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Parente R, Fumagalli MR, Di Claudio A, Cárdenas Rincón CL, Erreni M, Zanini D, Iapichino G, Protti A, Garlanda C, Rusconi R, Doni A. A Multilayered Imaging and Microfluidics Approach for Evaluating the Effect of Fibrinolysis in Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation. Pathogens 2023; 12:1141. [PMID: 37764949 PMCID: PMC10534389 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The recognition of microbe and extracellular matrix (ECM) is a recurring theme in the humoral innate immune system. Fluid-phase molecules of innate immunity share regulatory roles in ECM. On the other hand, ECM elements have immunological functions. Innate immunity is evolutionary and functionally connected to hemostasis. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major cause of hospital-associated bloodstream infections and the most common cause of several life-threatening conditions such as endocarditis and sepsis through its ability to manipulate hemostasis. Biofilm-related infection and sepsis represent a medical need due to the lack of treatments and the high resistance to antibiotics. We designed a method combining imaging and microfluidics to dissect the role of elements of the ECM and hemostasis in triggering S. aureus biofilm by highlighting an essential role of fibrinogen (FG) in adhesion and formation. Furthermore, we ascertained an important role of the fluid-phase activation of fibrinolysis in inhibiting biofilm of S. aureus and facilitating an antibody-mediated response aimed at pathogen killing. The results define FG as an essential element of hemostasis in the S. aureus biofilm formation and a role of fibrinolysis in its inhibition, while promoting an antibody-mediated response. Understanding host molecular mechanisms influencing biofilm formation and degradation is instrumental for the development of new combined therapeutic approaches to prevent the risk of S. aureus biofilm-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Parente
- Multiscale ImmunoImaging Unit (mIIu), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Fumagalli
- Multiscale ImmunoImaging Unit (mIIu), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Claudio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Cindy Lorena Cárdenas Rincón
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Marco Erreni
- Multiscale ImmunoImaging Unit (mIIu), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Damiano Zanini
- Multiscale ImmunoImaging Unit (mIIu), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Iapichino
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Units, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Protti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Units, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Roberto Rusconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Andrea Doni
- Multiscale ImmunoImaging Unit (mIIu), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
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Wang Q, Huang J, Li S, Zhang Y, Sun R, Ren J, Shi S, Cui L. Fermentation supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus drives catabolism in chondrocytes via NF-κB signaling mediated increase of cholesterol metabolism. Exp Cell Res 2022; 410:112952. [PMID: 34848206 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Septic arthritis induced by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes irreversible cartilage degradation and subsequent permanent joint dysfunction. Recently, cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis is recognized to be associated with metabolic disorders. However, whether cholesterol metabolism is linked to septic arthritis pathology remains largely unknown. Here, we found that exposure to fermentation supernatant (FS) of S. aureus in chondrocytes resulted in a significant increase in expression of key modulators involved in cholesterol metabolism, including lectin-type oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX1), cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), 25- hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) as well as retinoic acid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα), a binding receptor for cholesterol metabolites. We further demonstrated that enhancement of CH25H/CYP7B1/RORα axis resulted from FS exposure was mediated by activation of NF-κB signaling, along with upregulation in catabolic factors including matrix metallopeptidases (MMP3 and MMP13), aggrecanase-2 (ADAMTS5), and nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) in chondrocytes. Exogenous cholesterol acts synergistically with FS in activating NF-κB pathway and increases cholesterol metabolism. While, the addition of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) which promotes cholesterol efflux, resulted in remarkable reduction of intracellular cholesterol level and restoration of balance between anabolism and catabolism in FS treated chondrocytes. Collectively, our data indicated that, in response to FS of S. aureus, NF-κB signaling activation coupled with increased cholesterol metabolism to stimulate catabolic factors in chondrocytes, highlighting cholesterol metabolism as a potential therapeutic target for treating septic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China & Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiefeng Huang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuaijun Li
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruizhu Sun
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxin Ren
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China & Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Plastic Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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The Topical Tranexamic Acid Have Potential Hazard of Promoting Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus aureus in Microenvironment of the Prosthetic Joint. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5748069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background. Perioperative topical tranexamic acid as antifibrinolytic agent is often used for total joint replacement to reduce bleeding currently. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolates from perioperative infection of prosthetic joint. The influence of topical application with tranexamic acid on the incidence of acute prosthetic joint infection of Staphylococcus aureus has not been clarified. Methods. Mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus knee prosthesis infection was constructed. Tranexamic acid was intra-articular injected during the perioperative period. CFU counting from tissue and implant sample was evaluated 3 days and 7 days after inoculating of Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial growth curve, biofilm formation, aggregation, and plasmin inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus were tested with tranexamic acid added to the synovial culture medium. Results. There were no significant differences of CFU counting from tissue and implant samples in knee prosthesis infection after a single local injection of tranexamic acid at the postoperative 3 or 7 days. The amount of bacterial colonization on the surface of implant increased after 3 days’ continuous local injection of tranexamic acid. Tranexamic acid has no effect on bacterial growth at the concentration (10 mg/ml) of clinical application, but it can inhibit bacterial aggregation and mildly inhibit biofilm formation. Plasmin can significantly inhibit biofilm formation which can be revised by adding tranexamic acid. Conclusion. Although continuous local injection of tranexamic acid can promote the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus on the surface of articular implant, it has clinical safety for using one single local injection of tranexamic acid during the perioperative period.
