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Xu Y, Song X, Li Y, Niu Y, Zhi L, Zong S, Tao J. Glycerol Metabolism is Important for the Low-Temperature Adaptation of a Global Quarantine Pest Anoplophora glabripennis Larvae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:17868-17879. [PMID: 39083594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Anoplophora glabripennis is a critical global quarantine pest. Recently, its distribution has been extended to colder and higher-latitude regions. The adaptation to low temperatures is vital for the successful colonization of insects in new environments. However, the metabolic pathways of A. glabripennis larvae under cold stress remain undefined. This study analyzed the larval hemolymph under different low-temperature treatments using LC-MS/MS. The results showed that differential metabolites associated with sugar and lipid metabolism are pivotal in the larval chill coma process. Under low-temperature treatments, the glycerol content increased significantly compared with the control group. Cold stress significantly induced the expression of AglaGK2 and AglaGPDHs. After undergoing RNAi treatment for 48 h, larvae exposed to -20 °C for 1 h showed reduced recovery when injected with ds-AglaGK2 and ds-AglaGPDH1 compared to the control group, indicating that glycerol biosynthesis plays a role in the low-temperature adaptation of A. glabripennis larvae. Our results provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the molecular mechanism of A. glabripennis larvae in response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xue Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yurong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lingxu Zhi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shixiang Zong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Vatanparast M, Sajjadian SM, Park Y. Glycerol biosynthesis plays an essential role in mediating cold tolerance the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 109:e21861. [PMID: 34904747 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The red imported fire ant (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta Buren is native to South America and known as a global problematic invasive species. At low temperatures, several investigations have demonstrated an increase in glycerol as a primary rapid cold hardening (RCH) component and an increase in the supercooling point. Two genes, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and glycerol kinase (GK), have been identified as being involved in the glycerol production process. In this study, one GPDH and two GK sequences were extracted from RIFA transcriptome analysis (Si-GPDH, Si-GK1, and Si-GK2). All three genes were expressed in different body parts and different tissues of S. invicta that Si-GK2 showed a higher expression level than the others. According to gene expression levels by qRT-PCR analysis, the highest expression levels of three genes were observed in fat body tissues. After 1 h of exposure to low temperatures (5°C or lower), the mRNA levels of these genes significantly increased, according to expression analyses. RNA interference (RNAi) of Si-GPDH or Si-GK1 and Si-GK2 exhibited a significant downregulation at the mRNA level. The mortality rate of treated RIFA by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) specific to GPDH and GK2 significantly increased at low temperatures. This study indicates that GPDH and GK2 as glycerol biosynthesis genes in RIFA have a high expression level to synthesize a high level of glycerol as an RCH factor and they play crucial roles in survival during the cold period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Vatanparast
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, South Korea
| | - Seyedeh Minoo Sajjadian
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, South Korea
| | - Youngjin Park
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, South Korea
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Kaczmarek A, Wrońska AK, Boguś MI, Kazek M, Gliniewicz A, Mikulak E, Matławska M. The type of blood used to feed Aedes aegypti females affects their cuticular and internal free fatty acid (FFA) profiles. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251100. [PMID: 33930098 PMCID: PMC8087090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti, the primary vector of various arthropod-borne viral (arboviral) diseases such as dengue and Zika, is a popular laboratory model in vector biology. However, its maintenance in laboratory conditions is difficult, mostly because the females require blood meals to complete oogenesis, which is often provided as sheep blood. The outermost layer of the mosquito cuticle is consists of lipids which protects against numerous entomopathogens, prevents desiccation and plays an essential role in signalling processes. The aim of this work was to determine how the replacement of human blood with sheep blood affects the cuticular and internal FFA profiles of mosquitoes reared in laboratory culture. The individual FFAs present in cuticular and internal extracts from mosquito were identified and quantified by GC-MS method. The normality of their distribution was checked using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the Student's t-test was used to compare them. GC-MS analysis revealed similar numbers of internal and cuticular FFAs in the female mosquitoes fed sheep blood by membrane (MFSB) and naturally fed human blood (NFHB), however MFSB group demonstrated 3.1 times greater FFA concentrations in the cuticular fraction and 1.4 times the internal fraction than the NFHB group. In the MFSB group, FFA concentration was 1.6 times higher in the cuticular than the internal fraction, while for NFHB, FFA concentration was 1.3 times lower in