1
|
Reiss AB, Teboul I, Kasselman L, Ahmed S, Carsons SE, De Leon J. Methotrexate effects on adenosine receptor expression in peripheral monocytes of persons with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. J Investig Med 2022; 70:1433-1437. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-2022-002355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial (CIRT) was designed to assess whether low-dose methotrexate (LD-MTX) would reduce future cardiac events in patients with metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who are post-myocardial infarction (MI) or have multivessel disease. Our previous work indicates that MTX confers atheroprotection via adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) activation. In order for A2AR ligation to reduce cardiovascular events, A2AR levels would need to be preserved during MTX treatment. This study was conducted to determine whether LD-MTX alters peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) adenosine receptor expression in persons at risk for cardiovascular events. Post-MI T2DM CIRT patients were randomized to LD-MTX or placebo (n=10/group). PBMC isolated from blood drawn at enrollment and after 6 weeks were evaluated for expression of adenosine receptors and reverse cholesterol transporters by real-time PCR. Fold change between time points was calculated using factorial analyses of variance. Compared with placebo, the LD-MTX group exhibited a trend toward an increase in A2AR (p=0.06), while A3R expression was significantly decreased (p=0.01) after 6 weeks. Cholesterol efflux gene expression did not change significantly. Persistence of A2AR combined with A3R downregulation indicates that failure of MTX to be atheroprotective in CIRT was not due to loss of adenosine receptors on PBMC (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01594333).
Collapse
|
2
|
Catarzi D, Varano F, Vigiani E, Calenda S, Melani F, Varani K, Vincenzi F, Pasquini S, Mennini N, Nerli G, Dal Ben D, Volpini R, Colotta V. 4-Heteroaryl Substituted Amino-3,5-Dicyanopyridines as New Adenosine Receptor Ligands: Novel Insights on Structure-Activity Relationships and Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040478. [PMID: 35455475 PMCID: PMC9024521 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A new set of amino-3,5-dicyanopyridines was synthesized and biologically evaluated at the adenosine receptors (ARs). This chemical class is particularly versatile, as small structural modifications can influence not only affinity and selectivity, but also the pharmacological profile. Thus, in order to deepen the structure–activity relationships (SARs) of this series, different substituents were evaluated at the diverse positions on the dicyanopyridine scaffold. In general, the herein reported compounds show nanomolar binding affinity and interact better with both the human (h) A1 and A2A ARs than with the other subtypes. Docking studies at hAR structure were performed to rationalize the observed affinity data. Of interest are compounds 1 and 5, which can be considered as pan ligands as binding all the ARs with comparable nanomolar binding affinity (A1AR: 1, Ki = 9.63 nM; 5, Ki = 2.50 nM; A2AAR: 1, Ki = 21 nM; 5, Ki = 24 nM; A3AR: 1, Ki = 52 nM; 5, Ki = 25 nM; A2BAR: 1, EC50 = 1.4 nM; 5, EC50 = 1.12 nM). Moreover, these compounds showed a partial agonist profile at all the ARs. This combined AR partial agonist activity could lead us to hypothesize a potential effect in the repair process of damaged tissue that would be beneficial in both wound healing and remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Catarzi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.V.); (E.V.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (V.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Flavia Varano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.V.); (E.V.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Erica Vigiani
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.V.); (E.V.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Sara Calenda
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.V.); (E.V.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Melani
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.V.); (E.V.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Katia Varani
- Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (K.V.); (F.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (K.V.); (F.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (K.V.); (F.V.); (S.P.)
| | - Natascia Mennini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Ugo Schiff, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (N.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Giulia Nerli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Ugo Schiff, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (N.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S.Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.D.B.); (R.V.)
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S.Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.D.B.); (R.V.)
| | - Vittoria Colotta
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (F.V.); (E.V.); (S.C.); (F.M.); (V.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Darwish NF, Tabra SAA, Baiomy NN, Mahmoud HA, Mariah RA, Hablas SA. The implication of adenosine receptor expression in prediction of methotrexate clinical response in Egyptian rheumatoid arthritis patients. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGY AND REHABILITATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43166-021-00107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Adenosine signaling is now an accepted explanation for the therapeutic mechanism of Methotrexate (MTX) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Adenosine receptors categorized into four subclasses: adenosine A1 receptor (ADORA1), adenosine 2a receptor (ADORA2a), adenosine 2b receptor (ADORA2B), and adenosine 3 receptor (ADORA3). Our aim is to check the mRNA expression of two adenosine receptors; ADORA2a and ADORA3 in whole blood cell of RA patients and its relation in prediction of MTX clinical response in Egyptian patients.