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Liu CLS, Hall AC. Optimizing the Composition of Irrigation Fluid to Reduce the Potency of Staphylococcus aureus α-Toxin: Potential Role in the Treatment of Septic Arthritis. Cartilage 2020; 11:500-511. [PMID: 30188175 PMCID: PMC7488945 DOI: 10.1177/1947603518798888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Septic arthritis is commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and is a medical emergency requiring antibiotics and joint irrigation. The bacteria produce α-toxin causing rapid cartilage cell (chondrocyte) death. Saline (0.9%NaCl) lavage is normally used to remove bacteria and toxins, however, its composition might be suboptimal to suppress the lethal effects of α-toxin. We utilized rabbit erythrocyte hemolysis as a sensitive, biologically relevant assay of α-toxin levels to determine if changes to osmolarity, temperature, pH, and divalent cation (Mg2+, Ca2+) concentration were protective. DESIGN Erythrocytes were incubated in the various conditions and then exposed to α-toxin ("chronic" challenge) or incubated with α-toxin and then exposed to experimental conditions ("acute" challenge). RESULTS Raising osmolarity from 300 mOsm (0.9%NaCl) to 400, 600, or 900 mOsm (sucrose addition) when applied chronically, significantly reduced hemolysis linearly. As an acute challenge, osmotic protection was significant and similar over 400 to 900 mOsm. Reducing temperature chronically from 37°C to 25°C and 4°C significantly reduced hemolysis, however, when applied as an acute challenge although significant, was less marked. Divalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+ at 5mM) reduced hemolysis. Varying pH (6.5, 7.2, 8.0) applied chronically marginally reduced hemolysis. The optimized saline (0.9% NaCl; 900 mOsm with sucrose, 5 mM MgCl2 (37°C)) rapidly and significantly reduced hemolysis compared with saline and Hank's buffered saline solution applied either chronically or acutely. CONCLUSIONS These results on the effect of S. aureus α-toxin on erythrocytes showed that optimizing saline could markedly reduce the potency of S. aureus α-toxin. Such modifications to saline could be of benefit during joint irrigation for septic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L. S. Liu
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew C. Hall
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Andrew C. Hall, Centre for Integrative Physiology, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, Scotland, UK.
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Buckley BJ, Ali U, Kelso MJ, Ranson M. The Urokinase Plasminogen Activation System in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathophysiological Roles and Prospective Therapeutic Targets. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:970-981. [PMID: 30516104 PMCID: PMC6700755 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181204164140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease characterized in its early stages by synovial hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration and later by irreversible joint tissue destruction. The Plasminogen Activation System (PAS) is associated with a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological states involving fibrinolysis, inflammation and tissue remodeling. Various components of the PAS are implicated in the pathophysiology of RA. Urokinase Plasminogen Activator (uPA) in particular is a pro-inflammatory mediator that appears to play an important role in the bone and cartilage destruction associated with RA. Clinical studies have shown that uPA and its receptor uPAR are overexpressed in synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Further, genetic knockdown and antibody-mediated neutralization of uPA have been shown to be protective against induction or progression of arthritis in animal models. The pro-arthritic role of uPA is differentiated from its haemodynamic counterpart, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which appears to play a protective role in RA animal models. This review summarises available evidence supporting the PAS as a critical determinant of RA pathogenesis and highlights opportunities for the development of novel uPAS-targeting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Buckley
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Umar Ali
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Michael J Kelso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Wu Y, Wang T, Guo C, Zhang D, Ge X, Huang Z, Zhou X, Li Y, Peng Q, Li J. Plasminogen improves lung lesions and hypoxemia in patients with COVID-19. QJM 2020; 113:539-545. [PMID: 32275753 PMCID: PMC7184376 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lungs from patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have shown typical signs of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), formation of hyaline membrane mainly composed of fibrin and 'ground-glass' opacity. Previously, we showed plasminogen itself is a key regulator in fibrin degradation, wound healing and infection. AIM We aimed to investigate whether plasminogen can improve lung lesions and hypoxemia of COVID-19. DESIGN Thirteen clinically moderate, severe or critical COVID-19 patients were treated with atomization inhalation of freeze-dried plasminogen. METHODS Levels of their lung lesions, oxygen saturation and heart rates were compared before and after treatment by computed tomography scanning images and patient monitor. RESULTS After plasminogen inhalation, conditions of lung lesions in five clinically moderate patients have quickly improved, shown as the decreased range and density of 'ground glass' opacity. Improvements of oxygen saturation were observed in six clinically severe patients. In the two patients with critical conditions, the oxygen levels have significantly increased from 79-82% to 91% just about 1 h after the first inhalation. In 8 of 13 patients, the heart rates had slowed down. For the five clinically moderate patients, the difference is even statistically significant. Furthermore, a general relief of chest tightness was observed. CONCLUSION Whereas it is reported that plasminogen is dramatically increased in adults with ARDS, this study suggests that additional plasminogen may be effective and efficient in treating lung lesions and hypoxemia during COVID-19 infections. Although further studies are needed, this study highlights a possible hope of efficiently combating this rapid epidemic emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- Department of Basic Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - T Wang
- Department of Basic Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - C Guo
- Department of Basic Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - D Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chang’an Chinese and Western Integrated Medicine Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - X Ge
- Department of Basic Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Z Huang
- Department of Basic Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - X Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Suixian Hongshan Hospital, Suizhou, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiaogan Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Xiaogan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
- Address correspondence to J. Li PhD, Department of Basic Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Room C602G, 289 Digital Peninsula, Shunfeng Industrial Park, No.2 Red Willow Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, P.R. China.
| | - Q Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiaogan Hospital, Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Xiaogan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - J Li
- Department of Basic Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Address correspondence to J. Li PhD, Department of Basic Research, Talengen Institute of Life Sciences, Room C602G, 289 Digital Peninsula, Shunfeng Industrial Park, No.2 Red Willow Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, P.R. China.
