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Aouadi A, Hamada Saud D, Rebiai A, Achouri A, Benabdesselam S, Mohamed Abd El-Mordy F, Pohl P, Ahmad SF, Attia SM, Abulkhair HS, Ararem A, Messaoudi M. Introducing the antibacterial and photocatalytic degradation potentials of biosynthesized chitosan, chitosan-ZnO, and chitosan-ZnO/PVP nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14753. [PMID: 38926522 PMCID: PMC11208610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of nanomaterials has been speedily established in recent years, yet nanoparticles synthesized by traditional methods suffer unacceptable toxicity and the sustainability of the procedure for synthesizing such nanoparticles is inadequate. Consequently, green biosynthesis, which employs biopolymers, is gaining attraction as an environmentally sound alternative to less sustainable approaches. Chitosan-encapsulated nanoparticles exhibit exceptional antibacterial properties, offering a wide range of uses. Chitosan, obtained from shrimp shells, aided in the environmentally friendly synthesis of high-purity zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with desirable features such as the extraction yield (41%), the deacetylation (88%), and the crystallinity index (74.54%). The particle size of ZnO NPs was 12 nm, while that of chitosan-ZnO NPs was 21 nm, and the bandgap energies of these nanomaterials were 3.98 and 3.48, respectively. The strong antibacterial action was demonstrated by ZnO NPs, chitosan-ZnO NPs, and chitosan-ZnO/PVP, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, making them appropriate for therapeutic use. The photocatalytic degradation abilities were also assessed for all nanoparticles. At a concentration of 6 × 10-5 M, chitosan removed 90.5% of the methylene blue (MB) dye, ZnO NPs removed 97.4%, chitosan-coated ZnO NPs removed 99.6%, while chitosan-ZnO/PVP removed 100%. In the case of toluidine blue (TB), at a concentration of 4 × 10-3 M, the respective efficiencies were 96.8%, 96.8%, 99.5%, and 100%, respectively. Evaluation of radical scavenger activity revealed increased scavenging of ABTS and DPPH radicals by chitosan-ZnO/PVP compared to individual zinc oxide or chitosan-ZnO, where the IC50 results were 0.059, 0.092, 0.079 mg/mL, respectively, in the ABTS test, and 0.095, 0.083, 0.061, and 0.064 mg/mL in the DPPH test, respectively. Moreover, in silico toxicity studies were conducted to predict the organ-specific toxicity through ProTox II software. The obtained results suggest the probable safety and the absence of organ-specific toxicity with all the tested samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelatif Aouadi
- Process Engineering Laboratory, Applied Sciences Faculty, Kasdi Merbah University, 30000, Ouargla, Algeria
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Hamma Lakhdar El-Oued, B.P.789, 39000, El-Oued, Algeria
| | - Djamila Hamada Saud
- Process Engineering Laboratory, Applied Sciences Faculty, Kasdi Merbah University, 30000, Ouargla, Algeria
| | - Abdelkrim Rebiai
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Hamma Lakhdar El-Oued, B.P.789, 39000, El-Oued, Algeria
| | - Abdelhak Achouri
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of Hamma Lakhdar El-Oued, B.P.789, 39000, El-Oued, Algeria
- Water, Environment and Sustainable Development Laboratory (2E2D), Faculty of Technology, University of Blida 1, Route Soumâa, BP 270, Blida, Algeria
| | - Soulef Benabdesselam
- Laboratory of Water and Environmental Engineering in the Saharan Environment, Process Engineering Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Kasdi Merbah-Ouargla University, Ouargla, Algeria
| | - Fatma Mohamed Abd El-Mordy
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11754, Egypt
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Abderrahmane Ararem
- Nuclear Research Centre of Birine, P.O. Box 180, 17200, Ain Oussera, Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Messaoudi
- Nuclear Research Centre of Birine, P.O. Box 180, 17200, Ain Oussera, Djelfa, Algeria.
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Abdulrahman FG, Abulkhair HS, Saeed HSE, El-Dydamony NM, Husseiny EM. Design, synthesis, and mechanistic insight of novel imidazolones as potential EGFR inhibitors and apoptosis inducers. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107105. [PMID: 38219482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
As regards to the structural analysis and optimization of diverse potential EGFR inhibitors, two series of imidazolyl-2-cyanoprop-2-enimidothioates and ethyl imidazolylthiomethylacrylates were designed and constructed as potential EGFR suppressors. The cytotoxic effect of the prepared derivatives was assessed toward hepatic, breast, and prostate cancerous cells (Hep-G2, MCF-7, and PC-3). Three derivatives 3d, 3e, and 3f presented potent antiproliferative activity and selectivity against the examined tumor cells showing IC50 values at low micromolar levels. Hence, successive biological assays were applied to determine the probable mechanism of action of the new compounds. They exhibited significant EGFR suppression with an IC50 range of 0.137-0.507 µM. The most effective EGFR inhibitor 3f arrested the MCF-7 cell cycle at the S phase by inducing the apoptotic pathway that was confirmed via increasing the expression of Caspases 8, 9, and Bax, which are associated with Bcl-2 decline. Additionally, molecular docking displayed a distinctive interaction between 3f and EGFR binding pocket. Overall, this work introduces some novel imidazolyl-2-cyanoprop-2-enimidothioates and ethyl imidazolylthiomethylacrylates as potential cytotoxic and EGFR inhibitors that deserve further research in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma G Abdulrahman
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta 34518, Egypt.