the cuticular than the internal fraction. The concentration of C18:3 acid was 223 times higher in the internal fraction than the cuticle in the MHSB group but was absent in the NFHB group. MFSB mosquito demonstrate different FFA profiles to wild mosquitoes, which might influence their fertility and the results of vital processes studied under laboratory conditions. The membrane method of feeding mosquitoes is popular, but our research indicates significant differences in the FFA profiles of MFSB and NFHB. Such changes in FFA profile might influence female fertility, as well as other vital processes studied in laboratory conditions, such as the response to pesticides. Our work indicates that sheep blood has potential shortcomings as a substitute feed for human blood, as its use in laboratory studies may yield different results to those demonstrated by free-living mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kaczmarek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- BIOMIBO, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michalina Kazek
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Mikulak
- National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Matławska
- National Institute of Public Health—National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
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Smolinski MB, Green SR, Storey KB. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is posttranslationally regulated in the larvae of the freeze-tolerant gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis, in response to freezing. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 102:e21618. [PMID: 31512274 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The freeze-tolerant larvae of the goldenrod gall fly (Eurosta solidaginis) undergo substantial alterations to their molecular physiology during the winter including the production of elevated quantities of glycerol and sorbitol, which function as cryoprotectants to survive whole body freezing. Production of these cryoprotectants depends on cytosolic pools of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate H (NADPH), a major source being the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) mediates the rate-limiting and committed step of the PPP and therefore its molecular properties were explored in larvae sampled from control versus frozen states. G6PDH was purified from control (5°C) and frozen (-15°C) E. solidaginis larvae by a single-step chromatography method utilizing 2',5'-ADP agarose and analyzed to determine its enzymatic parameters. Studies revealed a decrease in Km for G6P in the frozen animals (to 50% of control values) suggesting an increased flux through the PPP. Immunoblotting of the purified enzyme showed differences in the relative extent of several posttranslational modifications, notably ubiquitination (95% decrease in frozen larvae), cysteine nitrosylation (61% decrease), threonine (4.1 fold increase), and serine phosphorylation (59% decrease). Together these data suggested that the increased flux through the PPP needed to generate NADPH for cryoprotectants synthesis is regulated, at least in part, through posttranslational alterations of G6PDH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart R Green
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Increased transcript levels and kinetic function of pyruvate kinase during severe dehydration in aestivating African clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 224:245-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Barth MB, Buchwalder K, Kawahara AY, Zhou X, Liu S, Krezdorn N, Rotter B, Horres R, Hundsdoerfer AK. Functional characterization of the Hyles euphorbiae hawkmoth transcriptome reveals strong expression of phorbol ester detoxification and seasonal cold hardiness genes. Front Zool 2018; 15:20. [PMID: 29743927 PMCID: PMC5930835 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-018-0252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The European spurge hawkmoth, Hyles euphorbiae (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae), has been intensively studied as a model organism for insect chemical ecology, cold hardiness and evolution of species delineation. To understand species isolation mechanisms at a molecular level, this study aims at determining genetic factors underlying two adaptive ecological trait candidates, phorbol ester (TPA) detoxification and seasonal cold acclimation. Method A draft transcriptome of H. euphorbiae was generated using Illumina sequencing, providing the first genomic resource for the hawkmoth subfamily Macroglossinae. RNA expression levels in tissues of experimental TPA feeding larvae and cooled pupae was compared to levels in control larvae and pupae using 26 bp RNA sequence tag libraries (DeepSuperSAGE). Differential gene expression was assessed by homology searches of the tags in the transcriptome. Results In total, 389 and 605 differentially expressed transcripts for detoxification and cold hardiness, respectively, could be identified and annotated with proteins. The majority (22 of 28) of differentially expressed detox transcripts of the four 'drug metabolism' enzyme groups (cytochrome P450 (CYP), carboxylesterases (CES), glutathione S-transferases (GST) and lipases) are up-regulated. Triacylglycerol lipase was significantly over proportionally annotated among up-regulated detox transcripts. We record several up-regulated lipases, GSTe2, two CESs, CYP9A21, CYP6BD6 and CYP9A17 as candidate genes for further H. euphorbiae TPA detoxification analyses. Differential gene expression of the cold acclimation treatment is marked by metabolic depression with enriched Gene Ontology terms among down-regulated transcripts almost exclusively comprising metabolism, aerobic respiration and dissimilative