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Synthesis of Novel Bromophenol with Diaryl Methanes—Determination of Their Inhibition Effects on Carbonic Anhydrase and Acetylcholinesterase. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217426. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, nine new bromophenol derivatives were designed and synthesized. The alkylation reactions of (2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methanol (7) with substituted benzenes 8–12 produced new diaryl methanes 13–17. Targeted bromophenol derivatives 18–21 were synthesized via the O-Me demethylation of diaryl methanes with BBr3. Moreover, the synthesized bromophenol compounds were tested with some metabolic enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carbonic anhydrase I (CA I), and II (CA II) isoenzymes. The novel synthesized bromophenol compounds showed Ki values that ranged from 2.53 ± 0.25 to 25.67 ± 4.58 nM against hCA I, from 1.63 ± 0.11 to 15.05 ± 1.07 nM against hCA II, and from 6.54 ± 1.03 to 24.86 ± 5.30 nM against AChE. The studied compounds in this work exhibited effective hCA isoenzyme and AChE enzyme inhibition effects. The results show that they can be used for the treatment of glaucoma, epilepsy, Parkinson’s as well as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) after some imperative pharmacological studies that would reveal their drug potential.
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Abou Baker DH. An ethnopharmacological review on the therapeutical properties of flavonoids and their mechanisms of actions: A comprehensive review based on up to date knowledge. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:445-469. [PMID: 35340621 PMCID: PMC8943219 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids -a class of low molecular weight secondary metabolites- are ubiquitous and cornucopia throughout the plant kingdom. Structurally, the main structure consists of C6-C3-C6 rings with different substitution patterns so that many sub-classes are obtained, for example: flavonols, flavonolignans, flavonoid glycosides, flavans, anthocyanidins, aurones, anthocyanidins, flavones, neoflavonoids, chalcones, isoflavones, flavones and flavanones. Flavonoids are evaluated to have drug like nature since they possess different therapeutic activities, and can act as cardioprotective, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, and also work against Alzheimer's disease and others. However, information on the relationship between their structure and biological activity is scarce. Therefore, the present review tries to summarize all the therapeutic activities of flavonoids, their mechanisms of action and the structure activity relationship. Latest updated ethnopharmacological review of the therapeutic effects of flavonoids. Flavonoids are attracting attention because of their therapeutic properties. Flavonoids are valuable candidates for drug development against many dangerous diseases. This overview summarizes the most important therapeutic effect and mechanism of action of flavonoids. General knowledge about the structure activity relationship of flavonoids is summarized. Substitution of chemical groups in the structure of flavonoids can significantly change their biological and chemical properties. The chemical properties of the basic flavonoid structure should be considered in a drug-based structural program.
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3
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Recent Updates on Development of Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors for Treatment of Diabetes, Obesity and Related Disorders. Bioorg Chem 2022; 121:105626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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4
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Oyagbemi AA, Adejumobi OA, Ajibade TO, Asenuga ER, Afolabi JM, Ogunpolu BS, Falayi OO, Hassan FO, Nabofa EW, Olutayo Omobowale T, Ola-Davies OE, Saba AB, Adedapo AA, Oguntibeju OO, Yakubu MA. Luteolin Attenuates Glycerol-Induced Acute Renal Failure and Cardiac Complications Through Modulation of Kim-1/NF-κB/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:543-565. [PMID: 32938255 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1811442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) has been documented as a life-threatening disease with high morbidity and mortality. We investigated the protective effect of Luteolin against ARF. In this study, forty-male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10). Group A received normal saline. Group B received glycerol (10 ml/kg BW, 50% v/v in sterile saline, i.m.). Groups C and D were pretreated with Luteolin 100 and 200 mg/kg for 7 days, and thereafter administered Glycerol (10 ml/kg BW, 50% v/v in sterile saline, i.m.). Administration of glycerol significantly increased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure. Renal protein carbonyl and xanthine oxidase increased significantly while significant reduction in the activity of renal glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase was observed in the glycerol intoxicated rats. Furthermore, administration of glycerol led to significant increases in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen together with reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Immunohistochemistry revealed that glycerol intoxication enhanced expressions of kidney injury molecule 1, nuclear factor kappa beta and cardiac troponin (CTnI). However, Luteolin pretreatment normalized blood pressure, reduced markers of oxidative stress, renal damage, and improved NO bioavailability. Luteolin also downregulated the expressions of kidney injury molecule 1, nuclear factor kappa beta and cardiac troponin. Together, Luteolin might open a novel therapeutic window for the treatment of acute renal failure and cardiac complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olumuyiwa Abiola Adejumobi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ebunoluwa Racheal Asenuga
