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Liu M, Ge R, Song L, Chen Y, Yan S, Bu C. The chitinase genes TuCht4 and TuCht10 are indispensable for molting and survival of Tetranychus urticae. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 171:104150. [PMID: 38871132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Insect chitinases (Chts) play a crucial role in the molting process, enabling continuous growth through sequential developmental stages. Based on their high homology to insect Chts, TuCht1 (group II), TuCht4 (group I) and TuCht10 (group IV) were identified, and their roles during molting process were investigated. TuCht1 was mainly expressed in the deutonymphal stage, while TuCht4 was mainly expressed in the nymphal stage and the highest expression level of TuCht10 was observed in the larvae. Feeding RNAi assays have shown that group I TuCht4 and group Ⅳ TuCht10 are involved in mite molting. Suppression of TuCht4 or TuCht10 resulted in high mortality, molting abnormalities and the absence of distinct electron dense layers of chitinous horizontal laminae in the cuticle, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The nanocarrier mediated RNAi had significantly higher RNAi efficiency and caused higher mortality. The results of the present study suggest that chitinase genes TuCht4 and TuCht10 are potential targets for dietary RNAi, and demonstrates a nanocarrier-mediated delivery system to enhance the bioactivity of dsRNA, providing a potential technology for green pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Rongchumu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lihong Song
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Chunya Bu
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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2
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Kozisek F, Cenovic J, Armendariz S, Muthukrishnan S, Park Y, Thomas VC, Chaudhari SS. An optimized artificial blood feeding assay to study tick cuticle biology. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 168:104113. [PMID: 38527710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Ticks, ectoparasitic arachnids, are prominent disease vectors impacting both humans and animals. Their unique blood-feeding phase involves significant abdominal cuticle expansion, sharing certain similarities with insects. However, vital aspects, including the mechanisms of cuticle expansion, changes in cuticular protein composition, chitin synthesis, and cuticle function, remain poorly understood. Given that the cuticle expansion is crucial for complete engorgement of the ticks, addressing these knowledge gaps is essential. Traditional tick research involving live animal hosts has inherent limitations, such as ethical concerns and host response variability. Artificial membrane feeding systems provide an alternative approach, offering controlled experimental conditions and reduced ethical dilemmas. These systems enable precise monitoring of tick attachment, feeding parameters, and pathogen acquisition. Despite the existence of various methodologies for artificial tick-feeding systems, there is a pressing need to enhance their reproducibility and effectiveness. In this context, we introduce an improved tick-feeding system that incorporates adjustments related to factors like humidity, temperature, and blood-feeding duration. These refinements markedly boost tick engorgement rates, presenting a valuable tool for in-depth investigations into tick cuticle biology and facilitating studies on molting. This refined system allows for collecting feeding ticks at specific stages, supporting research on tick cuticle biology, and evaluating chemical agents' efficacy in the engorgement process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Kozisek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, United States
| | - Jonathon Cenovic
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, United States
| | - Savannah Armendariz
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, United States
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, United States
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, United States
| | - Vinai C Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, United States
| | - Sujata S Chaudhari
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, United States.
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3
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Galvez-Llompart M, Zanni R, Vela-Corcía D, Polonio Á, Perez-Gimenez F, Martínez-Cruz J, Romero D, Fernández-Ortuño D, Pérez-García A, Galvez J. Rational Design of a Potential New Nematicide Targeting Chitin Deacetylase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2482-2491. [PMID: 38264997 PMCID: PMC10853968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In a previously published study, the authors devised a molecular topology QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) approach to detect novel fungicides acting as inhibitors of chitin deacetylase (CDA). Several of the chosen compounds exhibited noteworthy activity. Due to the close relationship between chitin-related proteins present in fungi and other chitin-containing plant-parasitic species, the authors decided to test these molecules against nematodes, based on their negative impact on agriculture. From an overall of 20 fungal CDA inhibitors, six showed to be active against Caenorhabditis elegans. These experimental results made it possible to develop two new molecular topology-based QSAR algorithms for the rational design of potential nematicides with CDA inhibitor activity for crop protection. Linear discriminant analysis was employed to create the two algorithms, one for identifying the chemo-mathematical pattern of commercial nematicides and the other for identifying nematicides with activity on CDA. After creating and validating the QSAR models, the authors screened several natural and synthetic compound databases, searching for alternatives to current nematicides. Finally one compound, the N2-(dimethylsulfamoyl)-N-{2-[(2-methyl-2-propanyl)sulfanyl]ethyl}-N2-phenylglycinamide or nematode chitin deacetylase inhibitor, was selected as the best candidate and was further investigated both in silico, through molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations, and in vitro, through specific experimental assays. The molecule shows favorable binding behavior on the catalytic pocket of C. elegans CDA and the experimental assays confirm potential nematicide activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Galvez-Llompart
- Department
of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology
and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit. Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Riccardo Zanni
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit. Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - David Vela-Corcía
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Instituto de Hortofruticultura
Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, IHSM-UMA-CSIC, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Álvaro Polonio
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Instituto de Hortofruticultura
Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, IHSM-UMA-CSIC, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Facundo Perez-Gimenez
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit. Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Jesús Martínez-Cruz
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Instituto de Hortofruticultura
Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, IHSM-UMA-CSIC, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Diego Romero
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Instituto de Hortofruticultura
Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, IHSM-UMA-CSIC, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Dolores Fernández-Ortuño
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Instituto de Hortofruticultura
Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, IHSM-UMA-CSIC, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-García
- Department
of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Instituto de Hortofruticultura
Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, IHSM-UMA-CSIC, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Jorge Galvez
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit. Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
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Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6: A nematocidal activity of endochitinase gene exploration and its function identification. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1641-1652. [PMID: 36273547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Endochitinase is a natural extracellular protein in Trichoderma longibrachiatum T6, which can degrade the eggshell of Heterodera avenae significantly, however the related genes that coding this protein was rarely characterized. In the present study, the endochitinase 18-5 gene (T6-Echi18-5) of T. longibrachiatum T6 was cloned and sequenced. The expression level of T6-Echi18-5 gene in T. longibrachiatum T6 was induced and increased after the H. avenae cysts inoculation. The full-length cDNA sequence of T6-Echi18-5 was 1671 bp that contained an ORF of 1275 bp, corresponding to 424 amino acids with a 45.9 kDa molecular weight. A single band of 60.04 kDa was detected and identified using SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis after transferring the T6-Echi18-5 gene to Escherichia coli BL21 Rosetta (DE3). The concentration of purified recombinant T6-Echi18-5 protein was 1.53 mg·ml-1, and the optimal temperature and pH were 50 °C and 5.0, respectively. The eggshell and content were dissolved and exuded from 4 to10 days after treatment with the purified recombinant T6-Echi18-5 protein. The relative inhibition rate of eggs hatching was 86.79 % at 12 days after treatment. Our study demonstrated the key role of T6-Echi18-5 gene in degrading the H. avenae eggshell and inhibiting the eggs hatching.
