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de Oliveira GP, Welsh JA, Pinckney B, Palu CC, Lu S, Zimmerman A, Barbosa RH, Sahu P, Noshin M, Gummuluru S, Tigges J, Jones JC, Ivanov AR, Ghiran IC. Human red blood cells release microvesicles with distinct sizes and protein composition that alter neutrophil phagocytosis. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 2:e107. [PMID: 37942280 PMCID: PMC10629908 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound structures released by cells and tissues into biofluids, involved in cell-cell communication. In humans, circulating red blood cells (RBCs), represent the most common cell-type in the body, generating daily large numbers of microvesicles. In vitro, RBC vesiculation can be mimicked by stimulating RBCs with calcium ionophores, such as ionomycin and A23187. The fate of microvesicles released during in vivo aging of RBCs and their interactions with circulating cells is hitherto unknown. Using SEC plus DEG isolation methods, we have found that human RBCs generate microvesicles with two distinct sizes, densities, and protein composition, identified by flow cytometry, and MRPS, and further validated by immune TEM. Furthermore, proteomic analysis revealed that RBC-derived microvesicles (RBC-MVs) are enriched in proteins with important functions in ion channel regulation, calcium homeostasis, and vesicular transport, such as of sorcin, stomatin, annexin A7, and RAB proteins. Cryo-electron microscopy identified two separate pathways of RBC-MV-neutrophil interaction, direct fusion with the plasma membrane and internalization, respectively. Functionally, RBC-MVs decrease neutrophil ability to phagocytose E. coli but do not affect their survival at 24 hrs. This work brings new insights regarding the complexity of the RBC-MVs biogenesis, as well as their possible role in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getulio Pereira de Oliveira
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyBarnett Institute of Chemical & Biological AnalysisNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Joshua A. Welsh
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Brandy Pinckney
- Nano Flow Core FacilityBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Shulin Lu
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Alan Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyBarnett Institute of Chemical & Biological AnalysisNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Raquel Hora Barbosa
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Parul Sahu
- Department of AnesthesiaBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Maeesha Noshin
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of MicrobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - John Tigges
- Nano Flow Core FacilityBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jennifer Clare Jones
- Translational Nanobiology Section, Laboratory of Pathology Center for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Alexander R. Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyBarnett Institute of Chemical & Biological AnalysisNortheastern UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ionita C. Ghiran
- Division of Allergy and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of AnesthesiaBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Furuta Y, Zhou Z. How do necrotic cells expose phosphatidylserine to attract their predators—What’s unique and what’s in common with apoptotic cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1170551. [PMID: 37091984 PMCID: PMC10113483 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1170551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a lipid component of the plasma membrane. It is asymmetrically distributed to the inner leaflet in live cells. In cells undergoing apoptosis, phosphatidylserine is exposed to the outer surfaces. The exposed phosphatidylserine acts as an evolutionarily conserved “eat-me” signal that attracts neighboring engulfing cells in metazoan organisms, including the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and mammals. During apoptosis, the exposure of phosphatidylserine to the outer surface of a cell is driven by the membrane scramblases and flippases, the activities of which are regulated by caspases. Cells undergoing necrosis, a kind of cell death frequently associated with cellular injuries and morphologically distinct from apoptosis, were initially believed to allow passive exposure of phosphatidylserine through membrane rupture. Later studies revealed that necrotic cells actively expose phosphatidylserine before any rupture occurs. A recent study in C. elegans further reported that the calcium ion (Ca2+) plays an essential role in promoting the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surfaces of necrotic cells. These findings indicate that necrotic and apoptotic cells, which die through different molecular mechanisms, use common and unique mechanisms for promoting the exposure of the same “eat me” signal. This article will review the mechanisms regulating the exposure of phosphatidylserine on the surfaces of necrotic and apoptotic cells and highlight their similarities and differences.
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Lv F, He Y, Xu H, Li Y, Han L, Yan L, Lang H, Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Qi Y. CD36 aggravates podocyte injury by activating NLRP3 inflammasome and inhibiting autophagy in lupus nephritis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:729. [PMID: 35999224 PMCID: PMC9399182 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A major cause of proteinuria in lupus nephritis (LN) is podocyte injury, and determining potential therapeutic targets to prevent podocyte injury is important from a clinical perspective in the treatment of LN. CD36 is involved in podocyte injury in several glomerulopathies and was reported to be a vital candidate gene in LN. Here, we determined the role of CD36 in the podocyte injury of LN and the underlying mechanisms. We observed that CD36 and NLRP3 (NLR family pyrin domain containing 3) were upregulated in the podocytes of lupus nephritis patients and MRL/lpr mice with renal impairment. In vitro, CD36, NLRP3 inflammasome, and autophagy were elevated accompanied with increased podocyte injury stimulated by IgG extracted from lupus nephritis patients compared that from healthy donors. Knocking out CD36 with the CRISPR/cas9 system decreased the NLRP3 inflammasome levels, increased the autophagy levels and alleviated podocyte injury. By enhancing autophagy, NLRP3 inflammasome was decreased and podocyte injury was alleviated. These results demonstrated that, in lupus nephritis, CD36 promoted podocyte injury by activating NLRP3 inflammasome and inhibiting autophagy by enhancing which could decrease NLRP3 inflammasome and alleviate podocyte injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Lv
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Nephrology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450052 China
| | - Yingxin He
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001 China
| | - Hongde Xu
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001 China
| | - Yongchun Li
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001 China
| | - Lipei Han
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Nephrology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450052 China
| | - Lijie Yan
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001 China
| | - Hui Lang
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke xue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001 China
| | - Yafei Zhao
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Nephrology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450052 China
| | - Zhanzheng Zhao
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Nephrology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450052 China
| | - Yuanyuan Qi
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Nephrology Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450052 China
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Li YZ, Wang YY, Huang L, Zhao YY, Chen LH, Zhang C. Annexin A Protein Family in Atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:406-417. [PMID: 35562096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a silent chronic vascular pathology, is the cause of the majority of cardiovascular ischaemic events. Atherosclerosis is characterized by a series of deleterious changes in cellularity, including endothelial dysfunction, transmigration of circulating inflammatory cells into the arterial wall, pro-inflammatory cytokines production, lipid accumulation in the intima, vascular local inflammatory response, atherosclerosis-related cells apoptosis and autophagy. Proteins of Annexin A (AnxA) family, the well-known Ca2+ phospholipid-binding protein, have many functions in regulating inflammation-related enzymes and cell signaling transduction, thus influencing cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. There is now accumulating evidence that some members of the AnxA family, such as AnxA1, AnxA2, AnxA5 and AnxA7, play major roles in the development of atherosclerosis. This article discusses the major roles of AnxA1, AnxA2, AnxA5 and AnxA7, and the multifaceted mechanisms of the main biological process in which they are involved in atherosclerosis. Considering these evidences, it has been proposed that AnxA are drivers- and not merely participator- on the road to atherosclerosis, thus the progression of atherosclerosis may be prevented by targeting the expression or function of the AnxA family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhen Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yue Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Huang
- Research Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Yan Zhao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Hui Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan province, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China.