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7
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Sochaj-Gregorczyk A, Ksiazek M, Waligorska I, Straczek A, Benedyk M, Mizgalska D, Thøgersen IB, Enghild JJ, Potempa J. Plasmin inhibition by bacterial serpin: Implications in gum disease. FASEB J 2019; 34:619-630. [PMID: 31914706 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901490rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia is a periodontopathogen that expresses miropin, a protease inhibitor in the serpin superfamily. In this study, we show that miropin is also a specific and efficient inhibitor of plasmin; thus, it represents the first proteinaceous plasmin inhibitor of prokaryotic origin described to date. Miropin inhibits plasmin through the formation of a stable covalent complex triggered by cleavage of the Lys368-Thr369 (P2-P1) reactive site bond with a stoichiometry of inhibition of 3.8 and an association rate constant (kass) of 3.3 × 105 M-1s-1. The inhibition of the fibrinolytic activity of plasmin was nearly as effective as that exerted by α2-antiplasmin. Miropin also acted in vivo by reducing blood loss in a mice tail bleeding assay. Importantly, intact T. forsythia cells or outer membrane vesicles, both of which carry surface-associated miropin, strongly inhibited plasmin. In intact bacterial cells, the antiplasmin activity of miropin protects envelope proteins from plasmin-mediated degradation. In summary, in the environment of periodontal pockets, which are bathed in gingival crevicular fluid consisting of 70% of blood plasma, an abundance of T. forsythia in the bacterial biofilm can cause local inhibition of fibrinolysis, which could have possible deleterious effects on the tooth-supporting structures of the periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Irena Waligorska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Straczek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Benedyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Danuta Mizgalska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ida B Thøgersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
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Draxler DF, Awad MM, Hanafi G, Daglas M, Ho H, Keragala C, Galle A, Roquilly A, Lyras D, Sashindranath M, Medcalf RL. Tranexamic Acid Influences the Immune Response, but not Bacterial Clearance in a Model of Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Pneumonia. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:3297-3308. [PMID: 31140372 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifibrinolytic agent, tranexamic acid (TXA), an inhibitor of plasmin formation, currently is evaluated to reduce bleeding in various conditions, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Because plasmin is implicated in inflammation and immunity, we investigated the effects of plasmin inhibition on the immune response after TBI in the presence or absence of induced pneumonia. Wild-type mice treated with vehicle or TXA or mice deficient in plasminogen (plg-/-) underwent TBI using the controlled cortical impact model. Mice were then subjected to Staphylococcus aureus induced pneumonia and the degree of immune competence determined. Significant baseline changes in the innate immune cell profile were seen in plg-/- mice with increases in spleen weight and white blood cell counts, and elevation in plasma interleukin-6 levels. The plg-/- mice subjected to TBI displayed no additional changes in these parameters at the 72 h or one week time point post-TBI. The plg-/- mice subjected to TBI did not exhibit any further increase in susceptibility to endogenous infection. Pneumonia was induced by intratracheal instillation of S. aureus. The TBI did not worsen pneumonia symptoms or delay recovery in plg-/- mice. Similarly, in wild type mice, treatment with TXA did not impact on the ability of mice to counteract pneumonia after TBI. Administration of TXA after TBI and subsequent pneumonia, however, altered the number and surface marker expression of several myeloid and lymphoid cell populations, consistent with enhanced immune activation at the 72 h time point. This investigation confirms the immune-modulatory properties of TXA, thereby highlighting its effects unrelated to inhibition of fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik F Draxler
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Milena M Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gryselda Hanafi
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria Daglas
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi Ho
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charithani Keragala
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Galle
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antoine Roquilly
- Anaesthesia Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maithili Sashindranath
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Sultana S, Dey R, Bishayi B. Role of plasminogen activator inhibitor – 1 (PAI-1) in regulating the pathogenesis of S. aureus arthritis via plasminogen pathway. Immunol Lett 2019; 209:53-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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10
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Intra-articular Gentamicin-loaded PLA Microparticle Injection for the Treatment of Septic Arthritis in Rabbits. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2018; 26:e349-e356. [PMID: 29985244 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because local delivery of drugs induces high concentrations, it could be helpful to apply these delivery systems to the treatment of septic arthritis by antibiotics. Thus, a gentamicin-loaded polymer was tested in a rabbit model of Staphylococcus aureus septic arthritis. METHODS Thirty New Zealand rabbits were split into five groups: A: infection only; B: infection and systemic gentamicin treatment; C: infection and unloaded polymer and systemic gentamicin treatment; D: infection and gentamicin-loaded polymer only; and E: no infection and unloaded polymer. After inducing nonlethal septic arthritis in the knee joint by injecting 10 colony-forming units (CFUs) of a strain of methicillin-sensitive S aureus in groups A, B, C, and D, rabbits were housed for 15 days, and then the joint capsules were removed and the remaining bacteria were counted. Bacterial load was expressed in CFUs per gram of synovial tissue. In group E, capsules were removed, and a pathologic examination was done. RESULTS At day 15, the bacterial load was 6 × 10, 2 × 10, 1.8 × 10, and 7 × 10 CFU/g of tissue for groups A, B, C, and D, respectively. Compared with the mean of groups A, B, and C, the bacterial load of group D was 4.94 units of log10 CFU/g lower than that of these groups. The bacterial load of group D was statistically significantly lower than that of the other three groups. Noticeably, two animals of group D had a nil bacterial count. In group E animals, a minimal foreign body reaction was observed around the polymer. DISCUSSION Gentamicin-containing microparticles were more efficient in reducing bacterial load than systemic injections of gentamicin and thus have an interesting role to play in the treatment of human arthritis. However, inserting microparticles in joints is not easy, and hydrogels might be a good alternative approach.
