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Subchondral bone microenvironment in osteoarthritis and pain. Bone Res 2021; 9:20. [PMID: 33731688 PMCID: PMC7969608 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis comprises several joint disorders characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and persistent pain, causing disability and economic burden. The incidence of osteoarthritis is rapidly increasing worldwide due to aging and obesity trends. Basic and clinical research on osteoarthritis has been carried out for decades, but many questions remain unanswered. The exact role of subchondral bone during the initiation and progression osteoarthritis remains unclear. Accumulating evidence shows that subchondral bone lesions, including bone marrow edema and angiogenesis, develop earlier than cartilage degeneration. Clinical interventions targeting subchondral bone have shown therapeutic potential, while others targeting cartilage have yielded disappointing results. Abnormal subchondral bone remodeling, angiogenesis and sensory nerve innervation contribute directly or indirectly to cartilage destruction and pain. This review is about bone-cartilage crosstalk, the subchondral microenvironment and the critical role of both in osteoarthritis progression. It also provides an update on the pathogenesis of and interventions for osteoarthritis and future research targeting subchondral bone.
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Neuman P, Dahlberg LE, Englund M, Struglics A. Concentrations of synovial fluid biomarkers and the prediction of knee osteoarthritis 16 years after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:492-498. [PMID: 27654964 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the longitudinal patterns of release, and investigate the association between a set of synovial fluid biomarkers at the acute and chronic stage and the development of radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA) after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. DESIGN Synovial fluid was aspirated from the acutely ACL-injured knee within the first 2weeks (acute samples), and yearly (chronic samples) up to 7.5 years after injury in 88 subjects (60% men). Non-injured subjects (n = 12) were used as reference group. Aggrecan, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 in synovial fluid were quantified by immunoassays. The presence of radiographic tibiofemoral (TF) or patellofemoral (PF) OA [Kellgren and Lawrence (K&L) ≥2] was examined with weight-bearing knee radiography 16 years after the ACL injury. RESULTS The average acute and chronic SF concentrations of COMP and aggrecan were elevated in comparison with the reference group (P < 0.001). The levels of COMP and aggrecan clearly decreased approximately half a year after the ACL injury, and returned to reference values during the 7.5 years of follow-up. Using logistic regression analysis neither acute nor chronic concentrations of the four biomarkers were associated with the development of radiographic knee OA at the 16 year follow-up. CONCLUSION Increased synovial fluid concentrations of aggrecan and COMP was related to knee injury, but acute and chronic synovial fluid concentrations of aggrecan, COMP, MMP-3 and TIMP-1 failed to predict knee OA 16 years after ACL injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Neuman
- Orthopedics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden.
| | - L E Dahlberg
- Orthopedics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden; Orthopedics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Sweden
| | - M Englund
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Orthopedics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Sweden; Clinical Epidemiology Research & Training Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Struglics
- Orthopedics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Sweden
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Ding L, Zampogna B, Vasta S, Jang KW, De Caro F, Martin JA, Amendola A. Why Do Osteochondral Allografts Survive? Comparative Analysis of Cartilage Biochemical Properties Unveils a Molecular Basis for Durability. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43:2459-68. [PMID: 26311444 PMCID: PMC5038986 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515596407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplantation of osteochondral allografts (OCAs) freshly preserved for ≥30 days has proven to be a reliable technique for cartilage resurfacing. However, the prolonged storage of allografts comes at the expense of chondrocyte viability, which declines precipitously after 14 days under refrigeration. Despite this, radiographic data indicate that most allograft cartilage remains stable for years after implantation. The apparent durability of partially devitalized cartilage begs the question of how the extracellular matrix is maintained. HYPOTHESIS Compared with patients' defect cartilage, replacement OCAs freshly preserved for 36 days on average contain significantly lower levels of cartilage matrix-destructive metalloproteinases, which may contribute to the long-term stability of implanted grafts. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS Chondrocyte density was determined by the cell yield from digested cartilage and by double-strand DNA content quantified with PicoGreen assay. Chondrocyte viability was estimated by staining enzymatically isolated chondrocytes with calcein AM and ethidium homodimer-2. Cartilage proteoglycan (PG) content was analyzed with dimethylmethylene blue assay. The in vitro 48-hour release of PG-depleting metalloproteinases including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -3, -13, and ADAMTS-5 from cartilage was examined with Western blotting. The data were compared between diseased cartilage from patients and samples from matched grafts. The relative amount of MMP-3 to its endogenous inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 (TIMP-1), was also determined with Western blotting. RESULTS Chondrocyte density decreased linearly with allograft storage time and declined by an average of 43%. PG content decreased while the percentage of nonviable chondrocytes increased with storage time, with the former showing less linearity. However, PG content remained in the normal range and was significantly higher than that in patients' defect cartilage. Correspondingly, significantly less PG-depleting metalloproteinases and a much lower MMP-3/TIMP-1 ratio were detected in allograft cartilage than in patients' diseased cartilage. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that, at the time of implantation, fresh-preserved OCAs contained significantly lower levels of PG-depleting metalloproteinases compared with patients' defect cartilage, which might contribute to their long-term stability in vivo. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The comparatively low expression of cartilage-dissolving metalloproteinases in human OCAs freshly preserved over 30 days offers support to the long-term durability of implanted grafts. Based on study data that showed similarity in the response to inflammatory cytokines between patients' cartilage and OCA cartilage, strategies that can alleviate inflammation may provide extra benefit for the survival of implanted grafts. In terms of the practice of graft preservation, agents that can keep balance between the ATP supply and demand or stabilize the cell membrane or inhibit the activation of metalloproteinases may significantly improve cell viability in fresh-preserved OCAs with a storage time longer than 5 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA,Address correspondence to Lei Ding, MD, PhD, or Annunziato Amendola, MD, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, 2701 Prairie Meadow Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA ( or )
| | - Biagio Zampogna
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA,Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Vasta
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA,Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Kee Woong Jang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Francesca De Caro
- Orthopaedic Clinic and Biomechanics Laboratory, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - James A. Martin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Annunziato Amendola
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA,Address correspondence to Lei Ding, MD, PhD, or Annunziato Amendola, MD, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, 2701 Prairie Meadow Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA ( or )
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Hong SH, Kwon JT, Lee JH, Lee S, Lee AY, Cho WY, Bat-Erdene M, Choi BD, Cho MH. Ascidian Tunicate Extracts Attenuate Rheumatoid Arthritis in a Collagen-induced Murine Model. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine rheumatoid arthritis models are often used to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of candidate drugs. The present study has been conducted in order to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of ascidian tunicate extracts in a collagen-induced arthritis DBA1/J mice model. Four types of formulas, ascidian tunicate extracts (ATE), crude ascidian tunicate glycans (ATEC), ascidian tunicate extracts with licorice extracts (ATEL), and crude ascidian tunicate glycans with licorice extracts (ATECL) were orally administered into DBA/1J mice for 3 weeks and paw edema and thickness were evaluated. Changes in inflammatory proteins and cytokines levels were monitored in hind leg tissues by Western blot and quantitative PCR analysis. The oral administration of ascidian tunicate extracts alleviated paw edema and improved the histological hind leg cartilage status. The extracts also reduced the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) protein and prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) levels. In addition, the extracts-treated groups showed increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels compared with the non-treated group. These findings suggest that orally administered ascidian tunicate extracts might have potential therapeutic effects for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ho Hong
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
| | - Jung-Taek Kwon
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404–708, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
| | - Somin Lee
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
- Graduate Group of Tumor Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Korea
| | - Ah Young Lee
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
| | - Won-Young Cho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
- Graduate Group of Tumor Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Korea
| | - Munkhjargal Bat-Erdene
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology/The Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, 445 Inpyeong-dong, Tondyeong 650–160, Korea
| | - Byeong-Dae Choi
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology/The Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, 445 Inpyeong-dong, Tondyeong 650–160, Korea
| | - Myung-Haing Cho
- Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–921, Korea
- Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443–270, Korea
- Graduate Group of Tumor Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151–742, Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443–270, Korea