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Cockram TOJ, Dundee JM, Popescu AS, Brown GC. The Phagocytic Code Regulating Phagocytosis of Mammalian Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:629979. [PMID: 34177884 PMCID: PMC8220072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.629979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian phagocytes can phagocytose (i.e. eat) other mammalian cells in the body if they display certain signals, and this phagocytosis plays fundamental roles in development, cell turnover, tissue homeostasis and disease prevention. To phagocytose the correct cells, phagocytes must discriminate which cells to eat using a 'phagocytic code' - a set of over 50 known phagocytic signals determining whether a cell is eaten or not - comprising find-me signals, eat-me signals, don't-eat-me signals and opsonins. Most opsonins require binding to eat-me signals - for example, the opsonins galectin-3, calreticulin and C1q bind asialoglycan eat-me signals on target cells - to induce phagocytosis. Some proteins act as 'self-opsonins', while others are 'negative opsonins' or 'phagocyte suppressants', inhibiting phagocytosis. We review known phagocytic signals here, both established and novel, and how they integrate to regulate phagocytosis of several mammalian targets - including excess cells in development, senescent and aged cells, infected cells, cancer cells, dead or dying cells, cell debris and neuronal synapses. Understanding the phagocytic code, and how it goes wrong, may enable novel therapies for multiple pathologies with too much or too little phagocytosis, such as: infectious disease, cancer, neurodegeneration, psychiatric disease, cardiovascular disease, ageing and auto-immune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guy C. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Microglia in Neurodegenerative Events-An Initiator or a Significant Other? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115818. [PMID: 34072307 PMCID: PMC8199265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A change in microglia structure, signaling, or function is commonly associated with neurodegeneration. This is evident in the patient population, animal models, and targeted in vitro assays. While there is a clear association, it is not evident that microglia serve as an initiator of neurodegeneration. Rather, the dynamics imply a close interaction between the various cell types and structures in the brain that orchestrate the injury and repair responses. Communication between microglia and neurons contributes to the physiological phenotype of microglia maintaining cells in a surveillance state and allows the cells to respond to events occurring in their environment. Interactions between microglia and astrocytes is not as well characterized, nor are interactions with other members of the neurovascular unit; however, given the influence of systemic factors on neuroinflammation and disease progression, such interactions likely represent significant contributes to any neurodegenerative process. In addition, they offer multiple target sites/processes by which environmental exposures could contribute to neurodegenerative disease. Thus, microglia at least play a role as a significant other with an equal partnership; however, claiming a role as an initiator of neurodegeneration remains somewhat controversial.
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Phagocytic clearance of apoptotic, necrotic, necroptotic and pyroptotic cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:793-804. [PMID: 33843978 PMCID: PMC8106503 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although millions of cells in the human body will undergo programmed cell death each day, dying cells are rarely detected under homeostatic settings in vivo. The swift removal of dying cells is due to the rapid recruitment of phagocytes to the site of cell death which then recognise and engulf the dying cell. Apoptotic cell clearance - the engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytes - is a well-defined process governed by a series of molecular factors including 'find-me', 'eat-me', 'don't eat-me' and 'good-bye' signals. However, in recent years with the rapid expansion of the cell death field, the removal of other necrotic-like cell types has drawn much attention. Depending on the type of death, dying cells employ different mechanisms to facilitate engulfment and elicit varying functional impacts on the phagocyte, from wound healing responses to inflammatory cytokine secretion. Nevertheless, despite the mechanism of death, the clearance of dying cells is a fundamental process required to prevent the uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory mediators and inflammatory disease. This mini-review summarises the current understandings of: (i) apoptotic, necrotic, necroptotic and pyroptotic cell clearance; (ii) the functional consequences of dying cell engulfment and; (iii) the outstanding questions in the field.
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Vandendriessche S, Cambier S, Proost P, Marques PE. Complement Receptors and Their Role in Leukocyte Recruitment and Phagocytosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:624025. [PMID: 33644062 PMCID: PMC7905230 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.624025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is deeply embedded in our physiology and immunity. Complement activation generates a multitude of molecules that converge simultaneously on the opsonization of a target for phagocytosis and activation of the immune system via soluble anaphylatoxins. This response is used to control microorganisms and to remove dead cells, but also plays a major role in stimulating the adaptive immune response and the regeneration of injured tissues. Many of these effects inherently depend on complement receptors expressed on leukocytes and parenchymal cells, which, by recognizing complement-derived molecules, promote leukocyte recruitment, phagocytosis of microorganisms and clearance of immune complexes. Here, the plethora of information on the role of complement receptors will be reviewed, including an analysis of how this functionally and structurally diverse group of molecules acts jointly to exert the full extent of complement regulation of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vandendriessche
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seppe Cambier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro E Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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Chen M, Tse G, Wong WT. Interleukin-4 increases phagocytosis of necrotic cells by macrophages through scavenger receptor CD36. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:129-136. [PMID: 32852093 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-4 (IL-4) signalling pathways regulate the activity of macrophages, enhance their proteolytic capacity and drive resolution of inflammation during tissue repair. The aim of this study was to examine whether IL-4 can enhance phagocytosis of necrotic cells and elucidate the molecular mechanisms. METHODS Phagocytosis of necrotic thymocytes by RAW264.7 cells, a macrophage cell line, with or without IL-4 treatment, was determined by flow cytometry. Protein expression was determined by western blot analysis. RESULTS The phagocytosis index was significantly increased by IL-4 (10 ng/mL). IL-4-enhanced phagocytosis was mediated by upregulation of scavenger receptor CD36. STAT6 activation is required for IL-4-mediated phagocytosis. CONCLUSIONS Interleukin-4 can accelerate cell debris clearance by stimulating expression of CD36, which requires downstream STAT6 activation. Its beneficial effects on driving tissue repair and regeneration should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhuang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary Tse
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Tak Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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10
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Davis PJ, Mousa SA, Lin HY. Nongenomic Actions of Thyroid Hormone: The Integrin Component. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:319-352. [PMID: 32584192 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular domain of plasma membrane integrin αvβ3 contains a cell surface receptor for thyroid hormone analogues. The receptor is largely expressed and activated in tumor cells and rapidly dividing endothelial cells. The principal ligand for this receptor is l-thyroxine (T4), usually regarded only as a prohormone for 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3), the hormone analogue that expresses thyroid hormone in the cell nucleus via nuclear receptors that are unrelated structurally to integrin αvβ3. At the integrin receptor for thyroid hormone, T4 regulates cancer and endothelial cell division, tumor cell defense pathways (such as anti-apoptosis), and angiogenesis and supports metastasis, radioresistance, and chemoresistance. The molecular mechanisms involve signal transduction via mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, differential expression of multiple genes related to the listed cell processes, and regulation of activities of other cell surface proteins, such as vascular growth factor receptors. Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) is derived from T4 and competes with binding of T4 to the integrin. In the absence of T4, tetrac and chemically modified tetrac also have anticancer effects that culminate in altered gene transcription. Tumor xenografts are arrested by unmodified and chemically modified tetrac. The receptor requires further characterization in terms of contributions to nonmalignant cells, such as platelets and phagocytes. The integrin αvβ3 receptor for thyroid hormone offers a large panel of cellular actions that are relevant to cancer biology and that may be regulated by tetrac derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Torres-Gomez A, Cabañas C, Lafuente EM. Phagocytic Integrins: Activation and Signaling. Front Immunol 2020; 11:738. [PMID: 32425937 PMCID: PMC7203660 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic integrins are endowed with the ability to engulf and dispose of particles of different natures. Evolutionarily conserved from worms to humans, they are involved in pathogen elimination and apoptotic and tumoral cell clearance. Research in the field of integrin-mediated phagocytosis has shed light on the molecular events controlling integrin activation and their effector functions. However, there are still some aspects of the regulation of the phagocytic process that need to be clarified. Here, we have revised the molecular events controlling phagocytic integrin activation and the downstream signaling driving particle engulfment, and we have focused particularly on αMβ2/CR3, αXβ2/CR4, and a brief mention of αVβ5/αVβ3integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Torres-Gomez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Cabañas