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | | | - Blessing Seun Ogunpolu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Olubunmi Falayi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fasilat Oluwakemi Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Enivwenaye Williams Nabofa
- Department of Physiology, Ben-Carson (Snr) School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olufunke Eunice Ola-Davies
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adebowale Benard Saba
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeolu Alex Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Momoh Audu Yakubu
- Department of Environmental & Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Technology, Vascular Biology Unit, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, COPHS, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
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5
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Luo J, Zheng M, Jiang B, Li C, Guo S, Wang L, Li X, Yu R, Shi D. Antidiabetic activity in vitro and in vivo of BDB, a selective inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, from Rhodomela confervoides. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4464-4480. [PMID: 32663313 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B (PTP1B) plays a critical role in the regulation of obesity, Type 2 diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases. However, drug candidates exhibiting PTP1B selectivity and oral bioavailability are currently lacking. Here, the enzyme inhibitory characteristics and pharmacological benefits of 3-bromo-4,5-bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-1,2-benzenediol (BDB) were investigated in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay was performed to validate the direct binding of BDB to PTP1B, and Lineweaver-Burk analysis of the enzyme kinetics was used to characterise the inhibition by BDB. Both in vitro enzyme-inhibition assays and SPR experiments were also conducted to study the selectivity exhibited by BDB towards four other PTP-family proteins: TC-PTP, SHP-1, SHP-2, and LAR. C2C12 myotubes were used to evaluate cellular permeability to BDB. Effects of BDB on insulin signalling, hypoglycaemia and hypolipidaemia were investigated in diabetic BKS db mice, after oral gavage. The beneficial effects of BDB on pancreatic islets were examined based on insulin and/or glucagon staining. KEY RESULTS BDB acted as a competitive inhibitor of PTP1B and demonstrated high selectivity for PTP1B among the tested PTP-family proteins. Moreover, BDB was cell-permeable and enhanced insulin signalling in C2C12 myotubes. Lastly, oral administration of BDB produced effective antidiabetic effects in spontaneously diabetic mice and markedly improved islet architecture, which was coupled with an increase in the ratio of β-cells to α-cells. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS BDB application offers a potentially practical pharmacological approach for treating Type 2 diabetes mellitus by selectively inhibiting PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Meiling Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuju Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Dong H, Dong S, Erik Hansen P, Stagos D, Lin X, Liu M. Progress of Bromophenols in Marine Algae from 2011 to 2020: Structure, Bioactivities, and Applications. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E411. [PMID: 32759739 PMCID: PMC7459620 DOI: 10.3390/md18080411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine algae contain various bromophenols that have been shown to possess a variety of biological activities, including antiradical, antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory effects, and so on. Here, we briefly review the recent progress of these marine algae biomaterials and their derivatives from 2011 to 2020, with respect to structure, bioactivities, and their potential application as pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.D.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Songtao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.D.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Poul Erik Hansen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark;
| | - Dimitrios Stagos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Xiukun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, 319 Zhongshan Road, Jiangyang, Luzhou 646000, China;
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (H.D.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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CYC31, A Natural Bromophenol PTP1B Inhibitor, Activates Insulin Signaling and Improves Long Chain-Fatty Acid Oxidation in C2C12 Myotubes. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18050267. [PMID: 32438641 PMCID: PMC7281472 DOI: 10.3390/md18050267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
3-bromo-4,5-Bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)-1,2-benzenediol (CYC31) is a bromophenol protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitor isolated from the red alga Rhodomela confervoides. Here, the effect of CYC31 on the insulin signaling and fatty-acid-induced disorders in C2C12 myotubes was investigated. Molecular docking assay showed that CYC31 was embedded into the catalytic pocket of PTP1B. A cellular study found that CYC31 increased the activity of insulin signaling and promoted 2-NBDG uptake through GLUT4 translocation in C2C12 myotubes. Further studies showed that CYC31 ameliorated palmitate-induced insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes. Moreover, CYC31 treatment significantly increased the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B (CPT-1B) and fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), which was tightly linked with fatty acid oxidation. These findings suggested that CYC31 could prevent palmitate-induce insulin resistance and could improve fatty acid oxidation through PTP1B inhibition.
