1
|
Huang N, Winans T, Wyman B, Oaks Z, Faludi T, Choudhary G, Lai ZW, Lewis J, Beckford M, Duarte M, Krakko D, Patel A, Park J, Caza T, Sadeghzadeh M, Morel L, Haas M, Middleton F, Banki K, Perl A. Rab4A-directed endosome traffic shapes pro-inflammatory mitochondrial metabolism in T cells via mitophagy, CD98 expression, and kynurenine-sensitive mTOR activation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2598. [PMID: 38519468 PMCID: PMC10960037 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key metabolic checkpoint of pro-inflammatory T-cell development that contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identify a functional role for Rab4A-directed endosome traffic in CD98 receptor recycling, mTOR activation, and accumulation of mitochondria that connect metabolic pathways with immune cell lineage development and lupus pathogenesis. Based on integrated analyses of gene expression, receptor traffic, and stable isotope tracing of metabolic pathways, constitutively active Rab4AQ72L exerts cell type-specific control over metabolic networks, dominantly impacting CD98-dependent kynurenine production, mTOR activation, mitochondrial electron transport and flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and thus expands CD4+ and CD3+CD4-CD8- double-negative T cells over CD8+ T cells, enhancing B cell activation, plasma cell development, antinuclear and antiphospholipid autoantibody production, and glomerulonephritis in lupus-prone mice. Rab4A deletion in T cells and pharmacological mTOR blockade restrain CD98 expression, mitochondrial metabolism and lineage skewing and attenuate glomerulonephritis. This study identifies Rab4A-directed endosome traffic as a multilevel regulator of T cell lineage specification during lupus pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick Huang
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Thomas Winans
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Brandon Wyman
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Zachary Oaks
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Tamas Faludi
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Gourav Choudhary
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Zhi-Wei Lai
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Joshua Lewis
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Miguel Beckford
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Manuel Duarte
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Daniel Krakko
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Akshay Patel
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Joy Park
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Tiffany Caza
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Mahsa Sadeghzadeh
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mark Haas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Frank Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Katalin Banki
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Andras Perl
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, NY, 13210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo CY, Jin ZK, Feng Q, Feng YM, Sun LJ, Xu CX, Zhang YL. The heterophilicic epitopes in conserved HA regions of human and avian influenza viruses can produce antibodies that bound to kidney tissue. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106331. [PMID: 37678657 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection can cause kidney damage. However, the link between influenza infection and disease is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between heterophilic epitopes on H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) and disease. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) against H5N1 was prepared, mAbs binding to human kidney tissue were screened, and the reactivities of mAbs with five different subtypes of influenza virus were detected. Design and synthesize the peptides according to the common amino acid sequence of these antigens, and analyze the distribution of the epitope on the crystal structure of HA. Immunological methods were used to detect whether the heterophilic epitopes could induce the production of antibodies that cross-react with kidney tissue. The results showed that H5-30 mA b binding to human kidney tissue recognized the heterophilic epitope 191-LVLWGIHHP-199 on the head of HA. The key amino acid were V192, L193, W194 and I196, which were highly conserved in human and avian influenza virus HA. The heterophilic epitope could induce mice to produce different mAbs binding to kidney tissue. Such heterophilic antibodies were also detected in the serum of the patients. It can provide materials for the mechanism of renal diseases caused by influenza virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yan Guo
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Cell Immunology, Xi'an, 710068, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Zhan Kui Jin
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Qing Feng
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Cell Immunology, Xi'an, 710068, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Yang Meng Feng
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Cell Immunology, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Li Jun Sun
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Cell Immunology, Xi'an, 710068, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Cui Xiang Xu
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases, Xi'an, 710068, China.
| | - Yu Lian Zhang
- Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, 710068, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ramirez GA, Gerosa M, Bellocchi C, Arroyo-Sánchez D, Asperti C, Argolini LM, Gallina G, Cornalba M, Scotti I, Suardi I, Moroni L, Beretta L, Bozzolo EP, Caporali R, Dagna L. Efficacy and Safety of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Agents and Monoclonal Antibodies in Patients with SLE: A Case-Control Study. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1273. [PMID: 37759674 PMCID: PMC10527378 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related disease (COVID-19) has spread pandemically with high rates of morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 has also posed unprecedented challenges in terms of rapid development of pharmacological countermeasures to prevent or contrast SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antiviral agents and monoclonal antibodies have been specifically designed to attenuate COVID-19 morbidity and prevent mortality in vulnerable subjects, such as patients with immune-mediated diseases, but evidence for the safe and effective use of these drugs in this latter population group is scarce. Therefore, we designed a retrospective, multicentre, observational, case-control study to analyse the impact of these treatments in COVID-19 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a paradigmatic, multi-organ autoimmune disease. We identified 21 subjects treated with antivirals and/or monoclonal antibodies who were matched with 42 untreated patients by age, sex, SLE extension and duration. Treated patients had higher baseline SLE disease activity index 2000 scores [SLEDAI-2K median (interquartile range) = 4 (1-5) vs. 0 (0-2); p = 0.009], higher prednisone doses [5 (0-10) mg vs. 0 (0-3) mg; p = 0.002], and more severe COVID-19 symptoms by a five-point World Health Organisation-endorsed analogue scale [1 (0-1) vs. 0 (0-1); p < 0.010] compared to untreated patients. There was no difference between groups in terms of COVID-19 outcomes and sequelae, nor in terms of post-COVID-19 SLE exacerbations. Three subjects reported mild adverse events (two with monoclonal antibodies, one with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir). These data suggest that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antivirals and monoclonal antibodies might be safely and effectively used in patients with SLE, especially with active disease and more severe COVID-19 symptoms at presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A. Ramirez
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.A.-S.); (C.A.); (G.G.); (L.M.); (E.P.B.); (L.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Gerosa
- Department of Clinical Science of Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.G.); (L.M.A.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (I.S.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinale Andrea Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Bellocchi
- Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.B.); (L.B.)
- Department of Clinical Science of Community Health, Section of Internal Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel Arroyo-Sánchez
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.A.-S.); (C.A.); (G.G.); (L.M.); (E.P.B.); (L.D.)
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av de Córdoba, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Av de Córdoba, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chiara Asperti
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.A.-S.); (C.A.); (G.G.); (L.M.); (E.P.B.); (L.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza M. Argolini
- Department of Clinical Science of Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.G.); (L.M.A.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (I.S.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinale Andrea Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Gallina
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.A.-S.); (C.A.); (G.G.); (L.M.); (E.P.B.); (L.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Cornalba
- Department of Clinical Science of Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.G.); (L.M.A.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (I.S.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinale Andrea Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Scotti
- Department of Clinical Science of Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.G.); (L.M.A.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (I.S.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinale Andrea Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Suardi
- Department of Clinical Science of Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.G.); (L.M.A.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (I.S.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinale Andrea Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Moroni
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.A.-S.); (C.A.); (G.G.); (L.M.); (E.P.B.); (L.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Beretta
- Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.B.); (L.B.)
- Department of Clinical Science of Community Health, Section of Internal Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica P. Bozzolo
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.A.-S.); (C.A.); (G.G.); (L.M.); (E.P.B.); (L.D.)
| | - Roberto Caporali
- Department of Clinical Science of Community Health, Research Center for Adult and Pediatric Rheumatic Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.G.); (L.M.A.); (M.C.); (I.S.); (I.S.); (R.C.)