Results
There was significant correlation between both ADORA2a and ADORA3 gene expression in RA patients as compared with healthy controls. The expression of ADORA2a and ADORA3 was increased in good and moderate response groups compared to no response group. There was significant correlation between both genes in mRNA expression before and after MTX treatment. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) concentration was significantly decreased after treatment in good and moderate response groups in comparison to non-responder group.
Conclusion
The inflammatory and clinical responses in RA patients which is demonstrated by DAS28 and suppression of MMP3 were regulated by ADORA2a and ADORA3. Their level of expression can predict MTX response and their agonists may offer a novel and effective therapeutic option for RA patients.
Collapse
|
4
|
Antonioli L, Pacher P, Haskó G. Adenosine and inflammation: it's time to (re)solve the problem. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 43:43-55. [PMID: 34776241 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation requires proresolving molecular pathways triggered as part of the host response during the inflammatory phase. Adenosine and its receptors, which are collectively called the adenosine system, shape inflammatory cell activity during the active phase of inflammation, leading these immune cells toward a functional repolarization, thus contributing to the onset of resolution. Strategies based on the resolution of inflammation have shaped a new area of pharmacology referred to as 'resolution pharmacology' and in this regard, the adenosine system represents an interesting target to design novel pharmacological tools to 'resolve' the inflammatory process. In this review, we outline the role of the adenosine system in driving the events required for an effective transition from the proinflammatory phase to the onset and establishment of resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health/NIAAA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yi L, Ke J, Liu J, Lai H, Lv Y, Peng C, Zhi Y, Du Q, Liu L, Wang P, Zhou H, Dong Y. Sinomenine increases adenosine A 2A receptor and inhibits NF-κB to inhibit arthritis in adjuvant-induced-arthritis rats and fibroblast-like synoviocytes through α7nAChR. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:1113-1120. [PMID: 34425026 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0121-024rrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinomenine (SIN) is a clinical drug for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in China. Our previous study found SIN inhibited inflammation via alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) in macrophages in vitro. Adenosine receptor A2A has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive function. However, the mechanisms of SIN acting on α7nAChR and the effect on adenosine A2A receptor (A2A R) in RA are not clear. In the present study, the effects of SIN on adjuvant-induced-arthritis (AIA) rats in vivo and on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) in vitro were investigated. Indomethacin (Indo) and methotrexate (MTX), the clinical anti-arthritis drugs, were used as controls. Nicotine (Nic), a specific agonist of α7nAChR, was used as a control for targeting α7nAChR. Alpha-bungarotoxin (α-BTX), the antagonist of α7nAChR or small interference RNA (siRNA) was used to block or knock down α7nAChR. Results showed that SIN decreased arthritis index, hind paw volume, erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR) and serum TNF-α in AIA rats, and α-BTX attenuated the earlier-mentioned effects of SIN and Nic, but not Indo and MTX. The expressions of A2A R in synovium declined in AIA rats, but remarkably increased after the intervention of SIN. The expression of A2A R decreased by LPS or TNF-α, but increased by SIN; cAMP also increased by SIN in FLSs in vitro. SIN inhibited the expression of MCP-1, IL-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor in LPS-induced FLSs. SIN inhibited the activation of NF-κB. Meanwhile, α-BTX or α7nAChR siRNA blocked the earlier-mentioned effects of SIN in FLSs. Results suggested the expressions of A2A R in synovium and FLSs are negatively correlated with the arthritis progression of AIA rats and the activation of FLSs. SIN increases A2A R and inhibits the activation of NF-κB pathway via α7nAChR in AIA rats and FLSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lang Yi
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Junyu Ke
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Gaozhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Gaozhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiayan Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huili Lai
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Lv
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chong Peng
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yingkun Zhi
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qun Du
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, P.R. China
| | - Peixun Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, P.R. China.,International Institute of Translation Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yan Dong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pasquini S, Contri C, Borea PA, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Adenosine and Inflammation: Here, There and Everywhere. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7685. [PMID: 34299305 PMCID: PMC8304851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous modulator with the main function of maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis in pathological and stress conditions. It exerts its effect through the interaction with four G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes referred as A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs), each of which has a unique pharmacological profile and tissue distribution. Adenosine is a potent modulator of inflammation, and for this reason the adenosinergic system represents an excellent pharmacological target for the myriad of diseases in which inflammation represents a cause, a pathogenetic mechanism, a consequence, a manifestation, or a protective factor. The omnipresence of ARs in every cell of the immune system as well as in almost all cells in the body represents both an opportunity and an obstacle to the clinical use of AR ligands. This review offers an overview of the cardinal role of adenosine in the modulation of inflammation, showing how the stimulation or blocking of its receptors or agents capable of regulating its extracellular concentration can represent promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pathologies, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| | - Chiara Contri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| | | | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The advances of methotrexate resistance in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1183-1193. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
8
|
Piperazine- and Piperidine-Containing Thiazolo[5,4- d]pyrimidine Derivatives as New Potent and Selective Adenosine A 2A Receptor Inverse Agonists. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13080161. [PMID: 32722122 PMCID: PMC7465344 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic use of A2A adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases, is a very promising approach. Moreover, the potential therapeutic role of A2A AR antagonists to avoid both immunoescaping of tumor cells and tumor development is well documented. Herein, we report on the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new set of piperazine- and piperidine- containing 7-amino-2-(furan-2-yl)thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives designed as human A2A AR antagonists/inverse agonists. Binding and potency data indicated that a good number of potent and selective hA2A AR inverse agonists were found. Amongst them, the 2-(furan-2-yl)-N5-(2-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl)thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine-5,7-diamine 11 exhibited the highest A2A AR binding affinity (Ki = 8.62 nM) as well as inverse agonist potency (IC50 = 7.42 nM). In addition, bioinformatics prediction using the web tool SwissADME revealed that 8, 11, and 19 possessed good drug-likeness profiles.