| | - Hoda S El Saeed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nehad M El-Dydamony
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6(th) of October City, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal M Husseiny
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt.
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Bagheri A, Moradi S, Iraji A, Mahdavi M. Structure-based development of 3,5-dihydroxybenzoyl-hydrazineylidene as tyrosinase inhibitor; in vitro and in silico study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1540. [PMID: 38233558 PMCID: PMC10794188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of new analogs of 3,5-dihydroxybenzoyl-hydrazineylidene conjugated to different methoxyphenyl triazole (11a-n) synthesized using click reaction. The structures of all synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H, 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and CHO analysis. The tyrosinase inhibitory potential of the synthesized compounds was studied. The newly synthesized scaffolds were found to illustrate the variable degree of the inhibitory profile, and the most potent analog of this series was that one bearing 4-methoxyphenyl moiety, and exhibited an IC50 value of 55.39 ± 4.93 µM. The kinetic study of the most potent derivative reveals a competitive mode of inhibition. Next, molecular docking studies were performed to understand the potent inhibitor's binding mode within the enzyme's binding site. Molecular dynamics simulations were accomplished to further investigate the orientation and binding interaction over time and the stability of the 11m-tyrosinase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzam Bagheri
- Faculty of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Moradi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Central Research Laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Farghaly TA, Alqurashi RM, Masaret GS, Abdulwahab HG. Recent Methods for the Synthesis of Quinoxaline Derivatives and their Biological Activities. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:920-982. [PMID: 37885112 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575264375231012115026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Quinoxaline derivatives have been incorporated into numerous marketed drugs used for the treatment of various diseases. Examples include glecaprevir (Mavyret), voxilaprevir (Vosevi), Balversa (L01EX16) (erdafitinib), carbadox, XK469R (NSC698215), and becampanel (AMP397). These quinoxaline derivatives exhibit a diverse range of pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antitubercular, antiviral, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anticancer, antiproliferative, antitumor, kinase inhibition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and analgesic effects. Recognizing the significance of these bioactive quinoxaline derivatives, researchers have dedicated their efforts to developing various synthetic methods for their production. This review aimed to compile the most recent findings on the synthesis and biological properties of quinoxaline derivatives from 2015 to 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoraya A Farghaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad M Alqurashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada S Masaret
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Gaber Abdulwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abdulrahman FG, Abulkhair HS, Zidan RA, Alwakeel AI, Al-Karmalawy AA, Husseiny EM. Novel benzochromenes: design, synthesis, cytotoxicity, molecular docking and mechanistic investigations. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:105-123. [PMID: 38226455 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: A novel series of fused benzochromenes with expected cytotoxicity and HIF-1α inhibition was identified. Materials & methods: A bioisosterism-aided approach was applied to design new benzochromenes and assess their cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines. The probable mechanistic effect and the in silico docking and pharmacokinetic profiles of the most effective derivatives were evaluated. Results: Compounds 3, 4, 5, 8 and 11 showed potent antiproliferative activity and excellent selectivity. Compound 8 showed significant HIF-1α inhibition with an IC50 value of 3.372 μM. It also enhanced apoptosis and arrested the HepG2 cell cycle at both the G0/G1 and S stages. Conclusion: Compound 8 was identified as a new potential anticancer candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma G Abdulrahman
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Horus University-Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Riham A Zidan
- Department of Biochemistry, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa I Alwakeel
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Horus University-Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, 12566, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal M Husseiny
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11754, Cairo, Egypt
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Husseiny EM, Abulkhair HS, Saleh A, Altwaijry N, Zidan RA, Abdulrahman FG. Molecular overlay-guided design of new CDK2 inhibitor thiazepinopurines: Synthesis, anticancer, and mechanistic investigations. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106789. [PMID: 37611530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Adopting the molecular overlay approach, three novel sets of thiazepinopurines with expected cytotoxicity and CDK2 inhibition potential were designed and synthesized. This was accomplished through the heteroannelation of purines, for the first time, with thiazepine. The obtained thiazepinopurines derivatives were assessed for their cytotoxicity toward tumor cells of three different types, HepG2, MCF-7, and PC-3 as well as one normal cell (WI38). Among the studied compounds, 3b and 3c exhibited significant antiproliferative activity against tumor cells presenting IC50 range of 5.52-17.09 µM in comparison with Roscovitine (9.32-13.82 µM). Additionally, both compounds displayed superior selectivity indices (SI = 3.00-7.15) toward tested cancer cells. The 4-chlorophenyl analog 3b has shown the best selectivity index, and hence it has been subjected to additional investigations to determine its proper mechanistic effect. Accordingly, the CDK2 inhibition potential, apoptosis induction, and cell cycle analysis of MCF-7 were evaluated. Results revealed that this analog displayed a potent CDK2 inhibition potential with an IC50 value of 0.219 µM. Findings also showed that 3b was thought to arrest MCF-7 cell cycle at S phase together with apoptosis induction by the increased expression of Bax, Caspase-8, and -9 markers with a concomitant decrease in Bcl-2 expression. Besides, the probable interaction of 3b with CDK2 binding pocket was investigated by molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtehal M Husseiny