- Unit of Rheumatology, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, Piazza Cardinale Andrea Ferrari 1, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy; (D.A.-S.); (C.A.); (G.G.); (L.M.); (E.P.B.); (L.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vazzana KM, Musolf AM, Bailey-Wilson JE, Hiraki LT, Silverman ED, Scott C, Dalgard CL, Hasni S, Deng Z, Kaplan MJ, Lewandowski LB. Transmission disequilibrium analysis of whole genome data in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Immun 2023; 24:200-206. [PMID: 37488248 PMCID: PMC10529982 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-023-00214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) patients are unique, with hallmarks of Mendelian disorders (early-onset and severe disease) and thus are an ideal population for genetic investigation of SLE. In this study, we use the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), a family-based genetic association analysis that employs robust methodology, to analyze whole genome sequencing data. We aim to identify novel genetic associations in an ancestrally diverse, international cSLE cohort. Forty-two cSLE patients and 84 unaffected parents from 3 countries underwent whole genome sequencing. First, we performed TDT with single nucleotide variant (SNV)-based (common variants) using PLINK 1.9, and gene-based (rare variants) analyses using Efficient and Parallelizable Association Container Toolbox (EPACTS) and rare variant TDT (rvTDT), which applies multiple gene-based burden tests adapted for TDT, including the burden of rare variants test. Applying the GWAS standard threshold (5.0 × 10-8) to common variants, our SNV-based analysis did not return any genome-wide significant SNVs. The rare variant gene-based TDT analysis identified many novel genes significantly enriched in cSLE patients, including HNRNPUL2, a DNA repair protein, and DNAH11, a ciliary movement protein, among others. Our approach identifies several novel SLE susceptibility genes in an ancestrally diverse childhood-onset lupus cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Vazzana
- Lupus Genomics and Global Health Disparities Unit, Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Anthony M Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 22124, USA
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 22124, USA
| | - Linda T Hiraki
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Earl D Silverman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christiaan Scott
- Paediatric Rheumatology, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- The American Genome Center, Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Hasni
- Clinical Program, Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zuoming Deng
- Biodata Mining and Discovery Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura B Lewandowski
- Lupus Genomics and Global Health Disparities Unit, Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tokuyama M, Gunn BM, Venkataraman A, Kong Y, Kang I, Rakib T, Townsend MJ, Costenbader KH, Alter G, Iwasaki A. Antibodies against human endogenous retrovirus K102 envelope activate neutrophils in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212176. [PMID: 34019642 PMCID: PMC8144942 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil activation and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are hallmarks of innate immune activation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here we report that the expression of an endogenous retrovirus (ERV) locus ERV-K102, encoding an envelope protein, was significantly elevated in SLE patient blood and correlated with autoantibody levels and higher interferon status. Induction of ERV-K102 in SLE negatively correlated with the expression of epigenetic silencing factors. Anti-ERV-K102 IgG levels in SLE plasma correlated with higher interferon stimulated gene expression, and further promoted enhanced neutrophil phagocytosis of ERV-K102 envelope protein through immune complex formation. Finally, phagocytosis of ERV-K102 immune complexes resulted in the formation of NETs consisting of DNA, neutrophil elastase, and citrullinated histone H3. Together, we identified an immunostimulatory ERV-K envelope protein that in an immune complex with SLE IgG is capable of activating neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tokuyama
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Arvind Venkataraman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yong Kong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Insoo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Tasfia Rakib
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ukadike KC, Mustelin T. Implications of Endogenous Retroelements in the Etiopathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Clin Med 2021; 10:856. [PMID: 33669709 PMCID: PMC7922054 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease. While its etiology remains elusive, current understanding suggests a multifactorial process with contributions by genetic, immunologic, hormonal, and environmental factors. A hypothesis that combines several of these factors proposes that genomic elements, the L1 retrotransposons, are instrumental in SLE pathogenesis. L1 retroelements are transcriptionally activated in SLE and produce two proteins, ORF1p and ORF2p, which are immunogenic and can drive type I interferon (IFN) production by producing DNA species that activate cytosolic DNA sensors. In addition, these two proteins reside in RNA-rich macromolecular assemblies that also contain well-known SLE autoantigens like Ro60. We surmise that cells expressing L1 will exhibit all the hallmarks of cells infected by a virus, resulting in a cellular and humoral immune response similar to those in chronic viral infections. However, unlike exogenous viruses, L1 retroelements cannot be eliminated from the host genome. Hence, dysregulated L1 will cause a chronic, but perhaps episodic, challenge for the immune system. The clinical and immunological features of SLE can be at least partly explained by this model. Here we review the support for, and the gaps in, this hypothesis of SLE and its potential for new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic options in SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas Mustelin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Viral Infections and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: New Players in an Old Story. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020277. [PMID: 33670195 PMCID: PMC7916951 DOI: 10.3390/v13020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A causal link between viral infections and autoimmunity has been studied for a long time and the role of some viruses in the induction or exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in genetically predisposed patients has been proved. The strength of the association between different viral agents and SLE is variable. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), parvovirus B19 (B19V), and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are involved in SLE pathogenesis, whereas other viruses such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV) probably play a less prominent role. However, the mechanisms of viral-host interactions and the impact of viruses on disease course have yet to be elucidated. In addition to classical mechanisms of viral-triggered autoimmunity, such as molecular mimicry and epitope spreading, there has been a growing appreciation of the role of direct activation of innate response by viral nucleic acids and epigenetic modulation of interferon-related immune response. The latter is especially important for HERVs, which may represent the molecular link between environmental triggers and critical immune genes. Virus-specific proteins modulating interaction with the host immune system have been characterized especially for Epstein-Barr virus and explain immune evasion, persistent infection and self-reactive B-cell "immortalization". Knowledge has also been expanding on key viral proteins of B19-V and CMV and their possible association with specific phenotypes such as antiphospholipid syndrome. This progress may pave the way to new therapeutic perspectives, including the use of known or new antiviral drugs, postviral immune response modulation and innate immunity inhibition. We herein describe the state-of-the-art knowledge on the role of viral infections in SLE, with a focus on their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang SK, Zhang HR, Shi SP, Zhu YQ, Song N, Dai Q, Zhang W, Gui M, Zhang H. The Role of Mitochondria in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Glimpse of Various Pathogenetic Mechanisms. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3346-3361. [PMID: 30479205 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181126165139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a polysystem autoimmune disease that adversely affects human health. Various organs can be affected, including the kidney or brain. Traditional treatment methods for SLE primarily rely on glucocorticoids and immunosuppressors. Unfortunately, these therapeutic agents cannot prevent a high recurrence rate after SLE remission. Therefore, novel therapeutic targets are urgently required. METHODS A systematic search of the published literature regarding the abnormal structure and function of mitochondria in SLE and therapies targeting mitochondria was performed in several databases. RESULTS Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction plays important roles in the pathogenesis of SLE, including influencing mitochondrial DNA damage, mitochondrial dynamics change, abnormal mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism, mitophagy, oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, apoptosis and NETosis. Further investigation of mitochondrial pathophysiological roles will result in further clarification of SLE. Specific lupus-induced organ damage also exhibits characteristic mitochondrial changes. CONCLUSION This review aimed to summarize the current research on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in SLE, which will necessarily provide potential novel therapeutic targets for SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Kun Yang
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao-Ran Zhang
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shu-Peng Shi
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying-Qiu Zhu
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Song
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Dai
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Gui
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology and rheumatology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Talotta R, Atzeni F, Laska MJ. Retroviruses in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: Are they potential therapeutic targets? Autoimmunity 2020; 53:177-191. [PMID: 32321325 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2020.1755962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterised by the hyper-activation of immunologic pathways related to the antiviral response. Exogenous and endogenous retroviruses, by integrating their DNA templates in the host cell genome, may epigenetically control the transcription of genes involved in the immune response. Furthermore, their nucleic acids or neo-synthesized proteins could stimulate the sensor molecules placed upstream the inflammatory cascade. Exogenous retroviruses, like human immunodeficiency virus, have been associated to SLE-like manifestations or to a fair SLE diagnosis. In addition, there is some evidence confirming a pathogenic role of human endogenous retroviruses in SLE. In line with these data, the use of antiretroviral agents could represent an attractive opportunity in the future therapeutic algorithms of this disease, but studies are still missing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Talotta