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11
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Sultana S, Bishayi B. Neutralization of TNFR-1 and TNFR-2 modulates S. aureus induced septic arthritis by regulating the levels of pro inflammatory and anti inflammatory cytokines during the progression of the disease. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:33-51. [PMID: 29339199 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal septic arthritis remains a serious medical concern due to rapid and sustained production of inflammatory cytokines that leads to progressive and irreversible joint destruction with high mortality rate in patients despite adequate antibiotics treatment. TNF-α signalling via TNFR-1 contributes to arthritic destruction by aggravating inflammation. Impact of TNFR-2 signalling is not well established in this aspect. Hence the objective of our study was to evaluate the role of dual neutralization TNFR-1 and TNFR-2 in the pathogenesis of S. aureus infection induced septic arthritis. Mice were infected with live S. aureus (5 × 106 cells/ml) followed by administration of TNFR-1and TNFR-2 neutralizing antibody. To measure arthritis index and osteoclastogenesis, histology result in joint tissue and TRAP staining images of arthritis joints have been performed respectively. Maximum reduction in the joint and paw swelling was observed in infected mice treated with both TNFR-1 and TNFR-2 antibody. NF-κB signalling was found to be mainly regulated by TNFR-1 whereas TNFR-2 significantly modulated JNK pathway. Lowest levels of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ were observed in both serum and synovial tissues signifying maximum protection in S. aureus arthritis during combination treatment. However IFN-γ and IL-10 levels were significantly altered by TNFR-2 neutralization that indicates both pro and anti inflammatory role of TNFR-2 respectively. Highest decrement in ROS concentration, iNOS expression with least MPO and lysozyme activity was detected in case of combined neutralization. During the early phase of infection all the aforesaid inflammatory parameters remained elevated due to lack of IL-10 as a result of TNFR-2 neutralization as IL-10 negatively modulates pro inflammatory cytokines. Increase in inflammatory cytokines during early phase might also be responsible for decreased bacterial count in TNFR-2 neutralized groups. Thus it can be suggested that combined administration of TNFR-1 and TNFR-2 antibody has a beneficial effect against the severity of S. aureus induced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahin Sultana
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700 009, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology and Microbiology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University Colleges of Science and Technology, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700 009, West Bengal, India.
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Li S, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Cao W, Cui L. Exposure to fermentation supernatant of Staphylococcus aureus accelerated dedifferentiation of chondrocytes and production of antimicrobial peptides. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:443-451. [PMID: 28513981 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most popular pathogen found in septic arthritis. Despite bacteria was eradicated from joint cavity during acute infection, destruction of articular cartilage often continues for years, leading to permanent joint damage. The mechanism responsible for this consistent catabolic reaction in septic arthritis remains unclear. Here, we found that fermentation supernatant (FS) of S. aureus accelerated dedifferentiation of chondrocytes and induced expression of catabolic factors including A Disintegrin-like and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin-1 motifs 5, NO synthase 2, matrix metalloproteinase-3, -13. In response to FS of S. aureus stimulation, expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including β-defensin-1, -2, -3, -4, cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) in dedifferentiated chondrocytes was significantly higher than that in chondrocytes which maintained their differentiated phenotype. Among AMPs detected, expression of CAMP in dedifferentiated chondrocytes was observed to increase 170 times higher than that in differentiated ones. When exposed to FS of S. aureus, expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-17F, and IL-22 were remarkably increased in dedifferentiated chondrocytes. These results indicated that dedifferentiation of chondrocytes caused by exposure to S. aureus might be responsible for secondary osteoarthritis (OA) after acute S. aureus infection in joint. While, one potential benefit of dedifferentiation resulted from S. aureus exposure is that chondrocytes initiates a self-protective responsiveness by producing more AMPs against bacterial infection. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:443-451, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, P. R. China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, P. R. China
| | - Yidan Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, P. R. China
| | - Weigang Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhi-Zao-Ju Road, Shanghai, 200011, P. R. China
| | - Lei Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai, 200065, P. R. China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital affiliated to Beijing Capital Medical University, 10 Tieyi Road, Beijing, 100038, P. R. China
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Sulniute R, Shen Y, Guo YZ, Fallah M, Ahlskog N, Ny L, Rakhimova O, Broden J, Boija H, Moghaddam A, Li J, Wilczynska M, Ny T. Plasminogen is a critical regulator of cutaneous wound healing. Thromb Haemost 2017; 115:1001-9. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-08-0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SummaryWound healing is a complicated biological process that consist of partially overlapping inflammatory, proliferation and tissue remodelling phases. A successful wound healing depends on a proper activation and subsequent termination of the inflammatory phase. The failure to terminate the inflammation halts the completion of wound healing and is a known reason for formation of chronic wounds. Previous studies have shown that wound closure is delayed in plasminogendeficient mice, and a role for plasminogen in dissection of extracellular matrix was suggested. However, our finding that plasminogen is transported to the wound by inflammatory cells early during the healing process, where it potentiates inflammation, indicates that plasminogen may also have other roles in the wound healing process. Here we report that plasminogen-deficient mice have extensive fibrin and neutrophil depositions in the wounded area long after re-epithelialisation, indicating inefficient debridement and chronic inflammation. Delayed formation of granulation tissue suggests that fibroblast function is impaired in the absence of plasminogen. Therefore, in addition to its role in the activation of inflammation, plasminogen is also crucial for subsequent steps, including resolution of inflammation and activation of the proliferation phase. Importantly, supplementation of plasminogen-deficient mice with human plasminogen leads to a restored healing process that is comparable to that in wild-type mice. Besides of being an activator of the inflammatory phase during wound healing, plasminogen is also required for the subsequent termination of inflammation. Based on these results, we propose that plasminogen may be an important future therapeutic agent for wound treatment.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