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Najla Altwaijry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riham A Zidan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma G Abdulrahman
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
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Husseiny EM, Abulkhair HS, El-Hddad SS, Osama N, El-Zoghbi MS. Aminopyridone-linked benzimidazoles: a fragment-based drug design for the development of CDK9 inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:1213-1232. [PMID: 37584185 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: A fragment-based design and synthesis of three novel series of aminopyridone-linked benzimidazoles as potential anticancer candidates with significant CDK9 inhibition was implemented. Materials & methods: All synthesized compounds were submitted to National Cancer Institute, 60 cell lines and seven-dose cytotoxicity toward three cancer cells. Results: Compounds 2, 4a, 4c, 4d, 6a and 8a exhibited significant cytotoxicity and selectivity with IC50 range of 7.61-57.75 μM. Regarding the mechanism either in vitro or in silico, 4a, 6a and 8a displayed potent CDK9 inhibition with IC50 value of 0.424-8.461 μM. Compound 6a arrested the cell cycle at S phase and induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Conclusion: Compound 6a is a promising CDK9 inhibitor that warrants additional research for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtehal M Husseiny
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11754, Egypt
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University - Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Sanadelaslam Sa El-Hddad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omar Almukhtar University, Al Bayda, 102345, Libya
| | - Nada Osama
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt
| | - Mona S El-Zoghbi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Koum, 32511, Egypt
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El-Kalyoubi S, Elbaramawi SS, Eissa AG, Al-Ageeli E, Hobani YH, El-Sharkawy AA, Mohamed HT, Al-Karmalawy AA, Abulkhair HS. Design and synthesis of novel uracil-linked Schiff bases as dual histone deacetylase type II/topoisomerase type I inhibitors with apoptotic potential. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:937-958. [PMID: 37381751 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The previously reported dual histone deacetylase type II (HDAC II) / topoisomerase type I (Topo I) inhibitors suffer pharmacokinetic limitations because of their huge molecular weights. Materials & methods: We report the design and synthesis of a smarter novel set of uracil-linked Schiff bases (19-30) as dual HDAC II/Topo I inhibitors keeping the essential pharmacophoric features. Cytotoxicity of all compounds was assessed against three cancer cell lines. Studies of their effects on the apoptotic BAX and antiapoptotic BCL2 genes, molecular docking studies, and absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion studies were conducted. Results: Compounds 22, 25 and 30 exhibited significant activities. The bromophenyl derivative 22 displayed the best selectivity index, with IC50 values against HDAC II and Topo I of 1.12 and 13.44 μM, respectively. Conclusion: Compound 22 could be considered a lead HDAC II/Topo I inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar El-Kalyoubi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, 42511, Egypt
| | - Samar S Elbaramawi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed G Eissa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Essam Al-Ageeli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry (Medical Genetics), Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, 82621, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Hasan Hobani
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 82621, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aya Ali El-Sharkawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
| | - Hossam Taha Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences & Arts, Giza, 12451, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza, 12566, Egypt
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
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Husseiny EM, S Abulkhair H, El-Dydamony NM, Anwer KE. Exploring the cytotoxic effect and CDK-9 inhibition potential of novel sulfaguanidine-based azopyrazolidine-3,5-diones and 3,5-diaminoazopyrazoles. Bioorg Chem 2023; 133:106397. [PMID: 36753965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regarding the structural analysis of variable effective CDK-9 suppressors, we record the design and synthesis of two new sets of sulfaguanidine-based azopyrazolidine-3,5-diones and 3,5-diaminoazopyrazoles with expected anticancer and CDK-9 inhibiting activity. In the designed molecules, the pyrazole ring and sulphaguanidine fragment were linked together for the first time through diazo linkers as they are expected to enhance the anticancer activity and CDK degrading interaction. All derivatives have been estimated regarding their cytotoxic activity toward three tumor cells where CDK overexpression has been reported (HePG2, HCT-116, and MCF-7). Among these, four derivatives VII, VIII, X, and XIII exerted potent cytotoxicity against the chosen tumor cells presenting IC50 range equal to 2.86-25.89 µM. As well cytotoxicity on non-cancer cells and CDK-9 inhibition assay have been also assessed for these candidates to evaluate their selectivity indices and enzyme inhibition. The 3,5-diaminopyrazole-1-carboxamide derivative XIII showed a superior combined profile as cytotoxic with high selectivity toward cancer cells (HePG2: IC50 = 6.57 µM, SI = 13.31; HCT-116: IC50 = 9.54 µM, SI = 9.16; MCF-7: IC50 = 7.97 µM, SI = 10.97). Accordingly, it has been chosen to evaluate its probable mechanistic effect both in vitro (via enzyme assay, apoptosis induction, and cell cycle study) as well as in silico (through molecular docking). Overall, this work introduces the 3,5-diaminopyrazole-1-carboxamide derivative XIII as a potent CDK-9 inhibitor candidate (IC50 = 0.16 µM) that merits further investigations for the management of breast, colorectal, and hepatic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtehal M Husseiny
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta 34518, Egypt.