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Severo Ochoa Center for Molecular Biology (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther M Lafuente
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Miller DR, Cramer SD, Thorburn A. The interplay of autophagy and non-apoptotic cell death pathways. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 352:159-187. [PMID: 32334815 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, the process of macromolecular degradation through the lysosome, has been extensively studied for the past decade or two. Autophagy can regulate cell death, especially apoptosis, through selective degradation of both positive and negative apoptosis regulators. However, multiple other programmed cell death pathways exist. As knowledge of these other types of cell death expand, it has been suggested that they also interact with autophagy. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that comprise three non-apoptotic forms of cell death (necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis) focusing on how the autophagy machinery regulates these different cell death mechanisms through (i) its degradative functions, i.e., true autophagy, and (ii) other non-degradative functions of the autophagy machinery such as serving as a signaling scaffold or by participating in other autophagy-independent cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannah R Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Scott D Cramer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
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13
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Westman J, Grinstein S, Marques PE. Phagocytosis of Necrotic Debris at Sites of Injury and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3030. [PMID: 31998312 PMCID: PMC6962235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of cellular debris is required to maintain the homeostasis of multicellular organisms. It is intrinsic to processes such as tissue growth and remodeling, regeneration and resolution of injury and inflammation. Most of the removal of effete and damaged cells is performed by macrophages and neutrophils through phagocytosis, a complex phenomenon involving ingestion and degradation of the disposable particles. The study of the clearance of cellular debris has been strongly biased toward the removal of apoptotic bodies; as a result, the mechanisms underlying the removal of necrotic cells have remained relatively unexplored. Here, we will review the incipient but growing knowledge of the phagocytosis of necrotic debris, from their recognition and engagement to their internalization and disposal. Critical insights into these events were gained recently through the development of new in vitro and in vivo models, along with advances in live-cell and intravital microscopy. This review addresses the classes of "find-me" and "eat-me" signals presented by necrotic cells and their cognate receptors in phagocytes, which in most cases differ from the extensively characterized counterparts in apoptotic cell engulfment. The roles of damage-associated molecular patterns, chemokines, lipid mediators, and complement components in recruiting and activating phagocytes are reviewed. Lastly, the physiological importance of necrotic cell removal is emphasized, highlighting the key role of impaired debris clearance in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Westman
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pedro Elias Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Magalhães-Junior MJ, Baracat-Pereira MC, Pereira LKJ, Vital CE, Santos MR, Cunha PS, Fernandes KM, Bressan GC, Fietto JLR, Silva-Júnior A, Almeida MR. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses reveal several events involved in the early stages of bovine herpesvirus 1 infection. Arch Virol 2019; 165:69-85. [PMID: 31705208 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are predicted to express more than 80 proteins during their infection cycle. The proteins synthesized by the immediate early genes and early genes target signaling pathways in host cells that are essential for the successful initiation of a productive infection and for latency. In this study, proteomic and phosphoproteomic tools showed the occurrence of changes in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells at the early stage of the infection by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). Proteins that had already been described in the early stage of infection for other herpesviruses but not for BoHV-1 were found. For example, stathmin phosphorylation at the initial stage of infection is described for the first time. In addition, two proteins that had not been described yet in the early stages of herpesvirus infections in general were ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor and Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor beta. The biological processes involved in these cellular responses were repair and replication of DNA, splicing, microtubule dynamics, and inflammatory responses. These results reveal pathways that might be used as targets for designing antiviral molecules against BoHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos J Magalhães-Junior
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Infectology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.,Laboratory of Proteomics and Protein Biochemistry, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Baracat-Pereira
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Protein Biochemistry, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Lorena K J Pereira
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Protein Biochemistry, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Camilo E Vital
- Nucleus of Biomolecules Analysis, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marcus R Santos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Animal Virology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Pricila S Cunha
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Kenner M Fernandes
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Bressan
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Infectology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana L R Fietto
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Infectology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Animal Virology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Márcia R Almeida
- Laboratory of Animal Molecular Infectology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
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15
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Budai Z, Ujlaky-Nagy L, Kis GN, Antal M, Bankó C, Bacsó Z, Szondy Z, Sarang Z. Macrophages engulf apoptotic and primary necrotic thymocytes through similar phosphatidylserine-dependent mechanisms. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:446-456. [PMID: 30868053 PMCID: PMC6396166 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major roles of professional phagocytes is the removal of dead cells in the body. We know less about the clearance of necrotic cells than apoptotic cell phagocytosis, despite the fact that both types of dead cells need to be cleared together and necrotic cells appear often in pathological settings. In the present study, we examined phagocytosis of heat‐ or H2O2‐killed necrotic and apoptotic thymocytes by mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro and found that the two cell types are engulfed at equal efficiency and compete with each other when added together to BMDMs. Phagocytosis of both apoptotic and necrotic thymocytes was decreased by (a) blocking phosphatidylserine on the surface of dying cells; (b) inhibition of Mer tyrosine kinase, Tim‐4, integrin β3 receptor signaling, or Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 activity; or (c) using BMDMs deficient for transglutaminase 2. Stimulation of liver X, retinoid X, retinoic acid or glucocorticoid nuclear receptors in BMDMs enhanced not only apoptotic, but also necrotic cell uptake. Electron microscopic analysis of the engulfment process revealed that the morphology of phagosomes and the phagocytic cup formed during the uptake of dying thymocytes is similar for apoptotic and necrotic cells. Our data indicate that apoptotic and necrotic cells are cleared via the same mechanisms, and removal of necrotic cells in vivo can be facilitated by molecules known to enhance the uptake of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Budai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - László Ujlaky-Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Gréta Nikoletta Kis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Miklós Antal
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Csaba Bankó
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bacsó
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Pharmacy University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences Faculty of Dentistry University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
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16
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Clinically Relevant Radiation Exposure Differentially Impacts Forms of Cell Death in Human Cells of the Innate and Adaptive Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113574. [PMID: 30428512 PMCID: PMC6274975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer treatments, especially high-dose radiotherapy (HDRT) is applied. Patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases benefit from low-dose radiation therapy (LDRT), but exposure to very low radiation doses can still steadily increase for diagnostic purposes. Yet, little is known about how radiation impacts on forms of cell death in human immune cells. In this study, the radiosensitivity of human immune cells of the peripheral blood was examined in a dose range from 0.01 to 60 Gy with regard to induction of apoptosis, primary necrosis, and secondary necrosis. Results showed that immune cells differed in their radiosensitivity, with monocytes being the most radioresistant. T cells mainly died by necrosis and were moderately radiosensitive. This was followed by B and natural killer (NK) cells, which died mainly by apoptosis. X-radiation had no impact on cell death in immune cells at very low doses (≤0.1 Gy). Radiation doses of LDRT (0.3–0.7 Gy) impacted on the more radiosensitive NK and B cells, which might contribute to attenuation of inflammation. Even single doses applied during RT of tumors did not erase the immune cells completely. These in vitro studies can be considered as the basis to optimize individual radiation therapy schemes in multimodal settings and to define suited time points for further inclusion of immunotherapies.