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Binding of human plasminogen by the lipoprotein LipL46 of Leptospira interrogans. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 37:12-21. [PMID: 29108931 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by pathogenic Leptospira. Bacteria disseminate via the bloodstream and colonize the renal tubules of reservoir hosts. Leptospiral surface-exposed proteins are important targets, because due to their location they can elicit immune response and mediate adhesion and invasion processes. LipL46 has been previously reported to be located at the leptospiral outer membrane and recognized by antibodies present in serum of infected hamsters. In this study, we have confirmed the cellular location of this protein by immunofluorescence and FACS. We have cloned and expressed the recombinant protein LipL46 in its soluble form. LipL46 was recognized by confirmed leptospirosis human serum, suggesting its expression during infection. Binding screening of LipL46 with extracellular matrix (ECM) and plasma components showed that this protein interacts with plasminogen. The binding is dose-dependent on protein concentration, but saturation was not reached with the range of protein concentration used. Kringle domains of plasminogen and lysine residues of the recombinant protein are involved in the binding because the lysine analog, amino caproic acid (ACA) almost totally inhibited the reaction. The interaction of LipL46 with plasminogen generates plasmin in the presence of plasminogen activator uPA. Because plasmin generated at the leptospiral surface can degrade ECM molecules and decrease opsonophagocytosis, we tentatively infer that Lip46 has a role in helping the invasion process of pathogenic Leptospira.
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Figueredo JM, Siqueira GH, de Souza GO, Heinemann MB, Vasconcellos SA, Chapola EGB, Nascimento ALTO. Characterization of two new putative adhesins of Leptospira interrogans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:37-51. [PMID: 28198346 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We here report the characterization of two novel proteins encoded by the genes LIC11122 and LIC12287, identified in the genome sequences of Leptospira interrogans, annotated, respectively, as a putative sigma factor and a hypothetical protein. The CDSs LIC11122 and LIC12287 have signal peptide SPII and SPI and are predicted to be located mainly at the cytoplasmic membrane of the bacteria. The genes were cloned and the proteins expressed using Escherichia coli. Proteinase K digestion showed that both proteins are surface exposed. Evaluation of interaction of recombinant proteins with extracellular matrix components revealed that they are laminin binding and they were called Lsa19 (LIC11122) and Lsa14 (LIC12287), for Leptospiral-surface adhesin of 19 and 14 kDa, respectively. The bindings were dose-dependent on protein concentration, reaching saturation, fulfilling the ligand-binding criteria. Reactivity of the recombinant proteins with leptospirosis human sera has shown that Lsa19 and, to a lesser extent, Lsa14, are recognized by antibodies, suggesting that, most probably, Lsa19 is expressed during infection. The proteins interact with plasminogen and generate plasmin in the presence of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Plasmin generation in Leptospira has been associated with tissue penetration and immune evasion strategies. The presence of a sigma factor on the cell surface playing a secondary role, probably mediating host -pathogen interaction, suggests that LIC11122 is a moonlighting protein candidate. Although the biological significance of these putative adhesins will require the generation of mutants, our data suggest that Lsa19 is a potential candidate for future evaluation of its role in adhesion/colonization activities during L. interrogans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jupciana M Figueredo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela H Siqueira
- Present address: Laboratorios de Investigação Medica, Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, Avenida Doutor Arnaldo, 455, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Gisele O de Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Silvio A Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas do VPS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Erica G B Chapola
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, R. Santa Eulália, 86 Santana, São Paulo, SP 02031-020, Brazil
| | - Ana L T O Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900, Brazil
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16
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Doni A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. Innate immunity, hemostasis and matrix remodeling: PTX3 as a link. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:570-577. [PMID: 27881292 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is evolutionarily connected with hemostasis. PTX3 is an essential fluid-phase pattern recognition molecule of the innate immune system that acts as a functional ancestor of antibodies. PTX3 by interacting with defense collagens and fibrinogens amplifies effector functions of the innate immune system. At wound sites, PTX3 regulates the injury-induced thrombotic response and promotes wound healing by favoring timely fibrinolysis. Therefore, PTX3 interacts with ancestral domains conserved in innate immunity, hemostasis and extracellular matrix and exerts functions related to both antimicrobial resistance and tissue repair. These findings strengthen the connection between innate immune system and hemostasis, and suggest that recognition of microbes and extracellular matrix are evolutionarily conserved and integrated functions of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Doni
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; Humanitas University, via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; Humanitas University, via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
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17
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Ghosh C, Bishayi B. Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 interdependency in the erosive stage of Staphylococcus aureus induced septic arthritis mediated by IFN-γ and IL-6 – A possible involvement of IL-17 in the progression of the disease. Immunobiology 2015; 220:910-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Borg RJ, Samson AL, Au AEL, Scholzen A, Fuchsberger M, Kong YY, Freeman R, Mifsud NA, Plebanski M, Medcalf RL. Dendritic Cell-Mediated Phagocytosis but Not Immune Activation Is Enhanced by Plasmin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131216. [PMID: 26132730 PMCID: PMC4488505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of dead cells in the absence of concomitant immune stimulation is essential for tissue homeostasis. We recently identified an injury-induced protein misfolding event that orchestrates the plasmin-dependent proteolytic degradation of necrotic cells. As impaired clearance of dead cells by the innate immune system predisposes to autoimmunity, we determined whether plasmin could influence endocytosis and immune cell stimulation by dendritic cells – a critical cell that links the innate and adaptive immune systems. We find that plasmin generated on the surface of necrotic cells enhances their phagocytic removal by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Plasmin also promoted phagocytosis of protease-resistant microparticles by diverse mouse dendritic cell sub-types both in vitro and in vivo. Together with an increased phagocytic capacity, plasmin-treated dendritic cells maintain an immature phenotype, exhibit reduced migration to lymph nodes, increase their expression/release of the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-β, and lose their capacity to mount an allogeneic response. Collectively, our findings support a novel role for plasmin formed on dead cells and other phagocytic targets in maintaining tissue homeostasis by increasing the phagocytic function of dendritic cells while simultaneously decreasing their immunostimulatory capacity consistent with producing an immunosuppressive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael J. Borg