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital "Gaetano Martino", Messina, Italy
| | - Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital "Gaetano Martino", Messina, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Godavarthy A, Kelly R, Jimah J, Beckford M, Caza T, Fernandez D, Huang N, Duarte M, Lewis J, Fadel HJ, Poeschla EM, Banki K, Perl A. Lupus-associated endogenous retroviral LTR polymorphism and epigenetic imprinting promote HRES-1/RAB4 expression and mTOR activation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134010. [PMID: 31805010 PMCID: PMC7030820 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression and long terminal repeat (LTR) polymorphism of the HRES‑1/Rab4 human endogenous retrovirus locus have been associated with T cell activation and disease manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although genomic DNA methylation is diminished overall in SLE, its role in HRES-1/Rab4 expression is unknown. Therefore, we determined how lupus-associated polymorphic rs451401 alleles of the LTR regulate transcription from the HRES-1/Rab4 promoter and thus affect T cell activation. The results showed that cytosine-119 is hypermethylated while cytosine-51 of the promoter and the LTR enhancer are hypomethylated in SLE. Pharmacologic or genetic inactivation of DNA methyltransferase 1 augmented the expression of HRES-1/Rab4. The minimal promoter was selectively recognized by metabolic stress sensor NRF1 when cytosine-119 but not cytosine-51 was methylated, and NRF1 stimulated HRES-1/Rab4 expression in human T cells. In turn, IRF2 and PSIP1 bound to the LTR enhancer and exerted control over HRES-1/Rab4 expression in rs451401 genotype- and methylation-dependent manners. The LTR enhancer conferred markedly greater expression of HRES-1/Rab4 in subjects with rs451401CC over rs451401GG alleles that in turn promoted mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation upon T cell receptor stimulation. HRES-1/Rab4 alone robustly activated mTOR in human T cells. These findings identify HRES-1/Rab4 as a methylation- and rs451401 allele-dependent transducer of environmental stress and controller of T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan Kelly
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
| | - John Jimah
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Tiffany Caza
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - David Fernandez
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Nick Huang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | | | - Joshua Lewis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
| | - Hind J. Fadel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Eric M. Poeschla
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Katalin Banki
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Andras Perl
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gröger V, Cynis H. Human Endogenous Retroviruses and Their Putative Role in the Development of Autoimmune Disorders Such as Multiple Sclerosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:265. [PMID: 29515547 PMCID: PMC5826199 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are remnants of retroviral germ line infections of human ancestors and make up ~8% of the human genome. Under physiological conditions, these elements are frequently inactive or non-functional due to deactivating mutations and epigenetic control. However, they can be reactivated under certain pathological conditions and produce viral transcripts and proteins. Several disorders, like multiple sclerosis or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are associated with increased HERV expression. Although their detailed contribution to individual diseases has yet to be elucidated, an increasing number of studies in vitro and in vivo suggest HERVs as potent modulators of the immune system. They are able to affect the transcription of other immune-related genes, interact with pattern recognition receptors, and influence the positive and negative selection of developing thymocytes. Interestingly, HERV envelope proteins can both stimulate and suppress immune responses based on different mechanisms. In the light of HERV proteins becoming an emerging drug target for autoimmune-related disorders and cancer, we will provide an overview on recent findings of the complex interactions between HERVs and the human immune system with a focus on autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger Cynis
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Saito T, Miyagawa K, Chen SY, Tamosiuniene R, Wang L, Sharpe O, Samayoa E, Harada D, Moonen JRAJ, Cao A, Chen PI, Hennigs JK, Gu M, Li CG, Leib RD, Li D, Adams CM, Del Rosario PA, Bill M, Haddad F, Montoya JG, Robinson WH, Fantl WJ, Nolan GP, Zamanian RT, Nicolls MR, Chiu CY, Ariza ME, Rabinovitch M. Upregulation of Human Endogenous Retrovirus-K Is Linked to Immunity and Inflammation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circulation 2017; 136:1920-1935. [PMID: 28935667 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.027589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune dysregulation has been linked to occlusive vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) that is hereditary, idiopathic, or associated with other conditions. Circulating autoantibodies, lung perivascular lymphoid tissue, and elevated cytokines have been related to PAH pathogenesis but without a clear understanding of how these abnormalities are initiated, perpetuated, and connected in the progression of disease. We therefore set out to identify specific target antigens in PAH lung immune complexes as a starting point toward resolving these issues to better inform future application of immunomodulatory therapies. METHODS Lung immune complexes were isolated and PAH target antigens were identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and localized by confocal microscopy. One PAH antigen linked to immunity and inflammation was pursued and a link to PAH pathophysiology was investigated by next-generation sequencing, functional studies in cultured monocytes and endothelial cells, and hemodynamic and lung studies in a rat. RESULTS SAM domain and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), an innate immune factor that suppresses HIV replication, was identified and confirmed as highly expressed in immune complexes from 16 hereditary and idiopathic PAH versus 12 control lungs. Elevated SAMHD1 was localized to endothelial cells, perivascular dendritic cells, and macrophages, and SAMHD1 antibodies were prevalent in tertiary lymphoid tissue. An unbiased screen using metagenomic sequencing related SAMHD1 to increased expression of human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) in PAH versus control lungs (n=4). HERV-K envelope and deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase mRNAs were elevated in PAH versus control lungs (n=10), and proteins were localized to macrophages. HERV-K deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase induced SAMHD1 and proinflammatory cytokines (eg, interleukin 6, interleukin 1β, and tumor necrosis factor α) in circulating monocytes, pulmonary arterial endothelial cells, and also activated B cells. Vulnerability of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAEC) to apoptosis was increased by HERV-K deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase in an interleukin 6-independent manner. Furthermore, 3 weekly injections of HERV-K deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase induced hemodynamic and vascular changes of pulmonary hypertension in rats (n=8) and elevated interleukin 6. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that upregulation of the endogenous retrovirus HERV-K could both initiate and sustain activation of the immune system and cause vascular changes associated with PAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Saito
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Cardiovascular Institute (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., F.H., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Pediatrics (T.S., K.M., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., M.R.)
| | - Kazuya Miyagawa
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Cardiovascular Institute (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., F.H., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Pediatrics (T.S., K.M., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., M.R.)
| | - Shih-Yu Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (S.-Y.C., W.J.F., G.P.N.).,Baxer Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology (S.-Y.C., W.J.F., G.P.N.)
| | - Rasa Tamosiuniene
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Cardiovascular Institute (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., F.H., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Medicine (R.T., O.S., D.H., P.A.d.R., M.B., F.H., J.G.M., W.H.R., R.T.Z., M.R.N.)
| | - Lingli Wang
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Cardiovascular Institute (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., F.H., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Pediatrics (T.S., K.M., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., M.R.)
| | - Orr Sharpe
- Department of Medicine (R.T., O.S., D.H., P.A.d.R., M.B., F.H., J.G.M., W.H.R., R.T.Z., M.R.N.)
| | - Erik Samayoa
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine/Infectious Diseases (E.S., C.Y.C.), and Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center University of California, San Francisco (E.S., C.Y.C.)
| | - Daisuke Harada
- Department of Medicine (R.T., O.S., D.H., P.A.d.R., M.B., F.H., J.G.M., W.H.R., R.T.Z., M.R.N.)
| | - Jan-Renier A J Moonen
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Cardiovascular Institute (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., F.H., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Pediatrics (T.S., K.M., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., M.R.)
| | - Aiqin Cao
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Cardiovascular Institute (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., F.H., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Pediatrics (T.S., K.M., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., M.R.)
| | - Pin-I Chen
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Cardiovascular Institute (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., F.H., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Pediatrics (T.S., K.M., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., M.R.)
| | - Jan K Hennigs
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Cardiovascular Institute (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., F.H., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Pediatrics (T.S., K.M., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., M.R.)
