tubules, and McPPAD3 to the foregut, midgut, hindgut, tracheae and cuticle. Protein fold recognition analysis using tachycitin as a guide structure modelled the McPPAD1 PADs, but not McPPAD2 or McPPAD3 PADs. The McPPAD1 PADs were predicted to contain three anti-parallel β-sheets and a hevein-like fold that form a chitin-binding pocket containing two hydrophobic R-groups in a sandwich-like orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Toprak
- Molecular Genetics Section, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, Canada
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Bhandary B, Rajarapu SP, Rivera-Vega L, Mittapalli O. Analysis of gene expression in emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) using quantitative real time-PCR. J Vis Exp 2010:1974. [PMID: 20445495 DOI: 10.3791/1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis) is an exotic invasive pest, which has killed millions of ash trees (Fraxinus spp) in North America. EAB continues to spread rapidly and attacks ash trees of different ages, from saplings to mature trees. However, to date very little or no molecular knowledge exists for EAB. We are interested in deciphering the molecular-based physiological processes at the tissue level that aid EAB in successful colonization of ash trees. In this report we show the effective use of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to ascertain mRNA levels in different larval tissues (including midgut, fat bodies and cuticle) and different developmental stages (including 1(st)-, 2(nd)-, 3(rd)-, 4(th)-instars, prepupae and adults) of EAB. As an example, a peritrophin gene (herein named, AP-PERI1) is exemplified as the gene of interest and a ribosomal protein (AP-RP1) as the internal control. Peritrophins are important components of the peritrophic membrane/matrix (PM), which is the lining of the insect gut. The PM has diverse functions including digestion and mechanical protection to the midgut epithelium.
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Li HM, Sun L, Mittapalli O, Muir WM, Xie J, Wu J, Schemerhorn BJ, Sun W, Pittendrigh BR, Murdock LL. Transcriptional signatures in response to wheat germ agglutinin and starvation in Drosophila melanogaster larval midgut. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:21-31. [PMID: 19196346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
One function of plant lectins such as wheat germ agglutinin is to serve as defences against herbivorous insects. The midgut is one critical site affected by dietary lectins. We observed marked cellular, structural and gene expression changes in the midguts of Drosophila melanogaster third instar larvae that were fed wheat germ agglutinin. Some of these changes were similar to those observed in the midguts of starved D. melanogaster. Dietary wheat germ agglutinin caused shortening, branching, swelling, distortion and in some cases disintegration of the midgut microvilli. Starvation was accompanied primarily by shortening of the microvilli. Microarray analyses revealed that dietary wheat germ agglutinin evoked differential expression of 61 transcripts; seven of these were also differentially expressed in starved D. melanogaster. The differentially transcribed gene clusters in wheat germ agglutinin-fed larvae were associated with (1) cytoskeleton organization; (2) digestive enzymes; (3) detoxification reactions; and (4) energy metabolism. Four possible transcription factor binding motifs were associated with the differentially expressed genes. One of these exhibited substantial similarity to MyoD, a transcription factor binding motif associated with cellular structures in mammals. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that wheat germ agglutinin caused a starvation-like effect and structural changes of midgut cells of D. melanogaster third-instar larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-M Li
- Department of Entomology, Purdua University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Hegedus D, Erlandson M, Gillott C, Toprak U. New insights into peritrophic matrix synthesis, architecture, and function. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 54:285-302. [PMID: 19067633 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix (PM) is a chitin and glycoprotein layer that lines the invertebrate midgut. Although structurally different, it is functionally similar to the mucous secretions of the vertebrate digestive tract. The PM is a physical barrier, protecting the midgut epithelium from abrasive food particles, digestive enzymes, and pathogens infectious per os. It is also a biochemical barrier, sequestering and, in some cases, inactivating ingested toxins. Finally, the PM compartmentalizes digestive processes, allowing for efficient nutrient acquisition and reuse of hydrolytic enzymes. The PM consists of an organized lattice of chitin fibrils held together by chitin binding proteins. Glycans fill the interstitial spaces, creating a molecular sieve, the properties of which are dependent on the immediate ion content and pH. In this review, we have integrated recent structural and functional information to create a holistic model for the PM. We also show how this information may generate novel technologies for use in insect pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada.
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Subramanyam S, Smith DF, Clemens JC, Webb MA, Sardesai N, Williams CE. Functional characterization of HFR1, a high-mannose N-glycan-specific wheat lectin induced by Hessian fly larvae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:1412-26. [PMID: 18467454 PMCID: PMC2442546 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.116145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We previously cloned and characterized a novel jacalin-like lectin gene from wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants that responds to infestation by Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) larvae, a major dipteran pest of this crop. The infested resistant plants accumulated higher levels of Hfr-1 (for Hessian fly-responsive gene 1) transcripts compared with uninfested or susceptible plants. Here, we characterize the soluble and active recombinant His(6)-HFR1 protein isolated from Escherichia coli. Functional characterization of the protein using hemagglutination assays revealed lectin activity. Glycan microarray-binding assays indicated strong affinity of His(6)-HFR1 to Manalpha1-6(Manalpha1-3)Man trisaccharide structures. Resistant wheat plants accumulated high levels of HFR1 at the larval feeding sites, as revealed by immunodetection, but the avirulent larvae were deterred from feeding and consumed only small amounts of the lectin. Behavioral studies revealed that avirulent Hessian fly larvae on resistant plants exhibited prolonged searching and writhing behaviors as they unsuccessfully attempted to establish feeding sites. During His(6)-HFR1 feeding bioassays, Drosophila melanogaster larvae experienced significant delays in growth and pupation, while percentage mortality increased with progressively higher concentrations of His(6)-HFR1 in the diet. Thus, HFR1 is an antinutrient to dipteran larvae and may play a significant role in deterring Hessian fly larvae from feeding on resistant wheat plants.
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Mittapalli O, Shukle RH. Molecular characterization and responsive expression of a defender against apoptotic cell death homologue from the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 149:517-23. [PMID: 18249019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death is an active process occurring in multicellular organisms to maintain growth and development. The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor, is rapidly emerging as a model insect species to study insect-plant interactions and to decipher some exceptional physiological phenomena. In this study, we report the characterization and expression profiles of a putative Hessian fly defender against apoptotic cell death (DAD1) homologue designated MdesDAD1. The deduced amino acid sequence of MdesDAD1 revealed significant similarity (75% identity, 9e-42) to other insect and non-insect DAD1 sequences. Phylogenetic analysis grouped MdesDAD1 within a sub-clade consisting of other insect DAD1 homologues. Quantitative analysis indicated constitutive levels of MdesDAD1 mRNA in all the tissues examined but an altered expression pattern during development, wherein the highest mRNA levels observed were prior to pupation. Most interestingly, MdesDAD1 transcript was found to be up-regulated during incompatible (larvae reared on resistant wheat) Hessian fly/wheat interactions compared to compatible (larvae reared on susceptible wheat) interactions. These results suggest MdesDAD1 to have a putative role in the inhibition of unwanted apoptosis triggered during development and in incompatible Hessian fly/wheat interactions. The results obtained provide clues to plausible insect and host-plant factors that could be responsible for the induction of MdesDAD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omprakash Mittapalli
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, Germany.
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Gene expression in diapause-destined embryos of the crustacean, Artemia franciscana. Mech Dev 2007; 124:856-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 09/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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