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Dubey S, Adebajo AO. Historical and Current Perspectives on Management of Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clin Trials 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84628-742-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Monfort J, Tardif G, Reboul P, Mineau F, Roughley P, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J. Degradation of small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans by matrix metalloprotease-13: identification of a new biglycan cleavage site. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8:R26. [PMID: 16507124 PMCID: PMC1526547 DOI: 10.1186/ar1873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A major and early feature of cartilage degeneration is proteoglycan breakdown. Matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-13 plays an important role in cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis (OA). This MMP, in addition to initiating collagen fibre cleavage, acts on several proteoglycans. One of the proteoglycan families, termed small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs), was found to be involved in collagen fibril formation/interaction, with some members playing a role in the OA process. We investigated the ability of MMP-13 to cleave members of two classes of SLRPs: biglycan and decorin; and fibromodulin and lumican. SLRPs were isolated from human normal and OA cartilage using guanidinium chloride (4 mol/l) extraction. Digestion products were examined using Western blotting. The identities of the MMP-13 degradation products of biglycan and decorin (using specific substrates) were determined following electrophoresis and microsequencing. We found that the SLRPs studied were cleaved to differing extents by human MMP-13. Although only minimal cleavage of decorin and lumican was observed, cleavage of fibromodulin and biglycan was extensive, suggesting that both molecules are preferential substrates. In contrast to biglycan, decorin and lumican, which yielded a degradation pattern similar for both normal and OA cartilage, fibromodulin had a higher level of degradation with increased cartilage damage. Microsequencing revealed a novel major cleavage site (... G177/V178) for biglycan and a potential cleavage site for decorin upon exposure to MMP-13. We showed, for the first time, that MMP-13 can degrade members from two classes of the SLRP family, and identified the site at which biglycan is cleaved by MMP-13. MMP-13 induced SLRP degradation may represent an early critical event, which may in turn affect the collagen network by exposing the MMP-13 cleavage site in this macromolecule. Awareness of SLRP degradation products, especially those of biglycan and fibromodulin, may assist in early detection of OA cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Monfort
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Centre, Notre-Dame Hospital, 1560 Sherbrooke Street East, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - Ginette Tardif
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Centre, Notre-Dame Hospital, 1560 Sherbrooke Street East, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - Pascal Reboul
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Centre, Notre-Dame Hospital, 1560 Sherbrooke Street East, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - François Mineau
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Centre, Notre-Dame Hospital, 1560 Sherbrooke Street East, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - Peter Roughley
- Genetics Unit, Shriner's Hospital for Children, 1529 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Centre, Notre-Dame Hospital, 1560 Sherbrooke Street East, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
| | - Johanne Martel-Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Centre, Notre-Dame Hospital, 1560 Sherbrooke Street East, Montreal, Quebec H2L 4M1, Canada
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Kim JH, Ryu KH, Jung KW, Han CK, Kwak WJ, Cho YB. SKI306X suppresses cartilage destruction and inhibits the production of matrix metalloproteinase in rabbit joint cartilage explant culture. J Pharmacol Sci 2005; 98:298-306. [PMID: 16034188 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fpj04058x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SKI306X was previously found to have cartilage protective effects in the experimental osteoarthritis (OA) model. To investigate the chondro-protective benefits of SKI306X for its capacity in altering changes in cartilage metabolism and molecular mechanisms of cartilage protective action, SKI306X is studied in rabbit cartilage explants culture. To investigate the protective effect of SKI306X on cartilage catabolism, we assessed collagen degradation in rabbit cartilage explants treated with interleukin-1alpha up to 3 weeks. To examine the reaction mechanism, matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) were investigated by fluorimetric and Western blotting analysis. In addition, its effects on the activation process of proenzyme MMP-3 were determined by gelatin zymography. SKI306X significantly inhibited collagen degradation and inhibited the activities of several MMPs. Total MMPs activities in cultured medium were substantially increased in the third week at the time of collagen degradation with the absence of SKI306. However, the introduction of SKI306X decreased MMPs activities in cultured medium. Furthermore, Western blotting analysis proved that these inhibitory effects of this drug were the result of inhibiting MMPs expression. SKI306X also inhibited the activation of proenzyme MMP-3 to the active form of MMP-3. These results indicate that SKI306X inhibits matrix degradation by down regulating MMPs expression and secretion, inhibition of MMPs activity, and inhibiting activation of MMP-3 during the collagen breakdown process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyon Kim
- Life Science Research Center, SK Chemicals, Kyugki-Do, South Korea
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Shibakawa A, Yudoh K, Masuko-Hongo K, Kato T, Nishioka K, Nakamura H. The role of subchondral bone resorption pits in osteoarthritis: MMP production by cells derived from bone marrow. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:679-87. [PMID: 15961327 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2004] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The vascular invasion of bone marrow tissue into the subchondral plate is often observed in articular cartilage and we named it the subchondral bone absorption pit; however, its implication in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) has been poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate its characteristics and roles in osteoarthritic conditions. METHODS Articular cartilage specimens from 11 patients with medial type knee OA and 7 non-arthritic cadavers were analyzed with HE staining. OA sections were stained with safranin-O, TRAP (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase) and immunostained with anti-MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, vitronectin receptor (VNR)-alpha chain, vimentin and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) 2/4 antibodies. RESULTS Subchondral bone resorption pits were classified according to the extent of invasion: pits with bone marrow tissue were located within uncalcified cartilage below the tidemark in grade I and invaded beyond the tidemark in grade II, while no invasion was seen in grade 0. Grade II pits were dominant in OA compared to non-arthritic joints, especially medial condyles. Proteoglycan detected with safranin-O staining was lost around the tip of grade II pits and the density of pits was related to the modified Mankin Score. Cells in pits expressed vimentin, MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13. Some polynuclear cells co-expressed VNR-alpha chain and MMP-13, whereas pits showed reparative features expressing BMP. CONCLUSION These results suggest that subchondral bone resorption pits contribute to cartilage degradation by expressing matrix metalloproteinases in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shibakawa
- Department of Bioregulation and Proteomics, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 216-8512, Japan
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Panico AM, Vicini P, Massimo G, Cardile V, Gentile B, Avondo S, Vittorio F, Ronsisvalle G. Protective effects of benzisothiazolylamidines on IL-1 beta induced alterations in human articular chondrocyte metabolism. Inflammation 2005; 28:231-5. [PMID: 15673165 DOI: 10.1023/b:ifla.0000049048.33885.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro effects on human articular chondrocytes were evaluated for a series of N-benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl-amidines, bearing as pharmacophoric moiety the nonacidic isosteric nitrogen analogue of the carboxylic group. The aim was to verify their effectiveness in articular diseases, such as arthritis. Human chondrocytes were treated with IL-1beta in the presence of a series of N-benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl-amidines at a concentration of 100 microg/mL. After 120 h, the amount of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the inhibition of metalloproteinases (MMP-3) and prostaglandin (PGE2) were measured. Nitrite production induced by inflammatory IL-1beta on cultured chondrocytes was inhibited by the N-benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl-amidines tested, in particular by N-benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl-benzamidine, which was the most active. Concerning the effects on GAGs, all the tested benzisothiazolylamidines, and in particular N-benzo[d]isothiazol-3-yl-acetamidine, prevented the depletion of proteoglycan induced by IL-1beta. Inhibitory effects of the tested compounds on MMP-3 activity and on PGE2 production were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Panico
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Yamamoto K, Shishido T, Masaoka T, Imakiire A. Morphological studies on the ageing and osteoarthritis of the articular cartilage in C57 black mice. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2005; 13:8-18. [PMID: 15872395 DOI: 10.1177/230949900501300103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the cause and mechanism of joint degeneration in osteoarthritis, through histopathological and ultrastructural-histochemical experiments on the articular cartilage of the knees of the C57 black mouse. METHODS 192 C57 black mice and a control group of 64 C57BL/6J mice were used in this study. The left and right knee articular capsules of the joints were removed and stained. Each articular cartilage sample was examined and osteoarthritic changes were assessed using a transmission electron microscope. The severity of osteoarthritis in the knee joint cartilage of C57 black mice was histologically assessed using a classification system described by Okabe, based on Maier's system. RESULTS The incidence and the severity of osteoarthritis gradually increased with age; the incidence increased from 20% at 2 months to 80% at 16 months. Irreversible changes appeared at an advanced stage, and the process of degeneration was quite similar to that in human osteoarthritis. Through transmission electron microscopy, we observed poorly developed Golgi apparatus, markedly increased intracellular microfilaments, decreased proteoglycan granules, and broken collagen networks in all stages of osteoarthritis. By contrast, Golgi apparatus and other organelles were well developed in histologically normal mice of all ages. Proteoglycan granules, which mainly consisted of keratan sulphate, were observed; collagen networks were maintained. CONCLUSION Disturbed protein transport and sugar synthesis in chondrocytes, caused by the deficient development of the Golgi apparatus, could result in degenerative changes in articular cartilage. The structure and function of the matrix were maintained mainly because of the continued presence of keratan sulphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Martel-Pelletier J, Mineau F, Fahmi H, Laufer S, Reboul P, Boileau C, Lavigne M, Pelletier JP. Regulation of the expression of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein/5-lipoxygenase and the synthesis of leukotriene B(4) in osteoarthritic chondrocytes: role of transforming growth factor beta and eicosanoids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 50:3925-33. [PMID: 15593193 DOI: 10.1002/art.20632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the modulation of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) expression in human osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes, their relative implications in leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) production, the effect of different factors on this system, and the influence of increased LTB(4) production on the synthesis of catabolic factors of cartilage. METHODS FLAP and 5-LOX expression and LTB(4) production were monitored following treatment with transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1; 5 ng/ml) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25[OH](2)D(3); 50 nM) alone or in combination with selective or nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, naproxen (90 mug/ml), NS-398 (10 muM), or FR122047 (5 muM), or a dual inhibitor of COX/5-LOX activity, licofelone (2.6 muM). LTB(4), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and matrix metalloprotease 1 (MMP-1) production were measured by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, nitric oxide by the Griess reaction, and FLAP and 5-LOX expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Human OA chondrocytes expressed both FLAP and 5-LOX. TGFbeta1 and/or 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) induced a rapid and marked enhancement ( approximately 4-13-fold) in FLAP messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, which was associated with a subsequent and late increase in LTB(4) production and PGE(2) synthesis. Treatment with COX inhibitors in the absence or presence of TGFbeta1 and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) induced a rapid increase in LTB(4) production; this response was mediated by the sustained and significant (P < 0.01) up-regulation ( approximately 1.5-fold) of 5-LOX mRNA levels. Conversely, treatment with licofelone showed no effect on 5-LOX but significantly reduced FLAP expression levels. Coincubation of licofelone with TGFbeta1 plus 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) did not affect FLAP or 5-LOX levels. In the presence of TGFbeta1 plus 1,25(OH)(2)D(3), naproxen, but not licofelone, induced MMP-1 production and both drugs decreased nitric oxide levels. CONCLUSION Both the eicosanoids PGE(2) and LTB(4) are important cofactors in regulating FLAP/5-LOX expression; the inhibition of PGE(2) up-regulates 5-LOX while down-regulating FLAP gene expression, and LTB(4) appears to be an up-regulating factor on the 5-LOX gene. Importantly, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs up-regulate the synthesis of LTB(4), supporting the shunt hypothesis from COX to 5-LOX. We also demonstrated that LTB(4) likely contributes to the up-regulation of important catabolic factors involved in the pathophysiology of OA, such as MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Martel-Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Chu SC, Yang SF, Lue KH, Hsieh YS, Wu CL, Lu KH. Regulation of gelatinases expression by cytokines, endotoxin, and pharmacological agents in the human osteoarthritic knee. Connect Tissue Res 2004; 45:142-50. [PMID: 15512768 DOI: 10.1080/03008200490506058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We examined the amount of gelatinases (matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 [MMP-2 and MMP-9] in a series of chondral, meniscal, and synovial cultures of early osteoarthritis (OA) after treatment with or without catabolic cytokines. These included interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and pharmacological agents, including plasmin/serine proteinase antagonist aprotinin, protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors staurosporine, H7, and Gö6976 for investigation of their effects on MMP-2 and -9 production in OA. Gelatin zymography revealed that IL-alpha, TNF-alpha, and LPS could elevate MMP-2 secretion in all tissue cultures and also increase MMP-9 production in all synovial and some meniscal cultures. In contrast, aprotinin, cycloheximide, staurosporine, H7, and Gö6976 could suppress MMP-2 secretion in all tissue cultures and also decrease MMP-9 production in all synovial and some meniscal cultures. Our data indicate that catabolic cytokines and LPS may promote tissue destruction and disintegration of extracellular matrix in early OA. Agents that target on the PKC pathway, plasmin/serine proteinase or protein synthesis for MMP-2 and -9 in early OA may inhibit the production of MMPs. These findings might contribute to the design of more efficacious therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chen Chu
- Department of Food Science, Chungtai Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
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Shibakawa A, Aoki H, Masuko-Hongo K, Kato T, Tanaka M, Nishioka K, Nakamura H. Presence of pannus-like tissue on osteoarthritic cartilage and its histological character. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11:133-40. [PMID: 12554129 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2002.0871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate and characterize pannus-like tissue which is often present on osteoarthritic articular cartilage. DESIGN Cartilage specimens from 15 knee and five hip joints of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) undergoing arthroplasty were stained for HE and Safranin-O. They were also immunostained by antitype I collagen, type II collagen, CD68, IL-1beta and MMP3 antibodies. RESULTS Ninety percent of joints have pannus-like tissue on the articular surface, preferentially in a marginal area. The articular cartilage was divided into three regions according to the location: the marginal zone, the intermediate zone and the paraeburnated zone. Pannuslike tissue in OA knee joint occurred 45.9%, 27.5% and 11.1% of the surface of each region respectively. Histologically, pannus-like tissue could be classified into the vascular type and the fibrous type. Extracellular matrix of both types of tissues were negative for Safranin-O and type II collagen, but positive for type I collagen. IL-1beta and MMP3 expressing cells are predominant in pannus-like tissue, whereas CD68 positive cells were infiltrated in only a few samples. Vascular type tissue kept continuity with bone marrow suggesting mesenchymal origin. CONCLUSION Pannus-like tissue exists in advanced OA cartilage, preferentially in the marginal zone. It expressed IL-1beta and MMP3, which strongly suggests that it contributes to cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shibakawa
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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15
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Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J. The Novartis-ILAR Rheumatology Prize 2001 Osteoarthritis: from molecule to man. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2001; 4:13-9. [PMID: 11879533 PMCID: PMC128913 DOI: 10.1186/ar378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2001] [Accepted: 10/04/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During our careers, we have developed new and innovative concepts pertaining to the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis which have assisted in the development of new therapeutic approaches. Moreover, our laboratory has long sought to develop protective agents for osteoarthritic structural joint tissues. The most significant concepts that have originated from our lab are briefly outlined in this commentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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16
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Bock HC, Michaeli P, Bode C, Schultz W, Kresse H, Herken R, Miosge N. The small proteoglycans decorin and biglycan in human articular cartilage of late-stage osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001; 9:654-63. [PMID: 11597178 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2001.0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disturbances in proteoglycan metabolism of hyaline cartilage play an essential role in the pathology of degenerative joint disease. We investigated the relation between transcript expression, protein synthesis and the ultrastructural localization of the matrix-organizing proteoglycans decorin and biglycan within intra- and extracellular compartments of late-stage osteoarthritic human articular cartilage. METHODS Human cartilage samples of a macroscopically intact area, the adjoining area and an area of the main defect from knee joints of 10 patients with late stage osteoarthritis were investigated. In situ hybridization and immunogold histochemistry were carried out separately and in combination at the light and electron microscopic level. RESULTS Ultrastructurally, three main chondrocyte types were identified. The highest levels of mRNA of decorin and biglycan were produced by elongated secretory type 2 cells, already known to synthesize type I collagen. Cells with high levels of mRNA also translated the corresponding proteins to be found in the extracellular compartment. The highest production rate of decorin and biglycan was seen in the tissue area adjoining the main defect. CONCLUSION The results indicate that at late stages of osteoarthritis the levels of transcription and translation for decorin and biglycan are up-regulated, probably in an effort to compensate for the general proteoglycan loss, characteristic of this disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Bock
- Zentrum Anatomie, Abt. Histologie, Georg-August-Universitaet, Kreuzbergring 36, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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17
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Williams C, Wright LJ. Osteoarthritis: Update on Pathology, Pathogenesis and Treatment. J Pharm Pract 1999. [DOI: 10.1177/089719009901200404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disorder that is characterized by increased degradative and decreased synthetic processes. The pathogenetic factors that have been demonstrated to influence the progression of OA are cytokines and nitric oxide. This new information serves to further elucidate the factors involved in the etiology of osteoarthritis and will aid in the development of pharmacological tools to treat this disease. As our understanding of the pathogenesis of OA grows, so does our appreciation that it is not simply a disease of passive joint degeneration. Unfortunately, therapies aimed at modifying the progression of the disease remain frustratingly difficult to identify. Primary therapy for OA thus is still largely aimed at controlling the symptoms of the disease while minimizing drug side effects. New agents with the potential to slow disease progression are beginning to emerge however. These will be discussed along with the agents that should be used first line to control symptoms.