Collapse
|
9
|
Analysis of association of ADORA 2A and ADORA 3 polymorphisms genotypes/haplotypes with efficacy and toxicity of methotrexate in patients with Rheumatoid arthritis. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2020; 20:784-791. [PMID: 32448869 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-020-0168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors ADORA2A and ADORA3 are part of the adenosine-mediated antiinflammatory pathway and are overexpressed in patients with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methotrexate (MTX) antiinflammatory effects are partially mediated via increased release of adenosine into extracellular space. Polymorphisms in ADORA2A and ADORA3 genes may have an impact on the efficacy and toxicity of MTX in RA patients. The study included 127 RA patients. Treatment efficacy was estimated using the changes in Disease activity score (DAS28) after 6 months of MTX monotherapy, according to EULAR response criteria. Patients with good and moderate response were classified as "responders", and with a poor response as "nonresponders". Adverse effects were collected during the follow-up period. Genotyping for polymorphisms within ADORA2A gene (rs2298383, rs2236624, rs5751876, rs17004921) and ADORA3 gene (rs2298191, rs1544223, rs3393) was performed using the KASPar assays. Among patients 112 (88.19%) were responders (18.8% good, 81.2% moderate). We observed no association between analyzed genotypes or alleles and MTX response by EULAR criteria but carriers of ADORA2A rs17004921 T allele (CT + TT) had a higher DAS28 decrease after 6 months of treatment than patients with CC genotype (p = 0.013). Adverse effects were reported in 31 patients (24.41%). Bone erosions were present in 82 (64.6%) patients. Haplotype block was observed among all 3 analyzed polymorphisms within ADORA3 gene and TAA haplotype was associated with bone erosions (29% vs 15.6%, p = 0.023) and hepatotoxicity (51.3% vs 21.6%, p = 0.013). According to our study, ADORA3 TAA haplotype may be associated with bone erosions and hepatotoxicity in RA patients treated with MTX.
Collapse
|
10
|
Shakya AK, Naik RR, Almasri IM, Kaur A. Role and Function of Adenosine and its Receptors in Inflammation, Neuroinflammation, IBS, Autoimmune Inflammatory Disorders, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Psoriasis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2875-2891. [PMID: 31333103 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716145206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The physiological effects of endogenous adenosine on various organ systems are very complex and numerous which are elicited upon activation of any of the four G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) denoted as A1, A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). Several fused heterocyclic and non-xanthine derivatives are reported as a possible target for these receptors due to physiological problems and lack of selectivity of xanthine derivatives. In the present review, we have discussed the development of various new chemical entities as a target for these receptors. In addition, compounds acting on adenosine receptors can be utilized in treating diseases like inflammation, neuroinflammation, autoimmune and related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Shakya
- Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al- Ahliyya Amman University, PO Box 263, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Rajashri R Naik
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Ihab M Almasri
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestinian Territory, Occupied
| | - Avneet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (DIPSAR), Mehrauli-Badarpur Road, Pushp Vihar, Sector-3, New Delhi-110017, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Friedman B, Cronstein B. Mécanisme d'action du méthotrexate dans le traitement de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde. REVUE DU RHUMATISME (ED. FRANCAISE : 1993) 2020; 87:92-98. [PMID: 35068924 PMCID: PMC8782276 DOI: 10.1016/j.rhum.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Le méthotrexate est utilisé dans le traitement de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PR) depuis les années 1980 et est souvent à ce jour le médicament de première intention pour le traitement de la PR. Dans cette revue, nous examinons plusieurs hypothèses pour expliquer le mécanisme à l'origine de l'efficacité du méthotrexate dans la PR. Celles-ci comprennent l'antagonisme du folate, la signalisation par l'adénosine, la génération d'espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ROS), la diminution des molécules d'adhérence, la modification des profils cytokiniques et l'inhibition des polyamines, entre autres. Actuellement, la signalisation par l'adénosine est probablement l'explication la plus largement acceptée du mécanisme du méthotrexate dans la PR, car le méthotrexate augmente les taux d'adénosine et suite à l'engagement de l'adénosine avec ses récepteurs extracellulaires, une cascade intracellulaire est activée et favorise un état antiinflammatoire global. Outre ces hypothèses, nous examinons le mécanisme du méthotrexate dans la PR sous l'angle de ses effets indésirables et considérons certains des nouveaux marqueurs génétiques de l'efficacité et de la toxicité du méthotrexate dans la PR. Enfin, nous discutons brièvement du mécanisme du méthotrexate en association avec un traitement de la PR par un inhibiteur du TNF-. En fin de compte, en trouvant une explication claire de la voie et du mécanisme conduisant à l'efficacité du méthotrexate dans la PR, il pourrait exister un moyen de formuler des thérapies plus puissantes avec moins d'effets secondaires.
