1
|
Islam MR, Jony MH, Thufa GK, Akash S, Dhar PS, Rahman MM, Afroz T, Ahmed M, Hemeg HA, Rauf A, Thiruvengadam M, Venkidasamy B. A clinical study and future prospects for bioactive compounds and semi-synthetic molecules in the therapies for Huntington's disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:1237-1270. [PMID: 37698833 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
A neurodegenerative disorder (ND) refers to Huntington's disease (HD) which affects memory loss, weight loss, and movement dysfunctions such as chorea and dystonia. In the striatum and brain, HD most typically impacts medium-spiny neurons. Molecular genetics, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress (OS), mitochondrial, and metabolic dysfunction are a few of the theories advanced to explicit the pathophysiology of neuronal damage and cell death. Numerous in-depth studies of the literature have supported the therapeutic advantages of natural products in HD experimental models and other treatment approaches. This article briefly discusses the neuroprotective impacts of natural compounds against HD models. The ability of the discovered natural compounds to suppress HD was tested using either in vitro or in vivo models. Many bioactive compounds considerably lessened the memory loss and motor coordination brought on by 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). Reduced lipid peroxidation, increased endogenous enzymatic antioxidants, reduced acetylcholinesterase activity, and enhanced mitochondrial energy generation have profoundly decreased the biochemical change. It is significant since histology showed that therapy with particular natural compounds lessened damage to the striatum caused by 3-NP. Moreover, natural products displayed varying degrees of neuroprotection in preclinical HD studies because of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, maintenance of mitochondrial function, activation of autophagy, and inhibition of apoptosis. This study highlighted about the importance of bioactive compounds and their semi-synthetic molecules in the treatment and prevention of HD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Maruf Hossain Jony
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Gazi Kaifeara Thufa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shopnil Akash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Puja Sutra Dhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Afroz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muniruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, 1207, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medinah Al-Monawara, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pukhtanukha, Pakistan.
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600 077, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sánchez-Nieto JM, Sierra-Zurita DI, Ruiz-Ramos M, Mendoza-Núñez VM. [Effect of resveratrol on cognitive functions in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis]. NUTR HOSP 2023; 40:1253-1261. [PMID: 37522434 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Introduction: resveratrol has multiple beneficial effects on different body systems, including the central nervous system, however, the results reported on the effect on cognitive functions in older adults are inconsistent. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to present a synthesis of knowledge about the effect of resveratrol on cognitive functions in older adults. Method: a systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA-2009 criteria. The search for articles was carried out until September 7, 2021 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SciELO, and TESIUNAM. The outcome variables were delayed, immediate, and working memory, and processing speed. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was estimated to assess the effect. Results: one thousand sixty-five studies were found, of which six met the eligibility criteria for the systematic review and meta-analysis. No significant effect was found on delayed memory (SMD = 0.69, 95 % CI: 0.85-2.23, p = 0.38), immediate memory (SMD = 0.56, 95 % CI: -0.20-1.31, p = 0.15), working memory (SMD = -0.21, 95 % CI: -0.74-0.32, p = 0.43) and processing speed (SMD = 0.25, 95 % CI: -0.58-1.07, p = 0.55). Conclusion: our results suggest that resveratrol does not have an effect on cognitive functions in older adults, however, it is necessary to carry out more studies with different doses, type of nutraceutical formulation and treatment time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Sánchez-Nieto
- Unidad de Investigación en Gerontología. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | - Denisse Itzel Sierra-Zurita
- Unidad de Investigación en Gerontología. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | - Mirna Ruiz-Ramos
- Unidad de Investigación en Gerontología. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | - Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez
- Unidad de Investigación en Gerontología. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jakobušić Brala C, Karković Marković A, Kugić A, Torić J, Barbarić M. Combination Chemotherapy with Selected Polyphenols in Preclinical and Clinical Studies-An Update Overview. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093746. [PMID: 37175156 PMCID: PMC10180288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article describes studies published over the past five years on the combination of polyphenols, which are the most studied in the field of anticancer effects (curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, and apigenin) and chemotherapeutics such as cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, etc. According to WHO data, research has been limited to five cancers with the highest morbidity rate (lung, colorectal, liver, gastric, and breast cancer). A systematic review of articles published in the past five years (from January 2018 to January 2023) was carried out with the help of all Web of Science databases and the available base of clinical studies. Based on the preclinical studies presented in this review, polyphenols can enhance drug efficacy and reduce chemoresistance through different molecular mechanisms. Considering the large number of studies, curcumin could be a molecule in future chemotherapy cocktails. One of the main problems in clinical research is related to the limited bioavailability of most polyphenols. The design of a new co-delivery system for drugs and polyphenols is essential for future clinical research. Some polyphenols work in synergy with chemotherapeutic drugs, but some polyphenols can act antagonistically, so caution is always required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cvijeta Jakobušić Brala
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Karković Marković
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Azra Kugić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Torić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Barbarić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yin Y, Hu J, Yang Z, Fang W, Yang J. Effects of methyl jasmonate and NaCl treatments on the resveratrol accumulation and defensive responses in germinated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:664-673. [PMID: 36563572 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and sodium chloride (NaCl) treatments on the resveratrol biosynthesis and physiology of peanuts during germination were investigated. The results showed that MeJA (150 μM) and NaCl (150 mM) treatments significantly promoted resveratrol biosynthesis in germinated peanuts. MeJA and NaCl treatments promoted resveratrol accumulation by regulating the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase (4CL) and their gene expression levels in cotyledons and non-cotyledons. In addition, both MeJA and NaCl treatments inhibited peanut sprout growth, as evidenced by shorter sprout length, increased malondialdehyde content, and accumulation of reactive oxygen species in cotyledons and non-cotyledons. Both treatments' germinated peanuts responded to the environmental stimuli by raising the activities of antioxidant enzymes and controlling the levels of their gene' expression. Meanwhile, MeJA and NaCl treatments promoted Ca2+ aggregation in the root tips. Therefore, it can be deduced that Ca2+ may help improve the plant's resistance to adversity. In conclusion, treatment with MeJA (150 μM) or NaCl (150 mM) during germination is an effective way to enrich the resveratrol content of peanuts. Germinated peanuts enhance adaptation to the external environment by promoting resveratrol biosynthesis and enhancing antioxidant systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Yin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingjing Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengfei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiming Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia Yang
- Yangzhou Center for Food and Drug Control, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225000, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Resveratrol Analogues as Dual Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase B and Carbonic Anhydrase VII: A New Multi-Target Combination for Neurodegenerative Diseases? Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227816. [PMID: 36431918 PMCID: PMC9694798 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are described as multifactorial and progressive syndromes with compromised cognitive and behavioral functions. The multi-target-directed ligand (MTDL) strategy is a promising paradigm in drug discovery, potentially leading to new opportunities to manage such complex diseases. Here, we studied the dual ability of a set of resveratrol (RSV) analogs to inhibit two important targets involved in neurodegeneration. The stilbenols 1−9 were tested as inhibitors of the human monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and carbonic anhydrases (CAs). The studied compounds displayed moderate to excellent in vitro enzyme inhibitory activity against both enzymes at micromolar/nanomolar concentrations. Among them, the best compound 4 displayed potent and selective inhibition against the MAO-B isoform (IC50 MAO-A 0.43 µM vs. IC50 MAO-B 0.01 µM) with respect to the parent compound resveratrol (IC50 MAO-A 13.5 µM vs. IC50 MAO-B > 100 µM). It also demonstrated a selective inhibition activity against hCA VII (KI 0.7 µM vs. KI 4.3 µM for RSV). To evaluate the plausible binding mode of 1−9 within the two enzymes, molecular docking and dynamics studies were performed, revealing specific and significant interactions in the active sites of both targets. The new compounds are of pharmacological interest in view of their considerably reduced toxicity previously observed, their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles, and their dual inhibitory ability. Compound 4 is noteworthy as a promising lead in the development of MAO and CA inhibitors with therapeutic potential in neuroprotection.
