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Lin L, Li H, Zheng Q, Hu J, Wu W. Research Progress on the Regulation of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Insects by Sterol Hormone 20-Hydroxyecdysone. INSECTS 2023; 14:871. [PMID: 37999070 PMCID: PMC10672190 DOI: 10.3390/insects14110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
20E (20-Hydroxyecdysone) is a central steroid hormone that orchestrates developmental changes and metamorphosis in arthropods. While its molecular mechanisms have been recognized for some time, detailed elucidation has primarily emerged in the past decade. PCD (Programmed cell death), including apoptosis, necrosis, efferocytosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy, plays a crucial role in regulated cell elimination, which is vital for cells' development and tissue homeostasis. This review summarizes recent findings on 20E signaling regulated autophagy and apoptosis in insects, including Drosophila melanogaster, Bombyx mori, Helicoverpa armigera, and other species. Firstly, we comprehensively explore the biosynthesis of the sterol hormone 20E and its subsequent signal transduction in various species. Then, we focus on the involvement of 20E in regulating autophagy and apoptosis, elucidating its roles in both developmental contexts and bacterial infection scenarios. Furthermore, our discussion unfolds as a panoramic exposition, where we delve into the fundamental questions with our findings, anchoring them within the grander scheme of our study in insects. Deepening the understanding of 20E-autophagy/apoptosis axis not only underscores the intricate tapestry of endocrine networks, but also offers fresh perspectives on the adaptive mechanisms that have evolved in the face of environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luobin Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Huaqin Li
- School of Health Sciences, Guangzhou Xinhua University, 19 Huamei Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China;
| | - Qinzhou Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jiaxuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Wenmei Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drug Candidates, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (L.L.); (Q.Z.)
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Wu W, Lin L, Zhao Y, Li H, Zhang R. Protein modification regulated autophagy in Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1281555. [PMID: 38028759 PMCID: PMC10665574 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1281555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications refer to the chemical alterations of proteins following their biosynthesis, leading to changes in protein properties. These modifications, which encompass acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination, and others, are pivotal in a myriad of cellular functions. Macroautophagy, also known as autophagy, is a major degradation of intracellular components to cope with stress conditions and strictly regulated by nutrient depletion, insulin signaling, and energy production in mammals. Intriguingly, in insects, 20-hydroxyecdysone signaling predominantly stimulates the expression of most autophagy-related genes while concurrently inhibiting mTOR activity, thereby initiating autophagy. In this review, we will outline post-translational modification-regulated autophagy in insects, including Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster, in brief. A more profound understanding of the biological significance of post-translational modifications in autophagy machinery not only unveils novel opportunities for autophagy intervention strategies but also illuminates their potential roles in development, cell differentiation, and the process of learning and memory processes in both insects and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmei Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Luobin Lin
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuntao Zhao
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huaqin Li
- Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Lu Q, Xu S, Hao Z, Li Y, Huang Y, Ying S, Jing W, Zou S, Xu Y, Wang H. Dinotefuran exposure induces autophagy and apoptosis through oxidative stress in Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131997. [PMID: 37423129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
As a third-generation neonicotinoid insecticide, dinotefuran is extensively used in agriculture, and its residue in the environment has potential effects on nontarget organisms. However, the toxic effects of dinotefuran exposure on nontarget organism remain largely unknown. This study explored the toxic effects of sublethal dose of dinotefuran on Bombyx mori. Dinotefuran upregulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the midgut and fat body of B. mori. Transcriptional analysis revealed that the expression levels of many autophagy and apoptosis-associated genes were significantly altered after dinotefuran exposure, consistent with ultrastructural changes. Moreover, the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins (ATG8-PE and ATG6) and apoptosis-related proteins (BmDredd and BmICE) were increased, whereas the expression level of an autophagic key protein (sequestosome 1) was decreased in the dinotefuran-exposed group. These results indicate that dinotefuran exposure leads to oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis in B. mori. In addition, its effect on the fat body was apparently greater than that on the midgut. In contrast, pretreatment