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Arcani R, Rey L, Mazziotto A, Bertin D, Kaplanski G, Jarrot PA, Lafforgue P, Venton G, Heim X, Villani P, Mège JL, Brodovitch A, Bardin N. Anti-Jo-1 autoantibodies: biomarkers of severity and evolution of the disease in antisynthetase syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:125. [PMID: 37481643 PMCID: PMC10362709 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-Jo-1 autoantibodies represent essential markers in the diagnosis of antisynthetase syndrome (ASS). In this retrospective study, we aimed to investigate whether their concentrations and fluctuations could both respectively reflect the severity and evolution of ASS. METHODS Between 2015 and 2020, clinical and biological features of ASS patients with at least one positive measure of anti-Jo-1 autoantibody were collected. At each serum sampling, we assessed myositis activity by using the Myositis Intention to Treat Activities Index (MITAX) and compared anti-Jo-1 concentrations with ASS severity, anti-Jo-1 concentrations between patients with and without active disease, and changes in anti-Jo-1 concentrations with disease activity. RESULTS Forty-eight patients with ASS had at least one positive determination of anti-Jo-1 concentration. Among them, twenty-nine patients had at least two determinations of anti-Jo-1 autoantibody in their follow-up. We showed that these autoantibody concentrations were significantly correlated with MITAX (r = 0.4, p = 0.03) and creatine kinase concentration (r = 0.34, p = 0.002) and that they were significantly higher in patients with active disease than in those with inactive disease (91.7 IU/L vs 44.4 IU/L, p = 0.016). During follow-up, we found a significant correlation between fluctuations of anti-Jo-1 autoantibody concentrations and MITAX score (r = 0.7, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that anti-Jo-1 autoantibody concentration could be a predictive marker of the severity and evolution of ASS and show that their quantification could represent a precious tool for disease monitoring and for improving the therapeutic management of ASS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Arcani
- Internal Medicine and Therapeutics Department, CHU La Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France.
- Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), INRA, 1260, INSERM UMR_S 1263, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
| | - Louise Rey
- Biogénopôle, CHU La Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Alice Mazziotto
- Internal Medicine and Therapeutics Department, CHU La Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Bertin
- Biogénopôle, CHU La Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Kaplanski
- Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), INRA, 1260, INSERM UMR_S 1263, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-André Jarrot
- Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), INRA, 1260, INSERM UMR_S 1263, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Lafforgue
- Department of Rheumatology, CHU Sainte-Marguerite, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Geoffroy Venton
- Hematology and Cellular Therapy Department, CHU La Conception, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Xavier Heim
- Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), INRA, 1260, INSERM UMR_S 1263, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Biogénopôle, CHU La Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Villani
- Internal Medicine and Therapeutics Department, CHU La Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 264 Rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Biogénopôle, CHU La Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Brodovitch
- Biogénopôle, CHU La Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Bardin
- Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), INRA, 1260, INSERM UMR_S 1263, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Biogénopôle, CHU La Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
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The Role of Exposomes in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Diseases II: Pathogens. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2022; 29:243-280. [PMID: 35736648 PMCID: PMC9231084 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In our continuing examination of the role of exposomes in autoimmune disease, we use this review to focus on pathogens. Infections are major contributors to the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases through various mechanisms, foremost being molecular mimicry, when the structural similarity between the pathogen and a human tissue antigen leads to autoimmune reactivity and even autoimmune disease. The three best examples of this are oral pathogens, SARS-CoV-2, and the herpesviruses. Oral pathogens reach the gut, disturb the microbiota, increase gut permeability, cause local inflammation, and generate autoantigens, leading to systemic inflammation, multiple autoimmune reactivities, and systemic autoimmunity. The COVID-19 pandemic put the spotlight on SARS-CoV-2, which has been called “the autoimmune virus.” We explore in detail the evidence supporting this. We also describe how viruses, in particular herpesviruses, have a role in the induction of many different autoimmune diseases, detailing the various mechanisms involved. Lastly, we discuss the microbiome and the beneficial microbiota that populate it. We look at the role of the gut microbiome in autoimmune disorders, because of its role in regulating the immune system. Dysbiosis of the microbiota in the gut microbiome can lead to multiple autoimmune disorders. We conclude that understanding the precise roles and relationships shared by all these factors that comprise the exposome and identifying early events and root causes of these disorders can help us to develop more targeted therapeutic protocols for the management of this worldwide epidemic of autoimmunity.
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Pohlmeyer CW, Shang C, Han P, Cui ZH, Jones RM, Clarke AS, Murray BP, Lopez DA, Newstrom DW, Inzunza MD, Matzkies FG, Currie KS, Di Paolo JA. Characterization of the mechanism of action of lanraplenib, a novel spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in models of lupus nephritis. BMC Rheumatol 2021; 5:15. [PMID: 33781343 PMCID: PMC8008554 DOI: 10.1186/s41927-021-00178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B cells are critical mediators of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN), and antinuclear antibodies can be found in the serum of approximately 98% of patients with SLE. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that mediates signaling from immunoreceptors, including the B cell receptor. Active, phosphorylated SYK has been observed in tissues from patients with SLE or cutaneous lupus erythematosus, and its inhibition is hypothesized to ameliorate disease pathogenesis. We sought to evaluate the efficacy and characterize the mechanism of action of lanraplenib, a selective oral SYK inhibitor, in the New Zealand black/white (NZB/W) murine model of SLE and LN. Methods Lanraplenib was evaluated for inhibition of primary human B cell functions in vitro. Furthermore, the effect of SYK inhibition on ameliorating LN-like disease in vivo was determined by treating NZB/W mice with lanraplenib, cyclophosphamide, or a vehicle control. Glomerulopathy and immunoglobulin G (IgG) deposition were quantified in kidneys. The concentration of proinflammatory cytokines was measured in serum. Splenocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry for B cell maturation and T cell memory maturation, and the presence of T follicular helper and dendritic cells. Results In human B cells in vitro, lanraplenib inhibited B cell activating factor-mediated survival as well as activation, maturation, and immunoglobulin M production. Treatment of NZB/W mice with lanraplenib improved overall survival, prevented the development of proteinuria, and reduced blood urea nitrogen concentrations. Kidney morphology was significantly preserved by treatment with lanraplenib as measured by glomerular diameter, protein cast severity, interstitial inflammation, vasculitis, and frequency of glomerular crescents; treatment with lanraplenib reduced glomerular IgG deposition. Mice treated with lanraplenib had reduced concentrations of serum proinflammatory cytokines. Lanraplenib blocked disease-driven B cell maturation and T cell memory maturation in the spleen. Conclusions Lanraplenib blocked the progression of LN-like disease in NZB/W mice. Human in vitro and murine in vivo data suggest that lanraplenib may be efficacious in preventing disease progression in patients with LN at least in part by inhibiting B cell maturation. These data provide additional rationale for the use of lanraplenib in the treatment of SLE and LN. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41927-021-00178-3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ching Shang
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Pei Han
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Zhi-Hua Cui
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Randall M Jones
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Astrid S Clarke
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Bernard P Murray
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - David A Lopez
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - David W Newstrom
- Department of Nonclinical Safety and Pathobiology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - M David Inzunza
- Department of Nonclinical Safety and Pathobiology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevin S Currie
- Department of Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Julie A Di Paolo
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
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Vordenbäumen S, Brinks R, Hoyer A, Fischer‐Betz R, Pongratz G, Lowin T, Zucht H, Budde P, Bleck E, Schulz‐Knappe P, Schneider M. Comprehensive Longitudinal Surveillance of the IgG Autoantibody Repertoire in Established Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:736-743. [DOI: 10.1002/art.40788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vordenbäumen
- University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich‐Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Ralph Brinks
- University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich‐Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Annika Hoyer
- Heinrich‐Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Rebecca Fischer‐Betz
- University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich‐Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Georg Pongratz
- University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich‐Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Torsten Lowin
- University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich‐Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | | | | | - Ellen Bleck
- University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich‐Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | | | - Matthias Schneider
- University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich‐Heine University Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
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Soloviova K, Puliaiev M, Puliaev R, Puliaeva I, Via CS. Both perforin and FasL are required for optimal CD8 T cell control of autoreactive B cells and autoantibody production in parent-into-F1 lupus mice. Clin Immunol 2018; 194:34-42. [PMID: 29940333 PMCID: PMC6089648 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To test the relative roles of perforin (pfp) vs. FasL in CTL control of autoreactive B cell expansion, we used the parent-into-F1 model of murine graft-vs.-host disease in which donor CD8 CTL prevent lupus like disease by eliminating activated autoreactive B cells. F1 mice receiving either pfp or FasL defective donor T cells exhibited an intermediate short-term phenotype. Pairing of purified normal CD4 T cells with either pfp or FasL defective CD8 T cell subsets resulted in impaired host B cell elimination and mild lupus like disease that was roughly equivalent in the two experimental groups. Thus, in addition to major roles in tumor and intracellular pathogen control, pfp mediated CD8 CTL killing plays a significant role in controlling autoreactive B cell expansion and lupus downregulation that is comparable to that mediated by FasL killing. Importantly, both pathways are required for optimal elimination of activated autoreactive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Soloviova
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20815, United States
| | - Maksym Puliaiev
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20815, United States
| | - Roman Puliaev
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20815, United States
| | - Irina Puliaeva
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20815, United States
| | - Charles S Via
- Pathology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20815, United States.