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Lisha VS, Kothale RS, Sidharth S, Kandasubramanian B. A critical review on employing algae as a feed for polycarbohydrate synthesis. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Gama MDVF, Moraes CS, Gomes B, Diaz-Albiter HM, Mesquita RD, Seabra-Junior E, Azambuja P, Garcia EDS, Genta FA. Structure and expression of Rhodnius prolixus GH18 chitinases and chitinase-like proteins: Characterization of the physiological role of RpCht7, a gene from subgroup VIII, in vector fitness and reproduction. Front Physiol 2022; 13:861620. [PMID: 36262251 PMCID: PMC9574080 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.861620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinases are enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages within chitin chains. In insects, chitinases are typically members of the multigenic glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18). They participate in the relocation of chitin during development and molt, and in digestion in detritivores and predatory insects, and they control the peritrophic membrane thickness. Chitin metabolism is a promising target for developing vector control strategies, and knowledge of the roles of chitinases may reveal new targets and illuminate unique aspects of their physiology and interaction with microorganisms. Rhodnius prolixus is an important vector of Chagas disease, which is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. In this study, we performed annotation and structural characterization of nine chitinase and chitinase-like protein genes in the R. prolixus genome. The roles of their corresponding transcripts were studied in more depth; their physiological roles were studied through RNAi silencing. Phylogenetic analysis of coding sequences showed that these genes belong to different subfamilies of GH18 chitinases already described in other insects. The expression patterns of these genes in different tissues and developmental stages were initially characterized using RT-PCR. RNAi screening showed silencing of the gene family members with very different efficiencies. Based on the knockdown results and the general lack of information about subgroup VIII of GH18, the RpCht7 gene was chosen for phenotype analysis. RpCht7 knockdown doubled the mortality in starving fifth-instar nymphs compared to dsGFP-injected controls. However, it did not alter blood intake, diuresis, digestion, molting rate, molting defects, sexual ratio, percentage of hatching, or average hatching time. Nevertheless, female oviposition was reduced by 53% in RpCht7-silenced insects, and differences in oviposition occurred within 14–20 days after a saturating blood meal. These results suggest that RpCht7 may be involved in the reproductive physiology and vector fitness of R. prolixus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Gomes
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hector Manuel Diaz-Albiter
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, ECOSUR, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Rafael Dias Mesquita
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eloy Seabra-Junior
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Azambuja
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, UFF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eloi de Souza Garcia
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ariel Genta
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Fernando Ariel Genta, ,
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7
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Jiang Z, Shi D, Li H, He D, Zhu K, Li J, Zi Y, Xu Z, Huang J, Duan H, Yang Q. Rational Design and Identification of Novel Piperine Derivatives as Multichitinase Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10326-10336. [PMID: 35960858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis) is one of the most destructive pests in agriculture. Three chitinases OfChtI, OfChtII, and OfChi-h are regarded as potential targets for discovering novel agrochemicals to control O. furnacalis. In this study, piperine (Ki = 43.78∼83.03 μM) was first shown to exhibit inhibitory activities against all three chitinases. Subsequently, 19 novel piperine derivatives were rationally designed based on the conserved aromatic residues of three chitinases and then synthesized. Among them, Compound 5k (Ki = 11.78∼22.82 μM) was identified as the most effective multichitinase inhibitor and indeed displayed higher insecticidal activity against O. furnacalis than dual- or single-chitinase inhibitors. Molecular mechanism studies clarified that Compound 5k interacted with two conserved TRP and TYR of three chitinases in identical modes through hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic, and π-π interactions. Moreover, the microinjection experiment indicated that Compound 5k exhibited substantial sublethal effects against O. furnacalis by regulating its growth and development. This study provides evidence of multichitinase inhibitors to be applied in the control of O. furnacalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Jiang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huilin Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Danchan He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection and Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunjiang Zi
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiaxing Huang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongxia Duan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection and Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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8
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Kottaipalayam-Somasundaram SR, Jacob JP, Aiyar B, Merzendorfer H, Nambiar-Veetil M. Chitin metabolism as a potential target for RNAi-based control of the forestry pest Hyblaea puera Cramer (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:296-303. [PMID: 34487617 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyblaea puera, commonly known as the teak defoliator, is a serious pest in teak plantations. Despite the availability of control measures, this pest causes losses in yield and quality of timber through voracious feeding. RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising strategy for the control of this pest. Chitin metabolism, which is vital for the growth and development of arthropods, is a potential target for developing RNAi-based insecticides. RESULTS To assess the effects of chitin metabolism inhibition, H. puera larvae were treated with a chitin synthesis inhibitor, diflubenzuron (DFB). DFB treatment caused pupal deformities and disrupted eclosion. Partial gene sequences for three key genes of H. puera chitin metabolism were cloned and sequenced: chitin synthase 1 (HpCHS1), chitinase-h (HpChi-h) and ecdysone receptor (HpEcR). Feeding dsRNA cognate for these three target genes to the first instar of H. puera resulted in mortality and reduction in the corresponding transcript levels as assessed through qRT-PCR. This is the first report of RNAi in this forestry pest. The highest mortality was 45.9%, in response to dsHpEcR treatment; HpChi-h transcripts were the most down-regulated in response to dsHpEcR feeding. DsHpEcR RNAi resulted in growth inhibition and molting arrest. The mortalities were 29.7% and 32.4% for dsHpCHS1 and dsHpChi-h feeding, respectively. CONCLUSION Chitin metabolism could be a potential target for RNAi-based control of H. puera, and HpCHS1, HpChi-h and HpEcR could be suitable target genes. However, the RNAi efficacy needs to be improved through formulations that improve stability and uptake, and employing better delivery strategies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmiya R Kottaipalayam-Somasundaram
- Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics Division, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India
- Department Biology/Chemistry, Animal Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - John P Jacob
- Forest Protection Division, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India
| | - Balasubramanian Aiyar
- Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics Division, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India
| | - Hans Merzendorfer
- Department Biology/Chemistry, Animal Physiology, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mathish Nambiar-Veetil
- Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics Division, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, India
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Nurfikari A, de Boer W. Chitin Determination in Residual Streams Derived From Insect Production by LC-ECD and LC-MS/MS Methods. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.795694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin, a biopolymer present in fungi and arthropods, is a compound of interest for various applications, such as in the agricultural and medical fields. With the recently growing interest in the development of insect farming, the availability of chitin-containing residual streams, particularly the molting skins (exuviae), is expected to increase in the near future. For application purposes, accurate quantification of chitin in these insect sources is essential. Previous studies on chitin extraction and quantification often overlooked the purity of the extracted chitin, making the outcomes inconsistent and prone to overestimation. The present study aims to determine chitin content in the exuviae of three insect species mass-reared worldwide: black soldier fly (BSF), mealworm, and house cricket. Chitin was chemically extracted using acid and alkali treatments to remove minerals and proteins. The purity of extracted chitin was evaluated by hydrolyzing the chitin into glucosamine, followed by quantitative determination of the latter using two liquid chromatography methods: electrochemical detection (ECD) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Both methods proved accurate and precise, without the need for labor-intensive derivatization steps. Pearson's correlation and Bland-Altman plots showed that the glucosamine determination results obtained by the two methods were comparable, and there is no consistent bias of one approach vs. the other. The chitin content in extracted residues ranged between 7.9 and 18.5%, with the highest amount found in BSF puparium. In summary, the study demonstrated that (1) the residual streams of the insect farming industry have a great potential for utilization as an alternative chitin source, and (2) both LC-ECD and LC-MS/MS are reliable for the quantitative determination of glucosamine in insect chitin.