Collapse
|
12
|
Corciulo C, Cronstein BN. Signaling of the Purinergic System in the Joint. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1591. [PMID: 32038258 PMCID: PMC6993121 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The joint is a complex anatomical structure consisting of different tissues, each with a particular feature, playing together to give mobility and stability at the body. All the joints have a similar composition including cartilage for reducing the friction of the movement and protecting the underlying bone, a synovial membrane that produces synovial fluid to lubricate the joint, ligaments to limit joint movement, and tendons for the interaction with muscles. Direct or indirect damage of one or more of the tissues forming the joint is the foundation of different pathological conditions. Many molecular mechanisms are involved in maintaining the joint homeostasis as well as in triggering disease development. The molecular pathway activated by the purinergic system is one of them.The purinergic signaling defines a group of receptors and intermembrane channels activated by adenosine, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine 5’-triphosphate, uridine triphosphate, and uridine diphosphate. It has been largely described as a modulator of many physiological and pathological conditions including rheumatic diseases. Here we will give an overview of the purinergic system in the joint describing its expression and function in the synovium, cartilage, ligament, tendon, and bone with a therapeutic perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Corciulo
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Krefting Research Centre-Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bruce N Cronstein
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Antonioli L, Blandizzi C, Pacher P, Haskó G. The Purinergic System as a Pharmacological Target for the Treatment of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:345-382. [PMID: 31235653 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) encompass a wide range of seemingly unrelated conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Despite differing etiologies, these diseases share common inflammatory pathways, which lead to damage in primary target organs and frequently to a plethora of systemic effects as well. The purinergic signaling complex comprising extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides and their receptors, the P2 and P1 purinergic receptors, respectively, as well as catabolic enzymes and nucleoside transporters is a major regulatory system in the body. The purinergic signaling complex can regulate the development and course of IMIDs. Here we provide a comprehensive review on the role of purinergic signaling in controlling immunity, inflammation, and organ function in IMIDs. In addition, we discuss the possible therapeutic applications of drugs acting on purinergic pathways, which have been entering clinical development, to manage patients suffering from IMIDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| | - Pál Pacher
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy (L.A., C.B.); Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland (P.P.); and Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York (G.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Catarzi D, Varano F, Varani K, Vincenzi F, Pasquini S, Dal Ben D, Volpini R, Colotta V. Amino-3,5-Dicyanopyridines Targeting the Adenosine Receptors Ranging from Pan Ligands to Combined A 1/A 2B Partial Agonists. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12040159. [PMID: 31652622 PMCID: PMC6958422 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The amino-3,5-dicyanopyridine derivatives belong to an intriguing series of adenosine receptor (AR) ligands that has been developed by both academic researchers and industry. Indeed, the studies carried out to date underline the versatility of the dicyanopyridine scaffold to obtain AR ligands with not only a wide range of affinities but also with diverse degrees of efficacies at the different ARs. These observations prompted us to investigate on the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of this series leading to important previously reported results. The present SAR study has helped to confirm the 1H-imidazol-2-yl group at R2 position as an important feature for producing potent AR agonists. Moreover, the nature of the R1 substituent highly affects not only affinity/activity at the hA1 and hA2B ARs but also selectivity versus the other subtypes. Potent hA1 and hA2B AR ligands were developed, and among them, the 2-amino-6-[(1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)sulfanyl]-4-[4-(prop-2-en-1-yloxy)phenyl]pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (3) is active in the low nanomolar range at these subtypes and shows a good trend of selectivity versus both the hA2A and hA3 ARs. This combined hA1/hA2B partial agonist activity leads to a synergistic effect on glucose homeostasis and could potentially be beneficial in treating diabetes and related complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Catarzi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Flavia Varano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Katia Varani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, via S.Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino (MC); Italy.