with an autophagy inhibitor effectively downregulated the expression levels of ATG6 and BmDredd, but induced the expression of sequestosome 1, suggesting that dinotefuran-induced autophagy may promote apoptosis. This study reveals that ROS generation regulates the impact of dinotefuran on the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis, laying the foundation for studying cell death processes such as autophagy and apoptosis induced by pesticides. Furthermore, this study provides a comprehensive insight into the toxicity of dinotefuran on silkworm and contributes to the ecological risk assessment of dinotefuran in nontarget organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shiliang Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhihua Hao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuxin Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuye Ying
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenhui Jing
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shiyu Zou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yusong Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Chen K, Shao Y, Li C. miR-137 modulates coelomocytes autophagy by targeting Atg13 in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104486. [PMID: 35772590 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as important regulators of host immune responses, play an crucial position in the interaction between host and pathogen by inhibiting the target gene's transcriptional and post-transcriptional expression. A well-validated tumor suppressor, Previously, miR-137 was found to be variably expressed in the sick sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus specimens by high-throughput sequencing. To further investigate the mechanism of miR-137 regulation of SUS, we identified Atg13 from sea cucumber by dual luciferase reporter assay and RACE (designated as AjAtg13) and was able to serve as a target gene for miR-137. The full-length cDNA of AjAtg13 is a 2197 bp fragment containing an ORF (open reading frame) of 1149 bp and encodes a total of 382 amino acid polypeptides with a predicted molecular weight of 41.7 kDa. Further expression profiling analysis showed increased mRNA levels of AjAtg13 and reduced expression levels of miR-137 in LPS-stimulated sea cucumber coelomocytes, hinting that miR-137 may negatively regulate AjAtg13. MiR-137 targets AjAtg13 through binding to the 3'UTR region by dual-luciferase reporter gene analysis. MiR-137 overexpression in coelomocytes repressed the expression of autophagy related genes, such as AjAtg13, AjLC3, at the same time, it significantly inhibited autophagy and reduced the ability to clear Vibrio splendidus. Conversely, inhibition of miR-137 significantly upregulated the expression of AjAtg13, promoted autophagy and increased clearance of V. splendidus. Subsequent interference with AjAtg13 also significantly inhibits autophagy. In summary, our results suggested that miR-137 could promote coelomocytes autophagy to restrict bacterial invasion by aiming at AjAtg13 in pathogen-stimulated sea cucumbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Yina Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; State-Province Joint Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; State-Province Joint Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
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Li R, Xiao Y, Li K, Tian L. Transcription and Post-translational Regulation of Autophagy in Insects. Front Physiol 2022; 13:825202. [PMID: 35283796 PMCID: PMC8916536 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.825202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy attracts great attention, and numerous progresses have been obtained in the last two decades. Autophagy is implicated in mammalian neurodegenerative diseases, tumorigenesis, as well as development in insects. The regulatory mechanism of autophagy is well documented in yeast and mammals, whereas it is not fully illustrated in insects. Drosophila melanogaster and Bombyx mori are the two well-studied insects for autophagy, and several insect-mammalian evolutionarily conserved or insect-specific mechanisms in regulating autophagy are reported. In this review, we summarize the most recent studies of autophagy regulated at both transcriptional and post-translational levels by insect hormone in cooperation with other signals, such as nutrient, which will provide a reference and deep thinking for studies on autophagy in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongsong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Sericulture and Southern Medicine Resources Utilization, The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Tian,
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Ye C, Feng Y, Yu F, Jiao Q, Wu J, Ye Z, Zhang P, Sun C, Pang K, Hao P, Yu X. RNAi-mediated silencing of the autophagy-related gene NlATG3 inhibits survival and fecundity of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4658-4668. [PMID: 34092014 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, is a serious insect pest of rice. Autophagy and its related gene ATG3 play multiple roles in insects. However, information about the functions of ATG3 in BPH (NlATG3) is unavailable, and its potential as a target for pest control remains unclear. RESULTS RT-qPCR results showed a relatively low expression of NlATG3 in 1st-4th-instar nymphs, which increased through 9-day-old adults. The expression of NlATG3 increased continuously in 1-day-old through 5-day-old eggs, whereas it decreased thereafter. The mRNA level of NlATG3 was markedly higher in the ovary (1.16) and head (1.00) compared to the rest body parts of BPH adults. Injecting nymphs with dsNlATG3 at doses from 62.5 to 250 ng per insect had strong lethal effect upon them. For the 5th-instar nymphs, all individuals died within 5 days after receiving the dsNlATG3, and importantly, no individual successfully molted. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the new cuticle of nymphs injected with dsNlATG3 became loose and curved, which is clearly different from that of the control. Correspondingly, the obvious vesicles in epidermal cells disappeared after dsNlATG3-treatment. RNAi of NlATG3 significantly reduced the total number of eggs laid per female as well as the eggs' hatchability, especially in the dsNlATG3♀ × dsGFP♂ group, whose total number of eggs laid per female largely decreased by 80.4%, and whose eggs' hatchability was significantly reduced from 95.7% to zero, when compared with the control (dsGFP♀ × dsGFP♂). CONCLUSION NlATG3 is a promising target for developing RNAi-based insect management strategies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yalin Feng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Jiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangen Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihong Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuanxin Sun
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kun Pang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiying Hao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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Jo YH, Lee JH, Patnaik BB, Keshavarz M, Lee YS, Han YS. Autophagy in Tenebrio molitor Immunity: Conserved Antimicrobial Functions in Insect Defenses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667664. [PMID: 34135896 PMCID: PMC8202003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The yellow mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) has been exploited as an experimental model to unravel the intricacies of cellular and humoral immunity against pathogenic infections. Studies on this insect model have provided valuable insights into the phenotypic plasticity of immune defenses against parasites and pathogens. It has thus been possible to characterize the hemocoelic defenses of T. molitor that rely on the recognition of non-self-components of pathogens by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The subsequent signaling cascade activating pathways such as the NF-κB controlled by Toll and IMD pathways lead to the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), onset of hemocyte-driven phagocytosis, and activation of the prophenoloxidase cascade regulating the process of melanization. Nevertheless, the activation of autophagy-mediated defenses of T. molitor against the facultative intracellular gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes provides clear evidence of the existence of a cross-talk between autophagy and the IMD pathway. Moreover, the identification of several autophagy-related genes (Atgs) in T. molitor transcriptome and expressed sequence tag (EST) databases has contributed to the understanding of the autophagy-signaling cascade triggered by L. monocytogenes challenge. Providing further evidence of the cross-talk hypothesis, TmRelish has been shown to be required not only for regulating the synthesis of AMPs through the PGRP-LE/IMD pathway activation but also for the expression of Atgs in T. molitor larvae following L. monocytogenes challenge. Notably, L. monocytogenes can stimulate the T. molitor innate immune system by producing molecules recognized by the multifunctional PRR (TmPGRP-LE), which stimulates intracellular activation of the IMD pathway and autophagy. Considering the conservation of autophagy components involved in combating intracellular pathogens, it will be interesting to extrapolate a dynamic cross-talk model of immune activation. This review summarizes the most significant findings on the regulation of autophagy in T. molitor during L. monocytogenes infection and on the role of the innate immunity machinery, including the NF-κB pathway, in the control of pathogenic load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- P. G. Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, India
| | - Maryam Keshavarz
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology-Zoology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan City, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Qiao H, Wang J, Wang Y, Yang J, Wei B, Li M, Wang B, Li X, Cao Y, Tian L, Li D, Yao L, Kan Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals potential function of long non-coding RNAs in 20-hydroxyecdysone regulated autophagy in Bombyx mori. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:374. [PMID: 34022797 PMCID: PMC8140452 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) plays important roles in insect molting and metamorphosis. 20E-induced autophagy has been detected during the larval–pupal transition in different insects. In Bombyx mori, autophagy is induced by 20E in the larval fat body. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) function in various biological processes in many organisms, including insects. Many lncRNAs have been reported to be potential for autophagy occurrence in mammals, but it has not been investigated in insects. Results RNA libraries from the fat body of B. mori dissected at 2 and 6 h post-injection with 20E were constructed and sequenced, and comprehensive analysis of lncRNAs and mRNAs was performed. A total of 1035 lncRNAs were identified, including 905 lincRNAs and 130 antisense lncRNAs. Compared with mRNAs, lncRNAs had longer transcript length and fewer exons. 