| | - Nehad M El-Dydamony
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Kurls E Anwer
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University 11566, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
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Musa A, Abulkhair HS, Aljuhani A, Rezki N, Abdelgawad MA, Shalaby K, El-Ghorab AH, Aouad MR. Phenylpyrazolone-1,2,3-triazole Hybrids as Potent Antiviral Agents with Promising SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibition Potential. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030463. [PMID: 36986562 PMCID: PMC10051656 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 infection is now considered one of the leading causes of human death. As an attempt towards the discovery of novel medications for the COVID-19 pandemic, nineteen novel compounds containing 1,2,3-triazole side chains linked to phenylpyrazolone scaffold and terminal lipophilic aryl parts with prominent substituent functionalities were designed and synthesized via a click reaction based on our previous work. The novel compounds were assessed using an in vitro effect on the growth of SARS-CoV-2 virus-infested Vero cells with different compound concentrations: 1 and 10 μM. The data revealed that most of these derivatives showed potent cellular anti-COVID-19 activity and inhibited viral replication by more than 50% with no or weak cytotoxic effect on harboring cells. In addition, in vitro assay employing the SARS-CoV-2-Main protease inhibition assay was done to test the inhibitors' ability to block the common primary protease of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as a mode of action. The obtained results show that the one non-linker analog 6h and two amide-based linkers 6i and 6q were the most active compounds with IC50 values of 5.08, 3.16, and 7.55 μM, respectively, against the viral protease in comparison to data of the selective antiviral agent GC-376. Molecular modeling studies were done for compound placement within the binding pocket of protease which reveal conserved residues hydrogen bonding and non-hydrogen interactions of 6i analog fragments: triazole scaffold, aryl part, and linker. Moreover, the stability of compounds and their interactions with the target pocket were also studied and analyzed by molecular dynamic simulations. The physicochemical and toxicity profiles were predicted, and the results show that compounds behave as an antiviral activity with low or no cellular or organ toxicity. All research results point to the potential usage of new chemotype potent derivatives as promising leads to be explored in vivo that might open the door to rational drug development of SARS-CoV-2 Main protease potent medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafa Musa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Ateyatallah Aljuhani
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 41477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadjet Rezki
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 41477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Shalaby
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H El-Ghorab
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed R Aouad
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 41477, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Khayat MT, Ahmed HEA, Omar AM, Muhammad YA, Mohammad KA, Malebari AM, Khayyat AN, Halawa AH, Abulkhair HS, Al-Karmalawy AA, Almaghrabi M, Alharbi M, Aljahdali AS, El-Agrody AM. A novel class of phenylpyrazolone-sulphonamides rigid synthetic anticancer molecules selectively inhibit the isoform IX of carbonic anhydrases guided by molecular docking and orbital analyses. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:15243-15261. [PMID: 36914238 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2188957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
All the previously reported phenylpyrazoles as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) were found to have small sizes and high levels of flexibility, and hence showed low selectivity profiles toward a particular isoform of CA. Herein, we report the development of a more rigid ring system bearing a sulfonamide hydrophilic head and a lipophilic tail to develop novel molecules that are suggested to have a better selectivity toward a special CA isoform. Accordingly, three novel sets of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles attached with sulfonamide head and aryl hydrophobic tail were synthesized to enhance the selectivity toward a specific isoform of human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs). The impact of both attachments on the potency and selectivity has been extensively discussed in terms of in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation under hypoxic conditions, structure-activity relationship and carbonic anhydrase enzyme assay. All of the new candidates displayed good cytotoxic activities against breast and colorectal carcinomas. Results of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme assay demonstrated the preferential of compounds 22, 24 and 27 to inhibit the isoform IX of hCAs selectively. Wound-healing assay has also been performed and revealed the potential of 27 to decrease the wound closure percentage in MCF-7 cells. Molecular docking and molecular orbital analysis have finally been conducted. Results indicate the potential binding interactions of 24 and 27 with several crucial amino acids of the hCA IX.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maan T Khayat
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany E A Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Abdelsattar M Omar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Yosra A Muhammad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadijah A Mohammad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azizah M Malebari
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahdab N Khayyat