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Abstract
One of the first effects of degenerative osteoarthritis is the loss of proteoglycans from the matrix of articular cartilage. Using a model of osteoarthritic change where the cartilage has been enzymatically degraded with trypsin, the sodium NMR characteristics of the cartilage were determined as a function of changes in the proteoglycan content. The results demonstrate that the single quantum sodium signal decreases as the proteoglycan content of the cartilage matrix decreases. In addition, the relaxation characteristics of the sodium change such that the T1 is longer, the T2s is longer, and the T2f is shorter. Short echo-time, T1-weighted sodium images are presented which demonstrate that this information may be utilized to detect the loss of proteoglycans from articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Insko
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6100, USA
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19
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Abstract
Joint forces have a high potential to promote degenerative changes in articular cartilage. Researchers have not yet developed a material that simulates natural articular cartilage, and replacement procedures have finite lives. In all patients, regardless of diagnostic category, the impact of rehabilitative procedures on the integrity and health of articular cartilage should be a consideration. In this paper, I will review why articular cartilage breaks down, how cartilage lesions are classified in vitro and in vivo, as well as cartilage's capacity for repair and repair enhancement. The primary focus will be on processes and procedures that impact physical therapy. Review sources included common computer-based search instruments and literature in all languages. This research showed that most studies have been conducted on animals, which differ in important respects from humans. Such studies, however, provide guidelines for physical therapists. Unloading and overloading are detrimental to articular cartilage. Research indicates value in controlled, progressive regimes that alternate load and non-load conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Walker
- School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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20
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Goupille P, Jayson MI, Valat JP, Freemont AJ. Matrix metalloproteinases: the clue to intervertebral disc degeneration? Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998; 23:1612-26. [PMID: 9682320 DOI: 10.1097/00007632-199807150-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A review of the current literature on the role of matrix metalloproteinases in intervertebral disc degeneration. OBJECTIVE To detail the characteristics of matrix metalloproteinases (classification, structure, substrate specificity and regulation) and to report previous studies of intervertebral discs. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Degeneration of the intervertebral disc, a probable prerequisite to disc herniation, is a complex phenomenon, and its physiopathologic course remains unclear. Matrix metalloproteinases probably play an important role but have received sparse attention in the literature. METHODS A systematic review of studies reporting a role of matrix metalloproteinases in intervertebral disc degeneration. RESULTS In several studies, investigators have reported the presence of proteolytic enzymes from disc culture systems and disc tissue extracts in degenerated human intervertebral discs, especially collagenase-1 (MMP-1) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3). The matrix metalloproteinases are regulated by specific inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, or TIMPS), cytokines (interleukin-1), and growth factors. CONCLUSIONS This field of application is of particular interest because conventional treatments are disappointing in chronic low back pain. Clinical trials with specific inhibitors of metalloproteinases are beginning in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Goupille
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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21
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Demoor-Fossard M, Redini F, Boittin M, Pujol JP. Expression of decorin and biglycan by rabbit articular chondrocytes. Effects of cytokines and phenotypic modulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1398:179-91. [PMID: 9689917 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the levels of mRNAs coding for aggrecan, decorin and biglycan in rabbit articular chondrocytes were investigated, using both monolayer and 3D-alginate cultures treated with TGF-beta 1 and IL-1 beta. The cells were shown to express higher amounts of proteoglycan messages, specially the aggrecan, in gels than in monolayers. TGF-beta 1 increased aggrecan mRNA in both systems, whereas biglycan message was elevated only in alginate. It markedly decreased decorin expression in monolayer, either in primary or passaged cultures. In contrast, IL-1 beta had a weak inhibitory effect on both decorin and biglycan expression. Subculturing induced a dramatic decrease of aggrecan mRNA, while that of decorin augmented. Biglycan expression transiently increased after two passages, whereas it declined in further subcultures. Passaged chondrocytes transferred to alginate re-expressed high levels of aggrecan, decorin and biglycan. The data point to the influence of morphology, proliferative state and environment of the articular chondrocytes on their biosynthetic responses to cytokines. Although these immature cells do not fully reflect the adult chondrocytes present in the cartilage, this study may help in understanding the behaviour of these cells in osteoarticular diseases, where the surrounding extracellular matrix is profoundly altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Demoor-Fossard
- Laboratoire de Biochimie du Tissu Conjonctif, Faculté de Médecine, Caen, France
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22
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Walter H, Kawashima A, Nebelung W, Neumann W, Roessner A. Immunohistochemical analysis of several proteolytic enzymes as parameters of cartilage degradation. Pathol Res Pract 1998; 194:73-81. [PMID: 9584319 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(98)80073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease in humans. It is characterized by a gradual loss of extracellular matrix components of articular cartilage such as collagen and proteoglycan. Presently, however, emphasis is placed on enzymes exerting a strong influence on cartilage degradation. These enzymes include matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), their specific inhibitors (TIMP) and the plasminogen activator/inhibitor system. We applied monoclonal antibodies against MMP-1, -2, -3, -9 and their inhibitors TIMP-1/-2, as well as against urokinase-plasminogen activator u-PA and its inhibitor PAI to investigate their influence on articular cartilage degradation in patients with varusgonarthritis. We examined the cartilage of the lateral and medial compartments of 20 tibia plateaus, which can present with slight and severe cartilage degradations at the same time. In doing so, we tried to show whether or not immunohistological detection of enzymes could serve as a parameter for chondral degradation. The strongest immunoreaction for all enzymes was noted in the superficial layer of articular cartilage both medially and laterally. Between medial and lateral compartments, however, there were striking differences in the immunoreaction intensity of chondrocytes for MMP-1 and -3 as well as for TIMP-1 and u-PA. We noted that in cartilage with more advanced degradation, the immunoreaction for these enzymes was significantly higher in medial than in lateral compartments (p < 0.05). At the immunohistological level, a direct correlation between the grade of cartilage degradation and immunoreaction intensity was found. Our results corroborate the assumption that the expression of certain matrix-degradating enzymes serves as a parameter for the grade of cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Walter
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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23
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Horton WE, Udo I, Precht P, Balakir R, Hasty K. Cytokine inducible matrix metalloproteinase expression in immortalized rat chondrocytes is independent of nitric oxide stimulation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1998; 34:378-84. [PMID: 9639100 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-998-0019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if an immortalized mammalian chondrocyte cell line had a profile of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression that was consistent with what has been reported for primary chondrocytes in vitro and in vivo. A combination of zymography, Western, and Northern analysis was used to examine the expression of MMPs that are relevant to cartilage degradation. Both interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha induced a 4- to 9-fold increase in the level of MMP-9 expression in conditioned media, and a 17- to 24-fold increase in MMP-3 mRNA. Other compounds such as basic fibroblast growth factor and staurosporine each increased MMP-9 expression individually and potentiated the effects of the two cytokines. Transforming growth factor beta had no positive or inhibitory effects. N-methyl arginine blocked the increase in nitric oxide observed following treatment with the cytokines but did not prevent the increased expression of MMPs. The pattern of metalloproteinase expression observed in IRC cells and the response to cytokines is very similar to what has been reported during the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. The IRC cells should be useful as a model system to study basic mechanisms controlling chondrocyte MMP expression and to identify pharmacological modulators of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Horton