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Zhang W, Zhang C, Chen P, Yang C, Gan X, Hussain M, Xun Y, Tian Y, Du H. Circulation autoantibody against Lamin A/C in patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Oncotarget 2016; 7:80252-80261. [PMID: 27835913 PMCID: PMC5348317 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamin A/C proteins are major components of nuclear laminae and were encoded by the LMNA gene. Recent studies have found that in addition to provides nuclear-membrane strength; it also regulates the gene expression. Lamin A/C has been confirmed as an autoantigen in RA, SLE and vasculitis. Anti-Lamin A/C antibodies also have been found by indirect immunofluorescence method. In this study, we used various research methods to confirm Lamin A/C is an autoantigen in Han Chinese patients with confirmed Sjögren's syndrome (SS). To further investigate the relationship between the autoimmune disease antigens, we compared the amino acid sequence of Lamin A/C epitope and several common antigens' antigenic determinant. As a result, we found that Lamin A/C has similar epitopes with U1RNP. It means that the potential relationship exist between Lamin A/C and U1RNP. Clinical data we collected also showed that anti-Lamin A/C and anti-U1RNP antibodies always appear in same serum sample. Therefore, we speculated that cross-reaction may take place between antigen and potential antigen, which have similar epitope. Then, by epitope spreading, the potential antigen can be a new autoantigen. Our study provided a new thinking for further research about the relationship between autoantigens and their development mechanism in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- 112 Lab, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Chen
- 112 Lab, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhe Yang
- 112 Lab, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Xianfeng Gan
- 112 Lab, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Hussain
- 112 Lab, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Xun
- 112 Lab, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yaping Tian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwu Du
- 112 Lab, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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Sanchez JL, Romero Z, Quinones A, Torgeson KR, Horton NC. DNA Binding and Cleavage by the Human Parvovirus B19 NS1 Nuclease Domain. Biochemistry 2016; 55:6577-6593. [PMID: 27809499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Infection with human parvovirus B19 (B19V) has been associated with a myriad of illnesses, including erythema infectiosum (Fifth disease), hydrops fetalis, arthropathy, hepatitis, and cardiomyopathy, and also possibly the triggering of any number of different autoimmune diseases. B19V NS1 is a multidomain protein that plays a critical role in viral replication, with predicted nuclease, helicase, and gene transactivation activities. Herein, we investigate the biochemical activities of the nuclease domain (residues 2-176) of B19V NS1 (NS1-nuc) in sequence-specific DNA binding of the viral origin of replication sequences, as well as those of promoter sequences, including the viral p6 and the human p21, TNFα, and IL-6 promoters previously identified in NS1-dependent transcriptional transactivation. NS1-nuc was found to bind with high cooperativity and with multiple (five to seven) copies to the NS1 binding elements (NSBE) found in the viral origin of replication and the overlapping viral p6 promoter DNA sequence. NS1-nuc was also found to bind cooperatively with at least three copies to the GC-rich Sp1 binding sites of the human p21 gene promoter. Only weak or nonspecific binding of NS1-nuc to the segments of the TNFα and IL-6 promoters was found. Cleavage of DNA by NS1-nuc occurred at the expected viral sequence (the terminal resolution site), but only in single-stranded DNA, and NS1-nuc was found to covalently attach to the 5' end of the DNA at the cleavage site. Off-target cleavage by NS1-nuc was also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Zachary Romero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.,Undergraduate Research Opportunities Consortium-Minorities Health Disparity Program (UROC-MHD), University of Arizona Graduate College, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Angelica Quinones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.,Undergraduate Research Opportunities Consortium-Minorities Health Disparity Program (UROC-MHD), University of Arizona Graduate College, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.,BUILDing SCHOLARS Program, University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Kristiane R Torgeson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Nancy C Horton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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B cell epitope spreading: mechanisms and contribution to autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 2014; 163:56-68. [PMID: 25445494 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
While a variety of factors act to trigger or initiate autoimmune diseases, the process of epitope spreading is an important contributor in their development. Epitope spreading is a diversification of the epitopes recognized by the immune system. This process happens to both T and B cells, with this review focusing on B cells. Such spreading can progress among multiple epitopes on a single antigen, or from one antigenic molecule to another. Systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid and other autoimmune diseases, are all influenced by intermolecular and intramolecular B cell epitope spreading. Endocytic processing, antigen presentation, and somatic hypermutation act as molecular mechanisms that assist in driving epitope spreading and broadening the immune response in autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of B cell epitope spreading with regard to autoimmunity, how it contributes during the progression of various autoimmune diseases, and treatment options available.