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Song L, Chen Y, An X, Ding C, Bu C. Chitin deacetylase 2 is essential for molting and survival of Tetranychus urticae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 179:104962. [PMID: 34802539 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chitin metabolism has long been considered promising targets for development of biorational pesticides. Considering the increasing challenges of controlling the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, the roles of chitin deacetylases (CDAs) during molting process and mite development are explored. TuCDA1 and TuCDA2 differ in expression patterns during the development process. Feeding of double-strand RNA (dsRNA) against TuCDA1 or TuCDA2 has lethal effects on the mites. Especially TuCDA2 displays a much stronger phenotype than TuCDA1 (p = 0.0003). The treated mites fail to shed the old cuticle and are trapped within exuviate until they die. The aberrant cuticle structure observed by scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) may be responsible for the lethal phenotype of TuCDA1 and TuCDA2 knocked down mites. However, treatment with both dsRNA-CDA1 and dsRNA-CDA2 cannot significantly enhance the lethal effects of dsRNA-CDA2, which indicates partially redundant function of TuCDA1 and TuCDA2. TuCDA2 may play a key role during the molting and development process. Chitin-modifying enzyme such as TuCDA2 is potential target of RNA interference through feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Song
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiangshun An
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chunya Bu
- Key Laboratory of Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
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11
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Han Q, Wu N, Li HL, Zhang JY, Li X, Deng MF, Zhu K, Wang JE, Duan HX, Yang Q. A Piperine-Based Scaffold as a Novel Starting Point to Develop Inhibitors against the Potent Molecular Target OfChtI. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7534-7544. [PMID: 34185539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c08119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The insect chitinase OfChtI from the agricultural pest Ostrinia furnacalis (Asian corn borer) is a promising target for green insecticide design. OfChtI is a critical chitinolytic enzyme for the cuticular chitin degradation at the stage of molting. In this study, piperine, a natural amide compound isolated from black pepper, Piper nigrum L., was discovered for the first time to have inhibitory activity toward OfChtI. The compound-enzyme interaction was presumed to take place between the piperine benzo[d][1,3] dioxole skeleton and subsite -1 of the substrate-binding pocket of OfChtI. Hence, on the basis of the deduced inhibitory mechanism and crystal structure of the substrate-binding cavity of OfChtI, compounds 5a-f were designed and synthesized by introducing a butenolide scaffold into the lead compound piperine. The enzymatic activity assay indicated that compounds 5a-f (Ki = 1.03-2.04 μM) exhibited approximately 40-80-fold higher inhibitory activity than the lead compound piperine (I) (Ki = 81.45 μM) toward OfChtI. The inhibitory mechanism of the piperonyl butenolide compounds was elucidated by molecular dynamics, which demonstrated that the introduced butenolide skeleton improved the binding affinity to OfChtI. Moreover, the in vivo activity assay indicated that these compounds also displayed moderate insecticidal activity toward O. furnacalis. This work introduces the natural product piperine as a starting point for the development of novel insecticides targeting OfChtI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Lin Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yu Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Fei Deng
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-E Wang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xia Duan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection and Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, People's Republic of China
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12
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Yuan P, Jiang X, Wang S, Shao X, Yang Q, Qian X. X-ray Structure and Molecular Docking Guided Discovery of Novel Chitinase Inhibitors with a Scaffold of Dipyridopyrimidine-3-carboxamide. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13584-13593. [PMID: 33151676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases are the glycosyl hydrolase for catalyzing the degradation of chitin and play an indispensable role in bacterial pathogenesis, fungal cell wall remodeling, and insect molting. Thus, chitinases are attractive targets for therapeutic drugs and pesticides. Here, we present a strategy of developing a novel chemotype of chitinase inhibitors by the construction of planar heterocycles that can stack with conserved aromatic residues. The rational design, guided by crystallographic analysis and docking results, leads to a series of dipyridopyrimidine-3-carboxamide derivatives as chitinase inhibitors. Among them, compound 6t showed the most potent activity against bacterial chitinase SmChiB and insect chitinase OfChi-h, with a Ki value of 0.14 and 0.0056 μM, respectively. The strong stacking interaction of compound 6p with Trp99 and Trp220 found in the SmChiB-6p co-crystal structure verifies the feasibility of our design. Our results provide novel insights into developing potent chitinase inhibitors for pathogen and pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 7 Pengfei Road, Shenzhen 518120, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 7 Pengfei Road, Shenzhen 518120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xusheng Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (Shenzhen Branch), Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 7 Pengfei Road, Shenzhen 518120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhong Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
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13
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Chen J, Lu Z, Li M, Mao T, Wang H, Li F, Sun H, Dai M, Ye W, Li B. The mechanism of sublethal chlorantraniliprole exposure causing silkworm pupation metamorphosis defects. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2838-2845. [PMID: 32237032 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is widely used in agriculture and forestry to prevent and control pests. The effects of environmental CAP residue on non-target insect metamorphosis have not been reported. Our research aimed to investigate the sublethal effect of CAP on larva-pupa transformation in silkworm, and explore the mechanism of sublethal CAP exposure-mediated pupation metamorphosis defects. RESULT Sublethal CAP exposure affected the growth and development of silkworm larvae and caused defects in pupation metamorphosis. After CAP exposure, formation the of prepupa procuticle, ecdysial membrane and new epidermis was inhibited. Also, the level of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and mRNA levels of the 20E signaling pathway-related genes EcR, USP, E74, E75 and Ftz-f1 were significantly reduced. Moreover, genes involved in chitin synthesis, such as ChsA, CDA1 and CDA2, were downregulated. Injection of 20E led to the upregulation of chitin synthesis-related genes and increased formation of new epidermis in CAP-treated silkworm. However, injection of 20E failed to prevent downregulation of Ftz-f1 and the defects in pupation metamorphosis. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that 20E is a target hormone of CAP exposure-mediated epidermis formation phenotype. Ftz-f1 was silenced by CAP and might be a direct target gene of sublethal CAP exposure. Our study provided new evidence of the effects of sublethal CAP exposure on insect development and metamorphosis. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengting Lu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxue Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Mao
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanchi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haina Sun
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Minli Dai
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Ye
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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14
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Galvez-Llompart M, Zanni R, Galvez J, Garcia-Domenech R. Molecular Topology QSAR Strategy for Crop Protection: New Natural Fungicides with Chitin Inhibitory Activity. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:16358-16365. [PMID: 32685798 PMCID: PMC7364431 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, crop protection is a major concern and how to proceed is a delicate point of contention. New products must be safe and ecofriendly in accordance with the actual legislation. In this context, we present a quantitative structure-activity relationship strategy based on molecular topology as a tool for generating natural products as potential fungicides following a mechanism of action based on the synthesis of chitin inhibition (chitinase inhibition). Two discriminant equations using statistical linear discriminant analysis were used to identify three potential candidates (1-methylxanthine, hematommic acid, and antheraxanthin). The equations showed accuracy and specificity levels above 80%, minimizing the risk of selecting false active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Galvez-Llompart
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Quimica, UPV-CSIC, Universidad
Politecnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia E-46022, Spain
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Riccardo Zanni
- Departamento
de Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31, Malaga 29071, Spain
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Jorge Galvez
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Ramon Garcia-Domenech
- Molecular
Topology and Drug Design Unit, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
- . Phone: +34-963544291
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15
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Yang WJ, Xu KK, Yan Y, Li C, Jin DC. Role of Chitin Deacetylase 1 in the Molting and Metamorphosis of the Cigarette Beetle Lasioderma serricorne. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072449. [PMID: 32244803 PMCID: PMC7177437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are chitin-modifying enzymes known to play vital roles in insect metamorphosis and development. In this study, we identified and characterized a chitin deacetylase1 gene (LsCDA1) from the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne. LsCDA1 contains a 1614 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 537 amino acids that includes domain structures typical of CDAs. LsCDA1 was mainly expressed in the late larval and late pupal stages. In larval tissues, the highest level of LsCDA1 was detected in the integument. The expression of LsCDA1 was induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in vivo, and it was significantly suppressed by knocking down the expression of ecdysteroidogenesis genes and 20E signaling genes. RNA interference (RNAi)-aided silencing of LsCDA1 in fifth-instar larvae prevented the larval–pupal molt and caused 75% larval mortality. In the late pupal stage, depletion of LsCDA1 resulted in the inhibition of pupal growth and wing abnormalities, and the expression levels of four wing development-related genes (LsDY, LsWG, LsVG, and LsAP) were dramatically decreased. Meanwhile, the chitin contents of LsCDA1 RNAi beetles were significantly reduced, and expressions of three chitin synthesis pathway genes (LsTRE1, LsUAP1, and LsCHS1) were greatly decreased. The results suggest that LsCDA1 is indispensable for larval–pupal and pupal–adult molts, and that it is a potential target for the RNAi-based control of L. serricorne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jia Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Kang-Kang Xu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (D.-C.J.)
| | - Dao-Chao Jin
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (D.-C.J.)