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Moldovan F, Pelletier JP, Hambor J, Cloutier JM, Martel-Pelletier J. Collagenase-3 (matrix metalloprotease 13) is preferentially localized in the deep layer of human arthritic cartilage in situ: in vitro mimicking effect by transforming growth factor beta. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1997; 40:1653-61. [PMID: 9324020 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780400915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine, by immunohistochemistry, the localization and distribution of human collagenase-3 in normal, osteoarthritis (OA), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cartilage, and to investigate the effects of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) on the synthesis and distribution of collagenase-3. METHODS Human cartilage specimens were obtained from tibial plateaus. In the first series of experiments, the OA specimens were excised from fibrillated and nonfibrillated areas of cartilage, and RA specimens were excised from lesional areas, including the cartilage-pannus junction when present. In the second series, full strips of cartilage were processed for culture in the presence or absence of IL-1beta (100 units/ml) or TGFbeta (150 ng/ml). Each specimen was processed for immunohistochemical analysis using a collagenase-3 monoclonal antibody. RESULTS The number of cells that stained for collagenase-3 in normal cartilage was very low (approximately 3%). In OA cartilage, the percentage increased dramatically, and no difference was found between fibrillated and nonfibrillated areas. A statistically significant increase in the percentage of cells staining for collagenase-3 was found in the deep layer compared with the superficial layer. This finding was noted in both the fibrillated areas (mean +/- SEM 58.4 +/- 1.6% and 40.1 +/- 3.9%, respectively; P < 0.007) and the nonfibrillated areas (55.4 +/- 3.2% and 43.2 +/- 2.7%; P < 0.01). Similarly, RA cartilage showed a statistically significant (P < 0.001) increase in the level of chondrocytes staining positive for collagenase-3 in the deep layers (46.4 +/- 4.1%) compared with the superficial layers (26.2 +/- 3.4%). In these RA specimens, the numbers of positively staining chondrocytes were similar both close to and at a distance from the pannus junction. Both IL-1beta and TGFbeta increased the number of chondrocytes producing collagenase-3. Interestingly, in normal specimens, TGFbeta had a predominant effect in the deep layers, while IL-1beta had a greater effect on the superficial layers. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that, in situ, the increase in the level of chondrocytes synthesizing collagenase-3 in arthritic cartilage is predominant in the deep layers. The results further indicate that TGFbeta can up-regulate the level of this enzyme and, in normal cartilage in vitro, can cause a mimicking of the in situ distribution observed in arthritic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Moldovan
- Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Tsuchiya K, Maloney WJ, Vu T, Hoffman AR, Huie P, Sibley R, Schurman DJ, Smith RL. Osteoarthritis: differential expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA in nonfibrillated and fibrillated cartilage. J Orthop Res 1997; 15:94-100. [PMID: 9066532 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100150114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA in osteoarthritic and normal cartilage was analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Fifty-four osteoarthritic cartilage samples were obtained from 24 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Sixteen normal cartilage samples were obtained from non-osteoarthritic knees of four autopsy cases. With normal cartilage, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis for matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA showed that chondrocytes exhibited only a trace signal. In analysis of osteoarthritic cartilage, chondrocytes of moderately and severely fibrillated cartilage exhibited a 73-fold and 110-fold increase in matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA signal, respectively, relative to normal cartilage. Chondrocytes of nonfibrillated osteoarthritic cartilage exhibited a 6-fold increase (p < 0.02) in matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA signal relative to normal cartilage. Analysis of matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA expression in fresh-frozen sections of normal and osteoarthritic cartilage by in situ hybridization confirmed these results. This study showed that reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction provides a sensitive index of mRNA levels in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage samples and suggests that increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 precedes fibrillation of cartilage in the development of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsuchiya
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
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27
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Arner EC, Pratta MA, Freimark B, Lischwe M, Trzaskos JM, Magolda RL, Wright SW. Isothiazolones interfere with normal matrix metalloproteinase activation and inhibit cartilage proteoglycan degradation. Biochem J 1996; 318 ( Pt 2):417-24. [PMID: 8809028 PMCID: PMC1217638 DOI: 10.1042/bj3180417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of isothiazolones that inhibit pro-(matrix metallo-proteinase) (proMMP) activation but do not inhibit the active enzyme are effective as cartilage protectants in bovine nasal cartilage organ culture, preventing interleukin-1 (IL-1)-induced proteoglycan (aggrecan) degradation without affecting its synthesis. These compounds were found to bind to prostromelysin (proMMP-3) in a non-dialysable and stoichiometric manner. Preincubation with cartilage-protectant isothiazolones prevented the binding of [14C]iodoacetamide to Cys75 of the MMP-3 propeptide, suggesting that the activity of these compounds involves their binding to the Cys75 of the MMP zymogen. Studies following chymotrypsin activation of proMMP-3 by SDS/PAGE indicated that altered processing of the 57 kDa zymogen to the active form occurred in the presence of compound. The 53 kDa intermediate seen on normal activation was not formed; instead a different intermediate appeared with a molecular mass of approx. 46 kDa. N-terminal sequence analysis indicated that this intermediate was formed by cleavage at the putative 4-aminophenylmercuric acid cleavage site. Importantly the 45 kDa active MMP-3 species formed in the presence of compound was one amino acid residue shorter than the native MMP-3. These results suggest that the inhibition of cartilage proteoglycan degradation by isothiazolones might be due to their ability to bind to the Cys75 in the propeptide region of the MMP zymogen and interfere with its normal activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Arner
- DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Company, Experimental Station, Wilmington, DE 19880-0400, USA
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28
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Ahrens D, Koch AE, Pope RM, Stein-Picarella M, Niedbala MJ. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (96-kd gelatinase B) in human rheumatoid arthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1996; 39:1576-87. [PMID: 8814070 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780390919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9/gelatinase B (MMP-9) in synovial fluid (SF), plasma, and synovial tissue from individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory arthritis (IA), and osteoarthritis (OA), using specific monoclonal antibody reagents. METHODS Gelatinolytic activity in the SF and plasma of patients with RA, IA, and OA was assessed by gelatin zymography. A mouse monoclonal antiserum, 277.13, which selectively recognizes soluble latent forms of human MMP-9, was used to quantitate MMP-9 levels in patient synovial effusions, plasma, and synovial tissue with a capture sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fifty-one SF samples (31 RA, 9 OA, 11 IA) were analyzed. Immunolocalization of MMP-9 in RA, OA, and normal synovium was investigated using MMP-9-specific antisera. RESULTS MMP-9 antigen levels in synovial effusions were elevated 67-fold in RA samples compared with OA samples. In addition, although MMP-9 antigen levels in IA synovial effusions were 2.7-fold less than the values in RA samples, they were elevated 34-fold over the values in OA samples. These data indicate an association between increased MMP-9 levels and inflammatory arthritis. A predominant 92-kd gelatinolytic activity (specifically inhibited by EDTA) was evident in RA and IA samples, but no activity was observed in OA samples. Among 86 plasma samples (17 RA, 9 IA, 60 normal controls) analyzed for MMP-9 antigen levels by immunocapture ELISA, MMP-9 antigen levels were elevated 7-fold in RA plasma compared with normal plasma. RA synovial tissue extracts demonstrated elevated levels of MMP-9 antigen compared with OA synovial tissue. MMP-9 immunolocalization studies demonstrated expression in infiltrating leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages), endothelial cells, and synovial fibroblasts in RA synovium. CONCLUSION Latent MMP-9 and/or MMP-9-tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) complexes are elevated in RA and IA SF compared with OA SF. In addition, MMP-9 is increased in RA plasma versus normal control plasma. Synovial tissue levels of MMP-9 antigen are also elevated in RA versus OA. The tissue distribution of MMP-9 within RA synovium is localized to sites of inflammation comprising surface synovial lining cells, endothelium, and leukocytes. Taken together, these observations suggest that connective tissue turnover occurs as a result of excessive MMP activity over TIMP action in the invading pannus, periarticular tissue, or SF. Further studies such as those used in the present investigation will help elucidate the role of a number of different enzymes and inhibitors in the destructive arthropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ahrens