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Halawa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Nasr City, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Almaghrabi
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed Alharbi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anfal S Aljahdali
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M El-Agrody
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Musa A, Ihmaid SK, Hughes DL, Said MA, Abulkhair HS, El-Ghorab AH, Abdelgawad MA, Shalaby K, Shaker ME, Alharbi KS, Alotaibi NH, Kays DL, Taylor LJ, Parambi DGT, Alzarea SI, Al-Karmalawy AA, Ahmed HEA, El-Agrody AM. The anticancer and EGFR-TK/CDK-9 dual inhibitory potentials of new synthetic pyranopyrazole and pyrazolone derivatives: X-ray crystallography, in vitro, and in silico mechanistic investigations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:12411-12425. [PMID: 36661285 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2167000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Treatment options for the management of breast cancer are still inadequate. This inadequacy is attributed to the lack of effective targeted medications, often resulting in the recurrence of metastatic disorders. Cumulative evidence suggests that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR-TK) and cyclin-dependent kinases-9 (CDK-9) overexpression correlates with worse overall survival in breast cancer patients. Pyranopyrazole and pyrazolone are privileged options for the development of anticancer agents. Inspired by this proven scientific fact, we report here the synthesis of two new series of suggested anticancer molecules incorporating both heterocycles together with their characterization by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 13C NMR-DEPT, and X-ray diffraction methods. An attempt to get the pyranopyrazole-gold complexes was conducted but unexpectedly yielded benzylidene-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one instead. This unexpected result was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. All newly synthesized compounds were assessed for their anti-proliferative activity against two different human breast cancer cells, and the obtained results were compared with the reference drug Staurosporine. The target compounds revealed variable cytotoxicity with IC50 at a low micromolar range with superior selectivity indices. Target enzyme EGFR-TK and CDK-9 assays showed that compounds 22 and 23 effectively inhibited both biological targets with IC50 values of 0.143 and 0.121 µM, respectively. Molecular docking experiments and molecular dynamics simulation were also conducted to further rationalize the in vitro obtained results.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafa Musa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh K Ihmaid
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordon
| | - David L Hughes
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Musa A Said
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H El-Ghorab
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf university, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf university, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Shalaby
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E Shaker
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Saad Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Hadal Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deborah L Kays
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Laurence J Taylor
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Della Grace Thomas Parambi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf university, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hany E A Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Agrody
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Fu DJ, Wang T. Discovery of dual tubulin-NEDDylation inhibitors with antiproliferative activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:166-175. [PMID: 36330714 PMCID: PMC9639481 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2136173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although various dual-target tubulin inhibitors have been designed and synthesised, no dual tubulin-NEDDylation inhibitors as antiproliferative agents were reported so far. In this work, a series of trimethoxyphenyl analogues as potential dual tubulin-NEDDylation inhibitors were synthesised and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity. Among them, compound C11 exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 1.17, 2.48, and 1.47 μM against HepG2, PC3, and MCF7 cells, respectively. In addition, it displayed the potent inhibitory activity against tubulin with an IC50 value of 2.40 μM and obviously inhibited tubulin polymerisation in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, C11 inhibited NEDDylation by a ATP-dependent manner. Molecular docking studies revealed that the methoxy group and dithiocarbamate group of C11 could form hydrogen bonds with residues of tubulin and E1 NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE). These results suggested that compound C11 was a dual tubulin-NEDDylation inhibitor with antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jun Fu
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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14