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16
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Wyder S, Rivera A, Valdés AE, Cañal MJ, Gagliardini V, Fernández H, Grossniklaus U. Differential gene expression profiling of one- and two-dimensional apogamous gametophytes of the fern Dryopteris affinis ssp. affinis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 148:302-311. [PMID: 32000107 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Apomixis was originally defined as the replacement of sexual reproduction by an asexual process that does not involve fertilization but, in angiosperms, it is often used in the more restricted sense of asexual reproduction through seeds. In ferns, apomixis combines the production of unreduced spores (diplospory) and the formation of sporophytes from somatic cells of the prothallium (apogamy). The genes that control the onset of apogamy in ferns are largely unknown. In this study, we describe the gametophyte transcriptome of the apogamous fern Dryopteris affinis ssp. affinis using an RNA-Seq approach to compare the gene expression profiles of one- and two-dimensional gametophytes, the latter containing apogamic centers. After collapsing highly similar de novo transcripts, we obtained 166,191 unigenes, of which 30% could be annotated using public databases. Multiple quality metrics indicate a good quality of the de novo transcriptome with a low level of fragmentation. Our data show a total of 10,679 genes (6% of all genes) to be differentially expressed between gametophytes of filamentous (one-dimensional) and prothallial (two-dimensional) architecture. 6,110 genes were up-regulated in two-dimensional relative to one-dimensional gametophytes, some of which are implicated in the regulation of meristem growth, auxin signaling, reproduction, and sucrose metabolism. 4,570 genes were down-regulated in two-dimensional versus one-dimensional gametophytes, which are enriched in stimulus and defense genes, as well as genes involved in epigenetic gene regulation and ubiquitin degradation. Our results provide insights into free-living gametophyte development, focusing on the filamentous-to-prothallus growth transition, and provide a useful resource for further investigations of asexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wyder
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Rivera
- Area of Plant Physiology, Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, c) Catedrático R Uría s/n, 33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana E Valdés
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - María Jesús Cañal
- Area of Plant Physiology, Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, c) Catedrático R Uría s/n, 33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Valeria Gagliardini
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helena Fernández
- Area of Plant Physiology, Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, c) Catedrático R Uría s/n, 33071, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Charlier N, Desoil M, Gossuin Y, Gillis P, Gallez B. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging of Melanin in Honey Bee. Cell Biochem Biophys 2020; 78:123-126. [PMID: 32086746 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00903-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Honey bees play a crucial role in the nature by pollinating wild flowers. Over the past years, there has been an increasing concern regarding the honey bee colony decline. Pesticides or environmental effects targeting the biochemistry of insect chitin and cuticle coating may be in part responsible for honey bee pathologies. We here propose the use of electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) as a tool to image the melanin-chitin complexes as part of the exoskeleton of the honey bee. EPRI at 9.65 GHz was applied on intact freeze-dried bees. The imaging data were collected on the melanin peak. High-resolution images revealed that this compound is extensively distributed in the periphery of the animal, data consistent with the localization in the cuticle of the bee. While EPR of melanin has been so far explored in the context of melanoma characterization, it may offer new opportunities in research on honey bees and other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Charlier
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Desoil
- Biomedical Physics, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Y Gossuin
- Biomedical Physics, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - P Gillis
- Biomedical Physics, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - B Gallez
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium.
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18
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Henriques BS, Garcia ES, Azambuja P, Genta FA. Determination of Chitin Content in Insects: An Alternate Method Based on Calcofluor Staining. Front Physiol 2020; 11:117. [PMID: 32132935 PMCID: PMC7040371 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is an aminopolysaccharide present in yeast cells and arthropod cuticle and is one of the most abundant biopolymers. The conventional methods for the quantitation of chitin content in biological samples are based on its hydrolysis (acid or enzymatic), and the assessment of the byproduct, glucosamine. However, previously described methodologies are time-consuming, laborious, low throughput, and not applicable to insect samples in many cases. Here we describe a new approach to chitin content quantitation based on calcofluor fluorescent brightener staining of samples, followed by microplate fluorescence readings. Calcofluor is a specific chitin stain commonly used for topological localization of the polymer. The protocol was tested in three important disease vector species, namely Lutzomyia longipalpis, Aedes aegypti, and Rhodnius prolixus, and then compared to a classic colorimetric chitin assessment method. Results show that chitin content in the tested insects can vary largely in a range of 8–4600 micrograms of chitin per insect, depending on species, sex, and instar. Comparisons between measurements from the previous protocol and calcofluor method showed statistically significant differences in some samples. However, the difference might be due to interference in the classic method from non-chitin sources of glucosamine and reducing agents. Furthermore, chitinase hydrolysis reduces the total chitin mass estimated between 36 and 74%, consolidating the fluorescent measurements as actual stained chitin in the same extent that was observed with the standard protocol. Therefore, the calcofluor staining method revealed to be a fast and reliable technique for chitin quantitation in homogenized insect samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Santos Henriques
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC-FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eloi Souza Garcia
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC-FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Molecular Entomology (INCT-EM), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Azambuja
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC-FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ariel Genta
- Laboratory of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC-FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Molecular Entomology (INCT-EM), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Yang WJ, Xu KK, Yan X, Li C. Knockdown of β- N-acetylglucosaminidase 2 Impairs Molting and Wing Development in Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius). INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10110396. [PMID: 31717288 PMCID: PMC6921043 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
β-N-acetylglucosaminidases (NAGs) are carbohydrate enzymes that degrade chitin oligosaccharides into N-acetylglucosamine monomers. This process is important for chitin degradation during insect development and metamorphosis. We identified and evaluated a β-N-acetylglucosaminidase 2 gene (LsNAG2) from the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius). The full-length open reading frame of LsNAG2 was 1776 bp and encoded a 591 amino acid protein. The glycoside hydrolase family 20 (GH20) catalytic domain and an additional GH20b domain of the LsNAG2 protein were highly conserved. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LsNAG2 clustered with the group II NAGs. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that LsNAG2 was expressed in all developmental stages and was most highly expressed in the late larval and late pupal stages. In the larval stage, LsNAG2 was predominantly expressed in the integument. Knockdown of LsNAG2 in fifth instar larvae disrupted larval-pupal molting and reduced the expression of four chitin synthesis genes (trehalase 1 (LsTRE1), UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 and 2 (LsUAP1 and LsUAP2), and chitin synthase 1 (LsCHS1)). In late pupae, LsNAG2 depletion resulted in abnormal adult eclosion and wing deformities. The expression of five wing development-related genes (teashirt (LsTSH), vestigial (LsVG), wingless (LsWG), ventral veins lacking (LsVVL), and distal-less (LsDLL)) significantly declined in the LsNAG2-depleted beetles. These findings suggest that LsNAG2 is important for successful molting and wing development of L. serricorne.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Can Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-851-8540-5891
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20
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Noriega DD, Arias PL, Barbosa HR, Arraes FBM, Ossa GA, Villegas B, Coelho RR, Albuquerque EVS, Togawa RC, Grynberg P, Wang H, Vélez AM, Arboleda JW, Grossi-de-Sa MF, Silva MCM, Valencia-Jiménez A. Transcriptome and gene expression analysis of three developmental stages of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12804. [PMID: 31488852 PMCID: PMC6728347 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee production is a global industry valued at approximately 173 billion US dollars. One of the main challenges facing coffee production is the management of the coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei, which is considered the primary arthropod pest of coffee worldwide. Current control strategies are inefficient for CBB management. Although biotechnological alternatives, including RNA interference (RNAi), have been proposed in recent years to control insect pests, characterizing the genetics of the target pest is essential for the successful application of these emerging technologies. In this study, we employed RNA-seq to obtain the transcriptome of three developmental stages of the CBB (larva, female and male) to increase our understanding of the CBB life cycle in relation to molecular features. The CBB transcriptome was sequenced using Illumina Hiseq and assembled de novo. Differential gene expression analysis was performed across the developmental stages. The final assembly produced 29,434 unigenes, of which 4,664 transcripts were differentially expressed. Genes linked to crucial physiological functions, such as digestion and detoxification, were determined to be tightly regulated between the reproductive and nonreproductive stages of CBB. The data obtained in this study help to elucidate the critical roles that several genes play as regulatory elements in CBB development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Noriega
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil.