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Teke HÜ, Gündüz E, Akay OM, Gülbas Z. Abnormality of regulatory T-cells in remission and non-remission idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura patients. Platelets 2012; 24:625-31. [DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2012.748188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Nyland JF, Stoll ML, Jiang F, Feng F, Gavalchin J. Mechanisms involved in the p62-73 idiopeptide-modulated delay of lupus nephritis in SNF(1) mice. Lupus 2012; 21:1552-64. [PMID: 23015610 DOI: 10.1177/0961203312461964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The F(1) progeny of the (SWR × NZB) cross develop a lupus-like disease with high serum titers of autoantibodies, and increased frequency and severity of immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis in females. In previous work, we found that an idiotypic peptide corresponding to aa62-73 (p62-73) of the heavy chain variable region of autoantibody 540 (Id(LN)F(1)) induced the proliferation of p62-73 idiotype-reactive T cell clones. Further, monthly immunization of pre-nephritic SNF(1) female mice with p62-73 resulted in decreased nephritis and prolonged life spans. Here we show that this treatment modulated proliferative responses to Id(LN)F(1) antigen, including a reduction in the population of idiopeptide-presenting antigen-presenting cells (APCs), as early as two weeks after immunization (10 weeks of age). Th1-type cytokine production was increased at 12 weeks of age. The incidence and severity of nephritis was reduced by 14 weeks compared to controls. Clinical indicators of nephritis, specifically histological evidence of glomerulonephritis and urine protein levels, were reduced by 20 weeks. Together these data suggest that events involved in the mechanism(s) whereby p62-73 immunization delayed nephritis occurred early after immunization, and involved modulation of APCs, B and T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Nyland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Cartin-Ceba R, Peikert T, Specks U. Pathogenesis of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2012; 14:481-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-012-0286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Ma L, Zhou Z, Zhang D, Wang H, Li H, Xue F, Yang R. Bmi-1 Regulates Autoreactive CD4+ T Cell Survival in Immune Thrombocytopenia Patients. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:505-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-011-9643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Bolon
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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14
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Abstract
The goal of contemporary research in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus is to achieve and maintain clinical remission without corticosteroids. Recent advances of knowledge on pemphigus autoimmunity scrutinize old dogmas, resolve controversies, and open novel perspectives for treatment. Elucidation of intimate mechanisms of keratinocyte detachment and death in pemphigus has challenged the monopathogenic explanation of disease immunopathology. Over 50 organ-specific and non-organ-specific antigens can be targeted by pemphigus autoimmunity, including desmosomal cadherins and other adhesion molecules, PERP cholinergic and other cell membrane (CM) receptors, and mitochondrial proteins. The initial insult is sustained by the autoantibodies to the cell membrane receptor antigens triggering the intracellular signaling by Src, epidermal growth factor receptor kinase, protein kinases A and C, phospholipase C, mTOR, p38 MAPK, JNK, other tyrosine kinases, and calmodulin that cause basal cell shrinkage and ripping desmosomes off the CM. Autoantibodies synergize with effectors of apoptotic and oncotic pathways, serine proteases, and inflammatory cytokines to overcome the natural resistance and activate the cell death program in keratinocytes. The process of keratinocyte shrinkage/detachment and death via apoptosis/oncosis has been termed apoptolysis to emphasize that it is triggered by the same signal effectors and mediated by the same cell death enzymes. The natural course of pemphigus has improved due to a substantial progress in developing of the steroid-sparing therapies combining the immunosuppressive and direct anti-acantholytic effects. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms mediating immune dysregulation and apoptolysis in pemphigus should improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and facilitate development of steroid-free treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Grando
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Implications of the parent-into-F1 model for human lupus pathogenesis: roles for cytotoxic T lymphocytes and viral pathogens. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2010; 22:493-8. [PMID: 20485174 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32833b0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The central role of CD4 T cells in lupus pathogenesis is well recognized; however, the mechanism by which CD4 T cells lose tolerance and promote humoral autoimmunity remains unclear. This review examines mechanisms elucidated in the parent-into-F1 model of lupus and their possible parallels in human lupus pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS In the parent-into-F1 model, lupus results from the transfer of normal, foreign reactive CD4 T cells targeted to intrinsically normal F1 B cells. Transfer of normal CD8 T cells prevents lupus, whereas transfer of CD8 T cells with killing defects does not but is correctable with additional in-vivo enhancement of CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) function. The parent-into-F1 model has two major similarities to Epstein-Barr virus infection: CD4 T-cell-driven polyclonal B-cell hyperactivity and a critical dependence on CD8 CTL for elimination of activated B cells. These similarities are discussed in relation to human lupus pathogenesis. SUMMARY Work in the parent-into-F1 model supports the idea that lupus may result from defective CD8 T-cell function and that therapeutic enhancement of CD8 effectors with selective targeting to autoreactive B cells may be beneficial. Despite strong evidence linking Epstein-Barr virus infection with human lupus, the exact nature of this link requires further study.
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Abstract
Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) comprises a group of systemic inflammatory vasculitides associated with circulating autoantibodies directed against the neutrophil granule components proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase. ANCA interact with their target antigens on cytokine primed neutrophils, causing neutrophil activation via several signaling pathways that culminates in endothelial interaction, degranulation, cytokine production, and endothelial and tissue damage. The presence of autoantibodies implies the assistance of autoreactive T-helper cells and B cells, and a failure of regulatory mechanisms. This article reviews the current evidence for the pathogenic mechanisms culminating in autoantibody production, the effects of ANCA-neutrophil and neutrophil-endothelial interactions, and the mechanisms of tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Flint
- Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
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Sousa JX, Miyamoto D, Zimbres JM, Costa DV, Aoki V. Clinicopathological evaluation ofin vivoepidermal nuclear fluorescence. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34:314-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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A common repertoire of autoantibodies is shared by cancer and autoimmune disease patients: Inflammation in their induction and impact on tumor growth. Cancer Lett 2008; 281:8-23. [PMID: 19091462 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The repertoire of autoantibodies found in cancer patients partly overlaps with that typical of patients with autoimmune diseases. Beside the biochemical and immunological properties of the target antigens and their altered expression in tumor tissues, the intratumoral inflammatory context can play a key role in the induction of autoimmune disease-associated autoantibodies in cancer patients. Furthermore, the impact of such antibodies on cancer growth and progression can be deeply influenced by the interplay with inflammation. The characterization of the spontaneous humoral responses occurring in cancer patients, of the mechanisms that trigger and sustain the autoantibody response and of the biological effects of such autoantibodies may help the rational design of anti-cancer immunotherapeutic protocols.
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Endo H, Rees TD, Hallmon WW, Kuyama K, Nakadai M, Kato T, Kono Y, Yamamoto H. Disease Progression From Mucosal to Mucocutaneous Involvement in a Patient With Desquamative Gingivitis Associated With Pemphigus Vulgaris. J Periodontol 2008; 79:369-75. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Poole BD, Scofield RH, Harley JB, James JA. Epstein-Barr virus and molecular mimicry in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2008; 39:63-70. [PMID: 16455583 DOI: 10.1080/08916930500484849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) is a complex disease with a multifactoral etiology, with genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences. Molecular mimicry as a result of viral infection may contribute to the development of lupus. The pattern of autoantibody development in lupus is consistent with initiation through molecular mimicry, as the initial autoantigenic epitopes that have been observed are limited and cross-reactive with viral proteins. Autoantibody specificity may then later diversify to other autoantigens through B-cell epitope spreading. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an excellent candidate to be involved in molecular mimicry in lupus. EBV infection has been associated with lupus through serological and DNA studies. Infection with EBV results in the production of the viral protein Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1), antibodies against which cross-react with lupus-associated autoantigens, including Ro, Sm B/B', and Sm D1, in lupus patients. The immune response against EBV, and EBNA-1 in particular, differs among lupus patients and healthy controls, with controls maintaining a limited humoral response and failing to produce long-standing cross-reactive antibodies. We hypothesize that the humoral immune response to EBNA-1 in susceptible individuals leads to the generation of cross-reactive antibodies. Through the process of epitope spreading, these cross-reactive antibodies target additional, non-cross reactive autoepitopes, spread to additional autoantigens, and become pathogenic, leading eventually to clinical lupus. This paper reviews some of the current literature supporting roles for EBV exposure and epitope spreading in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Poole
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
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21
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Katsumata Y, Ridgway WM, Oriss T, Gu X, Chin D, Wu Y, Fertig N, Oury T, Vandersteen D, Clemens P, Camacho CJ, Weinberg A, Ascherman DP. Species-specific immune responses generated by histidyl-tRNA synthetase immunization are associated with muscle and lung inflammation. J Autoimmun 2007; 29:174-86. [PMID: 17826948 PMCID: PMC2639656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Evidence implicating histidyl-tRNA synthetase (Jo-1) in the pathogenesis of the anti-synthetase syndrome includes established genetic associations linking the reproducible phenotype of muscle inflammation and interstitial lung disease with autoantibodies recognizing Jo-1. To better address the role of Jo-1-directed B and T cell responses in the context of different genetic backgrounds, we employed Jo-1 protein immunization of C57BL/6 and NOD congenic mice. Detailed analysis of early antibody responses following inoculation with human or murine Jo-1 demonstrates remarkable species-specifity, with limited cross recognition of Jo-1 from the opposite species. Complementing these results, immunization with purified peptides derived from murine Jo-1 generates B and T cells targeting species-specific epitopes contained within the amino terminal 120 amino acids of murine Jo-1. The eventual spreading of B cell epitopes that uniformly occurs 8 weeks post immunization with murine Jo-1 provides additional evidence of an immune response mediated by autoreactive, Jo-1-specific T cells. Corresponding to this self-reactivity, mice immunized with murine Jo-1 develop a striking combination of muscle and lung inflammation that replicates features of the human anti-synthetase syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Katsumata