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Malebari AM, E A Ahmed H, Ihmaid SK, Omar AM, Muhammad YA, Althagfan SS, Aljuhani N, A A El-Sayed AA, Halawa AH, El-Tahir HM, Turkistani SA, Almaghrabi M, K B Aljohani A, El-Agrody AM, Abulkhair HS. Exploring the dual effect of novel 1,4-diarylpyranopyrazoles as antiviral and anti-inflammatory for the management of SARS-CoV-2 and associated inflammatory symptoms. Bioorg Chem 2023; 130:106255. [PMID: 36403336 PMCID: PMC9671780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 and associated substantial inflammations continue to threaten humankind triggering death worldwide. So, the development of new effective antiviral and anti-inflammatory medications is a major scientific goal. Pyranopyrazoles have occupied a crucial position in medicinal chemistry because of their biological importance. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a series of sixteen pyranopyrazole derivatives substituted with two aryl groups at N-1 and C-4. The designed compounds are suggested to show dual activity to combat the emerging Coronaviruses and associated substantial inflammations. All compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antiviral activity and cytotoxicity against SARS-CoV infected Vero cells. As well, the in vitro assay of all derivatives against the SARS-CoV Mpro target was performed. Results revealed the potential of three pyranopyrazoles (22, 27, and 31) to potently inhibit the viral main protease with IC50 values of 2.01, 1.83, and 4.60 μM respectively compared with 12.85 and 82.17 μM for GC-376 and lopinavir. Additionally, in vivo anti-inflammatory testing for the most active compound 27 proved its ability to reduce levels of two cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6). Molecular docking and dynamics simulation revealed consistent results with the in vitro enzymatic assay and indicated the stability of the putative complex of 27 with SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The assessment of metabolic stability and physicochemical properties of 27 have also been conducted. This investigation identified a set of metabolically stable pyranopyrazoles as effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and suppressors of host cell cytokine release. We believe that the new compounds deserve further chemical optimization and evaluation for COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizah M Malebari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany E A Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia; Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Saleh K Ihmaid
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jadara University Irbid, Jordan
| | - Abdelsattar M Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yosra A Muhammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan S Althagfan
- Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy Department, Taibah University, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Aljuhani
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Aziz A A El-Sayed
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Halawa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba M El-Tahir
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed Almaghrabi
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed K B Aljohani
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M El-Agrody
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta 34518, Egypt.
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15
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Design, synthesis, in vivo and in silico evaluation of novel benzothiazole-hydrazone derivatives as new antiepileptic agents. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02923-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Othman EM, Fayed EA, Husseiny EM, Abulkhair HS. The effect of novel synthetic semicarbazone- and thiosemicarbazone-linked 1,2,3-triazoles on the apoptotic markers, VEGFR-2, and cell cycle of myeloid leukemia. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:105968. [PMID: 35728289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor II (VEGFR-2) has been proved as a rational target in cancer therapy. Although currently prescribed VEGFR-2 inhibitors are showing potent antitumor activity, they are often causing serious unwanted effects, restricting their extensive use as chemotherapeutics. Herein, after analyzing the structures of the effective VEGFR-2 inhibitor molecules, we report the synthesis of a new set of semicarbazone- and thiosemicarbazone-linked 1,2,3-triazoles with expected potency of inhibiting the VEGFR-2 signaling. The design of new compounds considered maintaining the essential pharmacophoric features of sorafenib for effective binding with the receptor target. All compounds have been evaluated for their growth inhibition effect against a panel of sixty cancer cells at the National Cancer Institute. Leukemia cancer cells, especially HL-60 and SR, were shown to be the most sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of new compounds. Thiosemicarbazones 21, 26, and 30 exhibited the best activity against almost all tested cancer cells. Therefore, a set of subsequent in vitro biological evaluations has been performed to understand the mechanistic effect of these compounds further. They inhibited the VEGFR-2 with IC50 values of 0.128, 0.413, and 0.067 µM respectively compared with 0.048 µM of Sorafenib. The probable mechanistic effect of 30 has been further evaluated on a number of apoptotic and antiapoptotic markers including BAX, BCL2, caspase-3, and caspase-9. Results revealed the potential of the thiosemicarbazone-linked triazole 30 to induce both the early and the late apoptosis, elevate BAX/BCL2 ratio, induce caspase-3 & caspase-9, and arrest the HL-60 cell cycle at the G2/M and G0-G1 phases. Molecular docking of new semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones into the proposed biological target receptor has also been performed. Results of docking studies proved the potential of new semicarbazone- and thiosemicarbazone-linked 1,2,3-triazoles to effectively bind with crucial residues of the VEGFR-2 binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa M Othman
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A Fayed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal M Husseiny
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta 34518, Egypt.