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17
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Lee SH, Lee PH, Kim BG, Hong J, Jang AS. Annexin A5 Protein as a Potential Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Asthma. Lung 2018; 196:681-689. [PMID: 30182154 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-018-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Annexin A5 (ANXA5) has a potential role in cellular signal transduction, inflammation, and fibrosis. However, the exact role of ANXA5 in asthma remains to be clarified. The aims of the present study were to investigate ANXA5 protein expression in a mouse model of asthma and pollutant exposure and to elucidate the relationships between clinical variables and plasma ANXA5 levels in patients with asthma. METHODS A murine model of asthma induced by ovalbumin (OVA) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles has been established using BALB/c mice, and we examined ANXA5 expression and lung fibrosis using this model. Moreover, we also compared ANXA5 plasma levels in patients with controlled vs. exacerbated asthma. RESULTS ANXA5 protein levels were lower in lung tissue from OVA + OVA mice than in control mice. Lung ANXA5, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) protein levels were higher in OVA + TiO2-exposed mice than in control or OVA + OVA mice. Although Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Derp1) treatment increased lung ANXA5 protein levels in MRC-5 cells and A549 epithelial cells, it decreased lung ANXA5 levels in NHBE cells. Treatment with TiO2 nanoparticles increased lung ANXA5, CTGF, and TGF-β1 protein levels in MRC-5 cells, A549 epithelial cells, and NHBE cells. Plasma ANXA5 levels were lower in asthmatic patients than in healthy controls, and they were significantly enriched in patients with exacerbated asthma compared with those with controlled asthma (P < 0.05). ANXA5 levels were correlated with pulmonary function as assessed by spirometry. CONCLUSION Our results imply that ANXA5 plays a potential role in asthma pathogenesis and may be a promising marker for exacerbated bronchial asthma and exposure to air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hye Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Pureun-Haneul Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Gon Kim
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Hong
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - An-Soo Jang
- Division of Respiratory and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, 170 Jomaru-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Long K, Mao K, Che T, Zhang J, Qiu W, Wang Y, Tang Q, Ma J, Li M, Li X. Transcriptome differences in frontal cortex between wild boar and domesticated pig. Anim Sci J 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keren Long
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding; College of Animal Science and Technology; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Ke Mao
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding; College of Animal Science and Technology; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Tiandong Che
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding; College of Animal Science and Technology; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding; College of Animal Science and Technology; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Wanling Qiu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding; College of Animal Science and Technology; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding; College of Animal Science and Technology; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Qianzi Tang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding; College of Animal Science and Technology; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Jideng Ma
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding; College of Animal Science and Technology; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding; College of Animal Science and Technology; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding; College of Animal Science and Technology; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu Sichuan China
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19
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Meng MB, Wang HH, Cui YL, Wu ZQ, Shi YY, Zaorsky NG, Deng L, Yuan ZY, Lu Y, Wang P. Necroptosis in tumorigenesis, activation of anti-tumor immunity, and cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57391-57413. [PMID: 27429198 PMCID: PMC5302997 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While the mechanisms underlying apoptosis and autophagy have been well characterized over recent decades, another regulated cell death event, necroptosis, remains poorly understood. Elucidating the signaling networks involved in the regulation of necroptosis may allow this form of regulated cell death to be exploited for diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and will contribute to the understanding of the complex tumor microenvironment. In this review, we have summarized the mechanisms and regulation of necroptosis, the converging and diverging features of necroptosis in tumorigenesis, activation of anti-tumor immunity, and cancer therapy, as well as attempts to exploit this newly gained knowledge to provide therapeutics for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Bin Meng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan-Huan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao-Li Cui
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang-Yang Shi
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Nicholas G Zaorsky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Lei Deng
- Department of Thoracic Cancer and Huaxi Student Society of Oncology Research, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - You Lu
- Department of Thoracic Cancer and Huaxi Student Society of Oncology Research, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
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20
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Dehn S, Thorp EB. Myeloid receptor CD36 is required for early phagocytosis of myocardial infarcts and induction of Nr4a1-dependent mechanisms of cardiac repair. FASEB J 2017; 32:254-264. [PMID: 28860151 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700450r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis after myocardial infarction (MI) is a prerequisite to cardiac repair. Recruited monocytes clear necrotic cardiomyocytes and differentiate into cardiac macrophages. Some studies have linked apoptotic cell receptors on cardiac macrophages to tissue repair; however, the contribution of precursor monocyte phagocytic receptors, which are the first to interact with the cardiac parenchyma, is unclear. The scavenger receptor cluster of differentiation (CD)36 protein was detected on cardiac Ly6cHI monocytes, and bone marrow-derived Cd36 was essential for both early phagocytosis of dying cardiomyocytes and for smaller infarct sizes in female and male mice after permanent coronary ligation. Cd36 deficiency led to reduced expression of phagocytosis receptor Mertk and nuclear receptor Nr4a1 in cardiac macrophages, the latter previously shown to be required for phagocyte survival. Nr4a1 was required for phagocytosis-induced Mertk expression, and Nr4a1 protein directly bound to Mertk gene regulatory elements. To test the overall contribution of the Cd36-Mertk axis, MI was induced in Cd36-/- Mertk-/- double-knockout mice and led to increases in myocardial rupture. These data implicate monocyte CD36 in the mitigation of early infarct size and transition to Mertk-dependent macrophage function. Increased myocardial rupture in the absence of both Cd36 and Mertk underscore the physiologic significance of phagocytosis during tissue injury.-Dehn, S., Thorp, E. B. Myeloid receptor CD36 is required for early phagocytosis of myocardial infarcts and induction of Nr4a1-dependent mechanisms of cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Dehn
- Department of Pathology and.,Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Edward B Thorp
- Department of Pathology and .,Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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21
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Oku K, Amengual O, Hisada R, Ohmura K, Nakagawa I, Watanabe T, Bohgaki T, Horita T, Yasuda S, Atsumi T. Autoantibodies against a complement component 1 q subcomponent contribute to complement activation and recurrent thrombosis/pregnancy morbidity in anti-phospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016; 55:1403-11. [PMID: 27084309 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and significance of the autoantibodies against complement component 1 q subcomponent (C1q) in patients with APS. METHODS In all, 40 consecutive primary APS patients, 42 patients with non-SLE CTDs and 20 SLE patients negative for aPL were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. Refractory APS was defined as a clinical status of recurring thrombosis or pregnancy morbidity during adequate secondary prophylaxis. An ELISA was used to measure serum levels of anti-C1q antibodies and anaphylatoxins (C3a, C4a). RESULTS Anti-C1q antibodies were found in 36% (15/42) and 2.5% (1/40) of primary APS patients and controls, respectively. Among primary APS patients, anti-C1q antibody titres were significantly correlated with serum C4a levels (P = 0.013). Neither the prevalence nor the titre of anti-C1q antibodies was associated with any specific clinical manifestations of APS, nor titres of aPL. Refractory APS patients (n = 10) had a higher prevalence of anti-C1q antibodies (9/10 vs 6/32, P = 0.01) than APS patients without recurrence (n = 32). CONCLUSION Anti-C1q antibodies are associated with complement activation in APS and may contribute to the pathogenesis, particularly in refractory cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Oku
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Olga Amengual
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Hisada
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ohmura
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ikuma Nakagawa
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Watanabe
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Bohgaki
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Horita
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yasuda
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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22
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Maueröder C, Chaurio RA, Dumych T, Podolska M, Lootsik MD, Culemann S, Friedrich RP, Bilyy R, Alexiou C, Schett G, Berens C, Herrmann M, Munoz LE. A blast without power - cell death induced by the tuberculosis-necrotizing toxin fails to elicit adequate immune responses. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1016-25. [PMID: 26943324 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we deploy a doxycycline-dependent suicide switch integrated in a tumor challenge model. With this experimental setup, we characterized the immunological consequences of cells dying by four distinct cell death stimuli in vivo. We observed that apoptotic cell death induced by expression of the truncated form of BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (tBid) and a constitutively active form of caspase 3 (revC3), respectively, showed higher immunogenicity than cell death induced by expression of the tuberculosis-necrotizing toxin (TNT). Our data indicate that the early release of ATP induces the silent clearance of dying cells, whereas the simultaneous presence of 'find me' signals and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) promotes inflammatory reactions and increased immunogenicity. This proposed model is supported by findings showing that the production and release of high concentrations of IL-27 by bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) is limited to BMDM exposed to those forms of death that simultaneously released ATP and the DAMPs heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) and high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1). These results demonstrate that the tissue microenvironment generated by dying cells may determine the subsequent immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maueröder