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil.
| | - Paula L Arias
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Helena R Barbosa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil
- Biotechnology Center, UFRGS, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - Fabricio B M Arraes
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil
- Biotechnology Center, UFRGS, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo A Ossa
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Bernardo Villegas
- Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Roberta R Coelho
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto C Togawa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | | | - Haichuan Wang
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ana M Vélez
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jorge W Arboleda
- Centro de Investigaciones en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo - CIMAD, Universidad de Manizales, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Maria F Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil.
- Catholic University of Brasília - Postgraduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil.
| | - Maria C M Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil
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21
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Lv C, Gu T, Xu K, Gu J, Li L, Liu X, Zhang A, Gao S, Li W, Zhao G. Biochemical characterization of a β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from Streptomyces alfalfae and its application in the production of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 128:135-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Xiangshun A, Qiang Z, Shuyang D, Xiao H, Bu C. Comparative characterization of putative chitin deacetylases from Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1306-1309. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1591264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Considering the challenges of controlling carmine spider mite and protecting pollinators, chitin deacetylase genes (TecCDA1 and TecCDA2) of spider mite were characterized as group I, and were expressed in stage-specific pattern, which imply their role during development. The differences in sequences and structures between T. cinnabarinus and honeybee CDAs offer possibilities to design new selective pesticides protecting pollinator honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Xiangshun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Deng Shuyang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chunya Bu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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Computational Study for the Unbinding Routes of β- N-Acetyl-d-Hexosaminidase Inhibitor: Insight from Steered Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061516. [PMID: 30917577 PMCID: PMC6471479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
β-N-Acetyl-d-hexosaminidase from Ostrinia furnacalis (OfHex1) is a new target for the design of insecticides. Although some of its inhibitors have been found, there is still no commercial drug available at present. The residence time of the ligand may be important for its pharmacodynamic effect. However, the unbinding routes of ligands from OfHex1 still remain largely unexplored. In the present study, we first simulated the six dissociation routes of N,N,N-trimethyl-d-glucosamine-chitotriomycin (TMG-chitotriomycin, a highly selective inhibitor of OfHex1) from the active pocket of OfHex1 by steered molecular dynamics simulations. By comparing the potential of mean forces (PMFs) of six routes, Route 1 was considered as the most possible route with the lowest energy barrier. Furthermore, the structures of six different states for Route 1 were snapshotted, and the key amino acid residues affecting the dissociated time were analyzed in the unbinding pathway. Moreover, we also analyzed the "open⁻close" mechanism of Glu368 and Trp448 and found that their conformational changes directly affected the dissociation of TMG-chitotriomycin. Our findings would be helpful to understanding and identifying novel inhibitors against OfHex1 from virtual screening or lead-optimization.
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Samal S, Mishra CSK, Sahoo S. Setal-epidermal, muscular and enzymatic anomalies induced by certain agrochemicals in the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:8039-8049. [PMID: 30684186 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eudrilus eugeniae, the vermicomposing worm, is found in considerable numbers in agricultural fields in India due to their eventual transfer through vermimanure. These worms are very often exposed to pesticides, herbicides, chemical fertilisers and other soil amendments. This paper reports the effects of variable concentrations of urea, phosphogypsum (PG), paper mill sludge (PMS) and two organophosphorus agrochemicals, monocrotophos and glyphosate, on certain morphological, histological and biochemical parameters of E. eugeniae. Results indicated setal anomalies, epidermal lesions, clitellar swelling and constriction of the body. Disintegration of connective tissue, vacuolation of dermis and significant alterations in protein, lipid peroxidation levels and activities of lactate dehydrogenase, acetylcholinesterase and catalase have also been observed in the treated worms. It is proposed that setae, connective tissue, protein and enzymes in E. eugeniae could be useful markers to evaluate toxicity due to the test chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryasikha Samal
- Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India.
| | - C S K Mishra
- Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Sunanda Sahoo
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, 768019, India
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25
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Yan X, Zhao D, Zhang Y, Guo W, Wang W, Zhao K, Gao Y, Wang X. Identification and characterization of chitin deacetylase2 from the American white moth, Hyphantria cunea (Drury). Gene 2018; 670:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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26
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Dong Y, Jiang X, Liu T, Ling Y, Yang Q, Zhang L, He X. Structure-Based Virtual Screening, Compound Synthesis, and Bioassay for the Design of Chitinase Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3351-3357. [PMID: 29554796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases play a vital part in the molting phase of insect pests. Inhibiting their activities by the use of drug-like small chemical molecules is thought to be an efficient strategy in pesticide design and development. On the basis of the crystal structure of OfChtI, a chitinase indispensable for the molting of the insect pest Ostrinia furnacalis (Asian corn borer), here we report a chemical fragment and five variant compounds as inhibitors of OfChtI obtained from a library of over 200 000 chemicals by a structure-based-virtual-screening approach. The compounds were synthesized with high atom economy and tested for their OfChtI-inhibitory activities in a bioassay. Compound 3 showed preferential inhibitory activity with a Ki value of 1.5 μΜ against OfChtI. Analysis of the structure-activity relationships of the compounds provided insight into their interactions with the enzyme active site, which may inform future work in improving the potencies of their inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Dong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Xi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Xiongkui He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
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27
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Hijazi M, Krumm C, Cinar S, Arns L, Alachraf W, Hiller W, Schrader W, Winter R, Tiller JC. Entropically driven Polymeric Enzyme Inhibitors by End‐Group directed Conjugation. Chemistry 2018; 24:4523-4527. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Montasser Hijazi
- Department of Bio- and Chemical EngineeringTechnical University of Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Christian Krumm
- Department of Bio- and Chemical EngineeringTechnical University of Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Suelyman Cinar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physical ChemistryTechnical University of Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Loana Arns
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physical ChemistryTechnical University of Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Wasim Alachraf
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTechnical University of Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Roland Winter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physical ChemistryTechnical University of Dortmund Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Joerg C. Tiller
- Department of Bio- and Chemical EngineeringTechnical University of Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
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28
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Jiang X, Kumar A, Liu T, Zhang KYJ, Yang Q. A Novel Scaffold for Developing Specific or Broad-Spectrum Chitinase Inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2016; 56:2413-2420. [PMID: 28024404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.6b00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases play important roles in pathogen invasion, arthropod molting, plant defense, and human inflammation. Inhibition of the activity of a typical chitinase by small molecules is of significance in drug development and biological research. On the basis of a recent reported crystal structure of OfChtI, the insect chitinase derived from the pest Ostrinia furnacalis, we computationally identified 17 compounds from a library of over 4 million chemicals by two rounds virtual screening. Among these, three compounds from one chemical class inhibited the activity of OfChtI with single-digit-micromolar IC50 values, and one compound from another chemical class exhibited a broad inhibitory activity not only toward OfChtI but also toward bacterial, fungal, and human chitinases. A new scaffold was discovered, and a structure-inhibitory activity relationship was proposed. This work may provide a novel starting point for the development of specific or broad-spectrum chitinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Structural Bioinformatics Team, Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN , 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Kam Y J Zhang
- Structural Bioinformatics Team, Center for Life Science Technologies, RIKEN , 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China.,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, China
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29
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Lee CG, Koo JC, Park JK. Antifungal Effect of Chitosan as Ca(2+) Channel Blocker. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 32:242-250. [PMID: 27298599 PMCID: PMC4892820 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.08.2015.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate antifungal activity of a range of different molecular weight (MW) chitosan against Penicillium italicum. Our results demonstrate that the antifungal activity was dependent both the MW and concentration of the chitosan. Among a series of chitosan derived from the hydrolysis of high MW chitosan, the fractions containing various sizes of chitosan ranging from 3 to 15 glucosamine units named as chitooligomers-F2 (CO-F2) was found to show the highest antifungal activity against P. italicum. Furthermore, the effect of CO-F2 toward this fungus was significantly reduced in the presence of Ca(2+), whereas its effect was recovered by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, suggesting that the CO-F2 acts via disruption of Ca(2+) gradient required for survival of the fungus. Our results suggest that CO-F2 may serve as potential compounds to develop alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of the postharvest diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Geun Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of BioNano, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120,
Korea
| | - Ja Choon Koo
- Division of Science Education and Institute of Fusion Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896,
Korea
| | - Jae Kweon Park
- Department of Life Science, College of BioNano, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120,
Korea
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30
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Di Rosa M, Distefano G, Zorena K, Malaguarnera L. Chitinases and immunity: Ancestral molecules with new functions. Immunobiology 2015; 221:399-411. [PMID: 26686909 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitinases belonging to 18 glycosyl hydrolase family is an ancient gene family that is widely expressed from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. In humans, despite the absence of endogenous chitin, a number of Chitinases and Chitinase-like Proteins (C/CLPs) have been identified. Chitinases with enzymatic activity have a chitin binding domain containing six cysteine residues responsible for their binding to chitin. In contrast, CLPs do not contain such typical chitin-binding domains, but still can bind to chitin with high affinity. Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that active Chitinases result from an early gene duplication event. Further duplication events, followed by mutations leading to loss of chitinase activity, allowed evolution of the chi-lectins. For the majority of the mammalian chitinases the last decades have witnessed the appearance of a substantial number of studies describing their expression differentially regulated during more specific immunologic activities. It is becoming increasingly clear that their function is not exclusive to catalyse the hydrolysis of chitin producing pathogens, but include crucial role in bacterial infections and inflammatory diseases. Here we provide an overview of all family members to shed light on the mechanisms and molecular interactions of Chitinases and CLPs in relation to immune response regulation, in order to delineate their future utilization as diagnostic and prognostic markers for numerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Gisella Distefano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environment Microbiology Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lucia Malaguarnera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, Italy.