- Institute of Bone and Joint Disorders, Bayer Research Center, Bayer Corporation, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
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Dourado GS, Adams ME, Matyas JR, Huang D. Expression of biglycan, decorin and fibromodulin in the hypertrophic phase of experimental osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1996; 4:187-96. [PMID: 8895220 DOI: 10.1016/s1063-4584(96)80015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to assess the relative levels of the mRNAs of the core proteins of the small proteoglycans (PGs) biglycan, decorin and fibromodulin in the hypertrophic phase of the early osteoarthritis (OA) that follows joint injury. Experimental OA was induced in eight dogs by transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. Articular cartilage was harvested from each joint, the total RNA was extracted and the concentration of DNA in the cartilage was measured. The relative levels of mRNA for biglycan, decorin and fibromodulin were assessed by northern blot analyses. An increase in cartilage mass with no increase in DNA concentration confirmed that the joints were in the hypertrophic phase that follows joint injury. The total RNA per microgram of DNA was increased 2.5 times. Compared with control cartilage, the mRNA levels in osteoarthritic cartilage, when normalized to the concentration of DNA, were increased 3.9 times for biglycan, 1.2 times for decorin and 2.4 times for fibromodulin. Because these small PGs affect collagen fibrillogenesis in vitro, their discoordinate metabolism may contribute to the abnormal collagen formation and deposition that occurs in OA and to the ultimate failure of the articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Dourado
- McCaig Center for Joint Injury and Arthritis Research, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Chichester CO, Barrach HJ, Srinivas GR, Mitchell P. Immunological detection of type II collagen degradation: use in the evaluation of anti-arthritic therapies. J Pharm Pharmacol 1996; 48:694-8. [PMID: 8866331 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1996.tb03953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Propagated Swaram rat chondrosarcoma cells, rabbit chrondrocytes (from articular cartilage of knee, shoulder and hip joints), and bovine nasal cartilage explant cultures were studied. Type II collagen (CII) and its peptide fragments were quantitated in cell medium and cell layer separately, using two previously developed assays; one assay employed a monoclonal antibody, C4F6, that reacts specifically with triple helical CII and the other assay used an antibody, EIE5, that reacts specifically with a peptide of CII. A time-dependent increase in the content of CII and CII-derived peptides was observed in both rat and rabbit cultures. In both culture systems the majority of the native type II collagen is found associated with the cell layer (97% in rat cultures and 73% in rabbit cultures), while the major part of the CII peptides is found in the media (73% in rat cultures, 88% in the rabbit cultures). The concentration of peptides in the media reaches approximately 2 micrograms mL-1 in both chondrocyte monolayer cultures after 4 days. The CII peptide assay employing E1E5 was well suited to quantitate articular cartilage collagen degradation in explant culture. thus it can be used to evaluate potential therapeutic agents that can modify or inhibit cartilage degradation. The assay has the added potential that it could be used in-vivo to evaluate the effectiveness of potential metalloproteinase inhibitors in animal models of osteoarthritis or in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Chichester
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston 02881, USA
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31
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Tsuchiya K, Maloney WJ, Vu T, Hoffman AR, Schurman DJ, Smith RL. RT-PCR analysis of MMP-9 expression in human articular cartilage chondrocytes and synovial fluid cells. Biotech Histochem 1996; 71:208-13. [PMID: 8874859 DOI: 10.3109/10520299609117161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This report presents a method for analyzing matrix metalloproteinase-9 (92 kD gelatinase) MMP-9 mRNA expression using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). With this method, chondrocytes isolated from small samples of osteoarthritic cartilage showed significantly elevated signal for MMP-9 mRNA compared to normal cartilage. In addition, cells of synovial fluid samples aspirated from osteoarthritic joints also exhibited MMP-9 expression using this technique. RT-PCR proved to be a sensitive method for assessing MMP-9 regulation in osteoarthritic and normal cartilage, and may provide a useful index of arthritic cartilage and synovial fluid cell metabolism when limited tissue is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsuchiya
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5341, USA
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Nemoto O, Yamada H, Mukaida M, Shimmei M. Stimulation of TIMP-1 production by oncostatin M in human articular cartilage. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1996; 39:560-6. [PMID: 8630103 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780390404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and oncostatin M (OSM), on the production of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) in human articular cartilage. METHODS Effects of IL-6 family cytokines and growth factors on TIMP-1 production were studied in human articular chondrocytes, grown as monolayer and cartilage explant culture. TIMP-1 protein levels in the cultured medium were measured by sandwich enzyme immunoassay. TIMP-1 messenger RNA levels in the cultured chondrocytes were analyzed by Northern blotting. Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the cultured medium. Cell proliferation of chondrocytes was determined by 3H-thymidine uptake. RESULTS IL-6 family cytokines induced TIMP-1 expression in monolayer and explant culture, and the production of TIMP-1 was most stimulated by OSM. In contrast, OSM did not modulate the release of MMPs and cell proliferation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that OSM may be characterized as one of the chondroprotective mediators in cartilage destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nemoto
- National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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Rodgers KJ, Melrose J, Ghosh P. Biotinylated trypsin and its application as a sensitive, versatile probe for the detection and characterisation of an ovine chondrocyte serine proteinase inhibitor using Western blotting. Electrophoresis 1996; 17:213-8. [PMID: 8907542 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150170135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biotinylated trypsin (bT) was used as a probe on Western blots of 10-20% polyacrylamide gradient Tris-Tricine gels for the detection of serine proteinase inhibitors (SPIs) isolated from extracts of ovine articular cartilage and from chondrocyte conditioned culture medium. The major cartilage SPI, a 58 kDa glycoprotein, was purified by sequential Sephacryl S--300 gel permeation, concanavalin A affinity, anion exchange and Superose 12 fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). A low molecular weight SPI of approximately 6 kDa was also detectable in cartilage extracts after prolonged storage at 4 degrees C and following affinity chromatography on immobilised chymotrypsin, suggesting that the 6 kDa inhibitor may have arisen from proteolytic modification of the 58 kDa SPI. Analysis of chondrocyte conditioned culture medium using the bT detection system revealed that the major SPI present was the 6 kDa species although a small amount of the 58 kDa SPI was also detectable. The large molecular weight 'native' cartilage SPI was distinct from ovine alpha1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha1-PI) when examined by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and isoelectric focusing (IEF). The 6 kDa cartilage SPI was indistinguishable from basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI, aprotinin) following sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE under reduced and nonreduced conditions. Amino terminal sequencing of the 6 kDa cartilage SPI revealed a strong (90%) homology with BPTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Rodgers
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, The Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney and The University of Sydney, Australia
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Jolly WT, Whittem T, Jolly AC, Firth EC. The dose-related effects of phenylbutazone and a methylprednisolone acetate formulation (Depo-Medrol) on cultured explants of equine carpal articular cartilage. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1995; 18:429-37. [PMID: 8789695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The dose-related effects of phenylbutazone and Depo-Medrol on chondrocyte viability and chondrocyte-mediated synthesis and depletion of proteoglycans were investigated using cultured explants of equine middle carpal joint articular cartilage. Explants from 12 horses (941 x 3 mm diameter) were cultured for a total of 5 days, which included 3 days' exposure to either phenylbutazone (0, 2, 20, 200 or 2000 micrograms/mL) or Depo-Medrol (0, 20, 200 or 2000 micrograms/mL). For each explant, amino sugar content was used as a measure of proteoglycan content, 35S incorporation as a measure of the rate of proteoglycan synthesis and the number of pyknotic nuclei as a measure of cell death. During culture, control explants remained metabolically active and viable but suffered a net loss of proteoglycans. Proteoglycan loss was reduced by the presence of either phenylbutazone or Depo-Medrol. This effect was significant at clinically relevant concentrations of phenylbutazone (2-20 micrograms/mL), but not Depo-Medrol (20-200 micrograms/mL). Depo-Medrol caused a dose-dependent suppression of proteoglycan synthesis at all concentrations, but chondrocyte viability was affected only at the 2000 micrograms/mL dose. Phenylbutazone affected proteoglycan synthesis and cell viability only at the 2000 micrograms/mL concentration. At all concentrations, the anticatabolic effects of each drug influenced the proteoglycan content of the explants far more than did any antianabolic or cytotoxic drug effect. The results suggest that the therapeutic potential of both phenylbutazone and Depo-Medrol may not be restricted to their anti-inflammatory effects on the soft tissues of the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Jolly