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria Australia
| | - Andre L. Samson
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3181, Australia
| | - Amanda E.-L. Au
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria Australia
| | - Anja Scholzen
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martina Fuchsberger
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ying Y. Kong
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roxann Freeman
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria Australia
| | - Nicole A. Mifsud
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert L. Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, 3004, Victoria Australia
- * E-mail:
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19
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Kurtulus-Waschulewski I, Wahl G, Dittrich K, Schuster V. Letter regarding the article: "root dentin anomaly and a PLG mutation" by Tananuvat et al. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:199-200. [PMID: 25662395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Idil Kurtulus-Waschulewski
- Department of Oral Surgery, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Welschnonnenstraße 17, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Wahl
- Department of Oral Surgery, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Welschnonnenstraße 17, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katalyn Dittrich
- Children's Hospital, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volker Schuster
- Children's Hospital, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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20
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The fibrinolytic system-more than fibrinolysis? Transfus Med Rev 2014; 29:102-9. [PMID: 25576010 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The fibrinolytic system, known for its ability to regulate the activation of the zymogen plasminogen into active plasmin, has been primarily associated with the removal of fibrin and blood clots. Tissue-type plasminogen activator, the most well-recognized plasminogen activator, was harnessed for therapeutic benefit against thromboembolic disorders more than 30 years ago, whereas inhibition of this system has been proven effective for certain bleeding disorders. However, in recent years, new and unexpected functional roles for this system have been identified mostly in relation to the central nervous system that are both unrelated and independent of fibrin degradation and clot removal. Hence, it seems reasonable to ask whether agents used to modify components or activities of the fibrinolytic system have any clinical consequences unrelated to their intended use in hemostasis. This review will provide an overview of these new features of the fibrinolytic system and will also focus on prospective considerations in the use of fibrinolytic and antifibrinolytic agents.
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Dastgheyb S, Parvizi J, Shapiro IM, Hickok NJ, Otto M. Effect of biofilms on recalcitrance of staphylococcal joint infection to antibiotic treatment. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:641-50. [PMID: 25214518 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of joint infections is not well understood. In particular, we do not know why these infections respond poorly to antibiotic treatment. Here we show that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a major cause of joint infections, forms exceptionally strong biofilmlike aggregates in human synovial fluid (SF), to an extent significantly exceeding biofilm formation observed in growth medium or serum. Screening a transposon bank identified bacterial fibronectin- and fibrinogen-binding proteins as important for the formation of macroscopic clumps in SF, suggesting an important role of fibrin-containing clots in the formation of bacterial aggregates during joint infection. Pretreatment of SF with plasmin led to a strongly reduced formation of aggregates and increased susceptibility to antibiotics. These results give important insight into the pathogenesis of staphylococcal joint infection and the mechanisms underlying resistance to treatment. Furthermore, they point toward a potential novel approach for treating joint infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Dastgheyb
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University
| | | | | | - Noreen J Hickok
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University
| | - Michael Otto
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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A Single B-repeat of Staphylococcus epidermidis accumulation-associated protein induces protective immune responses in an experimental biomaterial-associated infection mouse model. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1206-14. [PMID: 24920603 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00306-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nosocomial infections are the fourth leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, resulting in 2 million infections and ∼100,000 deaths each year. More than 60% of these infections are associated with some type of biomedical device. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a commensal bacterium of the human skin and is the most common nosocomial pathogen infecting implanted medical devices, especially those in the cardiovasculature. S. epidermidis antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation on inert surfaces make these infections hard to treat. Accumulation-associated protein (Aap), a cell wall-anchored protein of S. epidermidis, is considered one of the most important proteins involved in the formation of S. epidermidis biofilm. A small recombinant protein vaccine comprising a single B-repeat domain (Brpt1.0) of S. epidermidis RP62A Aap was developed, and the vaccine's efficacy was evaluated in vitro with a biofilm inhibition assay and in vivo in a murine model of biomaterial-associated infection. A high IgG antibody response against S. epidermidis RP62A was detected in the sera of the mice after two subcutaneous immunizations with Brpt1.0 coadministered with Freund's adjuvant. Sera from Brpt1.0-immunized mice inhibited in vitro S. epidermidis RP62A biofilm formation in a dose-dependent pattern. After receiving two immunizations, each mouse was surgically implanted with a porous scaffold disk containing 5 × 10(6) CFU of S. epidermidis RP62A. Weight changes, inflammatory markers, and histological assay results after challenge with S. epidermidis indicated that the mice immunized with Brpt1.0 exhibited significantly higher resistance to S. epidermidis RP62A implant infection than the control mice. Day 8 postchallenge, there was a significantly lower number of bacteria in scaffold sections and surrounding tissues and a lower residual inflammatory response to the infected scaffold disks for the Brpt1.0-immunized mice than for of the ovalbumin (Ova)-immunized mice.