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17
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Othman EM, Fayed EA, Husseiny EM, Abulkhair HS. Apoptosis induction, PARP-1 inhibition, and cell cycle analysis of leukemia cancer cells treated with novel synthetic 1,2,3-triazole-chalcone conjugates. Bioorg Chem 2022; 123:105762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Zaki AA, Kaddah MMY, Abulkhair HS, Ashour A. Unravelling the antifungal and antiprotozoal activities and LC-MS/MS quantification of steroidal saponins isolated from Panicum turgidum. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2980-2991. [PMID: 35425313 PMCID: PMC8979225 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08532h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioassay-guided investigation of Panicum turgidum extract resulted in the identification of seven steroidal saponins (Turgidosterones 1–7). They were evaluated for their in vitro antifungal, antileishmanial, and antitrypanosomal activities. Turgidosterone 6 was the most active antifungal against Candida albicans and Candida neoformans (IC50 values of 2.84 and 1.08 μg mL−1, respectively). Turgidosterones 4–7 displayed antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani promastigotes with IC50 values ranging from 4.95 to 8.03 μg mL−1 and against Leishmania donovani amastigote/THP with IC50 values range of 4.50–9.29 μg mL−1. Activity against Trypanosoma brucei was also observed for Turgidosterones 4–7 with an IC50 values range of 1.26–3.77 μg mL−1. Turgidosterones 1–3 did not display any activity against the tested pathogens. The study of structure–activity relationships of the isolated saponins indicated that the antifungal, antileishmanial, and antitrypanosomal activities are markedly affected by the presence of spirostane-type saponins and the elongation of the sugar residue at C-3. To quantitatively determine the most abundant active ingredient in Panicum turgidum extract, a single run, sensitive, and highly selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been applied under positive and negative modes. The obtained results showed that compound 5 was the most abundant (95.93 ± 1.10 mg per gram of dry Panicum turgidum extract), followed by 6 (52.51 ± 1.05 mg gm−1), 4 (32.71 ± 0.48 mg gm−1), and 7 (13.19 ± 0.50 mg gm−1). Docking of these saponins against the Candida albicans oxidoreductases and Leishmania infantum trypanothione reductase active sites revealed their potential to effectively bind with a number of key residues in both receptor targets. Bioassay-guided investigation of Panicum turgidum extract resulted in the identification of seven steroidal saponins (Turgidosterones 1–7).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Zaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt .,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt International Coastal Road New Damietta 34518 Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Y Kaddah
- Pharmaceutical and Fermentation Industries Development Center, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications New Borg El-Arab 21934 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University Nasr City 11884 Cairo Egypt .,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt International Coastal Road New Damietta 34518 Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt .,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt International Coastal Road New Damietta 34518 Egypt
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19
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Othman EM, Fayed EA, Husseiny EM, Abulkhair HS. Rationale design, synthesis, cytotoxicity evaluation, and in silico mechanistic studies of novel 1,2,3-triazoles with potential anticancer activity. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02061k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new set of 1,2,3-triazoles was designed and synthesized to evaluate their potential to inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa M. Othman
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A. Fayed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal M. Husseiny
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamada S. Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
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20
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Aljuhani A, Ahmed HEA, Ihmaid SK, Omar AM, Althagfan SS, Alahmadi YM, Ahmad I, Patel H, Ahmed S, Almikhlafi MA, El-Agrody AM, Zayed MF, Turkistani SA, Abulkhair SH, Almaghrabi M, Salama SA, Al-Karmalawy AA, Abulkhair HS. In vitro and computational investigations of novel synthetic carboxamide-linked pyridopyrrolopyrimidines with potent activity as SARS-CoV-2-M Pro inhibitors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26895-26907. [PMID: 36320844 PMCID: PMC9494209 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential target for COVID-19 is the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro). With the objective of targeting this receptor, a novel set of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines with terminal carboxamide fragments was designed, synthesized, and considered as an initial motif for the creation of effective pan-coronavirus inhibitors. Accordingly, nine derivatives (21–29) have been introduced for in vitro assay to evaluate their antiviral activity and cytotoxicity effect against COVID-19 virus using Vero cells. The obtained data revealed that the majority of these derivatives showed potent cellular anti-COVID-19 activity and prevent viral growth by more than 90% at two different concentrations with weak or even no detectable cytotoxic effect on Vero cells. Extensive molecular docking simulations highlighted proper non-covalent interaction of new compounds within the binding pocket of Mpro as a potential target for their antiviral activity. In vitro assay for all the synthesized derivatives against the viral Mpro target indicated that compounds 25 and 29 have promising inhibitory activity with IC50 values at low micromolar concentrations. The molecular dynamic simulation results predicted the stability of compound 29 in the binding cavity of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and hence supported the high inhibitory activity shown by the In vitro assay. These results suggested that compounds 25 and 29 merit further investigations as promising drug candidates for the management of SARS-CoV-2. An essential target for COVID-19 is the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateyatallah Aljuhani
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 41477, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany E. A. Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saleh K. Ihmaid
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Abdelsattar M. Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Alsulaymanyah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sultan S. Althagfan
- Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser M. Alahmadi
- Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harun Patel
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sahar Ahmed
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Mohannad A. Almikhlafi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. El-Agrody
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Zayed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah 21461, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shorouk H. Abulkhair
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University (Girls), Nasr City 11754, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Almaghrabi