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8
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of phthalide alkyl tertiary amine derivatives as promising acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with high potency and selectivity against Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Design, Synthesis, and Activity Evaluation of Novel N-benzyl Deoxynojirimycin Derivatives for Use as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183309. [PMID: 31514404 PMCID: PMC6766931 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain α-glucosidase inhibitors with high activity, 19 NB-DNJDs (N-benzyl-deoxynojirimycin derivatives) were designed and synthesized. The results indicated that the 19 NB-DNJDs displayed different inhibitory activities towards α-glucosidase in vitro. Compound 18a (1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl) piperidine-3,4,5-triol) showed the highest activity, with an IC50 value of 0.207 ± 0.11 mM, followed by 18b (1-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl) piperidine-3,4,5-triol, IC50: 0.276 ± 0.13 mM). Both IC50 values of 18a and 18b were significantly lower than that of acarbose (IC50: 0.353 ± 0.09 mM). According to the structure-activity analysis, substitution of the benzyl and bromine groups on the benzene ring decreased the inhibition activity, while methoxy and hydroxyl group substitution increased the activity, especially with the hydroxyl group substitution. Molecular docking results showed that three hydrogen bonds were formed between compound 18a and amino acids in the active site of α-glucosidase. Additionally, an arene–arene interaction was also modelled between the phenyl ring of compound 18a and Arg 315. The three hydrogen bonds and the arene–arene interaction resulted in a low binding energy (−5.8 kcal/mol) and gave 18a a higher inhibition activity. Consequently, compound 18a is a promising candidate as a new α-glucosidase inhibitor for the treatment of type Ⅱ diabetes.
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Luo J, Jiang B, Li C, Jia X, Shi D. CYC27 Synthetic Derivative of Bromophenol from Red Alga Rhodomela confervoides: Anti-Diabetic Effects of Sensitizing Insulin Signaling Pathways and Modulating RNA Splicing-Associated RBPs. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E49. [PMID: 30641913 PMCID: PMC6356253 DOI: 10.3390/md17010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) lie at the center of posttranscriptional regulation and the dysregulation of RBPs contributes to diabetes. Therefore, the modulation of RBPs is anticipated to become a potential therapeutic approach to diabetes. CYC27 is a synthetic derivative of marine bromophenol BDB, which is isolated from red alga Rhodomela confervoides. In this study, we found that CYC27 significantly lowered the blood glucose levels of diabetic BKS db mice. Moreover, CYC27 effectively ameliorated dyslipidemia in BKS db mice by reducing their total serum cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels. Furthermore, CYC27 was an insulin-sensitizing agent with increased insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of insulin receptors and relevant downstream factors. Finally, to systemically study the mechanisms of CYC27, label-free quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis was performed to investigate global changes in phosphorylation. Enriched GO annotation showed that most regulated phosphoproteins were related to RNA splicing and RNA processing. Enriched KEGG analysis showed that a spliceosome-associated pathway was the predominant pathway after CYC27 treatment. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis showed that CYC27 modulated the process of mRNA splicing via phosphorylation of the relevant RBPs, including upregulated Cstf3 and Srrt. Our results suggested that CYC27 treatment exerted promising anti-diabetic effects by sensitizing the insulin signaling pathways and modulating RNA splicing-associated RBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Bo Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Chao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiaoling Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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11
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Zhao C, Yang C, Liu B, Lin L, Sarker SD, Nahar L, Yu H, Cao H, Xiao J. Bioactive compounds from marine macroalgae and their hypoglycemic benefits. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Xu Q, Luo J, Wu N, Zhang R, Shi D. BPN, a marine-derived PTP1B inhibitor, activates insulin signaling and improves insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 106:379-386. [PMID: 28811203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a key feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is characterized by defects in insulin signaling. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a major negative regulator of insulin signaling cascade and has attracted intensive investigation in recent T2DM therapy study. BPN, a marine-derived bromophenol compound, was isolated from the red alga Rhodomela confervoides. This study investigated the effects of BPN on the insulin signaling pathway in insulin-resistant C2C12 myotubes by inhibiting PTP1B. Molecular docking study and analysis of small- molecule interaction with PTP1B all showed BPN inhibited PTP1B activity via binding to the catalytic site through hydrogen bonds. We then found that BPN permeated into C2C12 myotubes, on the one hand, activated insulin signaling in an insulin-independent manner in C2C12 cells; on the other hand, ameliorated palmitate-induced insulin resistance through augmenting insulin sensitivity. Moreover, our studies also showed that PTP1B inhibition by BPN increased glucose uptake in normal and insulin-resistant C2C12 myotubes through glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation. Taken together, BPN activates insulin signaling and alleviates insulin resistance and represents a potential candidate for further development as an antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Renshuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Dayong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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13