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31
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Han G, Li X, Zhang T, Zhu X, Li J. Cloning and Tissue-Specific Expression of a Chitin Deacetylase Gene from Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Its Response to Bacillus thuringiensis. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:iev076. [PMID: 26163665 PMCID: PMC4677497 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) convert chitin into chitosan, the N-deacetylated form of chitin, which influences the mechanical and permeability properties of structures such as the cuticle and peritrophic matrices. In this article, a new CDA encoding gene, Hacda2, was cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with an open reading frame of 1,611 bp. The deduced protein composed of 536 amino acid residues with a signal peptide, a chitin-binding domain, a low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain, and a polysaccharide deacetylase-like catalytic domain. The highest expression level of Hacda2 was detected in fat body among tissues tested in the fifth-instar larvae using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. Feeding of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) diet changed the expression level of Hacda1, Hacda2, Hacda5a, and Hacda5b significantly and differentially in the third-instar larvae. Hacda5a and Hacda5b expression were initially down-regulated and then up-regulated, whereas, the expression level of Hacda1 and Hacda2 was suppressed constantly postfeeding on Bt diet. These results suggested that HaCDAs may be involved in the response of H. armigera larvae to Bt and may be helpful to elucidate the roles of HaCDAs in the action of Bt cry toxin. The potential of HaCDAs to be used as synergists of Bt insecticidal protein needs to be further tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Han
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xiumin Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jigang Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
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Magellan H, Boccara M, Drujon T, Soulié MC, Guillou C, Dubois J, Becker HF. Discovery of two new inhibitors of Botrytis cinerea chitin synthase by a chemical library screening. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4997-5003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Quan G, Ladd T, Duan J, Wen F, Doucet D, Cusson M, Krell PJ. Characterization of a spruce budworm chitin deacetylase gene: stage- and tissue-specific expression, and inhibition using RNA interference. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:683-691. [PMID: 23628857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA) catalyzes the conversion of chitin into chitosan, thereby modifying the physical properties of insect cuticles and peritrophic matrices. A lepidopteran chitin deacetylase gene (CfCDA2) was cloned from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, and found to generate two alternatively spliced transcripts, CfCDA2a and CfCDA2b. Transcriptional analysis using isoform-specific RT-PCR primers indicated that both isoforms were upregulated during the molt. Interestingly, CfCDA2b transcripts were most abundant in the head during the molting stage while those of CfCDA2a were predominant in the epidermis during the feeding period. Injection of CfCDA2-specific dsRNA into C. fumiferana larvae or pre-pupae induced both abnormal phenotypes and high mortality, which resulted from an inability to shed the old cuticle. These results suggest that CfCDA2 plays an important role in the molting process, and that the two alternatively spliced transcripts have different functions during insect development. This is the first detailed characterization of lepidopteran chitin deacetylase gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Quan
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 2E5, Canada.
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Abstract
Abstract Chitin is the most abundant natural aminopolysaccharide and serves as a structural component of extracellular matrices. It is found in fungal septa, spores, and cell walls, and in arthropod cuticles and peritrophic matrices, squid pens, mollusk shells, nematode egg shells, and some protozoan cyst walls. As prokaryotes, plants and vertebrates including humans do not produce chitin, its synthesis is considered as an attractive target site for fungicides, insecticides, and acaricides. Although no chitin synthesis inhibitor has been developed into a therapeutic drug to treat fungal infections in humans, a larger number of compounds have been successfully launched worldwide to combat arthropod pests in agriculture and forestry. This review summarizes the latest advances on the mode of action of chitin synthesis inhibitors with a special focus on those molecules that act on a postcatalytic step of chitin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany.
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35
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Paek A, Park HY, Jeong SE. Molecular cloning and functional expression of chitinase-encoding cDNA from the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae. Mol Cells 2012; 33:439-47. [PMID: 22124732 PMCID: PMC3887735 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-2133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinase is a rate-limiting and endo-splitting enzyme involved in the bio-degradation of chitin, an important component of the cuticular exoskeleton and peritrophic matrix in insects. We isolated a cDNA-encoding chitinase from the last larval integument of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae), cloned the ORF cDNA into E. coli to confirm its functionality, and analyzed the deduced amino acid sequence in comparison with previously described lepidopteran chitinases. M. brassicae chitinase expressed in the transformed E. coli cells with the chitinase-encoding cDNA enhanced cell proliferation to about 1.6 times of the untransformed wild type strain in a colloidal chitin-including medium with only a very limited amount of other nutrients. Compared with the wild type strain, the intracellular levels of chitin degradation derivatives, glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine were about 7.2 and 2.3 times higher, respectively, while the extracellular chitinase activity was about 2.2 times higher in the transformed strain. The ORF of M. brassicae chitinaseencoding cDNA consisted of 1686 nucleotides (562 amino acid residues) except for the stop codon, and its deduced amino acid composition revealed a calculated molecular weight of 62.7 and theoretical pI of 5.3. The ORF was composed of N-terminal leading signal peptide (AA 1-20), catalytic domain (AA 21-392), linker region (AA 393-498), and C-terminal chitin-binding domain (AA 499-562) showing its characteristic structure as a molting fluid chitinase. In phylogenetic analysis, the enzymes from 6 noctuid species were grouped together, separately from a group of 3 bombycid and 1 tortricid enzymes, corresponding to their taxonomic relationships at both the family and genus levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Paek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hannam University, Daejeon 306-791,
Korea
| | - Hee Yun Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hannam University, Daejeon 306-791,
Korea
| | - Seong Eun Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hannam University, Daejeon 306-791,
Korea
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Identification of novel potential β-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase inhibitors by virtual screening, molecular dynamics simulation and MM-PBSA calculations. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4545-4563. [PMID: 22605995 PMCID: PMC3344231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinolytic β-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidases, as a class of chitin hydrolysis enzyme in insects, are a potential species-specific target for developing environmentally-friendly pesticides. Until now, pesticides targeting chitinolytic β-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidase have not been developed. This study demonstrates a combination of different theoretical methods for investigating the key structural features of this enzyme responsible for pesticide inhibition, thus allowing for the discovery of novel small molecule inhibitors. Firstly, based on the currently reported crystal structure of this protein (OfHex1.pdb), we conducted a pre-screening of a drug-like compound database with 8 × 106 compounds by using the expanded pesticide-likeness criteria, followed by docking-based screening, obtaining 5 top-ranked compounds with favorable docking conformation into OfHex1. Secondly, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations are performed for the five complexes and demonstrate that one main hydrophobic pocket formed by residues Trp424, Trp448 and Trp524, which is significant for stabilization of the ligand–receptor complex, and key residues Asp477 and Trp490, are respectively responsible for forming hydrogen-bonding and π–π stacking interactions with the ligands. Finally, the molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) analysis indicates that van der Waals interactions are the main driving force for the inhibitor binding that agrees with the fact that the binding pocket of OfHex1 is mainly composed of hydrophobic residues. These results suggest that screening the ZINC database can maximize the identification of potential OfHex1 inhibitors and the computational protocol will be valuable for screening potential inhibitors of the binding mode, which is useful for the future rational design of novel, potent OfHex1-specific pesticides.