| | - Mingxia Gu
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Cardiovascular Institute (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., F.H., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Pediatrics (T.S., K.M., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., M.R.)
| | - Caiyun G Li
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Cardiovascular Institute (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., F.H., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Pediatrics (T.S., K.M., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., M.R.)
| | | | - Dan Li
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Cardiovascular Institute (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., F.H., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Pediatrics (T.S., K.M., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., M.R.)
| | | | - Patricia A Del Rosario
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Medicine (R.T., O.S., D.H., P.A.d.R., M.B., F.H., J.G.M., W.H.R., R.T.Z., M.R.N.)
| | - Matthew Bill
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Medicine (R.T., O.S., D.H., P.A.d.R., M.B., F.H., J.G.M., W.H.R., R.T.Z., M.R.N.)
| | - Francois Haddad
- Cardiovascular Institute (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., F.H., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Medicine (R.T., O.S., D.H., P.A.d.R., M.B., F.H., J.G.M., W.H.R., R.T.Z., M.R.N.)
| | - Jose G Montoya
- Department of Medicine (R.T., O.S., D.H., P.A.d.R., M.B., F.H., J.G.M., W.H.R., R.T.Z., M.R.N.)
| | - William H Robinson
- Department of Medicine (R.T., O.S., D.H., P.A.d.R., M.B., F.H., J.G.M., W.H.R., R.T.Z., M.R.N.)
| | - Wendy J Fantl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (S.-Y.C., W.J.F., G.P.N.).,Baxer Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology (S.-Y.C., W.J.F., G.P.N.).,Vincent Coates Foundation Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (R.D.L., C.M.A.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.J.F.)
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (S.-Y.C., W.J.F., G.P.N.).,Baxer Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology (S.-Y.C., W.J.F., G.P.N.)
| | - Roham T Zamanian
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Cardiovascular Institute (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., F.H., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Medicine (R.T., O.S., D.H., P.A.d.R., M.B., F.H., J.G.M., W.H.R., R.T.Z., M.R.N.)
| | - Mark R Nicolls
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Cardiovascular Institute (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., F.H., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Medicine (R.T., O.S., D.H., P.A.d.R., M.B., F.H., J.G.M., W.H.R., R.T.Z., M.R.N.)
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine/Infectious Diseases (E.S., C.Y.C.), and Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center University of California, San Francisco (E.S., C.Y.C.)
| | - Maria E Ariza
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH (M.E.A.)
| | - Marlene Rabinovitch
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., P.A.d.R., M.B., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.), .,Cardiovascular Institute (T.S., K.M., R.T., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., F.H., R.T.Z., M.R.N., M.R.).,Department of Pediatrics (T.S., K.M., L.W., J.-R.A.J.M., A.C., P.-I.C., J.K.H., M.G., C.G.L., D.L., M.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jung JY, Suh CH. Infection in systemic lupus erythematosus, similarities, and differences with lupus flare. Korean J Intern Med 2017; 32:429-438. [PMID: 28490724 PMCID: PMC5432804 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2016.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with diverse manifestations, and its pathogenesis is unclear and complicated. Infection and SLE are similar in that they both cause inf lammatory reactions in the immune system; however, one functions to protect the body, whereas the other is activated to damage the body. Infection is known as one of the common trigger factors for SLE; there are a number of reports on infectious agents that provoke autoimmune response. Several viruses, bacteria, and protozoa were revealed to cause immune dysfunction by molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, and bystander activation. In contrast, certain pathogens were revealed to protect from immune dysregulation. Infection can be threatening to patients with SLE who have a compromised immune system, and it is regarded as one of the common causes of mortality in SLE. A clinical distinction between infection and lupus f lare up is required when patients with SLE present fevers. With a close-up assessment of symptoms and physical examination, C-reactive protein and disease activity markers play a major role in differentiating the different disease conditions. Vaccination is necessary because protection against infection is important in patients with SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Correspondence to Chang-Hee Suh, M.D. Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea Tel: +82-31-219-5118 Fax: +82-31-219-5157 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hedrich CM, Mäbert K, Rauen T, Tsokos GC. DNA methylation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Epigenomics 2017; 9:505-525. [PMID: 27885845 PMCID: PMC6040049 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease facilitated by aberrant immune responses directed against cells and tissues, resulting in inflammation and organ damage. In the majority of patients, genetic predisposition is accompanied by additional factors conferring disease expression. While the exact molecular mechanisms remain elusive, epigenetic alterations in immune cells have been demonstrated to play a key role in disease pathogenesis through the dysregulation of gene expression. Since epigenetic marks are dynamic, allowing cells and tissues to differentiate and adjust, they can be influenced by environmental factors and also be targeted in therapeutic interventions. Here, we summarize reports on DNA methylation patterns in SLE, underlying molecular defects and their effect on immune cell function. We discuss the potential of DNA methylation as biomarker or therapeutic target in SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Hedrich
- Pediatric Rheumatology & Immunology, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katrin Mäbert
- Pediatric Rheumatology & Immunology, Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Rauen
- Department of Nephrology & Clinical Immunology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Oaks Z, Winans T, Caza T, Fernandez D, Liu Y, Landas SK, Banki K, Perl A. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Liver and Antiphospholipid Antibody Production Precede Disease Onset and Respond to Rapamycin in Lupus-Prone Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:2728-2739. [PMID: 27332042 PMCID: PMC5083168 DOI: 10.1002/art.39791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) constitute a diagnostic criterion of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and aPL have been functionally linked to liver disease in patients with SLE. Since the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a regulator of oxidative stress, a pathophysiologic process that contributes to the development of aPL, this study was undertaken in a mouse model of SLE to examine the involvement of liver mitochondria in lupus pathogenesis. METHODS Mitochondria were isolated from lupus-prone MRL/lpr, C57BL/6.lpr, and MRL mice, age-matched autoimmunity-resistant C57BL/6 mice as negative controls, and transaldolase-deficient mice, a strain that exhibits oxidative stress in the liver. Electron transport chain (ETC) activity was assessed using measurements of oxygen consumption. ETC proteins, which are regulators of mitochondrial homeostasis, and the mTOR complexes mTORC1 and mTORC2 were examined by Western blotting. Anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-β2 -glycoprotein I (anti-β2 GPI) autoantibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in mice treated with rapamycin or mice treated with a solvent control. RESULTS Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was increased in the livers of 4-week-old, disease-free MRL/lpr mice relative to age-matched controls. Levels of the mitophagy initiator dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) were depleted while the activity of mTORC1 was increased in MRL/lpr mice. In turn, mTORC2 activity was decreased in MRL and MRL/lpr mice. In addition, levels of aCL and anti-β2 GPI were elevated preceding the development of nephritis in 4-week-old MRL, C57BL/6.lpr, and MRL/lpr mice. Transaldolase-deficient mice showed increased oxygen consumption, depletion of Drp1, activation of mTORC1, and elevated expression of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit S3 (NDUFS3), a pro-oxidant subunit of ETC complex I, as well as increased production of aCL and anti-β2 GPI autoantibodies. Treatment with rapamycin selectively blocked mTORC1 activation, NDUFS3 expression, and aPL production both in transaldolase-deficient mice and in lupus-prone mice. CONCLUSION In lupus-prone mice, mTORC1-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the generation of aPL, suggesting that such mechanisms may represent a treatment target in patients with SLE.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/drug effects
- Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/immunology
- Antibodies, Antiphospholipid/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Antiphospholipid/drug effects
- Antibodies, Antiphospholipid/immunology
- Antibody Formation/drug effects
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dynamins/metabolism
- Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins/drug effects
- Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/chemically induced
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/metabolism
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred MRL lpr
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria, Liver/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Liver/metabolism
- Multiprotein Complexes/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Oxidative Stress/immunology