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R A Chaurio
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Dumych
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine.,Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - M Podolska
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M D Lootsik
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine.,Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - S Culemann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R P Friedrich
- ENT Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Bilyy
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - C Alexiou
- ENT Clinic, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Berens
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - M Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - L E Munoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Magorivska I, Muñoz LE, Janko C, Dumych T, Rech J, Schett G, Nimmerjahn F, Bilyy R, Herrmann M. Sialylation of anti-histone immunoglobulin G autoantibodies determines their capabilities to participate in the clearance of late apoptotic cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 184:110-7. [PMID: 26618514 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fc portion of immunoglobulin (Ig)G harbours a single glycosylation site. Glycan sialylation is critical for structure and for certain effector functions of IgG. Anti-histone IgG of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus is reportedly responsible for the recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) to the clearance of apoptotic cells. Autoantibodies decorating secondary necrotic cells (SNEC) induce proinflammatory responses after activation of blood-borne phagocytes. Analysing the sialylation status of affinity-purified anti-histone IgG in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we demonstrated that the anti-histone IgG was contained preferentially in the non-sialylated fraction. In functional ex-vivo phagocytosis studies, non-sialylated anti-SNEC IgG directed SNEC preferentially into PMN but did not change their cytokine secretion profiles. In contrast, sialylated IgG reduced the phagocytosis by monocytes of SNEC. Moreover, the sialylated anti-SNEC IgG was not simply anti-inflammatory, but switched the cytokine secretion profiles from interleukin (IL)-6/IL-8 to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α/IL-1β. Here we describe how different sialylation statuses of IgG autoantibodies contribute to the complex inflammatory network that regulates chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Magorivska
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - L E Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Janko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Dumych
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - J Rech
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Nimmerjahn
- Chair of Genetic, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Bilyy
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - M Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Discovering Molecules That Regulate Efferocytosis Using Primary Human Macrophages and High Content Imaging. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145078. [PMID: 26674639 PMCID: PMC4686065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective clearance of apoptotic cells can result in sustained inflammation and subsequent autoimmunity. Macrophages, the “professional phagocyte” of the body, are responsible for efficient, non-phlogistic, apoptotic cell clearance. Controlling phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages is an attractive therapeutic opportunity to ameliorate inflammation. Using high content imaging, we have developed a system for evaluating the effects of antibody treatment on apoptotic cell uptake in primary human macrophages by comparing the Phagocytic Index (PI) for each antibody. Herein we demonstrate the feasibility of evaluating a panel of antibodies of unknown specificities obtained by immunization of mice with primary human macrophages and show that they can be distinguished based on individual PI measurements. In this study ~50% of antibodies obtained enhance phagocytosis of apoptotic cells while approximately 5% of the antibodies in the panel exhibit some inhibition. Though the specificities of the majority of antibodies are unknown, two of the antibodies that improved apoptotic cell uptake recognize recombinant MerTK; a receptor known to function in this capacity in vivo. The agonistic impact of these antibodies on efferocytosis could be demonstrated without addition of either of the MerTK ligands, Gas6 or ProS. These results validate applying the mechanism of this fundamental biological process as a means for identification of modulators that could potentially serve as therapeutics. This strategy for interrogating macrophages to discover molecules regulating apoptotic cell uptake is not limited by access to purified protein thereby increasing the possibility of finding novel apoptotic cell uptake pathways.
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Biermann MHC, Veissi S, Maueröder C, Chaurio R, Berens C, Herrmann M, Munoz LE. The role of dead cell clearance in the etiology and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: dendritic cells as potential targets. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1151-64. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.944162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Biermann M, Maueröder C, Brauner JM, Chaurio R, Janko C, Herrmann M, Muñoz LE. Surface code--biophysical signals for apoptotic cell clearance. Phys Biol 2013; 10:065007. [PMID: 24305041 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death and the clearance of dying cells play an important and physiological role in embryonic development and normal tissue turnover. In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis proceeds in an anti-inflammatory manner. It is orchestrated by the timed release and/or exposure of so-called 'find-me', 'eat me' and 'tolerate me' signals. Mononuclear phagocytes are attracted by various 'find-me' signals, including proteins, nucleotides, and phospholipids released by the dying cell, whereas the involvement of granulocytes is prevented via 'stay away' signals. The exposure of anionic phospholipids like phosphatidylserine (PS) by apoptotic cells on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is one of the main 'eat me' signals. PS is recognized by a number of innate receptors as well as by soluble bridging molecules on the surface of phagocytes. Importantly, phagocytes are able to discriminate between viable and apoptotic cells both exposing PS. Due to cytoskeleton remodeling PS has a higher lateral mobility on the surfaces of apoptotic cells thereby promoting receptor clustering on the phagocyte. PS not only plays an important role in the engulfment process, but also acts as 'tolerate me' signal inducing the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines by phagocytes. An efficient and fast clearance of apoptotic cells is required to prevent secondary necrosis and leakage of intracellular danger signals into the surrounding tissue. Failure or prolongation of the clearance process leads to the release of intracellular antigens into the periphery provoking inflammation and development of systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease like systemic lupus erythematosus. Here we review the current findings concerning apoptosis-inducing pathways, important players of apoptotic cell recognition and clearance as well as the role of membrane remodeling in the engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Biermann
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Ledford KJ, Zeigler F, Bartel RL. Ixmyelocel-T, an expanded multicellular therapy, contains a unique population of M2-like macrophages. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:134. [PMID: 24405629 PMCID: PMC4029268 DOI: 10.1186/scrt345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION M2 macrophages promote tissue repair and regeneration through various mechanisms including immunomodulation and scavenging of tissue debris. Delivering increased numbers of these cells to ischemic tissues may limit tissue injury and promote repair. Ixmyelocel-T is an expanded, autologous multicellular therapy cultured from bone-marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs). The purpose of this study was to characterize further a unique expanded population of M2-like macrophages, generated in ixmyelocel-T therapy. METHODS Approximately 50 ml of whole bone marrow was obtained from healthy donors and shipped overnight. BMMNCs were produced by using density-gradient separation and cultured for approximately 12 days to generate ixmyelocel-T. CD14+ cells were isolated from ixmyelocel-T with positive selection for analysis. Cell-surface phenotype was examined with flow cytometry and immunofluorescence, and expression of cytokines and chemokines was analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative real-time PCR was used to analyze expression of genes in BMMNCs, ixmyelocel-T, the CD14+ population from ixmyelocel-T, and M1 and M2 macrophages. Ixmyelocel-T was cultured with apoptotic BMMNCs, and then visualized under fluorescence microscopy to assess efferocytosis. RESULTS Macrophages in ixmyelocel-T therapy expressed surface markers of M2 macrophages, CD206, and CD163. These cells were also found to express several M2 markers, and few to no M1 markers. After stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), they showed minimal secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) compared with M1 and M2 macrophages. Ixmyelocel-T macrophages efficiently ingested apoptotic BMMNCs. CONCLUSIONS Ixmyelocel-T therapy contains a unique population of M2-like macrophages that are characterized by expression of M2 markers, decreased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines after inflammatory stimuli, and efficient removal of apoptotic cells. This subpopulation of cells may have a potential role in tissue repair and regeneration.
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D'Souza S, Park SY, Kim IS. Stabilin-2 acts as an engulfment receptor for the phosphatidylserine-dependent clearance of primary necrotic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:412-7. [PMID: 23416077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposed by necrotic cells serves as an engulfment signal for their effective clearance. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for the PS-dependent clearance of necrotic cells remains to be investigated. Here, we show that stabilin-2 acts as a receptor for necrotic cell clearance. Stabilin-2-mediated necrotic cell engulfment occurred in a PS-dependent manner. EGF-like domain repeat (a PS-recognition domain of stabilin-2) bound to necrotic cells and inhibited the stabilin-2-mediated engulfment. However, primary necrotic cells did not induce the anti-inflammatory effect in stabilin-2-expressing cells. These findings facilitate the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the PS-dependent clearance of necrotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa D'Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 700-422, Republic of Korea
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Macrophage autophagy in atherosclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:584715. [PMID: 23401644 PMCID: PMC3563164 DOI: 10.1155/2013/584715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play crucial roles in atherosclerotic immune responses. Recent investigation into macrophage autophagy (AP) in atherosclerosis has demonstrated a novel pathway through which these cells contribute to vascular inflammation.