functions. Down-regulated transcripts include energy expensive respiratory proteins like NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase and ATP synthase. Gene expression patterns show shifts in carbohydrate metabolism towards cryoprotectant production. The Glycolysis enzymes, G1Pase, A1e, Gpi and an Akr isoform are up-regulated. Glycerol, an osmolyte which lowers the body liquid supercooling point, appears to be the predominant polyol cryoprotectant in H. euphorbiae diapause pupae. Several protein candidates involved in glucose, glycerol, myo-inositol and potentially sorbitol and trehalose synthesis were identified. Conclusions A majority of differently expressed transcripts unique for either detoxification or cold hardiness indicates highly specialized functional adaptation which may have evolved from general cell metabolism and stress response.The transcriptome and extracted candidate biomarkers provide a basis for further gene expression studies of physiological processes and adaptive traits in H. euphorbiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Benjamin Barth
- Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Koenigsbruecker Landstrasse 159, D-01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Buchwalder
- Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Koenigsbruecker Landstrasse 159, D-01109 Dresden, Germany
| | - Akito Y Kawahara
- 2Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- 3Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Bejing, 100193 China
| | - Shanlin Liu
- 3Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Bejing, 100193 China.,4China National Gene Bank, Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Nicolas Krezdorn
- 5GenXPro GmbH, Altenhöferallee 3, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Björn Rotter
- 5GenXPro GmbH, Altenhöferallee 3, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf Horres
- 5GenXPro GmbH, Altenhöferallee 3, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna K Hundsdoerfer
- Museum of Zoology, Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Koenigsbruecker Landstrasse 159, D-01109 Dresden, Germany
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Zhang J, Storey KB. Insect cold hardiness: the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt signalling in freeze avoiding larvae of the goldenrod gall moth, Epiblema scudderiana. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:181-189. [PMID: 27880024 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Larvae of the goldenrod gall moth, Epiblema scudderiana, use the freeze avoidance strategy of cold hardiness to survive the winter. Here we report that protein kinase-dependent signal transduction featuring mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling cascades (extracellular signal regulated kinase, c-jun N-terminal kinase and p38 MAPK pathways) and the Akt (also known as protein kinase B, or PKB) pathway could be integral parts of the development of cold hardiness by E. scudderiana. We used Luminex technology to assess the protein levels and phosphorylation status of key components and downstream targets of those pathways in larvae in response to low temperature acclimation. The data showed that MAPK pathways (both total protein and phosphorylated MAPK targets) were inhibited after 5°C acclimation, but not -15°C exposure, as compared with the 15°C control group. However, total heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) levels increased dramatically by ∼12-fold in the -15°C acclimated insects. Elevated HSP27 may facilitate anti-apoptotic mechanisms in an Akt-dependent fashion. By contrast, both 5 and -15°C acclimation produced signs of Akt pathway activation. In particular, the inhibitor phosphorylated Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3a (p-GSK3) levels remained high in cold-exposed larvae. Additionally, activation of the Akt pathway might also facilitate inhibition of apoptosis independently of GSK3. Overall, the current study indicates that both MAPK and Akt signal transduction may play essential roles in freeze avoidance by E. scudderiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - K B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Cold tolerance and silencing of three cold-tolerance genes of overwintering Chinese white pine larvae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34698. [PMID: 27703270 PMCID: PMC5050449 DOI: 10.1038/srep34698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The values of physiological indices and the enzymes activities involved in the overwintering stage were studied in D. armandi larvae in each month from October 2014 to March 2015. The sorbitol, trehalose and glycerol values initially tended to increase as the ambient temperature decreased, before declining until the end of the winter. The activities of four enzymes (SOD, CAT, LDH and AchE) decreased, whereas POD, PK and MDH showed opposite trends in activity. Other enzyme activities (those of TPS, SDH and GLK) were low during the overwintering period and later increased and stabilized during spring. In this study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genes of SDH, TPS and GLK was utilized to identify DarmSDH, DarmTPS and DarmGLK in D. armandi. They were found to be abundantly expressed during the overwintering stage by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses; by contrast, these three genes showed higher expression levels in December 2014 than in May 2015. The qRT-PCR results demonstrated that the reduction of mRNA expression levels was significant in DarmSDH-, DarmTPS- and DarmGLK-dsRNA-treated D. armandi compared with water-injected and non-injected controls. The mortality responses at low temperature were also increased in the dsRNA-treated D. armandi compared with the controls.