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - William M. Ridgway
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Timothy Oriss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xinyan Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David Chin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Noreen Fertig
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tim Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daniel Vandersteen
- Department of Pathology, St. Mary's/Duluth Clinic Health System, Duluth, MN 55805, USA
| | - Paula Clemens
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Carlos J. Camacho
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Andrew Weinberg
- Department of Basic Immunology, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR 97213, USA
| | - Dana P. Ascherman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, BST S707, 3500 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. Tel.: +1 412 383 8734; fax: +1 412 383 8864. E-mail address: (D.P. Ascherman)
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22
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Kargakis M, Zevgiti S, Krikorian D, Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M, Sakarellos C, Panou-Pomonis E. A palmitoyl-tailed sequential oligopeptide carrier for engineering immunogenic conjugates. Vaccine 2007; 25:6708-12. [PMID: 17692437 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The main guideline in designing effective immunogens as vaccine candidates capable of eliciting potent and specific immune responses is to combine B/T cell epitopes and adjuvants as immunostimulators on the same carrier that links the major histocompatibility complex with T cell receptors. Aiming at contributing to the development of carriers for human usage a helicoid type sequential oligopeptide carrier, SOC(n)-II, formed by the repeating tetrapeptide unit (Aib-Lys-Aib-Gly)(n), n=2-7, elongated from the amino-terminus by the palmitoyl group, known for its adjuvanticity, is now presented. The main B cell epitope, PPGMRPP, of the Sm autoantigen against which the majority of antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus is directed, was coupled to the Lys-N(epsilon)H(2) groups of the carrier in four copies and the resulting conjugate Palm-SOC(4)-II-Sm(4) was subjected to animal immunizations without utilizing any adjuvant. The induced immune response was comparable with that produced when Ac-SOC(4)-II-Sm(4) was administered in animals following the conventional immunization protocol of complete/incomplete Freund's adjuvant. High titers of anti-Palm-SOC(4)-II-Sm(4) antibodies were generated, which recognize the priming immunogenic conjugate, as well as reconstituted Sm mimics but not the carrier alone. It is concluded that Palm-SOC(n)-II carrier is a valuable tool for engineering immunogens eliciting enhanced and specific humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kargakis
- Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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23
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Sciascia SA, Robson K, Zhu L, Garland M, Grabosch S, Kelamis J, Messamore W, Bradley T, Sourk A, Westberg L, Goodnight W, Tongson K, Holloway N, Wardak Z, Sudyka M, Masrani S, Chintalapati S, Cagaanan M, Brown JC, Stetler DA. Immunization of nonautoimmune mice with DNA binding domains of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase I results in production of anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm/RNP antibodies. Autoimmunity 2007; 40:38-47. [PMID: 17364496 DOI: 10.1080/08916930601185550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against the N-terminal (NT) but not the basic domain (BD), DNA binding regions of the largest subunit (S1) of RNA polymerase I (RNAPI) were detected in the sera of MRL-lpr/lpr lupus mice. Antibodies against both RNAPI(S1)-NT and -BD, as well as other systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) autoantigens (La, ribosomal P proteins and Sm/RNP) were produced by rabbits immunized with anti-DNA antibodies that had been affinity purified from SLE patients. Immunization of nonautoimmune mice (Balb/c) with RNAPI(S1)-NT, RNAPI(S1)-BD, or La in the form of GST fusion proteins, induced production of anti-double-stranded (ds) DNA and anti-Sm/RNP. GST-P1 did not induce an anti-dsDNA response in these mice. These results demonstrate that RNAPI(S1)-NT, RNAPI(S1)-BD and La can participate in an anti-autoantigen/anti-DNA antibody loop during an SLE-like autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Sciascia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas. Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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24
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Sakakura M, Wada H, Tawara I, Nobori T, Sugiyama T, Sagawa N, Shiku H. Reduced Cd4+Cd25+ T cells in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Thromb Res 2007; 120:187-93. [PMID: 17067661 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunoregulatory CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells play an important role in the induction and maintenance of peripheral self-tolerance. These professional regulatory cells prevent the activation and proliferation of potentially autoreactive T cells that have escaped thymic deletion. Therefore, CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells are believed to possibly play an important role in pathogenic autoimmune diseases. We measured the count of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in 44 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), and the number of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells and clinical features were then analyzed. By using a flow cytometric analysis, the number of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in the patients with ITP showed a very wide distribution in comparison to healthy volunteers. The number of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells was significantly lower in the ITP patients in the severe phase, and in patients positive for anti-glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antibody. However, the number of those cells increased in the patients at the complete remission phase, especially after a splenectomy. The Foxp3 mRNA levels of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of ITP patients were higher with an improved platelet count than in those with a low platelet count. In addition, the Foxp3 mRNA levels closely correlated with the number of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells. These mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, however, the count of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells is considered to possibly be related to the severity of ITP.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Base Sequence
- Blood Platelets/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/blood
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/genetics
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/blood
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Sakakura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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Balboni I, Chan SM, Kattah M, Tenenbaum JD, Butte AJ, Utz PJ. Multiplexed protein array platforms for analysis of autoimmune diseases. Annu Rev Immunol 2006; 24:391-418. [PMID: 16551254 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Several proteomics platforms have emerged in the past decade that show great promise for filling in the many gaps that remain from earlier studies of the genome and from the sequencing of the human genome itself. This review describes applications of proteomics technologies to the study of autoimmune diseases. We focus largely on biased technology platforms that are capable of analyzing a large panel of known analytes, as opposed to techniques such as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DIGE) or mass spectroscopy that represent unbiased approaches (as reviewed in 1). At present, the main analytes that can be systematically studied in autoimmunity include autoantibodies, cytokines and chemokines, components of signaling pathways, and cell-surface receptors. We review the most commonly used platforms for such studies, citing important discoveries and limitations that exist. We conclude by reviewing advances in biomedical informatics that will eventually allow the human proteome to be deciphered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imelda Balboni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Deshmukh US, Bagavant H, Lewis J, Gaskin F, Fu SM. Epitope spreading within lupus-associated ribonucleoprotein antigens. Clin Immunol 2005; 117:112-20. [PMID: 16095971 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies reactive with several cellular antigens are present in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Polypeptides within the Ro-RNP complex and the snRNP complex are often targeted by these autoantibodies. One of the mechanisms responsible for their evolution is that of epitope spreading. Experimental animal model systems provide evidence for this. This review discusses the animal model systems of epitope spreading within these ribonucleoprotein antigens, the mechanisms of epitope spreading, and its relevance for disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh S Deshmukh
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Specialized Center of Research on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Department of Internal Medicine, HSC Box 800412, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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27
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Takedatsu H, Yoshimoto K, Okamura T, Miyazaki H, Kuwaki T, Sata M, Itoh K. Determination of Thrombopoietin-Derived Peptides Recognized by Both Cellular and Humoral Immunities in Healthy Donors and Patients with Thrombocytopenia. Stem Cells 2005; 23:975-82. [PMID: 16043461 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a cytokine that promotes megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis and is considered a drug suitable for patients with thrombocytopenia. However, unexpected severe thrombocytopenia has developed in some healthy individuals participating in phase I clinical trials with a pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth factor (PEG-rHuMGDF) that contained the first 163 amino acids of endogenous TPO, which resulted in hampering the further development of clinical trials. Autoimmune responses to PEG-rHuMGDF, which cross-reacted with endogenous TPO, were suggested to be involved in this rare but severe adverse event, although the immunogenic epitopes have not yet been determined. To better understand the molecular basis of such autoimmune reactions, we investigated the reactivity of 18 TPO-derived peptides with HLA-A2-binding motifs to plasma and T cells, both from patients with thrombocytopenia (n=24) and from healthy donors (HDs) (n=24). Four peptides, including those possessing amino acids in receptor-binding sites, were preferentially reactive to plasma from at least 20% of the patients, whereas one peptide at position 101-109 was equally reactive to those of the patients and the HDs. Each of the five peptides had the ability to induce peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in both groups, albeit with less frequency among the patients. More important, each of these five peptides had the ability to induce HLA-A2-restricted and peptide-specific CTL activity reactive to cells that produce TPO. These results may provide new insights to gain a better understanding of autoimmune reactions to TPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Takedatsu
- Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan.