Collapse
|
6
|
Solid Dispersions Incorporated into PVP Films for the Controlled Release of Trans-Resveratrol: Development, Physicochemical and In Vitro Characterizations and In Vivo Cutaneous Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061149. [PMID: 35745722 PMCID: PMC9230924 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-resveratrol can promote various dermatological effects. However, its high crystallinity decreases its solubility and bioavailability. Therefore, solid dispersions have been developed to promote its amorphization; even so, they present as powders, making cutaneous controlled drug delivery unfeasible and an alternative necessary for their incorporation into other systems. Thus, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) films were chosen with the aim of developing a controlled delivery system to treat inflammation and bacterial infections associated with atopic dermatitis. Four formulations were developed: two with solid dispersions (and trans-resveratrol) and two as controls. The films presented with uniformity, as well as bioadhesive and good barrier properties. X-ray diffraction showed that trans-resveratrol did not recrystallize. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermal analysis evidenced good chemical compatibilities. The in vitro release assay showed release values from 82.27 ± 2.60 to 92.81 ± 2.50% (being a prolonged release). In the in vitro retention assay, trans-resveratrol was retained in the skin, over 24 h, from 42.88 to 53.28%. They also had low cytotoxicity over fibroblasts. The in vivo assay showed a reduction in inflammation up to 66%. The films also avoided Staphylococcus aureus’s growth, which worsens atopic dermatitis. According to the results, the developed system is suitable for drug delivery and capable of simultaneously treating inflammation and infections related to atopic dermatitis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bononi I, Tedeschi P, Mantovani V, Maietti A, Mazzoni E, Pancaldi C, Brandolini V, Tognon M. Antioxidant Activity of Resveratrol Diastereomeric Forms Assayed in Fluorescent-Engineered Human Keratinocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020196. [PMID: 35204079 PMCID: PMC8868414 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a powerful antioxidant molecule. In the human diet, its most important source is in Vitis vinifera grape peel and leaves. Resveratrol exists in two isoforms, cis- and trans. The diastereomeric forms of many drugs have been reported as affecting their activity. The aim of this study was to set up a cellular model to investigate how far resveratrol could counteract cytotoxicity in an oxidant agent. For this purpose, a keratinocyte cell line, which was genetically engineered with jelly fish green fluorescent protein, was treated with the free radical promoter Cumene hydroperoxide. The antioxidant activity of the trans-resveratrol and its diastereomeric mixture was evaluated indirectly in these treated fluorescent-engineered keratinocytes by analyzing the cell number and cell proliferation index. Our results demonstrate that cells, which were pre-incubated with resveratrol, reverted the oxidative damage progression induced by this free radical agent. In conclusion, fluorescent-engineered human keratinocytes represent a rapid and low-cost cellular model to determine cell numbers by studying emitted fluorescence. Comparative studies carried out with fluorescent keratinocytes indicate that trans-resveratrol is more efficient than diastereomeric mixtures in protecting cells from the oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bononi
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Paola Tedeschi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences-DOCPAS, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.T.); (A.M.); (E.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Vanessa Mantovani
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (V.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Annalisa Maietti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences-DOCPAS, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.T.); (A.M.); (E.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Elisa Mazzoni
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences-DOCPAS, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.T.); (A.M.); (E.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Cecilia Pancaldi
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (V.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Brandolini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences-DOCPAS, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.T.); (A.M.); (E.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Laboratories of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (V.M.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0532-455538
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Potential Associations among Bioactive Molecules, Antioxidant Activity and Resveratrol Production in Vitis vinifera Fruits of North America. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020336. [PMID: 35056651 PMCID: PMC8780478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are rich in bioactive molecules contributing to health benefits. Consumption of grapes is linked to reduced incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Studies on table grape cultivars are limited although much attention in research was focused on the wine industry. Bioactive effects of grapes as anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective, vasorelaxant, phytoestrogenic and neuroprotective have also been reported. For example, resveratrol is a natural food ingredient present in grapes, with high antioxidant potential. Here we conducted an exploratory study to investigate bioactive molecules, antioxidant activity and the association between constitutive stilbene synthase (STS) gene expression and the resveratrol biosynthesis in selected table grape varieties in North America. The phenolic compounds, fatty acid composition and antioxidant activity of four grape varieties were compared. Red Globe variety was rich in unsaturated fatty acids as well as phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid, quercetin and resveratrol. Meanwhile, the constitutive expression of grape stilbene synthase gene was higher in Flame and Autumn Royal where resveratrol content of these cultivars was relatively low compared to the Red Globe variety. This study shows the potential links in grape antioxidant activity and resveratrol production, but more studies are necessary to show the association.
Collapse
|
9
|
Leng F, Ye Y, Zhou J, Jia H, Zhu X, Shi J, Zhang Z, Shen N, Wang L. Transcriptomic and Weighted Gene Co-expression Correlation Network Analysis Reveal Resveratrol Biosynthesis Mechanisms Caused by Bud Sport in Grape Berry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:690095. [PMID: 34220913 PMCID: PMC8253253 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.690095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol compound produced in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in grape berries. However, changes in resveratrol caused by bud sport in grapes are scarcely reported. In this study, trans-resveratrol and cis-resveratrol were identified and quantified in the grape berries of 'Summer Black' and its bud sport 'Nantaihutezao' from the veraison to ripening stages using ultra performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). We found that bud sport accumulates the trans-resveratrol earlier and increases the contents of cis-resveratrol in the earlier stages but decreases its contents in the later stages. Simultaneously, we used RNA-Seq to identify 51 transcripts involved in the stilbene pathways. In particular, we further identified 124 and 19 transcripts that negatively correlated with the contents of trans-resveratrol and cis-resveratrol, respectively, and four transcripts encoding F3'5'H that positively correlated with the contents of trans-resveratrol by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). These transcripts may play important roles in relation to the synergistic regulation of metabolisms of resveratrol. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of grapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Leng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yunling Ye
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jialing Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture/Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement of the Ministry of Agriculture/Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Shi
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Nan Shen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|