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, via S.Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino (MC); Italy.
| | - Vittoria Colotta
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
da Silva JLG, Passos DF, Bernardes VM, Leal DBR. ATP and adenosine: Role in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Lett 2019; 214:55-64. [PMID: 31479688 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a classic inflammatory autoimmune disease. Local joint destruction and extra-articular manifestations of RA deeply compromise the life quality of the affected patients. RA immunopathogenesis depends on continuous immunogenic activation in which the purinergic system participates. The purinergic system comprises the signaling and metabolism of purines such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine. ATP signaling is involved in the activation and maintenance of the inflammatory state of RA through the activation of P2X7 and the production of cytokines, which orchestrate the pathogenesis of RA. The breakdown of ATP through the CD39/CD73 axis produces adenosine, which mostly inhibits the inflammatory process through activation of specific P1 receptors. Adenosine is hydrolyzed by adenosine deaminase (ADA) that interacts with other molecules playing additional roles in this disease. This review explores the release, metabolism, and the effects of binding of ATP and adenosine to their respective receptors in the context of RA, as well as their potential use as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean L G da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela F Passos
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Viviane M Bernardes
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela B R Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Betti M, Catarzi D, Varano F, Falsini M, Varani K, Vincenzi F, Pasquini S, di Cesare Mannelli L, Ghelardini C, Lucarini E, Dal Ben D, Spinaci A, Bartolucci G, Menicatti M, Colotta V. Modifications on the Amino-3,5-dicyanopyridine Core To Obtain Multifaceted Adenosine Receptor Ligands with Antineuropathic Activity. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6894-6912. [PMID: 31306001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new series of amino-3,5-dicyanopyridines (1-31) was synthesized and biologically evaluated in order to further investigate the potential of this scaffold to obtain adenosine receptor (AR) ligands. In general, the modifications performed have led to compounds having high to good human (h) A1AR affinity and an inverse agonist profile. While most of the compounds are hA1AR-selective, some derivatives behave as mixed hA1AR inverse agonists/A2A and A2B AR antagonists. The latter compounds (9-12) showed that they reduce oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain by a mechanism involving the alpha7 subtype of nAchRs, similar to the nonselective AR antagonist caffeine, taken as the reference compound. Along with the pharmacological evaluation, chemical stability of methyl 3-(((6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-(furan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)sulfanyl)methyl)benzoate 10 was assessed in plasma matrices (rat and human), and molecular modeling studies were carried out to better rationalize the available structure-activity relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Betti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via Ugo Schiff, 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Daniela Catarzi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via Ugo Schiff, 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Flavia Varano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via Ugo Schiff, 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Matteo Falsini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via Ugo Schiff, 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia , Università degli Studi di Ferrara , Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19 , 44121 Ferrara , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia , Università degli Studi di Ferrara , Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19 , 44121 Ferrara , Italy
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia , Università degli Studi di Ferrara , Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19 , 44121 Ferrara , Italy
| | - Lorenzo di Cesare Mannelli
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Viale Pieraccini, 6 , 50139 Firenze , Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Viale Pieraccini, 6 , 50139 Firenze , Italy
| | - Elena Lucarini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Viale Pieraccini, 6 , 50139 Firenze , Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1 , 62032 Camerino , Macerata , Italy
| | - Andrea Spinaci
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute , Università degli Studi di Camerino , Via S. Agostino 1 , 62032 Camerino , Macerata , Italy
| | - Gianluca Bartolucci
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via Ugo Schiff, 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Marta Menicatti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via Ugo Schiff, 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| | - Vittoria Colotta
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Via Ugo Schiff, 6 , 50019 Sesto Fiorentino , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Aterido A, Cañete JD, Tornero J, Blanco F, Fernández-Gutierrez B, Pérez C, Alperi-López M, Olivè A, Corominas H, Martínez-Taboada V, González I, Fernández-Nebro A, Erra A, López-Lasanta M, López Corbeto M, Palau N, Marsal S, Julià A. A Combined Transcriptomic and Genomic Analysis Identifies a Gene Signature Associated With the Response to Anti-TNF Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1459. [PMID: 31312201 PMCID: PMC6614444 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most frequent autoimmune disease involving the joints. Although anti-TNF therapies have proven effective in the management of RA, approximately one third of patients do not show a significant clinical response. The objective of this study was to identify new genetic variation associated with the clinical response to anti-TNF therapy in RA. Methods: We performed a sequential multi-omic analysis integrating different sources of molecular information. First, we extracted the RNA from synovial biopsies of 11 RA patients starting anti-TNF therapy to identify gene coexpression modules (GCMs) in the RA synovium. Second, we analyzed the transcriptomic association between each GCM and the clinical response to anti-TNF therapy. The clinical response was determined at week 14 using the EULAR criteria. Third, we analyzed the association between the GCMs and anti-TNF