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Purać J, Kojić D, Petri E, Popović ŽD, Grubor-Lajšić G, Blagojević DP. Cold Adaptation Responses in Insects and Other Arthropods: An “Omics” Approach. SHORT VIEWS ON INSECT GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24244-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Dawson NJ, Storey KB. A hydrogen peroxide safety valve: The reversible phosphorylation of catalase from the freeze-tolerant North American wood frog, Rana sylvatica. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:476-85. [PMID: 26691137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The North American wood frog, Rana sylvatica, endures whole body freezing while wintering on land and has developed multiple biochemical adaptations to elude cell/tissue damage and optimize its freeze tolerance. Blood flow is halted in the frozen state, imparting both ischemic and oxidative stress on cells. A potential build-up of H2O2 may occur due to increased superoxide dismutase activity previously discovered. The effect of freezing on catalase (CAT), which catalyzes the breakdown of H2O2 into molecular oxygen and water, was investigated as a result. METHODS The present study investigated the purification and kinetic profile of CAT in relation to the phosphorylation state of CAT from the skeletal muscle of control and frozen R. sylvatica. RESULTS Catalase from skeletal muscle of frozen wood frogs showed a significantly higher Vmax (1.48 fold) and significantly lower Km for H2O2 (0.64 fold) in comparison to CAT from control frogs (5°C acclimated). CAT from frozen frogs also showed higher overall phosphorylation (1.73 fold) and significantly higher levels of phosphoserine (1.60 fold) and phosphotyrosine (1.27 fold) compared to control animals. Phosphorylation via protein kinase A or the AMP-activated protein kinase significantly decreased the Km for H2O2 of CAT, whereas protein phosphatase 2B or 2C action significantly increased the Km. CONCLUSION The physiological consequence of freeze-induced CAT phosphorylation appears to improve CAT function to alleviate H2O2 build-up in freezing frogs. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Augmented CAT activity via reversible phosphorylation may increase the ability of R. sylvatica to overcome oxidative stress associated with ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal J Dawson
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Storey KB. Comparative enzymology-new insights from studies of an "old" enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 199:13-20. [PMID: 26688543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Comparative enzymology explores the molecular mechanisms that alter the properties of enzymes to best fit and adapt them to the biotic demands and abiotic stresses that affect the cellular environment in which these protein catalysts function. For many years, comparative enzymology was primarily concerned with analyzing enzyme functional properties (e.g. substrate affinities, allosteric effectors, responses to temperature or pH, stabilizers, denaturants, etc.) in order to determine how enzyme properties were optimized to function under changing conditions. More recently it became apparent that posttranslational modifications of enzymes play a huge role in metabolic regulation. At first, such modifications appeared to target just crucial regulatory enzymes but recent work is showing that many dehydrogenases are also targets of posttranslational modification leading to substantial changes in enzyme properties. The present article focuses in particular on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) showing that stress-induced changes in enzyme properties can be linked with reversible posttranslational modifications; e.g. changes in the phosphorylation state of LDH occur in response to dehydration stress in frogs and anoxia exposure of turtles and snails. Furthermore, these studies show that LDH is also a target of other posttranslational modifications including acetylation, methylation and ubiquitination that change in response to anoxia or dehydration stress. Selected new methods for exploring posttranslational modifications of dehydrogenases are discussed and new challenges for the future of comparative enzymology are presented that will help to achieve a deeper understanding of biochemical adaptation through enzyme regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Lyons PJ, Crapoulet N, Storey KB, Morin P. Identification and profiling of miRNAs in the freeze-avoiding gall moth Epiblema scudderiana via next-generation sequencing. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 410:155-63. [PMID: 26328872 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of high-throughput next-generation sequencing approaches in recent years has facilitated large-scale discovery and expression analysis of non-coding RNAs, including miRNAs, in traditional and non-traditional animal models. Such an approach has been leveraged to amplify, identify, and quantify miRNAs in several models of cold adaptation. The present study is the first to investigate the status of these small RNAs in an insect species that uses the freeze avoidance strategy of cold hardiness, the gall moth Epiblema scudderiana. To characterize the overall miRNA expression profile and to identify cold-modulated miRNAs in control (5 °C) and cold-exposed (-15 °C) E. scudderiana larvae, a next-generation sequencing-based approach was undertaken. A total of 44 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified between the two conditions; 21 up-regulated miRNAs and 23 down-regulated miRNAs in -15 °C-exposed larvae as compared with controls. Among the most significant changes observed in miRNAs with potential relevance to cold adaptation were elevated miR-1-3p, miR-92b-3p, and miR-133-3p levels as well as reduced miR-13a-3p and miR-13b-3p levels in E. scudderiana larvae exposed to cold temperatures. Expression values obtained from next-generation sequencing were also validated by a quantitative PCR approach for five miRNAs; miR-34-5p, miR-274-5p, miR-275-3p, miR-307a-3p, and miR-316-5p. Overall, this work provides the first description of a miRNA signature for subzero survival by a freeze-avoiding insect using a high-throughput approach and positions a new group of miRNAs at the forefront of the molecular changes underlying cold adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J Lyons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Crapoulet
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Pavillon Hôtel-Dieu 35 Providence Street, Moncton, NB, E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Pier Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada.
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Park Y, Kim K, Kim Y. Rapid cold hardening of Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:1076-1083. [PMID: 25182622 DOI: 10.1603/en13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cold tolerance of the palm thrips, Thrips palmi Karny, was investigated to predict its survival in field during winter. Supercooling points of T. palmi were varied among the developmental stages and ranged from -26.4 to -18.4°C. However, the cold injuries occurred above supercooling points in terms of higher mortality. The exposure to subzero temperatures (-5° to -15°C) resulted in significant mortalities to all developmental stages of T. palmi. A preexposure to a low temperature (4°C) for 7 h significantly increased the cold tolerance of all stages of T. palmi with respect to survival at -10°C and supercooling capacity. The rapid cold hardening (RCH) was dependent on the duration of the preexposure period at 4°C in adult stage. Polyol and sugar analysis using an high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that 4°C preexposure caused accumulation of glycerol, trehalose, mannitol, and mannose in the adults. The increase in trehalose levels was more significant than the others. This study suggests that all stages of T. palmi are able to become cold-hardy by RCH, in which several polyols and sugars may play crucial roles as cryoprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Park
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Korea
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Park Y, Kim Y. A specific glycerol kinase induces rapid cold hardening of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 67:56-63. [PMID: 24973793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Insects in temperate zones survive low temperatures by migrating or tolerating the cold. The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, is a serious insect pest on cabbage and other cruciferous crops worldwide. We showed that P. xylostella became cold-tolerant by expressing rapid cold hardiness (RCH) in response to a brief exposure to moderately low temperature (4°C) for 7h along with glycerol accumulation in hemolymph. Glycerol played a crucial role in the cold-hardening process because exogenously supplying glycerol significantly increased the cold tolerance of P. xylostella larvae without cold acclimation. To determine the genetic factor(s) responsible for RCH and the increase of glycerol, four glycerol kinases (GKs), and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (PxGPDH) were predicted from the whole P. xylostella genome and analyzed for their function associated with glycerol biosynthesis. All predicted genes were expressed, but differed in their expression during different developmental stages and in different tissues. Expression of the predicted genes was individually suppressed by RNA interference (RNAi) using double-stranded RNAs specific to target genes. RNAi of PxGPDH expression significantly suppressed RCH and glycerol accumulation. Only PxGK1 among the four GKs was responsible for RCH and glycerol accumulation. Furthermore, PxGK1 expression was significantly enhanced during RCH. These results indicate that a specific GK, the terminal enzyme to produce glycerol, is specifically inducible during RCH to accumulate the main cryoprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Park
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea.