- Oxygen Consumption/drug effects
- Oxygen Consumption/immunology
- Sirolimus/pharmacology
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Transaldolase/genetics
- beta 2-Glycoprotein I/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Oaks
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
| | - Thomas Winans
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
| | - Tiffany Caza
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
| | - David Fernandez
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
| | - Yuxin Liu
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
| | - Steve K Landas
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
| | - Katalin Banki
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse
| | - Andras Perl
- State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Trela M, Nelson PN, Rylance PB. The role of molecular mimicry and other factors in the association of Human Endogenous Retroviruses and autoimmunity. APMIS 2016; 124:88-104. [PMID: 26818264 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) have been implicated in autoimmune and other diseases. Molecular mimicry has been postulated as a potential mechanism of autoimmunity. Exogenous viruses have also been reported to be associated with the same diseases, as have genetic and environmental factors. If molecular mimicry were to be shown to be an initiating mechanism of some autoimmune diseases, then therapeutic options of blocking antibodies and peptides might be of benefit in halting diseases at the outset. Bioinformatic and molecular modelling techniques have been employed to investigate molecular mimicry and the evidence for the association of HERVs and autoimmunity is reviewed. The most convincing evidence for molecular mimicry is in rheumatoid arthritis, where HERV K-10 shares amino acid sequences with IgG1Fc, a target for rheumatoid factor. Systemic lupus erythematosus is an example of a condition associated with several autoantibodies, and several endogenous and exogenous viruses have been reported to be associated with the disease. The lack of a clear link between one virus and this condition, and the spectrum of clinical manifestations, suggests that genetic, environmental and the inflammatory response to a virus or viruses might also be major factors in the pathogenesis of lupus and other autoimmune conditions. Where there are strong associations between a virus and an autoimmune condition, such as in hepatitis C and cryoglobulinaemia, the use of bioinformatics and molecular modelling can also be utilized to help to understand the role of molecular mimicry in how HERVs might trigger disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Trela
- Immunology Research Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Paul N Nelson
- Immunology Research Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Paul B Rylance
- Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, New Cross Hospital, Wolverhampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Infections and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Binding or Sparring Partners? Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17331-43. [PMID: 26230690 PMCID: PMC4581196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive work on experimental animal models clearly demonstrates that infectious agents can break immunological tolerance to self-antigens and induce autoimmune disorders, mainly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The establishment of a causative link between infections and autoimmunity has been largely studied in a host of clinical studies, proving the role of infectious agents in the induction, as well as in the progression or exacerbation of SLE. However, we are far from a plain understanding of microbial-host interactions in the pathogenesis of SLE. Much serological, molecular and geoepidemiological evidence supports the relationship of different environmental infectious triggers in the inception of SLE-related autoimmune phenomena with adjuvant effects. The promotion of autoimmune responses through bystander activation or epitope spreading via multiple inflammatory pathways has been confirmed in animal models. Different viruses have been implicated in SLE pathogenesis, particularly Epstein-Barr virus, but also parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus and retroviruses. SLE patients usually have an impaired immune response towards Epstein-Barr virus and dysregulation of the viral latency period. Furthermore, the accumulation of endogenous retroviral products might trigger the production of interferon and anti-DNA antibodies. In addition, protozoan infections might even protect from autoimmune processes and rescind an ongoing B cell activation. Herein, we discuss which type of infections induce, exacerbate or inhibit autoimmune disorders and analyze the principal infection-induced immunological mechanisms influencing the development of SLE.
Collapse
|
18
|
Human endogenous retrovirus group E and its involvement in diseases. Viruses 2015; 7:1238-57. [PMID: 25785516 PMCID: PMC4379568 DOI: 10.3390/v7031238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retrovirus group E (HERV-E) elements are stably integrated into the human genome, transmitted vertically in a Mendelian manner, and are endowed with transcriptional activity as alternative promoters or enhancers. Such effects are under the control of the proviral long terminal repeats (LTR) that are organized into three HERV-E phylogenetic subgroups, namely LTR2, LTR2B, and LTR2C. Moreover, HERV-E expression is tissue-specific, and silenced by epigenetic constraints that may be disrupted in cancer, autoimmunity, and human placentation. Interest in HERV-E with regard to these conditions has been stimulated further by concerns regarding the capacity of HERV-E elements to modify the expression of neighboring genes and/or to produce retroviral proteins, including immunosuppressive env peptides, which in turn may induce (auto)-antibody (Ab) production. Finally, better understanding of HERV-E elements may have clinical applications for prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.
Collapse
|
19
|
Transcriptional activity of human endogenous retroviruses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:164529. [PMID: 25734056 PMCID: PMC4334862 DOI: 10.1155/2015/164529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have been implicated in human physiology and in human pathology. A better knowledge of the retroviral transcriptional activity in the general population and during the life span would greatly help the debate on its pathologic potential. The transcriptional activity of four HERV families (H, K, W, and E) was assessed, by qualitative and quantitative PCR, in PBMCs from 261 individuals aged from 1 to 80 years. Our results show that HERV-H, HERV-K, and HERV-W, but not HERV-E, are transcriptionally active in the test population already in the early childhood. In addition, the transcriptional levels of HERV-H, HERV-K, and HERV-W change significantly during the life span, albeit with distinct patterns. Our results, reinforce the hypothesis of a physiological correlation between HERVs activity and the different stages of life in humans. Studies aiming at identifying the factors, which are responsible for these changes during the individual's life, are still needed. Although the observed phenomena are presumably subjected to great variability, the basal transcriptional activity of each individual, also depending on the different ages of life, must be carefully considered in all the studies involving HERVs as causative agents of disease.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu Z, Mei X, Zhao D, Sun Y, Song J, Pan W, Shi W. DNA methylation modulates HERV-E expression in CD4+ T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 77:110-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
21
|
Nelson P, Rylance P, Roden D, Trela M, Tugnet N. Viruses as potential pathogenic agents in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2014; 23:596-605. [PMID: 24763543 DOI: 10.1177/0961203314531637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Viral infections have been reported to be associated with the disease. A number of exogenous viruses have been linked to the pathogenesis of SLE, of which Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has the most evidence of an aetiological candidate. In addition, human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), HRES-1, ERV-3, HERV-E 4-1, HERV-K10 and HERV-K18 have also been implicated in SLE. HERVs are incorporated into human DNA, and thus can be inherited. HERVs may trigger an autoimmune reaction through molecular mimicry, since homology of amino acid sequences between HERV proteins and SLE autoantigens has been demonstrated. These viruses can also be influenced by oestrogen, DNA hypomethylation, and ultraviolet light (UVB) exposure which have been shown to enhance HERV activation or expression. Viral infection, or other environmental factors, could induce defective apoptosis, resulting in loss of immune tolerance. Further studies in SLE and other autoimmune diseases are needed to elucidate the contribution of both exogenous and endogenous viruses in the development of autoimmunity. If key peptide sequences could be identified as molecular mimics between viruses and autoantigens, then this might offer the possibility of the development of blocking peptides or antibodies as therapeutic agents in SLE and other autoimmune conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Nelson