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Abstract
There may be a great potential in the use of diagnostic "markers" of osteoarthritis in synovial fluid to diagnose the disease in an earlier stage and perhaps assess the severity of the disease and monitor the effect of a treatment. In the present study, potential markers are characterized, discussed, and grouped according to the latest knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, and pathology of osteoarthritis. They are grouped according to their origin as either cartilage degradation products, or related to the mechanisms of cartilage degradation, or related to chrondrocytic anabolic activity during disease, or related to genetic disorders. Also potential markers that have not yet been studied clinically or experimentally are discussed. Examples of the progress that has been made in human medicine approaching reliable diagnostic markers that should also be tried in veterinary medicine are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Rørvik
- Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Oslo
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DiBattista JA, Pelletier JP, Zafarullah M, Iwata K, Martel-Pelletier J. Interleukin-1 beta induction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) is functionally antagonized by prostaglandin E2 in human synovial fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 1995; 57:619-29. [PMID: 7615646 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240570406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases-1 (TIMP-1) have been demonstrated in inflamed synovial membranes, and it is believed that the inhibitor may play a critical role in the regulation of connective tissue degradation. The present study was undertaken to define the cellular mechanism of action of the inflammatory mediators, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), in the control of TIMP-1 synthesis and expression in human synovial fibroblasts. Recombinant human IL-1 beta induced a time- and dose-dependent saturable response in terms of TIMP-1 mRNA expression (effective concentration for 50% maximal response, EC50 = 31.5 +/- 3.3 pg/ml) and protein synthesis (EC50 = 30 +/- 3.3 pg/ml). The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, H-7, staurosporine, and calphostin C, reversed the rhIL-1 beta induction of TIMP-1 mRNA. PGE2 also inhibited rhIL-1 beta-stimulated TIMP-1 mRNA expression and protein secretion in a dose-dependent fashion. The concentration of PGE2 necessary to block 50% of rhIL-1 beta-stimulated TIMP-1 secretion, IC50, was 1.93 ng/ml (4.89 nM). Forskolin, and other stable derivatives of cAMP, mimicked, to a large extent, the effects of PGE2. The phorbol ester, PMA, up-regulated considerably the mRNA expression of TIMP-1 but had no effect on protein production. Calphostin C substantially reduced PMA-activated TIMP-1 expression. Staurosporine, calphostin C, H-7, and substances that elevate cellular levels of cAMP, like PGE2, also reduced basal expression and synthesis of TIMP-1. Taken together, the data suggest that PKA and C may mediate opposing effects in terms of TIMP-1 expression and secretion in human synovial fibroblasts.
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Nord KD, Dore DD, Deeney VF, Armstrong AL, Cundy PJ, Cole BF, Ehrlich MG. Evaluation of treatment modalities for septic arthritis with histological grading and analysis of levels of uronic acid, neutral protease, and interleukin-1. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995; 77:258-65. [PMID: 7844133 DOI: 10.2106/00004623-199502000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We compared the effectiveness of antibiotics alone and in combination with arthroscopy, arthroscopy with debridement, arthrotomy, or needle aspiration for the treatment of septic arthritis. Each modality has its proponents, but, to our knowledge, no comparative studies have been conducted in animals. We used biochemical and histological analysis to compare these methods of treatment in an experimental model. The right hind knee of thirty goats was injected with 1 x 10(5) Staphylococcus aureus bacilli. The left hind knee was not inoculated and served as the normal control. Seventy-two hours after inoculation, a two-week course of treatment with intramuscular administration of cefuroxime sodium, either alone or in combination with another mode of treatment, was initiated in each of five groups. The cartilage was evaluated histologically with biochemical, enzymatic, and interleukin-1 analyses. Despite the early therapeutic intervention, on the average, there was a 25 per cent loss of uronic acid (t test, p < 0.001) and a 43 per cent increase in neutral protease activity (signed-rank test, p = 0.003) in the treatment groups. There were no significant intergroup differences with regard to the histochemical-histological rating or the levels of uronic acid, neutral protease, or interleukin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Nord
- Clinical Investigation Facility, Wilford Hall United States Air Force Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas 78326-5300
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Manicourt DH, Fujimoto N, Obata K, Thonar EJ. Serum levels of collagenase, stromelysin-1, and TIMP-1. Age- and sex-related differences in normal subjects and relationship to the extent of joint involvement and serum levels of antigenic keratan sulfate in patients with osteoarthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1994; 37:1774-83. [PMID: 7986224 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780371211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure serum levels of collagenase (MMP-1), stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) in normal subjects and in patients with osteoarthritis (OA), and to assess how these correlate with biochemical and clinical indicators of disease activity in OA. METHODS Specific immunoassays were used to measure MMPs, TIMP-1, and antigenic keratan sulfate (KS). The total area of cartilage affected by the disease was measured (expressed as an articular index). RESULTS In the normal population (n = 118), the serum concentration of MMP-3, but not of MMP-1 or TIMP-1, increased with age and was approximately 2 times higher in males than in females. In the OA patients (n = 33), the serum levels of MMP-3, but not of MMP-1 or TIMP-1, were significantly elevated and correlated strongly with the articular index but poorly with objective and subjective functional capacity scores as well as with serum levels of antigenic KS and systemic parameters of inflammation. CONCLUSION These findings illustrate the importance of matching patients and normal controls for age and sex in further studies of MMP-3 and are consistent with the hypothesis that MMP-3 might play an important role in the degradation of joint cartilage in OA. Further, serum levels of MMP-3 may prove useful for monitoring therapy for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Manicourt
- Saint Luc University Hospital, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Freimark BD, Feeser WS, Rosenfeld SA. Multiple sites of the propeptide region of human stromelysin-1 are required for maintaining a latent form of the enzyme. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Guilak F, Ratcliffe A, Lane N, Rosenwasser MP, Mow VC. Mechanical and biochemical changes in the superficial zone of articular cartilage in canine experimental osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 1994; 12:474-84. [PMID: 8064478 DOI: 10.1002/jor.1100120404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The changes in the tensile mechanical properties and biochemical composition of the superficial zone of articular cartilage were examined in a canine model of early osteoarthritis generated by transection of the anterior cruciate ligament. Sixteen weeks following ligament transection, the tensile stiffness of the articular cartilage was decreased by 44% and the ion-induced stress relaxation of the tissue was increased by 57% compared with the contralateral control. Biochemical analyses indicated that the water content of the experimental tissue was increased by 13%, which was reflected as an apparent 37% decrease in the proteoglycan content and a 36% decrease in the collagen content (expressed per wet weight). The hydroxypyridinium crosslink density was decreased in the experimental tissue by 11%. A significant negative correlation was found between the ion-induced stress relaxation and the hydroxypyridinium crosslink density in both control tissue (R = -0.56) and experimental tissue (R = -0.70). No correlation was noted between the tensile stiffness and the biochemical composition of the tissue. These results suggest that, in the superficial zone of articular cartilage, the structure of the tissue may play a more important role than the composition in the determination of its mechanical properties. A major event observed in the model of early osteoarthritis appears to be the disruption and remodeling of the collagen network in the superficial zone of the articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Abstract