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28
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Monneaux F, Parietti V, Briand JP, Muller S. Intramolecular T cell spreading in unprimed MRL/lpr mice: importance of the U1-70k protein sequence 131-151. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:3232-8. [PMID: 15476231 DOI: 10.1002/art.20510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze spontaneous T cell spreading against determinants of the U1-70K protein in young autoimmune MRL/lpr lupus mice, in comparison with the T cell spreading occurring in normal BALB/c mice immunized with peptide 131-151 of this protein. METHODS Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from both unprimed MRL/lpr mice and immunized BALB/c mice were tested for their ability to proliferate ex vivo in response to 18 overlapping peptides of the U1-70K spliceosomal protein, using assays for lymphocyte proliferation and secretion of interleukin-2. RESULTS The proliferative response to peptides of the U1-70K protein evolved rapidly in MRL/lpr mice tested at different ages. At least 5 peptides were recognized by PBLs from 8-week-old autoimmune mice, whereas a different peptide was recognized by PBLs from MRL/lpr mice at 12 weeks of age. At 15 weeks, the proliferative response was weak or negative when assessed with any of the test peptides. At least 2 major peptides recognized by MRL/lpr PBLs were also recognized by PBLs generated in the BALB/c mice primed with peptide 131-151. We further demonstrated that, in preautoimmune MRL/lpr mice, repeated administration of phosphorylated peptide 131-151 (called P140), which was shown previously to be protective, transiently abolished T cell intramolecular spreading to other regions of the 70K protein. CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate that intramolecular T cell spreading effectively occurs in MRL/lpr mice with lupus, and that region 131-151 is important in the cascade of events observed in the murine lupus response. This sequence might originate a mechanism of tolerance spreading that leads to the beneficial effect observed in MRL/lpr mice after treatment with the phosphorylated peptide 131-151.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Monneaux
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
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29
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van der Geld YM, Stegeman CA, Kallenberg CGM. B cell epitope specificity in ANCA-associated vasculitis: does it matter? Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 137:451-9. [PMID: 15320893 PMCID: PMC1809135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pauci-immune idiopathic small-vessel vasculitis is strongly associated with the presence of antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies (ANCA). Antibodies to PR3 predominate in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis; antibodies to myeloperoxidase (MPO) are found more frequently in patients with microscopic polyangiitis. There is increasing in vivo and in vitro evidence for a pathogenic role of ANCA in systemic vasculitis based on associations of ANCA with disease activity. If ANCA are pathogenic, why is the course of disease different from one patient to another? Antibodies can recognize different binding sites (epitopes) on their corresponding antigens. Differences in binding specificity may influence the pathogenic potential of the antibodies. Differences between epitope specificity of ANCA between patients or changes in epitope specificity of ANCA in time in an individual patient may, accordingly, result in differences in disease expression. This review will focus on epitope specificity of autoantibodies in systemic autoimmune diseases and especially on the epitope specificity of PR3- and MPO-ANCA. We will discuss whether PR3-ANCA or MPO-ANCA recognize different epitopes on PR3 and MPO, respectively, and whether the epitopes recognized by ANCA change in parallel with the disease activity of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Finally, we will speculate if the direct pathogenic role of ANCA can be ascribed to one relapse- or disease-inducing epitope. Characterization of relapse- or disease-inducing epitopes bound by PR3-ANCA and MPO-ANCA is significant for understanding initiation and reactivation of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Elucidating a disease-inducing epitope bound by ANCA may lead to the development of epitope-specific therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M van der Geld
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Rarok AA, van der Geld YM, Stegeman CA, Limburg PC, Kallenberg CGM. Diversity of PR3-ANCA epitope specificity in Wegener's granulomatosis. Analysis using the biosensor technology. J Clin Immunol 2004; 23:460-8. [PMID: 15031633 DOI: 10.1023/b:joci.0000010422.73892.b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Wegener's granulomatosis is a systemic disease characterized by the presence of antineutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies specific for proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA). The functional characteristics of PR3-ANCA differ between quiescent and active disease, suggesting changes in the properties of the autoantibodies in time. Using biosensor technology, we found that PR3-ANCA of different patients (n = 8) recognize a limited number of overlapping regions on PR3 at the time of diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis. This area might cover an immunodominant epitope, common for PR3-ANCA from all patients, irrespective of the size of the total area recognized by an individual autoantibody. Experiments with sera (n = 4) collected at the moment of diagnosis and at the time of relapse showed that the individual epitope specificities of PR3-ANCA change during the course of the disease. These changes in epitope specificity of PR3-ANCA may be responsible for the differences in functional properties of these autoantibodies between various stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka A Rarok
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Gavanescu I, Pihan G, Halilovic E, Szomolanyi-Tsuda E, Welsh RM, Doxsey S. Mycoplasma infection induces a scleroderma-like centrosome autoantibody response in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 137:288-97. [PMID: 15270845 PMCID: PMC1809115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of autoantibodies to intracellular molecules is a universal feature of autoimmune diseases and parallels onset of chronic inflammatory pathology. Initiating antigens of disease-specific autoantibody responses are unknown. We previously showed that the major targets of autoantibodies in scleroderma are centrosomes, organelles involved in mitotic spindle organization. Here we show that centrosome autoantibodies are induced in mice by mycoplasma infection. The centrosome-specific antibody response involves class switching of preexisting IgM to IgG isotypes, suggesting a T cell-dependent mechanism. The antibody response spreads to include additional intracellular targets, with newly recruited autoantibody specificities arising as IgM isotypes. Antibiotic treatment of mice prevents autoantibody development. Centrosome autoantibodies may provide an aetiological link between infection and human autoimmunity and suggest novel therapeutic strategies in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gavanescu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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32
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Greidinger EL, Gazitt T, Jaimes KF, Hoffman RW. Human T cell clones specific for heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2 autoantigen from connective tissue disease patients assist in autoantibody production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:2216-22. [PMID: 15248220 DOI: 10.1002/art.20287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize human T cells reactive with heterogeneous nuclear RNP A2 (hnRNP A2) antigen, and to determine the ability of hnRNP-reactive T cells to assist in the production of human autoantibodies. METHODS T cells from patients with high serum levels of anti-hnRNP IgG autoantibody were stimulated with an hnRNP recombinant fusion protein, and the cells were cloned by limiting dilution. The surface phenotype and cytokine profiles of the T cells were examined by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. T cell clones were cultured with highly purified autologous B cells, and the ability of T cells to enhance autoantibody production under a variety of conditions was measured by ELISA. RESULTS Human T cells reactive with hnRNP antigen were cloned from 2 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 1 patient with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). The T cells were CD4+ and had a Th1-like functional phenotype. In coculture in vitro with autologous B cells, T cell clones augmented anti-hnRNP autoantibody production and did so without the need for direct T cell-B cell contact. CONCLUSION This study provides direct evidence for a role of anti-hnRNP-reactive T cells in autoantibody production in SLE and MCTD. These findings support the notion that hnRNP-reactive T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Greidinger
- University of Miami, and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida, USA
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33
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Hu PQ, Fertig N, Medsger TA, Wright TM. Molecular Recognition Patterns of Serum Anti-DNA Topoisomerase I Antibody in Systemic Sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2834-41. [PMID: 15295002 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive anti-DNA topoisomerase I (anti-Topo I) Abs are commonly detected in sera of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. Our studies have established a positive correlation between the levels of serum anti-Topo I Abs and both disease severity and activity of SSc. The molecular targets of anti-Topo I Ab on Topo I domains remain to be further defined. In this report, we studied the molecular recognition pattern of serum anti-Topo I Ab in 52 SSc patients. The highest reactivity of serum anti-Topo I Abs was against the core subdomains I and II (aa 207-441) and, to a lesser extent, against the core subdomain III (aa 433-636) of Topo I. The linker domain (aa 636-712) and the C-terminal domain (aa 713-765) had much less reactivity than the core domain (aa 207-636). Strikingly, very little reactivity was directed against the N-terminal domain (aa 1-213) by serum anti-Topo I Ab. This molecular recognition pattern was consistent among all SSc serum samples studied. Results from patients with serial serum samples indicated that this pattern remained unchanged over time. Interestingly, some naive B cells from healthy controls, upon transformation by EBV, produced IgM Abs against Topo I. These Abs had low affinity for Topo I and reacted equally to all domains of Topo I. The molecular recognition pattern of serum anti-Topo I Ab in SSc suggests the presence of a unique antigenic stimulation in vivo in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Q Hu