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Dludla PV, Joubert E, Muller CJF, Louw J, Johnson R. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and heart disease-cardioprotective effects of rooibos flavonoids and phenylpyruvic acid-2- O-β-D-glucoside. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:45. [PMID: 28702068 PMCID: PMC5504778 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic patients are at an increased risk of developing heart failure when compared to their non-diabetic counter parts. Accumulative evidence suggests chronic hyperglycemia to be central in the development of myocardial infarction in these patients. At present, there are limited therapies aimed at specifically protecting the diabetic heart at risk from hyperglycemia-induced injury. Oxidative stress, through over production of free radical species, has been hypothesized to alter mitochondrial function and abnormally augment the activity of the NADPH oxidase enzyme system resulting in accelerated myocardial injury within a diabetic state. This has led to a dramatic increase in the exploration of plant-derived materials known to possess antioxidative properties. Several edible plants contain various natural constituents, including polyphenols that may counteract oxidative-induced tissue damage through their modulatory effects of intracellular signaling pathways. Rooibos, an indigenous South African plant, well-known for its use as herbal tea, is increasingly studied for its metabolic benefits. Prospective studies linking diet rich in polyphenols from rooibos to reduced diabetes associated cardiovascular complications have not been extensively assessed. Aspalathin, a flavonoid, and phenylpyruvic acid-2-O-β-D-glucoside, a phenolic precursor, are some of the major compounds found in rooibos that can ameliorate hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte damage in vitro. While the latter has demonstrated potential to protect against cell apoptosis, the proposed mechanism of action of aspalathin is linked to its capacity to enhance the expression of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) expression, an intracellular antioxidant response element. Thus, here we review literature on the potential cardioprotective properties of flavonoids and a phenylpropenoic acid found in rooibos against diabetes-induced oxidative injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Joubert
- Plant Bioactives Group, Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Infruitec- Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Johan Louw
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505 South Africa.,Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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14
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Zhou Y, Zhang W, Liu X, Yu H, Lu X, Jiao B. Inhibitors of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B from Marine Natural Products. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 28261970 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ocean is a capacious area with the most abundant biological resources on the earth. The particularity of the marine ecological environment (high pressure, high salt, and hypoxia) makes the marine species survival competition fiercely, forcing many marine organisms in the process of life to produce a great deal of secondary metabolites with special structures and biological activities. In this article, 118 natural products which were isolated from four kinds of marine organisms, sponges, algae, soft corals and fungus, showing PTP1B inhibitory activity were summarized from 2010 to 2016, which may become the leading compounds towards treating Diabetes mellitus (DM). What's more, we briefly summarized the structure-activity relationship of PTP1B inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Marine Biopharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Xiangyin Road 800, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Weirui Zhang
- Marine Biopharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Xiangyin Road 800, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Marine Biopharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Xiangyin Road 800, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Haobing Yu
- Marine Biopharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Xiangyin Road 800, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- Marine Biopharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Xiangyin Road 800, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Binghua Jiao
- Marine Biopharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Xiangyin Road 800, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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15
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Zhang R, Yu R, Xu Q, Li X, Luo J, Jiang B, Wang L, Guo S, Wu N, Shi D. Discovery and evaluation of the hybrid of bromophenol and saccharide as potent and selective protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 134:24-33. [PMID: 28395151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a key negative regulator of insulin signaling pathway. Inhibition of PTP1B is expected to improve insulin action. Appropriate selectivity and permeability are the gold standard for excellent PTP1B inhibitors. In this work, molecular hybridization-based screening identified a selective competitive PTP1B inhibitor. Compound 10a has IC50 values of 199 nM against PTP1B, and shows 32-fold selectivity for PTP1B over the closely related phosphatase TCPTP. Molecule docking and molecular dynamics studies reveal the reason of selectivity for PTP1B over TCPTP. Moreover, the cell permeability and cellular activity of compound 10a are demonstrated respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renshuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Rilei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuju Guo