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Hultman K, Cortes-Canteli M, Bounoutas A, Richards AT, Strickland S, Norris EH. Plasmin deficiency leads to fibrin accumulation and a compromised inflammatory response in the mouse brain. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:701-12. [PMID: 24612416 PMCID: PMC4120644 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess fibrin in blood vessels is cleared by plasmin, the key proteolytic enzyme in fibrinolysis. Neurological disorders and head trauma can result in the disruption of the neurovasculature and the entry of fibrin and other blood components into the brain, which may contribute to further neurological dysfunction. OBJECTIVES While chronic fibrin deposition is often implicated in neurological disorders, the pathological contributions attributable specifically to fibrin have been difficult to ascertain. An animal model that spontaneously acquires fibrin deposits could allow researchers to better understand the impact of fibrin in neurological disorders. METHODS Brains of plasminogen (plg)- and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-deficient mice were examined and characterized with regard to fibrin accumulation, vascular and neuronal health, and inflammation. Furthermore, the inflammatory response following intrahippocampal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection was compared between plg(-/-) and wild type (WT) mice. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Both plg(-/-) and tPA(-/-) mice exhibited brain parenchymal fibrin deposits that appear to result from reduced neurovascular integrity. Markers of neuronal health and inflammation were not significantly affected by proximity to the vascular lesions. A compromised neuroinflammatory response was also observed in plg(-/-) compared to WT mice following intrahippocampal LPS injection. These results demonstrate that fibrin does not affect neuronal health in the absence of inflammation and suggest that plasmin may be necessary for a normal neuroinflammatory response in the mouse CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hultman
- The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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Kwiecinski J, Jacobsson G, Karlsson M, Zhu X, Wang W, Bremell T, Josefsson E, Jin T. Staphylokinase Promotes the Establishment of Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections While Decreasing Disease Severity. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:990-9. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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25
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Shen Y, Guo Y, Du C, Wilczynska M, Hellström S, Ny T. Mice deficient in urokinase-type plasminogen activator have delayed healing of tympanic membrane perforations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51303. [PMID: 23236466 PMCID: PMC3517469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in plasminogen, the precursor of plasmin, show completely arrested healing of tympanic membrane (TM) perforations, indicating that plasmin plays an essential role in TM healing. The activation of plasminogen to plasmin is performed by two plasminogen activators (PAs), urokinase-type PA (uPA) and tissue-type PA (tPA). To elucidate the functional roles of PAs in the healing of TM perforations, we investigated the phenotypes of single gene-deficient mice lacking uPA (uPA(-/-)) or tPA (tPA(-/-)) after TM perforation. Delayed healing of TM perforations was observed in uPA(-/-) mice but not tPA(-/-) mice. The migration of keratinocytes was clearly delayed and seemed to be misoriented in uPA(-/-) mice. Furthermore, fibrin deposition and the inflammatory response were persistent in these mice. Our findings demonstrate that uPA plays a role in the healing of TM perforations. The observed phenotypes in uPA(-/-) mice are most likely due to the reduced generation of plasmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yongzhi Guo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chun Du
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Sten Hellström
- Department of Audiology and Neurotology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tor Ny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Sulniute R, Lindh T, Wilczynska M, Li J, Ny T. Plasmin is essential in preventing periodontitis in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:819-28. [PMID: 21704601 PMCID: PMC3157224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis involves bacterial infection, inflammation of the periodontium, degradation of gum tissue, and alveolar bone resorption, which eventually leads to loss of teeth. To study the role of the broad-spectrum protease plasmin in periodontitis, we examined the oral health of plasminogen (Plg)-deficient mice. In wild-type mice, the periodontium was unaffected at all time points studied; in Plg-deficient mice, periodontitis progressed rapidly, within 20 weeks. Morphological study results of Plg-deficient mice revealed detachment of gingival tissue, resorption of the cementum layer, formation of necrotic tissue, and severe alveolar bone degradation. IHC staining showed massive infiltration of neutrophils in the periodontal tissues. Interestingly, doubly deficient mice, lacking both tissue- and urokinase-type plasminogen activators, developed periodontal disease similar to that in Plg-deficient mice; however, mice lacking only tissue- or urokinase-type plasminogen activator remained healthy. Supplementation by injection of Plg-deficient mice with human plasminogen for 10 days led to necrotic tissue absorption, inflammation subsidence, and full regeneration of gum tissues. Notably, there was also partial regrowth of degraded alveolar bone. Taken together, our results show that plasminogen is essential for the maintenance of a healthy periodontium and plays an important role in combating the spontaneous development of chronic periodontitis. Moreover, reversal to healthy status after supplementation of Plg-deficient mice with plasminogen suggests the possibility of using plasminogen for therapy of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Sulniute
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Lindh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Odontology/Prosthetic Dentistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Jinan Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tor Ny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Kwieciński J, Josefsson E, Jin T. Fibrinolysis is down-regulated in mouse collagen-induced arthritis, but its normalization does not alleviate the course of disease. Inflamm Res 2011; 60:1021-9. [PMID: 21786185 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Down-regulation of fibrinolysis and increased fibrin deposition in joints are hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and are believed to be involved in disease progression. The mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) closely resembles RA and has been used to explore mechanism and treatments of RA, but neither the fibrinolytic system nor pro-fibrinolytic therapies were investigated in CIA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasmin activity, levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), D-dimer, and IL-6 were measured in plasma of CIA mice. Fibrin deposition and PAI-1 levels were also measured in inflamed joints. Mice were treated with plasminogen activators uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) or tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator). Effects of treatment on disease severity and fibrinolytic system were assessed. RESULTS CIA caused decrease in plasmin activity, accompanied by increase in PAI-1 levels, in both blood and inflamed joints. This resulted in massive fibrin deposition in synovium. PAI-1 levels correlated negatively with plasmin activity and positively with IL-6. Treatments with uPA and tPA improved plasmin activity and removed fibrin deposits in inflamed joints. However, disease severity remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Fibrinolytic changes in CIA parallel changes in RA, making CIA a suitable model to study fibrinolysis in RA. Normalization of plasmin activity in CIA after treatment with plasminogen activators had no effect on disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kwieciński