- 1Molecular Immunology Research Group, Research Institute in Healthcare Science, University of Wolverhampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Caza TN, Fernandez DR, Talaber G, Oaks Z, Haas M, Madaio MP, Lai ZW, Miklossy G, Singh RR, Chudakov DM, Malorni W, Middleton F, Banki K, Perl A. HRES-1/Rab4-mediated depletion of Drp1 impairs mitochondrial homeostasis and represents a target for treatment in SLE. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 73:1888-97. [PMID: 23897774 PMCID: PMC4047212 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulation of mitochondria underlies T-cell dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Mitochondrial turnover involves endosomal traffic regulated by HRES-1/Rab4, a small GTPase that is overexpressed in lupus T cells. Therefore, we investigated whether (1) HRES-1/Rab4 impacts mitochondrial homeostasis and (2) Rab geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor 3-PEHPC blocks mitochondrial accumulation in T cells, autoimmunity and disease development in lupus-prone mice. METHODS Mitochondria were evaluated in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of 38 SLE patients and 21 healthy controls and mouse models by flow cytometry, microscopy and western blot. MRL/lpr mice were treated with 125 μg/kg 3-PEHPC or 1 mg/kg rapamycin for 10 weeks, from 4 weeks of age. Disease was monitored by antinuclear antibody (ANA) production, proteinuria, and renal histology. RESULTS Overexpression of HRES-1/Rab4 increased the mitochondrial mass of PBL (1.4-fold; p=0.019) and Jurkat cells (2-fold; p=0.000016) and depleted the mitophagy initiator protein Drp1 both in human (-49%; p=0.01) and mouse lymphocytes (-41%; p=0.03). Drp1 protein levels were profoundly diminished in PBL of SLE patients (-86±3%; p=0.012). T cells of 4-week-old MRL/lpr mice exhibited 4.7-fold over-expression of Rab4A (p=0.0002), the murine homologue of HRES-1/Rab4, and depletion of Drp1 that preceded the accumulation of mitochondria, ANA production and nephritis. 3-PEHPC increased Drp1 (p=0.03) and reduced mitochondrial mass in T cells (p=0.02) and diminished ANA production (p=0.021), proteinuria (p=0.00004), and nephritis scores of lupus-prone mice (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS These data reveal a pathogenic role for HRES-1/Rab4-mediated Drp1 depletion and identify endocytic control of mitophagy as a treatment target in SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany N Caza
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - David R Fernandez
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Gergely Talaber
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Zachary Oaks
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Mark Haas
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael P Madaio
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zhi-wei Lai
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Gabriella Miklossy
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Ram R Singh
- Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Shemiakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Walter Malorni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Frank Middleton
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Katalin Banki
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Andras Perl
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Neuroscience and Physiology, and Pathology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Esposito S, Bosis S, Semino M, Rigante D. Infections and systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33:1467-75. [PMID: 24715155 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that presents a protean spectrum of clinical manifestations, and may affect any organ. The typical course of SLE is insidious, slow, and progressive, with potential exacerbations and remissions, and even dramatically acute and rapidly fatal outcomes. Recently, infections have been shown to be highly associated with the onset and/or exacerbations of SLE, and their possible causative and/or protective role has been largely emphasized in the medical literature. However, the etiopathogenesis of SLE is still obscure and far from being completely elucidated. Among infections, particularly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), parvovirus B19, retrovirus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections might play a pivotal pathogenetic role. The multifaceted interactions between infections and autoimmunity reveal many possibilities for either causative or protective associations. Indeed, some infections, primarily protozoan infections, might confer protection from autoimmune processes, depending on the unique interaction between the microorganism and host. Further studies are needed in order to demonstrate that infectious agents might, indeed, be causative of SLE, and to address the potential clinical sequelae of infections in the field of autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Commenda n. 9, 20122, Milano, Italy,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rigante D, Mazzoni MB, Esposito S. The cryptic interplay between systemic lupus erythematosus and infections. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:96-102. [PMID: 24051103 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
25
|
Caza T, Oaks Z, Perl A. Interplay of Infections, Autoimmunity, and Immunosuppression in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 33:330-63. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.863305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
26
|
Fali T, Le Dantec C, Thabet Y, Jousse S, Hanrotel C, Youinou P, Brooks WH, Perl A, Renaudineau Y. DNA methylation modulates HRES1/p28 expression in B cells from patients with Lupus. Autoimmunity 2013; 47:265-71. [PMID: 24117194 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.826207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease is an autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology that affects predominantly women of child bearing age. Since previous studies, including ours, have demonstrated that CD4+ T cells and B cells from SLE patients are defective in their ability to methylate their DNA upon antigen stimulation, the aim of this study was to investigate whether DNA demethylation affects the transcription of HRES-1 in B cells. HRES-1 is the prototype of Human Endogenous Retrovirus (HERV) overexpressed in SLE. We have observed that SLE B cells were characterized by their incapacity to methylate the HRES-1 promoter, both in unstimulated and in anti-IgM stimulated B cells. In turn, HRES-1/p28 expression was increased in SLE B cells after B cell receptor engagement, but not in controls. In SLE B cells the Erk/DNMT1 pathway was defective. In addition, blocking the autocrine-loop of IL-6 in SLE B cells with an anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody restores DNA methylation and control of HRES-1/p28 expression became effective. As a consequence, a better understanding of HERV dysregulation in SLE reinforces our comprehension of the disease and opens new therapeutic perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tinhinane Fali
- EA2216 "Immunology, Pathology and Immunotherapy", University of Brittany, SFR ScinBios and Labex Igo "Immunotherapy Graft, Oncology" , Brest , France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tugnet N, Rylance P, Roden D, Trela M, Nelson P. Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) and Autoimmune Rheumatic Disease: Is There a Link? Open Rheumatol J 2013; 7:13-21. [PMID: 23750183 PMCID: PMC3636489 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901307010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases, such as RA and SLE, are caused by genetic, hormonal and environmental factors. Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) may be triggers of autoimmune rheumatic disease. HERVs are fossil viruses that began to be integrated into the human genome some 30-40 million years ago and now make up 8% of the genome. Evidence suggests HERVs may cause RA and SLE, among other rheumatic diseases. The key mechanisms by which HERVS are postulated to cause disease include molecular mimicry and immune dysregulation. Identification of HERVs in RA and SLE could lead to novel treatments for these chronic conditions. This review summarises the evidence for HERVs as contributors to autoimmune rheumatic disease and the clinical implications and mechanisms of pathogenesis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Tugnet
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Takakubo Y, Konttinen YT. Immune-regulatory mechanisms in systemic autoimmune and rheumatic diseases. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:941346. [PMID: 22110541 PMCID: PMC3207139 DOI: 10.1155/2012/941346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune and rheumatic diseases (SAIRDs) are thought to develop due to the failure of autoimmune regulation and tolerance. Current therapies, such as biologics, have improved the clinical results of SAIRDs; however, they are not curative treatments. Recently, new discoveries have been made in immune tolerance and inflammation, such as tolerogenic dendritic cells, regulatory T and B cells, Th 17 cells, inflammatory and tolerogenic cytokines, and intracellular signaling pathways. They lay the foundation for the next generation of the therapies beyond the currently used biologic therapies. New drugs should target the core processes involved in disease mechanisms with the aim to attain complete cure combined with safety and low costs compared to the biologic agents. Re-establishment of autoimmune regulation and tolerance in SAIRDs by the end of the current decade should be the final and realistic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Takakubo
- Department of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, PO Box 700, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00029 HUS, Finland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Recent advances in epigenetics have enhanced our knowledge of how environmental factors (UV radiation, drugs, infections, etc.) contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases (AID) in genetically predisposed individuals. Studies conducted in monozygotic twins discordant for AID and spontaneous autoimmune animal models have highlighted the importance of DNA methylation changes and histone modifications. Alterations in the epigenetic pattern seem to be cell specific, as CD4+ T cells and B cells are dysregulated in systemic lupus erythematosus, synovial fibroblasts in rheumatoid arthritis and cerebral cells in multiple sclerosis. With regard to lymphocytes, the control of tolerance is affected, leading to the development of autoreactive cells. Other epigenetic processes, such as the newly described miRNAs, and post-translational protein modifications may also be suspected. Altogether, a conceptual revolution is in progress, in AID, with potential new therapeutic strategies targeting epigenetic patterns.