AP is a cellular catabolic process involving the delivery of cytoplasmic contents to the lysosomal machinery for ultimate degradation and recycling. Basal levels of macrophage AP play an essential role in atheroprotection during early atherosclerosis. However, AP becomes dysfunctional in the more advanced stages of the pathology and its deficiency promotes vascular inflammation, oxidative stress, and plaque necrosis. In this paper, we will discuss the role of macrophages and AP in atherosclerosis and the emerging evidence demonstrating the contribution of macrophage AP to vascular pathology. Finally, we will discuss how AP could be targeted for therapeutic utility.
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Darrah E, Andrade F. NETs: the missing link between cell death and systemic autoimmune diseases? Front Immunol 2013; 3:428. [PMID: 23335928 PMCID: PMC3547286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For almost 20 years, apoptosis and secondary necrosis have been considered the major source of autoantigens and endogenous adjuvants in the pathogenic model of systemic autoimmune diseases. This focus is justified in part because initial evidence in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) guided investigators toward the study of apoptosis, but also because other forms of cell death were unknown. To date, it is known that many other forms of cell death occur, and that they vary in their capacity to stimulate as well as inhibit the immune system. Among these, NETosis (an antimicrobial form of death in neutrophils in which nuclear material is extruded from the cell forming extracellular traps), is gaining major interest as a process that may trigger some of the immune features found in SLE, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener’s granulomatosis) and Felty’s syndrome. Although there have been volumes of very compelling studies published on the role of cell death in autoimmunity, no unifying theory has been adopted nor have any successful therapeutics been developed based on this important pathway. The recent inclusion of NETosis into the pathogenic model of autoimmune diseases certainly adds novel insights into this paradigm, but also reveals a previously unappreciated level of complexity and raises many new questions. This review discusses the role of cell death in systemic autoimmune diseases with a focus on apoptosis and NETosis, highlights the current short comings in our understanding of the vast complexity of cell death, and considers the potential shift in the cell death paradigm in autoimmunity. Understanding this complexity is critical in order to develop tools to clearly define the death pathways that are active in systemic autoimmune diseases, identify drivers of disease propagation, and develop novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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Harre U, Keppeler H, Ipseiz N, Derer A, Poller K, Aigner M, Schett G, Herrmann M, Lauber K. Moonlighting osteoclasts as undertakers of apoptotic cells. Autoimmunity 2012; 45:612-9. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.719950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lauber K, Ernst A, Orth M, Herrmann M, Belka C. Dying cell clearance and its impact on the outcome of tumor radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2012; 2:116. [PMID: 22973558 PMCID: PMC3438527 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of tumor cell death is one of the major goals of radiotherapy and has been considered to be the central determinant of its therapeutic outcome for a long time. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the success of radiotherapy does not only derive from direct cytotoxic effects on the tumor cells alone, but instead might also depend – at least in part – on innate as well as adaptive immune responses, which can particularly target tumor cells that survive local irradiation. The clearance of dying tumor cells by phagocytic cells of the innate immune system represents a crucial step in this scenario. Dendritic cells and macrophages, which engulf, process and present dying tumor cell material to adaptive immune cells, can trigger, skew, or inhibit adaptive immune responses, respectively. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of different forms of cell death induced by ionizing radiation, the multi-step process of dying cell clearance, and its immunological consequences with special regard toward the potential exploitation of these mechanisms for the improvement of tumor radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Lauber
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Munich, Germany
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Yoshida S, Minematsu N, Chubachi S, Nakamura H, Miyazaki M, Tsuduki K, Takahashi S, Miyasho T, Iwabuchi T, Takamiya R, Tateno H, Mouded M, Shapiro SD, Asano K, Betsuyaku T. Annexin V decreases PS-mediated macrophage efferocytosis and deteriorates elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L852-60. [PMID: 22962014 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00066.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis is believed to be a key regulator for lung inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this study we pharmacologically inhibited efferocytosis with annexin V and attempted to determine its impact on the progression of pulmonary emphysema in mouse. We first demonstrated in vitro and in vivo efferocytosis experiments using annexin V, an inhibitor for phosphatidylserine-mediated efferocytosis. We then inhibited efferocytosis in porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-treated mice. PPE-treated mice were instilled annexin V intranasally starting from day 8 until day 20. Mean linear intercept (Lm) was measured, and cell apoptosis was assessed in lung specimen obtained on day 21. Cell profile, apoptosis, and mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and growth factors were evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells on day 15. Annexin V attenuated macrophage efferocytosis both in vitro and in vivo. PPE-treated mice had a significant higher Lm, and annexin V further increased that by 32%. More number of macrophages was found in BAL fluid in this group. Interestingly, cell apoptosis was not increased by annexin V treatment both in lung specimens and BAL fluid, but macrophages from mice treated with both PPE and annexin V expressed higher MMP-2 mRNA levels and had a trend for higher MMP-12 mRNA expression. mRNA expression of keratinocyte growth factor tended to be downregulated. We showed that inhibited efferocytosis with annexin V worsened elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema in mice, which was, at least partly, attributed to a lack of phenotypic change in macrophages toward anti-inflammatory one.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshida
- Dept. of Pulmonary Medicine, Keio Univ. School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Macrophages are a diverse phenotype of professional phagocytic cells derived from bone-marrow precursors and parent monocytes in the peripheral blood. They are essential for the maintenance and defence of host tissues, doing so by sensing and engulfing particulate matter and, when necessary, initiating a pro-inflammatory response. Playing such a vast number of roles in both health and disease, the activation phenotype of macrophages can vary greatly and is largely dependent on the surrounding microenvironment. These phenotypes can be mimicked in experimental macrophage models derived from monocytes and in conjunction with stimulatory factors, although given the complexity of in vivo tissue spaces these model cells are inherently imperfect. Furthermore, experimental observations generated in mice are not necessarily conserved in humans, which can hamper translational research. The following chapter aims to provide an overview of how macrophages and their parent cell-type, monocytes, are classified, their development through the myeloid lineage, and finally, the general function of macrophages.