- Department of Immunology, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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34
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De Silva-Udawatta M, Kumar SR, Greidinger EL, Hoffman RW. Cloned human TCR from patients with autoimmune disease can respond to two structurally distinct autoantigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:3940-7. [PMID: 15004202 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.6.3940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the TCR can have significant plasticity in the range of Ags that a single receptor can recognize. Although it has been proposed that such TCR plasticity might contribute to autoimmunity, there have been few studies examining this possibility in either animal models or human disease. In the present study, we examined human T cell clones that were generated against two structurally dissimilar proteins, U1-70 kDa and Smith-B, that are physically associated in the U1-small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex and that are frequent targets of autoantibodies and T cells in the same lupus patient. We found that the TCR from all clones isolated had substantial sequence homology within their complementarity-determining region 3. We molecularly cloned and expressed individual TCR/A and TCR/B genes in a TCR-negative human cell line J.RT3-T3.5. We then examined the interaction between the TCR and U1-70 kDa and Smith-B antigenic peptides. We found that there was plasticity or degeneracy of the TCR reactive with these lupus autoantigens in that two structurally dissimilar lupus autoantigenic peptides could stimulate a single TCR. These studies support an important role of plasticity of the TCR in the development of human autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Clone Cells
- Cloning, Molecular/methods
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Ribonucleoprotein, U1 Small Nuclear/immunology
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/immunology
- Structural Homology, Protein
- Transfection
- snRNP Core Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihiri De Silva-Udawatta
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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35
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Abstract
In recent years, our understanding of B-cell biology and the roles of B cells in normal immune responses and autoimmunity has increased dramatically. We no longer think of B cells simply as antibody factories. It is clear that these diverse and exquisitely regulated cells may contribute in a multitude of ways to immune responses. Animal models, clinical trials of biologic agents, and the ever expanding field of molecular biology have made great contributions to our current knowledge. With this improved understanding, we are afforded the opportunity to consider numerous potential therapeutic targets for treating autoimmune disease. As this growing science evolves, we can expect to see the advent of new therapies and new hope for patients who are afflicted with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Weinstein
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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36
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Ascherman DP. The role of jo-1 in the immunopathogenesis of polymyositis: Current hypotheses. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2003; 5:425-30. [PMID: 14609486 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-003-0052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymyositis represents an autoimmune disease in which T cells mediate destruction of muscle cells. Although the precise trigger(s) for this process remain unknown, distinct clinical subsets exist that are characterized by antibodies directed against specific nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens including Jo-1 (histidyl-transfer RNA synthetase). Coupled with a range of genetic and histomorphologic data, the stereotypical serologic response suggests that antigen-specific T cells directed against Jo-1 can promote T cell-mediated cytolysis of muscle cells as well as anti-Jo-1 antibody formation in selected patients with polymyositis. Beyond a previously developed animal model that has demonstrated the capacity of Jo-1 to promote humoral and cell-mediated immune responses leading to myositis, recent studies have revealed the existence of Jo-1-specific T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with Jo-1 antibody-positive polymyositis. Even more striking, investigators have discovered that Jo-1 can serve as a chemokine for immature dendritic cells and T lymphocytes. Collectively, these findings suggest a mechanism by which Jo-1 can bridge the innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to the breakdown of tolerance and autoimmune destruction of muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana P Ascherman
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, S707 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence E Gibson
- Division of Laboratory Dermatology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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38
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Deshmukh US, Gaskin F, Lewis JE, Kannapell CC, Fu SM. Mechanisms of autoantibody diversification to SLE-related autoantigens. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 987:91-8. [PMID: 12727627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb06036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a prototype of systemic autoimmunity with autoantibodies (autoAbs) to ribonucleoproteins such as Ro/La, snRNP, dsDNA, and other cellular constituents. A/J mice were used to explore the mechanism of autoAb diversification with recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides. Previous studies showed that Ro60(316-335) induced Abs to Ro60, La, and snRNP proteins. Specific Abs to determinants outside Ro60(316-335) were detected. Absorption experiments showed that Abs to La and snRNP proteins were due to the induction of anti-Ro60 Abs cross-reactive with these peptides. With snRNP proteins, SmD, SmB, and A-RNP as immunogens, specific patterns of intermolecular spreading were obtained in addition to Abs to the immunogens. With SmD-immunized mice, specific Abs to A-RNP and SmB were detected. With SmB as the immunogen, specific Abs to A-RNP were detected in the majority of the mice. Only in a rare incident, specific Abs to SmD were induced. In A-RNP-immunized mice, only Abs to the 70-kD U1-RNP were seen. In all cases, Abs capable of precipitating snRNP particles were detected. Thus, the intermolecular epitope spreading is immunogen-dependent. Evidence for the presence of cross-reactive T cells to more than one autoAg was obtained. The Ag-dependent unique patterns of Ab diversification will facilitate analyses of patients' sera. These results have implications regarding the nature of the Ag-driven autoimmune process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh S Deshmukh
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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39
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Wang XF, Wang D, Zhu W, Delrahim KK, Dolnak D, Rapaport MH. Studies characterizing 60 kda autoantibodies in subjects with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53:361-75. [PMID: 12614989 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01972-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that schizophrenic patients have an increased prevalence of serum antibodies to neuroblastoma cell proteins migrating at 60 kilodaltons (kDa). We present work identifying and characterizing 60 kDa antigen-antibody interactions. METHODS Sera from schizophrenic subjects and normal volunteers were screened by Western blotting. Proteins migrating at 60 kDa were characterized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and indirect immunofluorescent staining of human epithelial cell (HEp-2) slides. Human brain and bladder cell complementary deoxyribonucleic acid libraries were screened with immunoaffinity-purified antibodies. Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid clones were sequenced and compared with published databases. Proteins were generated by in vitro transcription/translation and expression in an Escherichia coli BL21 system. Immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry studies were performed. RESULTS Fifteen percent (17/117) of schizophrenic subjects and 3% (2/62) of normal volunteers had autoantibodies that reacted with 60 kDa proteins [chi(2)(1) = 4.4, p =.037]. Five percent of subjects had autoantibodies directed against 60 kDa heat shock protein (HSP60) [chi(2)(1) = 3.3, p =.100). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis identified 13 different proteins migrating at 60 kDa; 5 were splice variants of HSP60, and 2 corresponded with a protein associated with MYC (PAM). CONCLUSIONS There is an increased prevalence of autoantibodies that bind to proteins migrating at 60 kDa in subjects with schizophrenia. Potential target antigens include HSP60 and PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fen Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA
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40