Collapse
|
30
|
The transposon-driven evolutionary origin and basis of histone deacetylase functions and limitations in disease prevention. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:97-112. [PMID: 22704332 PMCID: PMC3365375 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are homologous to prokaryotic enzymes that removed acetyl groups from non-histone proteins before the evolution of eukaryotic histones. Enzymes inherited from prokaryotes or from a common ancestor were adapted for histone deacetylation, while useful deacetylation of non-histone proteins was selectively retained. Histone deacetylation served to prevent transcriptions with pathological consequences, including the expression of viral DNA and the deletion or dysregulation of vital genes by random transposon insertions. Viruses are believed to have evolved from transposons, with transposons providing the earliest impetus of HDAC evolution. Because of the wide range of genes potentially affected by transposon insertions, the range of diseases that can be prevented by HDACs is vast and inclusive. Repressive chromatin modifications that may prevent transcription also include methylation of selective lysine residues of histones H3 and H4 and the methylation of selective DNA cytosines following specific histone lysine methylation. Methylation and acetylation of individual histone residues are mutually exclusive. While transposons were sources of disease to be prevented by HDAC evolution, they were also the source of numerous and valuable coding and regulatory sequences recruited by “molecular domestication.” Those sequences contribute to evolved complex transcription regulation in which components with contradictory effects, such as HDACs and HATs, may be coordinated and complementary. Within complex transcription regulation, however, HDACs remain ineffective as defense against some critical infectious and non-infectious diseases because evolutionary compromises have rendered their activity transient.
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Balada E, Vilardell-Tarrés M, Ordi-Ros J. Implication of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in the Development of Autoimmune Diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2010; 29:351-70. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2010.485333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
33
|
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 polymorphisms (-844 G>A and HindIII C>G) in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with clinical variables. Clin Exp Med 2010; 11:11-7. [PMID: 20567875 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-010-0099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against nuclear autoantigens as well as cytoplasmic and circulating proteins. Recent studies have demonstrated mechanisms responsible for modulation of the immune response by the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Furthermore, the endogenous PAI-1 has shown to promote a Th2 immune response. We assessed the -844 G>A and HindIII C>G PAI-1 polymorphisms in SLE. In a case-control study of 71 SLE patients classified according to ACR criteria and 71 healthy subjects (HS). The A allele of -844 PAI-1 polymorphism showed a significant difference in SLE patients (41%) when compared with HS (27%) [P = 0.01; OR = 1.8, 95%, CI = 1.1-3.0]. In addition, the -844 G>A PAI-1 polymorphism was associated with increased risk for SLE in a dominant genetic model (G/G vs. G/A + A/A; OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.14-4.44). Also, anti-RNP positive antibodies in SLE were associated with G/G -844 PAI-1 genotype. The HindIII polymorphism did not show any differences. The haplotype analysis showed that the AC haplotype confers susceptibility to SLE (OR = 3.1, 95% CI, 1.45-6.52; P = 0.003). The AC haplotype of the -844 and HindIII PAI-1 polymorphism might be an additional susceptibility factor to SLE in Mexicans.
Collapse
|
34
|
Surendranath V, Chusainow J, Hauber J, Buchholz F, Habermann BH. SeLOX--a locus of recombination site search tool for the detection and directed evolution of site-specific recombination systems. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:W293-8. [PMID: 20529878 PMCID: PMC2896191 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Site-specific recombinases have become a resourceful tool for genome engineering, allowing sophisticated in vivo DNA modifications and rearrangements, including the precise removal of integrated retroviruses from host genomes. In a recent study, a mutant form of Cre recombinase has been used to excise the provirus of a specific HIV-1 strain from the human genome. To achieve provirus excision, the Cre recombinase had to be evolved to recombine an asymmetric locus of recombination (lox)-like sequence present in the long terminal repeat (LTR) regions of a HIV-1 strain. One pre-requisite for this type of work is the identification of degenerate lox-like sites in genomic sequences. Given their nature—two inverted repeats flanking a spacer of variable length—existing search tools like BLAST or RepeatMasker perform poorly. To address this lack of available algorithms, we have developed the web-server SeLOX, which can identify degenerate lox-like sites within genomic sequences. SeLOX calculates a position weight matrix based on lox-like sequences, which is used to search genomic sequences. For computational efficiency, we transform sequences into binary space, which allows us to use a bit-wise AND Boolean operator for comparisons. Next to finding lox-like sites for Cre type recombinases in HIV LTR sequences, we have used SeLOX to identify lox-like sites in HIV LTRs for six yeast recombinases. We finally demonstrate the general usefulness of SeLOX in identifying lox-like sequences in large genomes by searching Cre type recombination sites in the entire human genome. SeLOX is freely available at http://selox.mpi-cbg.de/cgi-bin/selox/index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vineeth Surendranath
- Max Planck Institute for the Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the dysfunction of T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells and by the production of antinuclear autoantibodies. This editorial provides a synopsis of newly discovered genetic factors and signaling pathways in lupus pathogenesis that are documented in 11 state-of-the-art reviews and original articles. Mitochondrial hyperpolarization underlies mitochondrial dysfunction, depletion of ATP, oxidative stress, abnormal activation, and death signal processing in lupus T cells. The mammalian target of rapamycin, which is a sensor of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, has been successfully targeted for treatment of SLE with rapamycin or sirolimus in both patients and animal models. Inhibition of oxidative stress, nitric oxide production, expression of endogenous retroviral and repetitive elements such as HRES-1, the long interspersed nuclear elements 1, Trex1, interferon alpha (IFN-alpha), toll-like receptors 7 and 9 (TLR-7/9), high-mobility group B1 protein, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, DNA methyl transferase 1, histone deacetylase, spleen tyrosine kinase, proteasome function, lysosome function, endosome recycling, actin cytoskeleton formation, the nuclear factor kappa B pathway, and activation of cytotoxic T cells showed efficacy in animal models of lupus. Although B cell depletion and blockade of anti-DNA antibodies and T-B cell interaction have shown success in animal models, human studies are currently ongoing to establish the value of several target molecules for treatment of patients with lupus. Ongoing oxidative stress and inflammation lead to accelerated atherosclerosis that emerged as a significant cause of mortality in SLE.