response at the genetic level. For this objective, we used genome-wide data from a cohort of 348 anti-TNF treated patients from Spain. The GCMs that were significantly associated with the anti-TNF response were then tested for validation in an independent cohort of 2,706 anti-TNF treated patients. Finally, the functional implication of the validated GCMs was evaluated via pathway and cell type epigenetic enrichment analyses. Results: A total of 149 GCMs were identified in the RA synovium. From these, 13 GCMs were found to be significantly associated with anti-TNF response (P < 0.05). At the genetic level, we detected two of the 13 GCMs to be significantly associated with the response to adalimumab (P = 0.0015) and infliximab (P = 0.021) in the Spain cohort. Using the independent cohort of RA patients, we replicated the association of the GCM associated with the response to adalimumab (P = 0.0019). The validated module was found to be significantly enriched for genes involved in the nucleotide metabolism (P = 2.41e-5) and epigenetic marks from immune cells, including CD4+ regulatory T cells (P = 0.041). Conclusions: These findings show the existence of a drug-specific genetic basis for anti-TNF response, thereby supporting treatment stratification in the search for response biomarkers in RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Aterido
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan D Cañete
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Tornero
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario De Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Francisco Blanco
- Rheumatology Department, INIBIC-Hospital Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Carolina Pérez
- Rheumatology Department, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alex Olivè
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Héctor Corominas
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Moisès Broggi, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Isidoro González
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Nebro
- UGC Reumatología, Instituto Investigación Biomédica Málaga, Hospital Regional Universitario, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alba Erra
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Sant Rafael, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María López-Lasanta
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Núria Palau
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Marsal
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Julià
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Singh A, Misra R, Aggarwal A. Baseline adenosine receptor mRNA expression in blood as predictor of response to methotrexate therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2019; 39:1431-1438. [PMID: 31203399 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-019-04344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) reduces inflammation by increasing extracellular adenosine levels in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Adenosine acts via G-protein coupled receptors; ADORA1, ADORA2a, ADORA2b and ADORA3. We studied if baseline expression of whole blood adenosine receptors can predict response to MTX. RA patients [American College of Rheumatology/European-League-Against-Rheumatism (EULAR) 2010 criteria], Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) naïve with active disease [Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) > 3.2] were enrolled. Blood samples were collected at baseline (n = 100) and at 4 months after therapy (n = 50). Patients were treated with MTX monotherapy. Based on EULAR response, patients were categorized into three groups i.e. good, moderate and non-responders. Adenosine receptors gene expression (ADORA1, ADORA2a, ADORA2b and ADORA3) in whole-blood RNA was measured using real-time PCR. HPRT1 was used as housekeeping gene. Receptor expression at baseline was correlated with response to MTX. All values are expressed as median (interquartile range). Hundred patients [87% females; age 40 (18) years]; duration of disease 24 (24.75) months; DAS28 4.7 (1.25) were enrolled. Fifty-one were classified as good, 28 moderate and 21 as non-responders. No expression of ADORA1 and ADORA2b was detected. Significant difference was observed in the expression levels of ADORA3 between good vs non-responder (P = 0.03) and moderate vs non-responder (P = 0.002). On ROC curve analysis, ADORA3 with cut-off value of less than - 0.60 (ΔCt) predicted non-response to MTX treatment (AUC: 0.7, P = 0.006). ADORA3 mRNA levels in whole blood may serve as a biomarker of response to MTX.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnosis
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Biomarkers, Pharmacological/blood
- Drug Resistance
- Female
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Male
- Methotrexate/therapeutic use
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/blood
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A1/blood
- Receptor, Adenosine A1/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/blood
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2B/blood
- Receptor, Adenosine A2B/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/blood
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/genetics
- Remission Induction
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Singh
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Ramnath Misra
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India
| | - Amita Aggarwal
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vuerich M, Harshe RP, Robson SC, Longhi MS. Dysregulation of Adenosinergic Signaling in Systemic and Organ-Specific Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030528. [PMID: 30691212 PMCID: PMC6386992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exact causes for autoimmune diseases remain unclear and no cures are available. Breakdown of immunotolerance could set the stage for unfettered immune responses that target self-antigens. Impaired regulatory immune mechanisms could have permissive roles in autoreactivity. Abnormal regulatory immune cell function, therefore, might be a major determinant of the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. All current treatments are associated with some level of clinical toxicity. Treatment to specifically target dysregulated immunity in these diseases would be a great advance. Extracellular adenosine is a signaling mediator that suppresses inflammation through activation of P1 receptors, most active under pathological conditions. Mounting evidence has linked alterations in the generation of adenosine from extracellular nucleotides by ectonucleotidases, and associated perturbations in purinergic signaling, to the immunological disruption and loss of immunotolerance in autoimmunity. Targeted modulation of the purinergic signaling by either targeting ectonucleotidases or modulating P1 purinergic receptors could therefore restore the balance between autoreactive immune responses; and thereby allow reestablishment of immunotolerance. We review the roles of CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes in inflammatory states and with the dysregulation of P1 receptor signaling in systemic and organ-specific autoimmunity. Correction of such perturbations could be exploited in potential therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vuerich