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Ascherman DP, Oriss TB, Oddis CV, Wright TM. Critical requirement for professional APCs in eliciting T cell responses to novel fragments of histidyl-tRNA synthetase (Jo-1) in Jo-1 antibody-positive polymyositis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:7127-34. [PMID: 12471150 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.7127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymyositis (PM) is an autoimmune muscle disease characterized by oligoclonal T cell infiltrates mediating myocytotoxicity. Although antigenic triggers for this process remain undefined, clinically homogeneous subsets of PM patients are characterized by autoantibodies directed against nuclear and cytoplasmic Ags that include histidyl-tRNA synthetase (Jo-1). Available evidence suggests that formation of anti-Jo-1 autoantibodies is Ag-driven and therefore dependent on CD4(+) T cells that may also direct cytolytic CD8(+) T cells involved in myocyte destruction. To assess peripheral blood T cell responses to Jo-1, we first subcloned full-length human Jo-1 as well as novel fragments of Jo-1 into the maltose-binding protein expression vector pMALc2. Expressed proteins were then used in standard proliferation assays with either PBMC or autologous DCs as sources of APCs. Although PBMC-derived APCs and DCs both supported peripheral blood T cell proliferation when primed with full-length human Jo-1, only DCs promoted proliferative responses to a unique amino-terminal fragment of Jo-1. mAb blockade of different HLA Ags revealed that these responses were MHC class II dependent. Therefore, for the first time, these studies demonstrate anti-Jo-1 T cell responses in Jo-1 Ab-positive PM patients as well as in healthy control subjects. More importantly, this work underscores the critical importance of APC type in dictating T cell responses to a novel antigenic fragment of Jo-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana P Ascherman
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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41
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Carreño L, López-Longo FJ, González CM, Monteagudo I. Treatment options for juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Paediatr Drugs 2002; 4:241-56. [PMID: 11960513 DOI: 10.2165/00128072-200204040-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory chronic disease characterized by the presence of activated helper T-cells that induce a B-cell response, resulting in the secretion of pathogenic autoantibodies and the formation of immune complexes. SLE in children is a disease of low prevalence with a wide range of clinical manifestations, which means that the number of randomized controlled studies are few and usually involve a small number of patients. In recent years, new therapeutic agents have appeared and the role of older treatments has been clarified. Many of these treatments are designed to reduce inflammation. The spectrum is broad and ranges from traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to cytotoxic agents that have anti-inflammatory effects. The current treatment of children or adults depends on the clinical expression of the disease. Minor manifestations usually respond to the administration of NSAIDs, low doses of corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, or methotrexate. Thalidomide could be used for refractory skin lesions. Major manifestations can endanger the patient's life and require early, aggressive treatment. Kidney disease and other manifestations have been related to the formation or deposit of tissular immune complexes. Therefore, for years the main aim of treatment has been to suppress the immune response. The immunosuppressant treatments used in children with SLE include high doses of corticosteroids, azathioprine, methotrexate, cyclosporine, and cyclophosphamide. Several combinations of medications have been used to obtain a rapid remission or to reduce the risk of toxicity of prolonged administration of cytotoxic agents. Intravenous gamma-globulin has been successfully used in the treatment of lupus nephritis, vasculitis, and acute thrombocytopenia. In spite of numerous published studies, the use of these drugs is still controversial. The immunosuppression achieved with these treatments is nonspecific, not always effective, and associated with significant toxicities; the most significant being growth retardation, accelerated atherosclerosis and severe infectious complications. The purpose of new biological therapies is to achieve specific immunosuppression, which makes it possible to design more effective and less toxic therapeutic strategies. Mycophenolate mofetil is a promising alternative in patients who do not respond to high doses of cyclophosphamide or azathioprine. Some recently developed monoclonal antibodies such as anti-CD40L or anti-IL-10, or other molecules such as LJP394 may prove useful in the near future. Finally, stem cell transplantation may be proposed in patients with severe juvenile-onset SLE who do not respond to any treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carreño
- Service of Rheumatology, General University Hospital Gregorio Mara, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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42
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Monneaux F, Muller S. Epitope spreading in systemic lupus erythematosus: identification of triggering peptide sequences. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:1430-8. [PMID: 12115171 DOI: 10.1002/art.10263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Monneaux
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UPR 9021 CNRS, 15 rue René Descartes, Strasbourg 67000, France
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43
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Deshmukh US, Kannapell CC, Fu SM. Immune responses to small nuclear ribonucleoproteins: antigen-dependent distinct B cell epitope spreading patterns in mice immunized with recombinant polypeptides of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5326-32. [PMID: 11994491 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.10.5326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Complex patterns of autoantibody reactivities with the small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) are observed in systemic lupus erythematosus. To investigate the role of individual snRNP components in the initiation and diversification of anti-snRNP Ab responses, we immunized A/J mice with recombinant Smith D (SmD), Smith B (SmB), and A ribonucleoprotein (A-RNP) with alum as adjuvant. Sera at different time points after initial immunizations were analyzed by Western blot and immunoprecipitation assays. In SmD-immunized mice, specific Abs to A-RNP and SmB were generated by 2 mo postimmunization, in addition to the detection of cross-reactive Abs between the immunogen and other snRNPs. Whereas Abs reactive with the immunogen decreased by 5 mo, Abs capable of immunoprecipitating A-RNP and SmB increased. In SmB-immunized mice, specific Abs to A-RNP were readily detectable, in addition to cross-reactive Abs. In contrast, A-RNP-immunized mice had only cross-reactive Abs to SmB without detectable Abs to SmD. However, in these mice, specific Abs to the 70-kDa protein were generated. Abs, which precipitated the native snRNP particle, were generated in all three groups of the immunized mice. Our results show that different initiating Ags from the same multiprotein antigenic complex induce distinct patterns of epitope spreading to proteins within that complex. These data have significant implications for the mechanisms of autoantibody diversification in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Autoantigens/administration & dosage
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Cross Reactions
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Female
- Immune Sera/blood
- Immunization
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Peptides/administration & dosage
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/metabolism
- Precipitin Tests
- Protein Biosynthesis/immunology
- RNA, Small Cytoplasmic
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Ribonucleoproteins/administration & dosage
- Ribonucleoproteins/genetics
- Ribonucleoproteins/immunology
- Ribonucleoproteins/metabolism
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/administration & dosage
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/genetics
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/immunology
- Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- snRNP Core Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh S Deshmukh
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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44
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Robinson WH, Steinman L, Utz PJ. Proteomics technologies for the study of autoimmune disease. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:885-93. [PMID: 11953963 DOI: 10.1002/art.10129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William H Robinson
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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45
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Eystathioy T, Peebles CL, Hamel JC, Vaughn JH, Chan EKL. Autoantibody to hLSm4 and the heptameric LSm complex in anti-Sm sera. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:726-34. [PMID: 11920408 DOI: 10.1002/art.10220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the 15-kd human SmD-like autoantigen and its associated proteins previously shown to be recognized by IgM antibodies in patients with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced infectious mononucleosis. METHODS The full-length complementary DNA for the 15-kd protein was expressed as recombinant protein and analyzed for reactivity using biochemical analysis and immunoprecipitation (IP). RESULTS The 15-kd protein was determined to be the human like-Sm protein LSm4 (hLSm4). Rabbit antibody raised against the C-terminal polypeptide immunoprecipitated a 68-kd complex composed of LSm4 together with a group of smaller proteins ranging in size from 6.5 to 14 kd, consistent with the reported heptameric LSm complexes involved in U4/U6 duplex formation and messenger RNA (mRNA) decapping/degradation. About 80% of all anti-Sm sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) recognized the hLSm4 in vitro translated product, while 6.7% (29 of 434) immunoprecipitated from cell extracts hLSm4 together with the other members of the hLSm complex. Four sera (0.92%) showed apparently exclusive reactivity to the hLSm complex in the absence of reactivity to Sm core proteins in the IP assay. CONCLUSION These findings document that while IgM, but not IgG, autoantibodies to LSm4 were found in sera from patients with EBV infection, IgG autoantibodies to hLSm4 are detected in a large number of anti-Sm-positive sera from patients with SLE. Importantly, in a small number of anti-Sm sera the LSm complex can be recognized independently of the Sm core protein antigens. Our data introduce the concept that "Sm" autoantigens include Sm as well as LSm complexes involved in the maturation and degradation of mRNA.