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, 405-30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Bakker MF, Verstappen SMM, Welsing PMJ, Jacobs JWG, Jahangier ZN, van der Veen MJ, Bijlsma JWJ, Lafeber FPJG. The relation between cartilage biomarkers (C2C, C1,2C, CS846, and CPII) and the long-term outcome of rheumatoid arthritis patients within the CAMERA trial. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R70. [PMID: 21539729 PMCID: PMC3218879 DOI: 10.1186/ar3331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum biomarker levels of C2C, C1,2C, CS846, and CPII can predict the long-term course of disease activity and radiographic progression early in the disease course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods In patients in the CAMERA trial, levels of biomarkers were evaluated at baseline and after 1 year of treatment. Relations of (changes in) biomarker values with the mean yearly radiographic progression rate and mean disease activity over a 5-year period were evaluated by using regression analysis. The added predictive value of biomarkers over established predictors for long-term outcome was analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. Results Of 133 patients, serum samples were available at baseline and after 1 year of treatment. In the regression analysis C1,2C at baseline, the change in C2C, C1,2C, and the sum of the standardized changes in C2C + C1,2C scores were statistically significantly associated with the mean yearly radiographic progression rate; the change in CPII was associated with the mean disease activity over 5 years of treatment. In the multiple linear regression analysis, only the change in C1,2C was of added predictive value (P = 0.004) for radiographic progression. Explained variances of models for radiographic progression and disease activity were low (0.28 and 0.34, respectively), and the biomarkers only marginally improved the explained variance. Conclusions The change in C1,2C in the first year after onset of RA has a small added predictive value for disease severity over a 5-year period, but the predictive value of this biomarker combined with current predictive factors is too small to be of use for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije F Bakker
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Kłak M, Anäkkälä N, Wang W, Lange S, Jonsson IM, Tarkowski A, Jin T. Tranexamic acid, an inhibitor of plasminogen activation, aggravates staphylococcal septic arthritis and sepsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 42:351-8. [PMID: 20100112 DOI: 10.3109/00365540903510690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Haemostatic balance shifts towards pro-coagulation during infection. Plasminogen, a key molecule of fibrinolysis, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections. In the present study, we assessed the impact of inhibition of plasminogen activation by tranexamic acid on the course of staphylococcal sepsis and septic arthritis in mice. We found significantly down-regulated plasmin activity and increased D-dimer levels in the blood from the mice with staphylococcal sepsis. Treatment with tranexamic acid significantly increased the severity and mortality of staphylococcal infection. In addition, tranexamic acid reduced the survival rate in a murine model for staphylococcal enterotoxin A-induced death. The aggravation of diseases by tranexamic acid was due neither to the pro-inflammatory cytokine network, nor to impairment of bacterial clearance. Modulation of fibrinolysis, either by supplement of fibrinolytic molecules (tissue plasminogen activator or plasmin) or by fibrinogen depletion, did not reduce the mortality of staphylococcal sepsis. In conclusion, we report that treatment with tranexamic acid led to distinct aggravation of staphylococcal septic arthritis and sepsis in mice, suggesting the clinical importance of fibrinolytic balance in staphylococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kłak
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Plasminogen acquisition and activation at the surface of leptospira species lead to fibronectin degradation. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4092-101. [PMID: 19581392 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00353-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Leptospira species are the etiological agents of leptospirosis, a widespread disease of human and veterinary concern. In this study, we report that Leptospira species are capable of binding plasminogen (PLG) in vitro. The binding to the leptospiral surface was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence confocal microscopy with living bacteria. The PLG binding to the bacteria seems to occur via lysine residues because the ligation is inhibited by addition of the lysine analog 6-aminocaproic acid. Exogenously provided urokinase-type PLG activator (uPA) converts surface-bound PLG into enzymatically active plasmin, as evaluated by the reaction with the chromogenic plasmin substrate d-Val-Leu-Lys 4-nitroanilide dihydrochloridein. The PLG activation system on the surface of Leptospira is PLG dose dependent and does not cause injury to the organism, as cellular growth in culture was not impaired. The generation of active plasmin within Leptospira was observed with several nonvirulent high-passage strains and with the nonpathogenic saprophytic organism Leptospira biflexa. Statistically significant higher activation of plasmin was detected with a low-passage infectious strain of Leptospira. Plasmin-coated virulent Leptospira interrogans bacteria were capable of degrading purified extracellular matrix fibronectin. The breakdown of fibronectin was not observed with untreated bacteria. Our data provide for the first time in vitro evidence for the generation of active plasmin on the surface of Leptospira, a step that may contribute to leptospiral invasiveness.
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Hamilton JA. Plasminogen activator/plasmin system in arthritis and inflammation: Friend or foe? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:645-8. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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