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Dayong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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16
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Verma M, Gupta SJ, Chaudhary A, Garg VK. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors as antidiabetic agents - A brief review. Bioorg Chem 2016; 70:267-283. [PMID: 28043717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and obesity are one of the most common health issues spread throughout world and raised the medical attention to find the new effective agents to treat these disease state. Occurrence of the drug resistance to the insulin and leptin receptor is also challenging major issues. The molecules that can overcome this resistance problem could be effective for the treatment of both type II diabetes and obesity. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTP) has emerged as new promising targets for therapeutic purpose in recent years. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP 1B) act as a negative regulator of insulin and leptin receptor signalling pathways. Several approaches have been successfully applied to find out potent and selective inhibitors. This article reviews PTP 1B inhibitors; natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic that showed inhibition towards enzyme as a major target for the management of type II diabetes. These studies could be contributing the future development of PTP 1B inhibitors as drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology, Baghpat By-pass Crossing, NH-58, Delhi-Haridwar Highway, Meerut 250005, India.
| | - Shyam Ji Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR), 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, W.B., India
| | - Anurag Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology, Baghpat By-pass Crossing, NH-58, Delhi-Haridwar Highway, Meerut 250005, India
| | - Vipin K Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering & Technology, Baghpat By-pass Crossing, NH-58, Delhi-Haridwar Highway, Meerut 250005, India
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17
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Recent advances in the development of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors for Type 2 diabetes. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:1239-58. [PMID: 27357615 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most serious and prevalent metabolic disorders worldwide, complications of which can decrease significantly the quality of life and contribute to premature death. Resistance to insulin is a predominant pathophysiological factor of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an important negative factor of insulin signal and a potent therapeutic target in T2D patients. This review highlights recent advances (2012-2015) in research related to the role of PTP1B in signal transduction processes implicated in pathophysiology of T2D, and novel PTP1B inhibitors with an emphasis on their chemical structures and modes of action.
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18
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Rao B, Tang J, Zeng X. Synthesis of 2-Benzylphenyl Ketones by Aryne Insertion into Unactivated C–C Bonds. Org Lett 2016; 18:1678-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Rao
- Center for Organic Chemistry,
Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
| | - Jinghua Tang
- Center for Organic Chemistry,
Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Zeng
- Center for Organic Chemistry,
Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710054, P. R. China
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19
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Marine Bromophenol Derivative 3,4-Dibromo-5-(2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxy-6-isopropoxymethyl benzyl)benzene-1,2-diol Protects Hepatocytes from Lipid-Induced Cell Damage and Insulin Resistance via PTP1B Inhibition. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:4452-69. [PMID: 26193288 PMCID: PMC4515627 DOI: 10.3390/md13074452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
3,4-Dibromo-5-(2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxy-6-isopropoxymethyl benzyl)benzene-1,2-diol (HPN) is a bromophenol derivative from the marine red alga Rhodomela confervoides. We have previously found that HPN exerted an anti-hyperglycemic property in db/db mouse model. In the present study, we found that HPN could protect HepG2 cells against palmitate (PA)-induced cell death. Data also showed that HPN inhibited cell death mainly by blocking the cell apoptosis. Further studies demonstrated that HPN (especially at 1.0 μM) significantly restored insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IR and IRS1/2, and inhibited the PTP1B expression level in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the expression of Akt was activated by HPN, and glucose uptake was significantly increased in PA-treated HepG2 cells. Our results suggest that HPN could protect hepatocytes from lipid-induced cell damage and insulin resistance via PTP1B inhibition. Thus, HPN can be considered to have potential for the development of anti-diabetic agent that could protect both hepatic cell mass and function.