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Stress response and adaptation: A new molecular toolkit for the 21st century. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 165:417-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Storey KB, Storey JM. Insect cold hardiness: metabolic, gene, and protein adaptation1This review is part of a virtual symposium on recent advances in understanding a variety of complex regulatory processes in insect physiology and endocrinology, including development, metabolism, cold hardiness, food intake and digestion, and diuresis, through the use of omics technologies in the postgenomic era. CAN J ZOOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/z2012-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Winter survival for thousands of species of insects relies on adaptive strategies for cold hardiness. Two basic mechanisms are widely used (freeze avoidance by deep supercooling and freeze tolerance where insects endure ice formation in extracellular fluid spaces), whereas additional strategies (cryoprotective dehydration, vitrification) are also used by some polar species in extreme environments. This review assesses recent research on the biochemical adaptations that support insect cold hardiness. We examine new information about the regulation of cryoprotectant biosynthesis, mechanisms of metabolic rate depression, role of aquaporins in water and glycerol movement, and cell preservation strategies (chaperones, antioxidant defenses and metal binding proteins, mitochondrial suppression) for survival over the winter. We also review the new information coming from the use of genomic and proteomic screening methods that are greatly widening the scope for discovery of genes and proteins that support winter survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B. Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Janet M. Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Dieni CA, Storey KB. Regulation of hexokinase by reversible phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of a freeze-tolerant frog. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 159:236-43. [PMID: 21616160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinase (HK) was isolated from hind leg skeletal muscle of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica, a freeze tolerant species that uses glucose as a cryoprotectant. Analysis of kinetic parameters (K(m) and V(max)) of HK showed significant increases in K(m) glucose (from 144 ± 4.4 to 248 ± 1 2.0 μM) and K(m) ATP (from 248 ± 8.5 to 330 ± 20.9 μM), as well as a decrease in V(max) (from 86.1 ± 0.40 to 52 ± 0.49 mUmg(-1) of protein) in frogs following freezing exposure, indicating lower affinity for HK substrates and lower enzyme activity in this state. Subsequent analyses indicated that differential phosphorylation of HK between the two states was responsible for the altered kinetic properties. HK was analyzed by SDS-PAGE; phosphoprotein staining revealed a 33% decrease in phosphate content of HK from frozen frogs but immunoblotting showed no change in total HK protein content. Muscle extracts from control and frozen frogs were incubated with ions and second messengers to stimulate the actions of protein kinases and protein phosphatases, with results indicating that HK can be phosphorylated by protein kinases A and C, and AMP-activated protein kinase, and can be dephosphorylated by protein phosphatases 1, 2A and 2C. The data indicate that in control frogs, HK is in a higher phosphate form and displays a high substrate affinity and high activity, whereas in frozen frogs HK is less phosphorylated, with lower substrate affinity and lower activity. Studies also showed that HK affinity for ATP decreases further in response to low temperature, but that high cryoprotective glucose concentrations can prevent these changes in affinity. Finally, the activity and structure of HK from frozen frogs is more sensitive to non-compatible osmolytes than the enzyme in control frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Dieni
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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