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Rasika P Harshe
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Simon C Robson
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Department of Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Methotrexate mechanism in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2018; 86:301-307. [PMID: 30081197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Methotrexate has been used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) since the 1980s and to this day is often the first line medication for RA treatment. In this review, we examine multiple hypotheses to explain the mechanism of methotrexate efficacy in RA. These include folate antagonism, adenosine signaling, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decrease in adhesion molecules, alteration of cytokine profiles, and polyamine inhibition amongst some others. Currently, adenosine signaling is probably the most widely accepted explanation for the methotrexate mechanism in RA given that methotrexate increases adenosine levels and on engagement of adenosine with its extracellular receptors an intracellular cascade is activated promoting an overall anti-inflammatory state. In addition to these hypotheses, we examine the mechanism of methotrexate in RA from the perspective of its adverse effects and consider some of the newer genetic markers of methotrexate efficacy and toxicity in RA. Lastly, we briefly discuss the mechanism of additive methotrexate in the setting of TNF-α inhibitor treatment of RA. Ultimately, finding a clear explanation for the pathway and mechanism leading to methotrexate efficacy in RA, there may be a way to formulate more potent therapies with fewer side effects.
Collapse
|
21
|
Jacobson KA, Merighi S, Varani K, Borea PA, Baraldi S, Tabrizi MA, Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Ciancetta A, Tosh DK, Gao ZG, Gessi S. A 3 Adenosine Receptors as Modulators of Inflammation: From Medicinal Chemistry to Therapy. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:1031-1072. [PMID: 28682469 PMCID: PMC5756520 DOI: 10.1002/med.21456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (A3 AR) subtype is a novel, promising therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriasis, as well as liver cancer. A3 AR is coupled to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, leading to modulation of transcription. Furthermore, A3 AR affects functions of almost all immune cells and the proliferation of cancer cells. Numerous A3 AR agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators have been reported, and their structure-activity relationships (SARs) have been studied culminating in the development of potent and selective molecules with drug-like characteristics. The efficacy of nucleoside agonists may be suppressed to produce antagonists, by structural modification of the ribose moiety. Diverse classes of heterocycles have been discovered as selective A3 AR blockers, although with large species differences. Thus, as a result of intense basic research efforts, the outlook for development of A3 AR modulators for human therapeutics is encouraging. Two prototypical selective agonists, N6-(3-Iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA; CF101) and 2-chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (Cl-IB-MECA; CF102), have progressed to advanced clinical trials. They were found safe and well tolerated in all preclinical and human clinical studies and showed promising results, particularly in psoriasis and RA, where the A3 AR is both a promising therapeutic target and a biologically predictive marker, suggesting a personalized medicine approach. Targeting the A3 AR may pave the way for safe and efficacious treatments for patient populations affected by inflammatory diseases, cancer, and other conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Baraldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Romeo Romagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonella Ciancetta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Dilip K. Tosh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Varano F, Catarzi D, Vincenzi F, Falsini M, Pasquini S, Borea PA, Colotta V, Varani K. Structure-activity relationship studies and pharmacological characterization of N5-heteroarylalkyl-substituted-2-(2-furanyl)thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine-5,7-diamine-based derivatives as inverse agonists at human A2A adenosine receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 155:552-561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
23
|
Betti M, Catarzi D, Varano F, Falsini M, Varani K, Vincenzi F, Dal Ben D, Lambertucci C, Colotta V. The aminopyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile core for the design of new non-nucleoside-like agonists of the human adenosine A 2B receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29525433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A new series of amino-3,5-dicyanopyridines (3-28) as analogues of the adenosine hA2B receptor agonist BAY60-6583 (compound 1) was synthesized. All the compounds that interact with the hA2B adenosine receptor display EC50 values in the range 9-350 nM behaving as partial agonists, with the only exception being the 2-{[4-(4-acetamidophenyl)-6-amino-3,5-dicyanopyridin-2-yl]thio}acetamide (8) which shows a full agonist profile. Moreover, the 2-[(1H-imidazol-2-yl)methylthio)]-6-amino-4-(4-cyclopropylmethoxy-phenyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile (15) turns out to be 3-fold more active than 1 although less selective. This result can be considered a real breakthrough due to the currently limited number of non-adenosine hA2B AR agonists reported in literature. To simulate the binding mode of nucleoside and non-nucleoside agonists at the hA2B AR, molecular docking studies were performed at homology models of this AR subtype developed by using two crystal structures of agonist-bound A2A AR as templates. These investigations allowed us to represent a hypothetical binding mode of hA2B receptor agonists belonging to the amino-3,5-dicyanopyridine series and to rationalize the observed SAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Betti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Daniela Catarzi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Flavia Varano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Matteo Falsini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Vittoria Colotta