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37
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Micro-CT imaging of denatured chitin by silver to explore honey bee and insect pathologies. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27448. [PMID: 22110654 PMCID: PMC3217983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin and cuticle coatings are important to the environmental and immune defense of honey bees and insect pollinators. Pesticides or environmental effects may target the biochemistry of insect chitin and cuticle coating. Denaturing of chitin involves a combination of deacetylation, intercalation, oxidation, Schweiger-peeling, and the formation of amine hydrochloride salt. The term "denatured chitin" calls attention to structural and property changes to the internal membranes and external carapace of organisms so that some properties affecting biological activities are diminished. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A case study was performed on honey bees using silver staining and microscopic computer-tomographic x-ray radiography (micro-CT). Silver nitrate formed counter-ion complexes with labile ammonium cations and reacted with amine hydrochloride. Silver was concentrated in the peritrophic membrane, on the abdomen, in the glossa, at intersegmental joints (tarsi), at wing attachments, and in tracheal air sacs. Imaged mono-esters and fatty acids from cuticle coating on external surfaces were apparently reduced by an alcohol pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The technique provides 3-dimensional and sectional images of individual honey bees consistent with the chemistries of silver reaction and complex formation with denatured chitin. Environmental exposures and influences such as gaseous nitric oxide intercalant, trace oxidants such as ozone gas, oligosachharide salt conversion, exposure to acid rain, and chemical or biochemical denaturing by pesticides may be studied using this technique. Peritrophic membranes, which protect against food abrasion, microorganisms, and permit efficient digestion, were imaged. Apparent surface damage to the corneal lenses of compound eyes by dilute acid exposure consistent with chitin amine hydrochloride formation was imaged. The technique can contribute to existing insect pathology research, and may provide an additional tool for research on CCD.
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Schultz SW, Nilsson KPR, Westermark GT. Drosophila melanogaster as a model system for studies of islet amyloid polypeptide aggregation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20221. [PMID: 21695120 PMCID: PMC3114789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent research supports that aggregation of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) leads to cell death and this makes islet amyloid a plausible cause for the reduction of beta cell mass, demonstrated in patients with type 2 diabetes. IAPP is produced by the beta cells as a prohormone, and proIAPP is processed into IAPP by the prohormone convertases PC1/3 and PC2 in the secretory granules. Little is known about the pathogenesis for islet amyloid and which intracellular mechanisms are involved in amyloidogenesis and induction of cell death. Methodology/Principal Findings We have established expression of human proIAPP (hproIAPP), human IAPP (hIAPP) and the non-amyloidogenic mouse IAPP (mIAPP) in Drosophila melanogaster, and compared survival of flies with the expression driven to different cell populations. Only flies expressing hproIAPP in neurons driven by the Gal4 driver elavC155,Gal4 showed a reduction in lifespan whereas neither expression of hIAPP or mIAPP influenced survival. Both hIAPP and hproIAPP expression caused formation of aggregates in CNS and fat body region, and these aggregates were both stained by the dyes Congo red and pFTAA, both known to detect amyloid. Also, the morphology of the highly organized protein granules that developed in the fat body of the head in hIAPP and hproIAPP expressing flies was characterized, and determined to consist of 15.8 nm thick pentagonal rod-like structures. Conclusions/Significance These findings point to a potential for Drosophila melanogaster to serve as a model system for studies of hproIAPP and hIAPP expression with subsequent aggregation and developed pathology.
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Schüttelkopf AW, Andersen OA, Rao FV, Allwood M, Rush CL, Eggleston IM, van Aalten DMF. Bisdionin C-a rationally designed, submicromolar inhibitor of family 18 chitinases. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:428-32. [PMID: 24900325 DOI: 10.1021/ml200008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinases of the GH18 family play important roles in a variety of pathogenic organisms and have also been shown to be involved in human asthma progression, making these enzymes potential drug targets. While a number of potent GH18 chitinase inhibitors have been described, in general, these compounds suffer from limited synthetic accessibility or unfavorable medicinal-chemical properties, making them poor starting points for the development of chitinase-targeted drugs. Exploiting available structural data, we have rationally designed bisdionin C, a submicromolar inhibitor of GH18 enzymes, that possesses desirable druglike properties and tractable chemical synthesis. A crystallographic structure of a chitinase-bisdionin C complex shows the two aromatic systems of the ligand interacting with two conserved tryptophan residues exposed in the active site cleft of the enzyme, while at the same time forming extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions with the catalytic machinery. The observed mode of binding, together with inhibition data, suggests that bisdionin C presents an attractive starting point for the development of specific inhibitors of bacterial-type, but not plant-type, GH 18 chitinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W. Schüttelkopf
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and ‡Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Ole A. Andersen
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and ‡Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Francesco V. Rao
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and ‡Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Matthew Allwood
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and ‡Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Christina L. Rush
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and ‡Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Ian M. Eggleston
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and ‡Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Daan M. F. van Aalten
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and ‡Division of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland
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Dybvik AI, Norberg AL, Schute V, Soltwisch J, Peter-Katalinić J, Vårum KM, Eijsink VGH, Dreisewerd K, Mormann M, Sørlie M. Analysis of noncovalent chitinase-chito-oligosaccharide complexes by infrared-matrix assisted laser desorption ionization and nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4030-6. [PMID: 21473578 DOI: 10.1021/ac1031308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Transferring noncovalently bound complexes from the condensed phase into the gas phase represents a challenging task due to weak intermolecular bonds that have to be maintained during the phase transition. Currently, electrospray ionization (ESI) is the standard mass spectrometric (MS) technique to analyze noncovalent complexes. Although infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (IR-MALDI)-MS also provides particular soft desorption/ionization conditions, this method has so far hardly been applied for the analysis of noncovalent complexes. In this study, we employed IR-MALDI orthogonal time-of-flight (o-TOF)-MS in combination with the liquid matrix glycerol to characterize the specific complex formation of chito-oligosaccharide (CHOS) ligands with two variants of Chitinase A (ChiA) from Serratia marcescens, the inactive E315Q mutant and the active W167A mutant, respectively. The IR-MALDI-o-TOF-MS results were compared to those obtained using nano-ESI-quadrupole (q)-TOF-MS and ultraviolet (UV)-MALDI-o-TOF-MS. Using IR-MALDI-o-TOF-MS, specific noncovalent complexes between ChiA and CHOS were detected with distributions between enzymes with bound oligosaccharides vs free enzymes that were essentially identical to those obtained by nano-ESI-q-TOF-MS. Chitinase-CHOS complexes were not detected when UV-MALDI was employed for desorption/ionization. The results show that IR-MALDI-MS can be a valuable tool for fast and simple screening of noncovalent enzyme-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette I Dybvik
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælandsvei 6-8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Larson TM, Kendra DF, Busman M, Brown DW. Fusarium verticillioides chitin synthases CHS5 and CHS7 are required for normal growth and pathogenicity. Curr Genet 2011; 57:177-89. [PMID: 21246198 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-011-0334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides is both an endophyte and a pathogen of maize and is a health threat in many areas of the world because it can contaminate maize with fumonisins, a toxic secondary metabolite. We identified eight putative chitin synthase (CHS) genes in F. verticillioides genomic sequence, and phylogenetic evidence shows that they group into seven established CHS gene classes. We targeted two CHSs (CHS5 and CHS7) for deletion analysis and found that both are required for normal hyphal growth and maximal disease of maize seedlings and ears. CHS5 and CHS7 encode a putative class V and class VII fungal chitin synthase, respectively; they are located adjacent to each other and are divergently transcribed. Fluorescent microscopy found that both CHS deficient strains produce balloon-shaped hyphae, while growth assays indicated that they were more sensitive to cell wall stressing compounds (e.g., the antifungal compound Nikkomycin Z) than wild type. Pathogenicity assays on maize seedlings and ears indicated that both strains were significantly reduced in their ability to cause disease. Our results demonstrate that both CHS5 and CHS7 are necessary for proper hyphal growth and pathogenicity of F. verticillioides on maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy M Larson
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604-3999, USA.