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46
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Hueber W, Utz PJ, Steinman L, Robinson WH. Autoantibody profiling for the study and treatment of autoimmune disease. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2002; 4:290-5. [PMID: 12223102 PMCID: PMC128938 DOI: 10.1186/ar426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2002] [Revised: 03/05/2002] [Accepted: 03/11/2002] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics technologies enable profiling of autoantibody responses using biological fluids derived from patients with autoimmune disease. They provide a powerful tool to characterize autoreactive B-cell responses in diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune diabetes, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoantibody profiling may serve purposes including classification of individual patients and subsets of patients based on their 'autoantibody fingerprint', examination of epitope spreading and antibody isotype usage, discovery and characterization of candidate autoantigens, and tailoring antigen-specific therapy. In the coming decades, proteomics technologies will broaden our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of and will further our ability to diagnose, prognosticate and treat autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Hueber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Paul J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Tolerion, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Tolerion, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - William H Robinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Tolerion, Palo Alto, California, USA
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47
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Russell KA, Specks U. Are antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies pathogenic? Experimental approaches to understand the antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody phenomenon. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2001; 27:815-32, vii. [PMID: 11723766 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(05)70237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) directed against the neutrophil enzymes PR3 and MPO are tightly associated with the development of small vessel vasculitis. This article reviews the large body of data derived from in vitro experiments documenting many different proinflammatory effects of these ANCA on neutrophils, monocytes, and endothelial cells. Taken in conjunction with clinical observations and data from animal models, a concept of the pathogenicity of ANCA emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Russell
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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48
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Kuwana M, Kaburaki J, Kitasato H, Kato M, Kawai S, Kawakami Y, Ikeda Y. Immunodominant epitopes on glycoprotein IIb-IIIa recognized by autoreactive T cells in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 2001; 98:130-9. [PMID: 11418472 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.1.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently reported that autoreactive CD4(+) T cells to glycoprotein IIb-IIIa (GPIIb-IIIa) mediate antiplatelet autoantibody production in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). To further examine the antigenic specificity of the GPIIb-IIIa-reactive T cells, 6 recombinant fragments encoding different portions of GPIIbalpha or GPIIIa were generated and tested for their ability to stimulate antigen-specific T-cell proliferation and anti-GPIIb-IIIa antibody production in vitro. T cells from the peripheral blood of 25 patients with ITP and 10 healthy donors proliferated in response to recombinant GPIIb-IIIa fragments in various combinations. The amino-terminal portions of both GPIIbalpha and GPIIIa (IIbalpha18-259 and IIIa22-262) were frequently recognized (60% and 64%, respectively) compared with other fragments (4%-28%) in patients with ITP, but this tendency was not detected in healthy donors. In subsequent analyses in patients with ITP, T-cell reactivities to IIbalpha18-259 and IIIa22-262 were consistently detected, whereas those to other fragments were sometimes lost. In vitro antigenic stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with IIbalpha18-259 or IIIa22-262 promoted the synthesis of anti-GPIIb-IIIa antibodies in patients with ITP, but not in healthy donors. Of 15 CD4(+) T-cell lines specific for platelet-derived GPIIb-IIIa generated from 5 patients with ITP, 13 lines recognized IIbalpha18-259, IIIa22-262, or both. T-cell lines reactive to IIbalpha18-259 or IIIa22-262 promoted the production of anti-GPIIb-IIIa antibodies that were capable of binding to normal platelet surfaces. These results indicate that the immunodominant epitopes recognized by pathogenic CD4(+) T cells in patients with ITP are located within the amino-terminal portions of both GPIIbalpha and GPIIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kuwana
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and the Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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49
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Monneaux F, Muller S. Key sequences involved in the spreading of the systemic autoimmune response to spliceosomal proteins. Scand J Immunol 2001; 54:45-54. [PMID: 11439147 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.00942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune spreading to multiple intracellular antigens is likely to be of primary importance in organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases. A number of mechanisms by which immune spreading may occur from only a single autoreactive epitope have been proposed. Search for an initiator or early epitope thus represents an important area of investigation. For example, many studies have focused on the identification of epitopes recognized by the antibodies from both patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus-prone mice. Recently, an autoepitope present in the 70K U1 ribonucleo protein (RNP) and recognized by CD4+ T cells from lupus mice has also been identified. Here, we analyze the results of B- and T-cell-epitope mapping studies of several RNPs present in the spliceosome and propose a model of epitope spreading. In this model, a consensus sequence (the RNP motif) conserved in many nuclear, nucleolar and cytoplasmic antigens, might play a role as 'driver' epitope. This hypothesis is based on the observation that this sequence is recognized by CD4+ T cells from lupus mice and is often targeted by autoantibodies, very early during the course of the disease. Targeting this region that is repeated in different self-antigens, might represent an interesting strategy to interfere with the continuous T-cell stimulation and exposure to specific antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Monneaux
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UPR 9021 CNRS Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, 15 rue René Descartes, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Jafri F, Hardin JA, Dynan WS. A method to detect particle-specific antibodies against Ku and the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit in autoimmune sera. J Immunol Methods 2001; 251:53-61. [PMID: 11292481 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(01)00294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, polymyositis, scleroderma, and mixed connective tissue disease are frequently characterized by the presence of high levels of autoantibodies directed against linked sets of nuclear proteins. One of these autoantigen systems is made up of Ku and the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), proteins that are essential for double-strand DNA break repair and for the related process of V(D)J recombination. Ku and DNA-PKcs bind avidly to DNA ends in vivo and in vitro and form an active protein kinase complex. One hypothesis is that this assembled nucleoprotein particle, rather than its component proteins, is a primary trigger for the autoimmune response and thus a major target for the resulting autoantibodies. To screen for particle-specific antibodies, we developed an assay in which the fully native nucleoprotein particle is reconstituted in vitro and is tethered to the surface of an ELISA plate via a streptavidin-biotin linkage. These particles are recognized efficiently by monoclonal antibodies and by autoantibodies present in patient sera. The assay may detect a broader spectrum of epitopes than a conventional ELISA in which Ku and DNA-PKcs are adsorbed directly to a plastic surface. The method will be advantageous for high-throughput screening for antibodies and other ligands that bind the assembled DNA-dependent protein kinase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jafri
- Program in Gene Regulation, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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