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20
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Wang LJ, Jiang B, Wu N, Wang SY, Shi DY. Natural and semisynthetic protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitors as anti-diabetic agents. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01754h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products offered more opportunities to develop new drugs and leading compounds as potent PTP1B inhibitors for treating T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Wang
- Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Ning Wu
- Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Shuai-Yu Wang
- Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Da-Yong Shi
- Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
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21
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Liu M, Wang L, Sun X, Zhao X. Investigating the impact of Asp181 point mutations on interactions between PTP1B and phosphotyrosine substrate. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5095. [PMID: 24865376 PMCID: PMC4035576 DOI: 10.1038/srep05095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a key negative regulator of insulin and leptin signaling, which suggests that it is an attractive therapeutic target in type II diabetes and obesity. The aim of this research is to explore residues which interact with phosphotyrosine substrate can be affected by D181 point mutations and lead to increased substrate binding. To achieve this goal, molecular dynamics simulations were performed on wild type (WT) and two mutated PTP1B/substrate complexes. The cross-correlation and principal component analyses show that point mutations can affect the motions of some residues in the active site of PTP1B. Moreover, the hydrogen bond and energy decomposition analyses indicate that apart from residue 181, point mutations have influence on the interactions of substrate with several residues in the active site of PTP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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22
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Shi D, Guo S, Jiang B, Guo C, Wang T, Zhang L, Li J. HPN, a synthetic analogue of bromophenol from red alga Rhodomela confervoides: synthesis and anti-diabetic effects in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:350-62. [PMID: 23364683 PMCID: PMC3640384 DOI: 10.3390/md11020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
3,4-dibromo-5-(2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(isopropoxymethyl)benzyl)benzene-1,2-diol (HPN) is a synthetic analogue of 3,4-dibromo-5-(2-bromo-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(ethoxymethyl)benzyl)benzene-1,2-diol (BPN), which is isolated from marine red alga Rhodomela confervoides with potent protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibition (IC50 = 0.84 μmol/L). The in vitro assay showed that HPN exhibited enhanced inhibitory activity against PTP1B with IC50 0.63 μmol/L and high selectivity against other PTPs (T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP), leucocyte antigen-related tyrosine phosphatase (LAR), Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) and SHP-2). The results of antihyperglycemic activity using db/db mouse model demonstrated that HPN significantly decreased plasma glucose (P < 0.01) after eight weeks treatment period. HPN lowered serum triglycerides and total cholesterol concentration in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, both of the high and medium dose groups of HPN remarkably decreased HbA1c levels (P < 0.05). HPN in the high dose group markedly lowered the insulin level compared to the model group (P < 0.05), whereas the effects were less potent than the positive drug rosiglitazone. Western blotting results showed that HPN decreased PTP1B levels in pancreatic tissue. Last but not least, the results of an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test in Sprague–Dawley rats indicate that HPN have a similar antihyperglycemic activity as rosiglitazone. HPN therefore have potential for development as treatments for Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Shi
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; E-Mails: (S.G.); (B.J.); (C.G.)
- Nantong Branch, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nantong 226006, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-0532-8289-8719; Fax: +86-0532-8289-8641
| | - Shuju Guo
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; E-Mails: (S.G.); (B.J.); (C.G.)
- Nantong Branch, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; E-Mails: (S.G.); (B.J.); (C.G.)
- Nantong Branch, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; E-Mails: (S.G.); (B.J.); (C.G.)
- Nantong Branch, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (T.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; E-Mails: (T.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jingya Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; E-Mail:
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