Osteochondrosis is a non-infectious syndrome manifested as failure of endochondral ossification that occurs in joint cartilage (articular cartilage-subarticular growth cartilage complex) and physis of long bones of growing animals and humans. The pathogenesis of osteochondrosis is poorly understood. It was hypothesized: 1) that the subarticular growth cartilage, where early lesions occur, is a biomechanically weaker tissue than the articular cartilage; and 2) that excessive mechanical stress added to the subarticular growth cartilage impairs normal function of matrix or chondrocytes of the tissue, and results in abnormal matrix destruction which involves proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakano
- Department of Animal Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Sasaki S, Iwata H, Ishiguro N, Obata K, Miura T. Detection of stromelysin in synovial fluid and serum from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol 1994; 13:228-33. [PMID: 8088064 DOI: 10.1007/bf02249017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Stromelysin levels were measured using a one-step sandwich immunoassay in synovial fluid (SF) obtained from 31 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (31 samples) and 13 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) (13 samples) and in serum from 81 patients with RA (106 samples), 12 with OA (14 samples), 12 with gouty arthritis (gout) (14 samples), and 8 with osteoporosis (OP) (14 samples) to identify differences in the levels in these diseases as well as correlations with clinical parameters in RA. SF stromelysin levels were significantly higher in RA than in OA, and rose with increasing joint destruction in the former. No significant correlations were found between the SF stromelysin level in RA and various clinical parameters, except for the volume of SF which showed a correlation. Serum levels of stromelysin were highest in RA, gout, OA, and osteoporosis in decreasing order, and in RA were correlated with the Steinbrocker Stage. A significant correlation was also found between the serum stromelysin level and number of swollen joints, and correlations with the Lansbury index, ESR, CRP, WBC and Plt. The stromelysin level in SF was thought to be a useful parameter of local joint involvement and that in serum of the severity of systemic joint inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sasaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Japan
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Rosenfeld SA, Ross OH, Corman JI, Pratta MA, Blessington DL, Feeser WS, Freimark BD. Production of human matrix metalloproteinase 3 (stromelysin) in Escherichia coli. Gene 1994; 139:281-6. [PMID: 8112619 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Full-length human matrix metalloproteinase 3 (prostomelysin or proMMP-3) was produced in Escherichia coli as an intracellular insoluble aggregate that could be solubilized and refolded to yield an activatable proenzyme. The refolded protein was purified to > 95% homogeneity. The recombinant proMMP-3 (re-proMMP-3) could be activated by agents known to stimulate self-catalyzed cleavage of native fibroblast proMMP-3. The N-terminal amino-acid sequence of the re-proMMP-3 and its activation products indicated that they were the same as those obtained with the natural material.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Rosenfeld
- Dupont-Merck Pharmaceutical Company, Glenolden, PA 19036
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Abstract
Isolated equine blood and articular cells were investigated for proteolytic enzyme production by means of gel filtration and analysis on 14C-acetylated collagen and casein substrates. Significant amounts of collagenase and caseinase activity were produced by cultured synoviocytes stimulated with equine interleukin 1, although large amounts of collagenase also originated from neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Spiers
- Division of Equine Studies, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral, UK
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Spiers S, May SA, Harrison LJ, Bennett D, Edwards GB. Proteolytic enzymes in equine joints with infectious arthritis. Equine Vet J 1994; 26:48-50. [PMID: 8143664 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Significant amounts of collagenase and caseinase activity were detected in infected synovial fluid samples. Partial characterisation of the enzymes by gel filtration suggested that synovial fluid from cases of infectious arthritis may contain enzymes from both the synovial cells and neutrophils. This finding was also supported by analysis of sequential synovial fluid samples from 4 infected joints. In 3 joints the concentration of caseinase and in 1 joint collagenase paralleled the decline in total nucleated cell count. However, in 3 joints the concentration of collagenase remained high after the total nucleated cell count had returned to normal, suggesting that this enzyme originated from resident articular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Spiers
- Division of Equine Studies, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral, UK
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Nguyen Q, Murphy G, Hughes CE, Mort JS, Roughley PJ. Matrix metalloproteinases cleave at two distinct sites on human cartilage link protein. Biochem J 1993; 295 ( Pt 2):595-8. [PMID: 7694569 PMCID: PMC1134922 DOI: 10.1042/bj2950595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The actions of human recombinant stromelysins-1 and -2, collagenase, gelatinases A and B and matrilysin on neonatal human proteoglycan aggregates were examined. With the exception of gelatinase B, aggrecan was degraded extensively by most metalloproteinases studied, whereas link protein showed only limited proteolysis. Sequencing studies of modified link protein components revealed that stromelysins-1 and -2, gelatinases A and B and collagenase cleaved specifically between His16 and Ile17, and matrilysin, stromelysin-2 and gelatinase A cleaved between Leu25 and Leu26. Cleavage at the former bond generated a link protein component with the same N-terminus as that isolated from newborn human cartilage. Based on previously determined in situ cleavage sites it is evident that matrix metalloproteinases are not solely responsible for the accumulation of link protein degradation products in adult human cartilage, indicating that additional proteolytic agents are involved in the normal catabolism of human cartilage matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Nguyen
- Strangeways Research Laboratory, Warts Causeway, Cambridge, U.K
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47
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Pelletier JP, DiBattista JA, Roughley P, McCollum R, Martel-Pelletier J. CYTOKINES AND INFLAMMATION IN CARTILAGE DEGRADATION. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(21)00331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Mohtai M, Smith RL, Schurman DJ, Tsuji Y, Torti FM, Hutchinson NI, Stetler-Stevenson WG, Goldberg GI. Expression of 92-kD type IV collagenase/gelatinase (gelatinase B) in osteoarthritic cartilage and its induction in normal human articular cartilage by interleukin 1. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:179-85. [PMID: 8325982 PMCID: PMC293560 DOI: 10.1172/jci116547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here that a 92-kD gelatinolytic metalloproteinase is expressed as protein and mRNA in human osteoarthritic cartilage, but not in normal adult articular cartilage. Western immunoblotting demonstrated that the 92-kD gelatinolytic activity corresponded to 92-kD type IV collagenase/gelatinase (gelatinase B); mRNA for gelatinase B was identified by Northern blotting. Chondrocytes from normal cartilage also exhibited mRNA for 72-kD type IV collagenase/gelatinase (gelatinase A), tissue collagenase, and stromelysin-1, and these mRNAs were increased in osteoarthritic cartilage. Regional analysis of osteoarthritic cartilage samples from four individuals revealed that gelatinase B mRNA was expressed in grossly fibrillated areas; two of four nonfibrillated cartilage samples failed to exhibit the mRNA, but did have increased levels of mRNA for other neutral metalloproteinases. IL-1 alpha treatment of normal human cartilage explants or isolated chondrocytes induced increased levels of gelatinase B and increased mRNA for tissue collagenase and stromelysin-1. Under identical conditions, mRNA levels for gelatinase A were not increased indicating that regulation of this enzyme in human articular chondrocytes is distinct from that of other metalloproteinases. Our data showing expression of gelatinase B in fibrillated cartilage suggest that it is a marker of progressive articular cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mohtai
- Department of Functional Restoration, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305
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50
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Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J. Effects of nimesulide and naproxen on the degradation and metalloprotease synthesis of human osteoarthritic cartilage. Drugs 1993; 46 Suppl 1:34-9. [PMID: 7506192 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199300461-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 2 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), nimesulide and naproxen, on the proteoglycan matrix breakdown and metalloprotease synthesis of human osteoarthritic cartilage. The results showed that, under in vitro conditions, these 2 NSAIDs could significantly reduce both the degradation of proteoglycan and stromelysin synthesis. However, only nimesulide had the ability to significantly reduce collagenase synthesis. The effectiveness of these drugs on the natural course of osteoarthritis remains to be established by clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Pelletier
- University of Montreal, Rheumatic Disease Unit, Notre-Dame Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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