Collapse
|
36
|
Francis L, Perl A. Infection in systemic lupus erythematosus: friend or foe? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 5:59-74. [PMID: 20209114 DOI: 10.2217/ijr.09.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Infectious agents have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Common viruses, such as the Epstein-Barr virus, transfusion transmitted virus, parvovirus and cytomegalovirus, have an increased prevalence in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. They may contribute to disease pathogenesis through triggering autoimmunity via structural or functional molecular mimicry, encoding proteins that induce cross-reactive immune responses to self antigens or modulate antigen processing, activation, or apoptosis of B and T cells, macrophages or dendritic cells. Alternatively, some infectious agents, such as malaria, Toxoplasma gondii and Helicobacter pylori, may have a protective effect. Vaccinations may play dual roles by protecting against friend and foe alike.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Francis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine State University of New York, College of Medicine 750 East Adams Street Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Perl A. Systems biology of lupus: mapping the impact of genomic and environmental factors on gene expression signatures, cellular signaling, metabolic pathways, hormonal and cytokine imbalance, and selecting targets for treatment. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:32-47. [PMID: 20001421 PMCID: PMC4020422 DOI: 10.3109/08916930903374774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the dysfunction of T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells, the release of pro-inflammatory nuclear materials from necrotic cells, and the formation of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and immune complexes of ANA with DNA, RNA, and nuclear proteins. Activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has recently emerged as a key factor in abnormal activation of T and B cells in SLE. In T cells, increased production of nitric oxide and mitochondrial hyperpolarization (MHP) were identified as metabolic checkpoints upstream of mTOR activation. mTOR controls the expression T-cell receptor-associated signaling proteins CD4 and CD3zeta through increased expression of the endosome recycling regulator Rab5 and HRES-1/Rab4 genes, enhances Ca2+ fluxing and skews the expression of tyrosine kinases both in T and B cells, and blocks the expression of Foxp3 and the generation of regulatory T cells. MHP, increased activity of mTOR, Rab GTPases, and Syk kinases, and enhanced Ca2+ flux have emerged as common T and B cell biomarkers and targets for treatment in SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andras Perl
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Blank M, Shoenfeld Y, Perl A. Cross-talk of the environment with the host genome and the immune system through endogenous retroviruses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2009; 18:1136-43. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203309345728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Environmental factors are capable of triggering the expression of human endogenous retroviruses and induce an autoimmune response. Infection can promote the expression of human endogenous retroviruses by molecular mimicry or by functional mimicry. There are additional mechanisms which may control the expression of human endogenous retroviruses, such as epigenetic status of the genome (hypomethylation, histone deacetylation). Ultraviolet exposure, chemicals/drugs, injury/stress, hormones, all as a single cause or in a concert, may modulate the involvement of human endogenous retroviruses in pathogenic processes. In the current review we summarize the current knowledge on infections, molecular mimicry, cross-reactivity and epigenetics contribution for trigger human endogenous retroviruses expression and pathogenesis in lupus patients. Lupus (2009) 18, 1136—1143.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Blank
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases, an Department of Medicine 'B', Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel,
| | - Y. Shoenfeld
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases, an Department of Medicine 'B', Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel, Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kip Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - A. Perl
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Perl A, Fernandez DR, Telarico T, Doherty E, Francis L, Phillips PE. T-cell and B-cell signaling biomarkers and treatment targets in lupus. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009; 21:454-64. [PMID: 19550330 PMCID: PMC4047522 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32832e977c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by the production of antinuclear autoantibodies and dysfunction of T-cells, B-cells, and dendritic cells. Here, we review newly recognized genetic factors and mechanisms that underlie abnormal intracellular signal processing and intercellular communication within the immune system in systemic lupus erythematosus. RECENT FINDINGS Activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin plays a pivotal role in abnormal activation of T and B-cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. In T-cells, increased production of nitric oxide and mitochondrial hyperpolarization were identified as metabolic checkpoints upstream of mammalian target of rapamycin activation. Mammalian target of rapamycin controls the expression T-cell receptor-associated signaling proteins CD4 and CD3zeta through increased expression of the endosome recycling regulator HRES-1/Rab4 gene, mediates enhanced Ca2+ fluxing and skews the expression of tyrosine kinases both in T and B-cells, and blocks the expression of Foxp3 and the expansion of regulatory T-cells. Mitochondrial hyperpolarization and the resultant ATP depletion predispose T-cells to necrosis, thus promoting the dendritic cell activation, antinuclear autoantibody production, and inflammation. SUMMARY Mitochondrial hyperpolarization, increased activity of mammalian target of rapamycin and Syk kinases, enhanced receptor recycling and Ca2+ flux have emerged as common T and B-cell biomarkers and targets for treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andras Perl
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Perl A. Emerging new pathways of pathogenesis and targets for treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009; 21:443-7. [PMID: 19584730 PMCID: PMC4046639 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32832efe6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjogren's syndrome are chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by the dysfunction of T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells and the production of antinuclear autoantibodies. Here, we evaluate newly discovered molecular and cellular targets for the treatment of SLE and Sjogren's syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS The mammalian target of rapamycin in T and B cells has been successfully targeted for treatment of SLE with rapamycin or sirolimus both in patients and animal models. Inhibition of oxidative stress, nitric oxide production, interferon alpha, toll-like receptors 7 and 9, histone deacetylase, spleen tyrosine kinase, proteasome function, lysosome function, endosome recycling, and the nuclear factor kappa B pathway showed efficacy in animal models of lupus. B-cell depletion and blockade of anti-DNA antibodies and T-B cell interaction have shown success in animal models, whereas human studies have so far failed to accomplish clinical endpoints, possibly due to inadequacies in study design. SUMMARY Discovery of novel genes and signaling pathways in lupus pathogenesis offers novel biomarker-targeted approaches for treatment of SLE and Sjogren's syndrome.
Collapse
|
41
|
Antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus: are they separate entities or just clinical presentations on the same scale? Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009; 21:495-500. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32832effdd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
42
|
Balada E, Ordi-Ros J, Vilardell-Tarrés M. Molecular mechanisms mediated by human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) in autoimmunity. Rev Med Virol 2009; 19:273-86. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
43
|
Renaudineau Y, Garaud S, Le Dantec C, Alonso-Ramirez R, Daridon C, Youinou P. Autoreactive B Cells and Epigenetics. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009; 39:85-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
44
|
Garaud S, Le Dantec C, Jousse-Joulin S, Hanrotel-Saliou C, Saraux A, Mageed RA, Youinou P, Renaudineau Y. IL-6 modulates CD5 expression in B cells from patients with lupus by regulating DNA methylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5623-32. [PMID: 19380809 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are characterized by reduced expression levels of membrane CD5. Recent studies from our laboratory have revealed that the level of membrane CD5 is determined by the relative level of two alternative CD5 isoforms; CD5-E1A, which is expressed on the membrane, and CD5-E1B, which is retained in the cytoplasm. Using bisulfite sequencing and methylation-sensitive endonuclease assays we show that the promoter for the alternative CD5-E1B isoform is demethylated in B cells from patients with SLE but not in healthy controls. We go on to show that differential methylation is more pronounced following BCR engagement. As a result of this demethylation, CD5-E1B mRNA is transcribed at the expense of CD5-E1A mRNA transcription. We provide further evidence that production of high IL-6 levels by SLE B cells abrogates the ability of SLE B cells to induce DNA methyl transferase (DNMT1) and then to methylate DNA, an effect that is reversed in the presence of a blocking Ab to the IL-6 receptor. The pattern of demethylation of CpG islands in the CD5-E1B promoter in SLE B cells is similar to those in B cells from healthy controls stimulated in the presence of IL-6, or treated with the methylation inhibitor PD98059. The study reveals that engagement of the BCR with constitutive IL-6 down-regulates the level of membrane CD5, which negatively regulates BCR signaling, in SLE B cells. This altered signaling could, in turn, promote the activation and expansion of autoreactive B cells in SLE patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soizic Garaud
- Research Unit EA2216 Immunology and Pathology, IFR148 ScInBioS, Université de Brest, Brest, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fernandez DR, Telarico T, Bonilla E, Li Q, Banerjee S, Middleton FA, Phillips PE, Crow MK, Oess S, Muller-Esterl W, Perl A. Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin controls the loss of TCRzeta in lupus T cells through HRES-1/Rab4-regulated lysosomal degradation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2063-73. [PMID: 19201859 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Persistent mitochondrial hyperpolarization (MHP) and enhanced calcium fluxing underlie aberrant T cell activation and death pathway selection in systemic lupus erythematosus. Treatment with rapamycin, which effectively controls disease activity, normalizes CD3/CD28-induced calcium fluxing but fails to influence MHP, suggesting that altered calcium fluxing is downstream or independent of mitochondrial dysfunction. In this article, we show that activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is a sensor of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, is increased in lupus T cells. Activation of mTOR was inducible by NO, a key trigger of MHP, which in turn enhanced the expression of HRES-1/Rab4, a small GTPase that regulates recycling of surface receptors through early endosomes. Expression of HRES-1/Rab4 was increased in CD4(+) lupus T cells, and in accordance with its dominant impact on the endocytic recycling of CD4, it was inversely correlated with diminished CD4 expression. HRES-1/Rab4 overexpression was also inversely correlated with diminished TCRzeta protein levels. Pull-down studies revealed a direct interaction of HRES-1/Rab4 with CD4 and TCRzeta. Importantly, the deficiency of the TCRzeta chain and of Lck and the compensatory up-regulation of FcepsilonRIgamma and Syk, which mediate enhanced calcium fluxing in lupus T cells, were reversed in patients treated with rapamcyin in vivo. Knockdown of HRES-1/Rab4 by small interfering RNA and inhibitors of lysosomal function augmented TCRzeta protein levels in vitro. The results suggest that activation of mTOR causes the loss of TCRzeta in lupus T cells through HRES-1/Rab4-dependent lysosomal degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Fernandez
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|