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir A. Salama
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University – Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Hamada S. Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University – Egypt, International Coastal Road, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
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21
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Gaber AA, El-Morsy AM, Sherbiny FF, Bayoumi AH, El-Gamal KM, El-Adl K, Al-Karmalawy AA, Ezz Eldin RR, Saleh MA, Abulkhair HS. Pharmacophore-linked pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as EGFR-TK inhibitors: Synthesis, anticancer evaluation, pharmacokinetics, and in silico mechanistic studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021:e2100258. [PMID: 34467546 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) with small inhibitor molecules has been validated as a potential therapeutic strategy in cancer therapy. Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine is a versatile scaffold that has been exploited for developing potential anticancer agents. On the basis of fragment-based drug discovery, considering the essential pharmacophoric features of potent EGFR tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors, herein, we report the design and synthesis of new hybrid molecules of the pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine scaffold linked with diverse pharmacophoric fragments with reported anticancer potential. These fragments include hydrazone, indoline-2-one, phthalimide, thiourea, oxadiazole, pyrazole, and dihydropyrazole. The synthesized molecules were evaluated for their anticancer activity against the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. The obtained results revealed comparable antitumor activity with that of the reference drugs doxorubicin and toceranib. Docking studies were performed along with EGFR-TK and ADMET profiling studies. The results of the docking studies showed the ability of the designed compounds to interact with key residues of the EGFR-TK through a number of covalent and noncovalent interactions. The obtained activity of compound 25 (IC50 = 2.89 µM) suggested that it may serve as a lead for further optimization and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Gaber
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M El-Morsy
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Nasr City, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Farag F Sherbiny
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Nasr City, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, Basic Science Center and Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry College of Pharmaceutical Science & Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), Al-Motamayez District, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Ashraf H Bayoumi
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Kamal M El-Gamal
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Khaled El-Adl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Nasr City, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
| | - Rogy R Ezz Eldin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Nasr City, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
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22
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From triazolophthalazines to triazoloquinazolines: A bioisosterism-guided approach toward the identification of novel PCAF inhibitors with potential anticancer activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 42:116266. [PMID: 34126285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of PCAF bromodomain has been validated as a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer. In this study, we report the bioisosteric modification of the first reported potent PCAF bromodomain inhibitor, L-45 to its triazoloquinazoline bioisosteres. Accordingly, three new series of triazoloquinazoline derivatives were designed, synthesized, and assessed for their anticancer activity against a panel of four human cancer cells. Three derivatives demonstrated comparable cytotoxic activity with the reference drug doxorubicin. Among them, compound 22 showed the most potent activity with IC50 values of 15.07, 9.86, 5.75, and 10.79 µM against Hep-G2, MCF-7, PC3, and HCT-116 respectively. Also, compound 24 exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity effects against the selected cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 20.49, 12.56, 17.18, and 11.50 µM. Compounds 22 and 25 were the most potent PCAF inhibitors (IC50, 2.88 and 3.19 μM, respectively) compared with bromosporine (IC50, 2.10 μM). Follow up apoptosis induction and cell cycle analysis studies revealed that the bioisostere 22 could induce apoptotic cell death and arrest the cell cycle of PC3 at the G2/M phase. The in silico molecular docking studies were additionally performed to rationalize the PCAF inhibitory effects of new triazoloquinazoline bioisosteres.
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23
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El-Shershaby MH, Ghiaty A, Bayoumi AH, Ahmed HEA, El-Zoghbi MS, El-Adl K, Abulkhair HS. 1,2,4-Triazolo[4,3-c]quinazolines: a bioisosterism-guided approach towards the development of novel PCAF inhibitors with potential anticancer activity. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00710f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Targeting PCAF with small inhibitor molecules has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adel Ghiaty
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Ashraf H. Bayoumi
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Hany E. A. Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Mona S. El-Zoghbi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy
- Menoufia University
- Shebin El-Koum
- Egypt
| | - Khaled El-Adl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Cairo
- Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
| | - Hamada S. Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Cairo
- Egypt
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24
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El-Shershaby MH, El-Gamal KM, Bayoumi AH, El-Adl K, Alswah M, Ahmed HEA, Al-Karmalamy AA, Abulkhair HS. The antimicrobial potential and pharmacokinetic profiles of novel quinoline-based scaffolds: synthesis and in silico mechanistic studies as dual DNA gyrase and DHFR inhibitors. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02838c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of pathogenic microbes to currently available antimicrobial agents has been considered a global alarming concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H. El-Shershaby
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Nasr City 11884
- Egypt
| | - Kamal M. El-Gamal
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Nasr City 11884
- Egypt
| | - Ashraf H. Bayoumi
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Nasr City 11884
- Egypt
| | - Khaled El-Adl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - Mohamed Alswah
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Nasr City 11884
- Egypt
| | - Hany E. A. Ahmed
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Nasr City 11884
- Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalamy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Horus University - Egypt
- New Damietta
- Egypt
| | - Hamada S. Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Al-Azhar University
- Nasr City 11884
- Egypt
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