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Janko C, Franz S, Munoz LE, Siebig S, Winkler S, Schett G, Lauber K, Sheriff A, van der Vlag J, Herrmann M. CRP/anti-CRP antibodies assembly on the surfaces of cell remnants switches their phagocytic clearance toward inflammation. Front Immunol 2011; 2:70. [PMID: 22566859 PMCID: PMC3341995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies, formation of immune complexes (IC), and activation of complement that ultimately fuel acute and/or chronic inflammation. Accumulation in blood and tissues of post-apoptotic remnants is considered of etiological and pathological importance for patients with SLE. Besides receptors directly recognizing apoptotic cells, soluble opsonins of the innate immune system bind apoptotic material dependent on the stage of apoptosis. We describe the binding to the surface of secondary necrotic cells (SNEC) of the serum opsonin CRP and further opsonins. We show that anti-dsDNA and anti-CRP autoantibodies bind and sensitize SNEC. Autoantibody-sensitized SNEC were cleared by macrophages in vitro and induced a pro-inflammatory cytokine response. In conclusion, anti-CRP, CRP, and SNEC form a ternary pyrogen endowed with strong pro-inflammatory capabilities which is able to maintain and perpetuate chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Janko
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen, Germany
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Schildkopf P, Frey B, Ott OJ, Rubner Y, Multhoff G, Sauer R, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. Radiation combined with hyperthermia induces HSP70-dependent maturation of dendritic cells and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells and macrophages. Radiother Oncol 2011; 101:109-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Dalli J, Jones CP, Cavalcanti DM, Farsky SH, Perretti M, Rankin SM. Annexin A1 regulates neutrophil clearance by macrophages in the mouse bone marrow. FASEB J 2011; 26:387-96. [PMID: 21957127 PMCID: PMC3250241 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-182089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Under homeostatic conditions, a proportion of senescent CXCR4(hi) neutrophils home from the circulation back to the bone marrow, where they are phagocytosed by bone marrow macrophages. In this study, we have identified an unexpected role for the anti-inflammatory molecule annexin A1 (AnxA1) as a critical regulator of this process. We first observed that AnxA1(-/-) mice have significantly increased neutrophil numbers in their bone marrow while having normal levels of GM and G colony-forming units, monocytes, and macrophages. Although AnxA1(-/-) mice have more neutrophils in the bone marrow, a greater proportion of these cells are senescent, as determined by their higher levels of CXCR4 expression and annexin V binding. Consequently, bone marrow neutrophils from AnxA1(-/-) mice exhibit a reduced migratory capacity in vitro. Studies conducted in vitro also show that expression of AnxA1 is required for bone marrow macrophages, but not peritoneal macrophages, to phagocytose apoptotic neutrophils. Moreover, in vivo experiments indicate a defect in clearance of wild-type neutrophils in the bone marrow of AnxA1(-/-) mice. Thus, we conclude that expression of AnxA1 by resident macrophages is a critical determinant for neutrophil clearance in the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesmond Dalli
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, London, UK
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Kisseleva EP, Krylov AV, Stepanova OI, Lioudyno VI. Transplantable subcutaneous hepatoma 22a affects functional activity of resident tissue macrophages in periphery. Int J Cell Biol 2011; 2011:793034. [PMID: 21760797 PMCID: PMC3132540 DOI: 10.1155/2011/793034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors spontaneously develop central necroses due to inadequate blood supply. Recent data indicate that dead cells and their products are immunogenic to the host. We hypothesized that macrophage tumor-dependent reactions can be mediated differentially by factors released from live or dead tumor cells. In this study, functional activity of resident peritoneal macrophages was investigated in parallel with tumor morphology during the growth of syngeneic nonimmunogenic hepatoma 22a. Morphometrical analysis of tumor necroses, mitoses and leukocyte infiltration was performed in histological sections. We found that inflammatory potential of peritoneal macrophages in tumor-bearing mice significantly varied depending on the stage of tumor growth and exhibited two peaks of activation as assessed by nitroxide and superoxide anion production, 5'-nucleotidase activity and pinocytosis. Increased inflammatory reactions were not followed by the enhancement of angiogenic potential as assessed by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor mRNA expression. Phases of macrophage activity corresponded to the stages of tumor growth characterized by high proliferative potential. The appearance and further development of necrotic tissue inside the tumor did not coincide with changes in macrophage behavior and therefore indirectly indicated that activation of macrophages was a reaction mostly to the signals produced by live tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina P. Kisseleva
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov Stree 12, Street Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Andrei V. Krylov
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov Stree 12, Street Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Olga I. Stepanova
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov Stree 12, Street Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Victoria I. Lioudyno
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Acad. Pavlov Stree 12, Street Petersburg 197376, Russia
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Impact of circulating monocyte CD36 level on atrial fibrillation and subsequent catheter ablation. Heart Rhythm 2010; 8:650-6. [PMID: 21195211 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation, an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF), can be regulated by CD36 in monocytes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that CD36 in monocytes contributes to the pathogenesis of AF. METHODS A prospective study that enrolled 87 patients with AF and 70 without AF was conducted. RESULTS Compared to patients without AF, patients with AF had monocytes with a lower level of CD36 protein, which correlated with left atrial diameter, left atrial emptying fraction, and left atrial mean voltage. In AF patients after catheter ablation, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the sinus rhythm maintenance rate was higher in patients with high CD36 levels. Low CD36 level was an independent predictor of recurrence. After successful ablation, the CD36 level increased by 57%, reaching that of control patients. CD36 level was not correlated with the level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Analysis of mRNA levels from a buffy coat revealed that AF patients had lower CD36 and interleukin-10 levels and higher peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α levels, with CD36 level positively correlated with interleukin-10 level but inversely correlated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α levels. CONCLUSION Low CD36 levels in circulating monocytes were associated with AF occurrence and predicted recurrence after catheter ablation. The link between CD36 and AF identified a novel AF-related inflammatory pathway.
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Fürnrohr BG, Wach S, Kelly JA, Haslbeck M, Weber CK, Stach CM, Hueber AJ, Graef D, Spriewald BM, Manger K, Herrmann M, Kaufman KM, Frank SG, Goodmon E, James JA, Schett G, Winkler TH, Harley JB, Voll RE. Polymorphisms in the Hsp70 gene locus are genetically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2010; 69:1983-9. [PMID: 20498198 PMCID: PMC3002760 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2009.122630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock proteins (Hsps) play a role in the delivery and presentation of antigenic peptides and are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of multifactorial diseases. OBJECTIVE To investigate genes encoding cytosolic Hsp70 proteins for associations of allelic variants with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Case-control studies of two independent Caucasian SLE cohorts were performed. In a haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphism approach, common variants of HspA1L, HspA1A and HspA1B were genotyped and principal component analyses were performed for the cohort from the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF). Relative quantification of mRNA was carried out for each Hsp70 gene in healthy controls. Conditional regression analysis was performed to determine if allelic variants in Hsp70 act independently of HLA-DR3. RESULTS On analysis of common genetic variants of HspA1L, HspA1A and HspA1B, a haplotype significantly associated with SLE in the Erlangen-SLE cohort was identified, which was confirmed in the OMRF cohort. Depending on the cohorts, OR ranging from 1.43 to 1.88 and 2.64 to 3.16 was observed for individuals heterozygous and homozygous for the associated haplotype, respectively. Patients carrying the risk haplotype or the risk allele more often displayed autoantibodies to Ro and La in both cohorts. In healthy controls bearing this haplotype, the amount of HspA1A mRNA was significantly increased, whereas total Hsp70 protein concentration was not altered. CONCLUSIONS Allelic variants of the Hsp70 genes are significantly associated with SLE in Caucasians, independently of HLA-DR3, and correlate with the presence of autoantibodies to Ro and La. Hence, the Hsp70 gene locus appears to be involved in SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Fürnrohr
- IZKF Research Group 2, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Centre of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Wach
- Department of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Centre of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer A Kelly
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Martin Haslbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian K Weber
- IZKF Research Group 2, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Centre of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian M Stach
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Axel J Hueber
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniela Graef
- IZKF Research Group 2, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Centre of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd M Spriewald
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Summer G Frank
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ellen Goodmon
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Judith A James
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Centre of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - John B Harley
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Reinhard E Voll