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Sharma A, Mishra M, Ram KR, Kumar R, Abdin MZ, Chowdhuri DK. Transcriptome analysis provides insights for understanding the adverse effects of endosulfan in Drosophila melanogaster. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:370-376. [PMID: 21036383 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Indiscriminate use of agrochemicals worldwide, particularly, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), is of concern. Endosulfan, a POP, is used by various developing/developed nations and is known to adversely affect the development and the hormonal profiles of humans and animals. However, little is known about the molecular players/pathways underlying the adverse effects of endosulfan. We therefore analyzed the global gene expression changes and subsequent adverse effects of endosulfan using Drosophila. We used Drosophila melanogaster keeping in view of its well annotated genome and the wealth of genetic/molecular reagents available for this model organism. We exposed third instar larvae of D. melanogaster to endosulfan (2.0 μg mL(-1)) for 24 h and using microarray, we identified differential expression of 256 genes in exposed organisms compared to controls. These genes are associated with cellular processes such as development, stress and immune response and metabolism. Microarray results were validated through quantitative PCR and biochemical assay on a subset of genes/proteins. Taking cues from microarray data, we analyzed the effect of endosulfan on development, emergence and survival of the organism. In exposed organisms, we observed deformities in hind-legs, reminiscent of those observed in higher organisms exposed to endosulfan. In addition, we observed delayed and/or reduced emergence in exposed organisms when compared to their respective controls. Together, our studies not only highlight the adverse effects of endosulfan on the organism but also provide an insight into the possible genetic perturbations underlying these effects, which might have potential implications to higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Sharma
- Embryotoxicology Section, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India
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Price NPJ, Naumann TA. A high-throughput matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based assay of chitinase activity. Anal Biochem 2010; 411:94-9. [PMID: 21187055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) assay is described for determination of chitolytic enzyme activity. The assay uses unmodified chitin oligosaccharide substrates and is readily achievable on a microliter scale (2μl of total volume containing 2μg of substrate and 1ng of protein). The speed and sensitivity of the assay make it potentially well suited for the high-throughput screening of chitinase inhibitors. The mass spectrum is acquired in approximately 2min, as opposed to typically 30-40min for a single run with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based assay. By using the multiple-place MALDI MS targets, we estimate that 100 assays could be run in approximately 2-3h without needing to remove the target from the instrument. In addition, because the substrate and product chitomers are visualized simultaneously in the TOF spectrum, this gives immediate information about the cleavage site and mechanism of the enzyme under study. The assay was used to monitor the purification and transgenic expression of plant class IV chitinases. By performing the assay with chitomer substrates and C-glycoside chitomer analogs, the enzyme mechanism of the class IV chitinases is described for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P J Price
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Gouda H, Sunazuka T, Hirose T, Iguchi K, Yamaotsu N, Sugawara A, Noguchi Y, Saito Y, Yamamoto T, Watanabe T, Shiomi K, Ōmura S, Hirono S. NMR spectroscopy and computational analysis of interaction between Serratia marcescens chitinase B and a dipeptide derived from natural-product cyclopentapeptide chitinase inhibitor argifin. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5835-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Michels J, Büntzow M. Assessment of Congo red as a fluorescence marker for the exoskeleton of small crustaceans and the cuticle of polychaetes. J Microsc 2010; 238:95-101. [PMID: 20529057 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Michels
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany.
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Liu T, Liu F, Yang Q, Yang J. Expression, purification and characterization of the chitinolytic β-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidase from the insect Ostrinia furnacalis. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 68:99-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Computer-aided rational molecular design of argifin-derivatives with increased inhibitory activity against chitinase B from Serratia marcescens. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2630-3. [PMID: 19395258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Argifin, a novel pentapeptide chitinase inhibitor isolated from Gliocladium fungal culture, is a promising candidate for the development of new fungicides, insecticides, and anti-asthma medications. In this study, we undertook rational molecular design of argifin-derivatives and tested them against chitinase B from Serratia marcescens (SmChiB). The work involved molecular dynamics simulation with explicit water molecules, the molecular docking calculation, and free-energy analysis using the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area method. The custom-designed derivatives were synthesized via effective solid phase synthesis, developed recently in our laboratory, and their inhibitory activities were measured against SmChiB. Finally, we identified and obtained a derivative which exhibited 28-fold more inhibition than argifin itself, a compound in which the d-Ala(5) of argifin was replaced with d-Leu and the 4-benzylpiperdine was attached to l-Asp(4).
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Zakariassen H, Aam BB, Horn SJ, Vårum KM, Sørlie M, Eijsink VGH. Aromatic residues in the catalytic center of chitinase A from Serratia marcescens affect processivity, enzyme activity, and biomass converting efficiency. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:10610-7. [PMID: 19244232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m900092200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The processive Serratia marcescens chitinases A (ChiA) and B (ChiB) are thought to degrade chitin in the opposite directions. A recent study of ChiB suggested that processivity is governed by aromatic residues in the +1 and +2 (aglycon) subsites close to the catalytic center. To further investigate the roles of aromatic residues in processivity and to gain insight into the structural basis of directionality, we have mutated Trp(167), Trp(275), and Phe(396) in the -3, +1, and +2 subsites of ChiA, respectively, and characterized the hydrolytic activities of the mutants toward beta-chitin and the soluble chitin-derivative chitosan. Although the W275A and F396A mutants showed only modest reductions in processivity, it was almost abolished by the W167A mutation. Thus, although aglycon subsites seem to steer processivity in ChiB, a glycon (-3) subsite seems to be adapted to do so in ChiA, in line with the notion that the two enzymes have different directionalities. Remarkably, whereas all three single mutants and the W167A/W275A double mutant showed reduced efficiency toward chitin, they showed up to 20-fold higher activities toward chitosan. These results show that the processive mechanism is essential for an efficient conversion of crystalline substrates but comes at a large cost in terms of intrinsic enzyme speed. This needs to be taken into account when devising enzymatic strategies for biomass turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Zakariassen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 As, Norway
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Zhao YS, Zheng QC, Zhang HX, Chu HY, Sun CC. Analysis of a three-dimensional structure of human acidic mammalian chitinase obtained by homology modeling and ligand binding studies. J Mol Model 2008; 15:499-505. [PMID: 19085022 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-008-0430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) model of the human acidic mammalian chitinase (hAMCase) was constructed based on the crystal structure of the human chitotriosidase (EC 3.2.1.44, PDB code 1HKK) by using InsightII/Homology module. With the aid of molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics methods, the last refined model was obtained and further assessed by Profile-3D and Procheck, which confirms that the refined model is reliable. Furthermore, the docking results of the ligands (allosamidin and NAG(2)) into the active site of hAMCase indicate that allosamidin is a more preferred ligand than NAG(2), and that Glu119 forms hydrogen bond with allosamidin, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. From the docking studies, we also suggest that Trp10, Glu49, Asp192, and Glu276 in hAMCase are four important determinant residues in binding as they have strong van-der-Waals and electrostatic interactions with the ligand, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Shan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, P. R. China
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Yang Q, Liu T, Liu F, Qu M, Qian X. A novel β-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidase from the insect Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée). FEBS J 2008; 275:5690-702. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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