132 lncRNAs were found differentially expressed at 2 h post injection, compared with 64 lncRNAs at 6 h post injection. Thirty differentially expressed lncRNAs were common at 2 and 6 h post-injection, and were hypothesized to be associated with the 20E response. Target gene analysis predicted 6493 lncRNA-mRNA cis pairs and 42,797 lncRNA-mRNA trans pairs. The expression profiles of LNC_000560 were highly consistent with its potential target genes, Atg4B, and RNAi of LNC_000560 significantly decreased the expression of LNC_000560 and Atg4B. These results indicated that LNC_000560 was potentially involved in the 20E-induced autophagy of the fat body by regulating Atg4B. Conclusions This study provides the genome-wide identification and functional characterization of lncRNAs associated with 20E-induced autophagy in the fat body of B. mori. LNC_000560 and its potential target gene were identified to be related to 20-regulated autophagy in B. mori. These results will be helpful for further studying the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs in autophagy and other biological processes in this insect model. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07692-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Qiao
- China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of insect biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, 473061, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Jingya Wang
- China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of insect biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, 473061, Nanyang, Henan, China.,School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuanzhuo Wang
- China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of insect biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, 473061, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Juanjuan Yang
- China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of insect biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, 473061, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Bofan Wei
- China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of insect biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, 473061, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of insect biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, 473061, Nanyang, Henan, China.,School of Life Science, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bo Wang
- China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of insect biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, 473061, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaozhe Li
- China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of insect biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, 473061, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Yang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology / Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, 400716, Chongqing, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dandan Li
- China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of insect biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, 473061, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of insect biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, 473061, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Yunchao Kan
- China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of insect biology, Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, 473061, Nanyang, Henan, China.
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Tip60 Phosphorylation at Ser 99 Is Essential for Autophagy Induction in Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186893. [PMID: 32962211 PMCID: PMC7555017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tip60, a key histone acetyltransferase of the MYST family and member of the nuclear multimeric protein complex (NuA4), regulates the activity and stability of proteins involved in the cell cycle, DNA damage responses, autophagy, etc. However, the function and regulatory mechanism of Tip60 homolog in Bombyx mori are not elucidated. In the present study, Bombyx Tip60 (BmTip60) was functionally identified. Developmental profiles showed that the protein levels and nuclear localization of BmTip60 peaked in fat body during the larval–pupal metamorphosis when autophagy was intensive; simultaneously, the BmTip60 protein migrated to form an upper band as detected by Western blot. Interestingly, the upper band of BmTip60 was reduced by λ-phosphatase treatment, indicating that it was a phosphorylated form of BmTip60. Results showed that BmTip60 was promoted by starvation but not 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment. Transcription factor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) affected by starvation was pivotal for BmTip60 protein migration. In addition, one mammalian phosphorylation site was identified in BmTip60 at Ser99, the constitutive-activation mutation of Ser99 to Asp99 but not its inactive mutation to Ala99 significantly upregulated autophagy, showing the critical role of phosphorylation at Ser99 for BmTip60-mediated autophagy. In conclusion, the starvation-AMPK axis promotes BmTip60 in B. mori, which was requisite for autophagy induction. These results reveal a regulatory mechanism of histone acetyltransferase Tip60 homologs by phosphorylation in insects, and sheds light on further related studies of acetylation regulation.
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