- IZKF Research Group 2, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Centre of Molecular Medicine, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Frey B, Gaipl US. The immune functions of phosphatidylserine in membranes of dying cells and microvesicles. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 33:497-516. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Duus K, Hansen EW, Tacnet P, Frachet P, Arlaud GJ, Thielens NM, Houen G. Direct interaction between CD91 and C1q. FEBS J 2010; 277:3526-37. [PMID: 20716178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
C1q-mediated removal of immune complexes and apoptotic cells plays an important role in tissue homeostasis and the prevention of autoimmune conditions. It has been suggested that C1q mediates phagocytosis of apoptotic cells through a receptor complex assembled from CD91 (alpha-2- macroglobulin receptor, or low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein) and calreticulin, with CD91 being the transmembrane part and calreticulin acting as the C1q-binding molecule. In the present study, we observe that C1q binds cells from a CD91 expressing monocytic cell line as well as monocytes from human blood. C1q binding to monocytes was shown to be correlated with CD91 expression and could be inhibited by the CD91 chaperone, receptor-associated protein. We also report data showing a direct interaction between CD91 and C1q. The interaction was investigated using various protein interaction assays. A direct interaction between purified C1q and CD91 was observed both by ELISA and a surface plasmon resonance assay, with either C1q or CD91 immobilized. The interaction showed characteristics of specificity because it was time-dependent, saturable and could be inhibited by known ligands of both CD91 and C1q. The results obtained show for the first time that CD91 recognizes C1q directly. On the basis of these findings, we propose that CD91 is a receptor for C1q and that this multifunctional scavenger receptor uses a subset of its ligand-binding sites for clearance of C1q and C1q bound material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Duus
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Fu YC, Yang JT, Chen HW, Wu JH. Effect of lipoprotein (a) on annexin A5 binding to cell membrane. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1915-9. [PMID: 20705065 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High blood lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] concentration is a risk factor for a thrombotic event. Annexin A5 is involved in anticoagulation on the endothelial surface. How Lp(a) affects the annexin A5 function is not clear. This study investigates annexin A5 binding on the cell membrane in the presence of Lp(a). METHODS Lp(a) was isolated from human blood plasma by ultracentrifugation and annexin A5 protein was purchased commercially. The cell membrane was prepared from primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and cultured cell line HepG2 by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to examine annexin A5 binding to the cell membrane in the presence of Lp(a). Flow cytometry was used to analyze the binding of fluorescence-labeled annexin A5 to phosphatidylserine (PS)-translocated intact cells in the presence of Lp(a). RESULTS Annexin A5 binding to the cell membrane was attenuated by a high concentration of Lp(a) in both HUVEC and HepG2 membrane surfaces. The phenomenon was also observed with annexin A5 surface labeling of HepG2 cells and flow cytometry analysis. CONCLUSIONS The results imply that Lp(a) interferes with annexin A5 binding to the procoagulant PS which translocates to the membrane surface under stress condition and therefore may increase the risk for thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chi Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
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45
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Defect in efferocytosis leads to alternative activation of macrophages in Francisella infections. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:167-72. [PMID: 20585334 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The macrophage is a versatile cell type that can sense and respond to a particular need based on the conditions of the microenvironment. Some studies have recently suggested that pathogens can directly influence the polarization of macrophages. As Francisella infections are characterized by intense necrotic infiltrates in the lung as well as in distal sites of infection, we sought to investigate whether pulmonary Francisella infections could cause the polarization of alternatively activated macrophages (M2/aaMs). Our results indicate that Francisella infections can cause the polarization of M2/aaM in vivo and that macrophages can be polarized toward an M2/aaM phenotype more potently if dead cell debris is used for stimulation in the presence and absence of Francisella infections. Finally, we also demonstrate that efferocytosis is inhibited in macrophages infected with Francisella, thus providing a potential explanation for the lack of clearance and eventual accumulation of dead cell debris associated with this disease.
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Chvanov M, Petersen OH, Tepikin AV. Pharmacologically directed cell disposal: labeling damaged cells for phagocytosis as a strategy against acute pancreatitis. Mol Interv 2010; 10:80-5. [PMID: 20368368 DOI: 10.1124/mi.10.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chvanov
- The Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.
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Marques-da-Silva C, Burnstock G, Ojcius DM, Coutinho-Silva R. Purinergic receptor agonists modulate phagocytosis and clearance of apoptotic cells in macrophages. Immunobiology 2010; 216:1-11. [PMID: 20471713 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis plays an important role in controlling inflammation and antigen cross-presentation through the uptake of apoptotic bodies from dying cells. As dying cells are known to release nucleotides and other "danger signals", we investigated whether extracellular nucleotides may affect phagocytosis through binding to P2 purinergic receptors on phagocytic cells. We here show that the purinergic receptor agonists, ATP, ADP, α,β-methylene ATP (α,β-meATP), 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl ATP, UTP and UDP, increased phagocytosis of latex beads, and some of them increased endocytosis and/or macropinocytosis of dextran by macrophages. The enhanced phagocytosis could be inhibited by pre-treatment with the P2X and P2Y antagonists, pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid and suramin, and the P2Y₁-selective antagonist, MRS2179. The nucleotides induced upregulation in macrophages of the β2 integrin CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) and the vitronectin receptor (α(v)β3, CD51/CD61), both of which are involved in recognition and internalization of apoptotic cells. In addition, ATP and α,β-meATP increased adhesion of apoptotic cells to macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo, and α,β-meATP had a small effect on adhesion of necrotic cells. The nucleotides had no effect on adhesion of viable cells. We propose that engagement of the P2 receptors (P2X₁, or P2X₃) by extracellular nucleotides released from dying cells increases the ability of macrophages to bind apoptotic bodies, thus enhancing their ability to internalize and present antigens from the dying cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Marques-da-Silva
- Immunobiology Program, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941, Brazil
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Poon IKH, Hulett MD, Parish CR. Molecular mechanisms of late apoptotic/necrotic cell clearance. Cell Death Differ 2009; 17:381-97. [PMID: 20019744 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis serves as one of the key processes involved in development, maintenance of tissue homeostasis, as well as in eliminating pathogens from an organism. Under normal physiological conditions, dying cells (e.g., apoptotic and necrotic cells) and pathogens (e.g., bacteria and fungi) are rapidly detected and removed by professional phagocytes such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). In most cases, specific receptors and opsonins are used by phagocytes to recognize and bind their target cells, which can trigger the intracellular signalling events required for phagocytosis. Depending on the type of target cell, phagocytes may also release both immunomodulatory molecules and growth factors to orchestrate a subsequent immune response and wound healing process. In recent years, evidence is growing that opsonins and receptors involved in the removal of pathogens can also aid the disposal of dying cells at all stages of cell death, in particular plasma membrane-damaged cells such as late apoptotic and necrotic cells. This review provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms and the immunological outcomes of late apoptotic/necrotic cell removal and highlights the striking similarities between late apoptotic/necrotic cell and pathogen clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K H Poon
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
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Phospholipids: key players in apoptosis and immune regulation. Molecules 2009; 14:4892-914. [PMID: 20032867 PMCID: PMC6255253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14124892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS), a phospholipid predominantly found in the inner leaflet of eukaryotic cellular membranes, plays important roles in many biological processes. During apoptosis, the asymmetric distribution of phospholipids of the plasma membrane gets lost and PS is translocated to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. There, PS acts as one major “eat me” signal that ensures efficient recognition and uptake of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. PS recognition of activated phagocytes induces the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 and transforming grow factor-beta. Deficiencies in the clearance of apoptotic cells result in the occurrence of secondarily necrotic cells. The latter have lost the membrane integrity and release immune activating danger signals, which may induce inflammatory responses. Accumulation of dead cells containing nuclear autoantigens in sites of immune selection may provide survival signals for autoreactive B-cells. The production of antibodies against nuclear structures determines the initiation of chronic autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Since PS on apoptotic cells is an important modulator of the immune response, natural occurring ligands for PS like annexinA5 have profound effects on immune responses against dead and dying cells, including tumour cells. In this review we will focus on the role of PS exposure in the clearance process of dead cells and its implications in clinical situations where apoptosis plays a relevant role, like in cancer, chronic autoimmunity, and infections. Relevance of other phospholipids during the apoptosis process is also discussed.
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Frey B, Schildkopf P, Rödel F, Weiss EM, Munoz LE, Herrmann M, Fietkau R, Gaipl US. AnnexinA5 renders dead tumor cells immunogenic—implications for multimodal cancer therapies. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 6:209-16. [DOI: 10.3109/15476910903204058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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