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ravani A, Vincenzi F, Bortoluzzi A, Padovan M, Pasquini S, Gessi S, Merighi S, Borea PA, Govoni M, Varani K. Role and Function of A 2A and A₃ Adenosine Receptors in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis, Psoriatic Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040697. [PMID: 28338619 PMCID: PMC5412283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases that affect joints, causing debilitating pain and disability. Adenosine receptors (ARs) play a key role in the mechanism of inflammation, and the activation of A2A and A₃AR subtypes is often associated with a reduction of the inflammatory status. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of ARs in patients suffering from early-RA (ERA), RA, AS and PsA. Messenger RNA (mRNA) analysis and saturation binding experiments indicated an upregulation of A2A and A₃ARs in lymphocytes obtained from patients when compared with healthy subjects. A2A and A₃AR agonists inhibited nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation and reduced inflammatory cytokines release, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. Moreover, A2A and A₃AR activation mediated a reduction of metalloproteinases (MMP)-1 and MMP-3. The effect of the agonists was abrogated by selective antagonists demonstrating the direct involvement of these receptor subtypes. Taken together, these data confirmed the involvement of ARs in chronic autoimmune rheumatic diseases highlighting the possibility to exploit A2A and A₃ARs as therapeutic targets, with the aim to limit the inflammatory responses usually associated with RA, AS and PsA.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenosine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine/chemistry
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists/chemistry
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists/chemistry
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Agonists/chemistry
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Agonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists/chemistry
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists/metabolism
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/metabolism
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 3/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Phenethylamines/chemistry
- Phenethylamines/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/chemistry
- Pyrazoles/metabolism
- Pyrimidines/chemistry
- Pyrimidines/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/metabolism
- Spondylitis, Ankylosing/metabolism
- Spondylitis, Ankylosing/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ravani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Bortoluzzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, University of Ferrara and Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Anna, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Melissa Padovan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, University of Ferrara and Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Anna, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Marcello Govoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, University of Ferrara and Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Anna, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
van Waarde A, Dierckx RAJO, Zhou X, Khanapur S, Tsukada H, Ishiwata K, Luurtsema G, de Vries EFJ, Elsinga PH. Potential Therapeutic Applications of Adenosine A 2A Receptor Ligands and Opportunities for A 2A Receptor Imaging. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:5-56. [PMID: 28128443 DOI: 10.1002/med.21432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors (A2A Rs) are highly expressed in the human striatum, and at lower densities in the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and cells of the immune system. Antagonists of these receptors are potentially useful for the treatment of motor fluctuations, epilepsy, postischemic brain damage, or cognitive impairment, and for the control of an immune checkpoint during immunotherapy of cancer. A2A R agonists may suppress transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease; be used to treat inflammatory disorders such as asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis; be locally applied to promote wound healing and be employed in a strategy for transient opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) so that therapeutic drugs and monoclonal antibodies can enter the brain. Increasing A2A R signaling in adipose tissue is also a potential strategy to combat obesity. Several radioligands for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of A2A Rs have been developed in recent years. This review article presents a critical overview of the potential therapeutic applications of A2A R ligands, the use of A2A R imaging in drug development, and opportunities and limitations of PET imaging in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aren van Waarde
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiaoyun Zhou
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shivashankar Khanapur
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hideo Tsukada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamakita, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 434-8601, Japan
| | - Kiichi Ishiwata
- Research Institute of Cyclotron and Drug Discovery Research, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, 7-115 Yatsuyamada, Koriyama, 963-8052, Japan.,Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan.,Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Faas MM, Sáez T, de Vos P. Extracellular ATP and adenosine: The Yin and Yang in immune responses? Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:9-19. [PMID: 28093236 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine molecules are intimately involved in immune responses. ATP is mostly a pro-inflammatory molecule and is released during hypoxic condition and by necrotic cells, as well as by activated immune cells and endothelial cells. However, under certain conditions, for instance at low concentrations or at prolonged exposure, ATP may also have anti-inflammatory properties. Extracellular ATP can activate both P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors. Extracellular ATP can be hydrolyzed into adenosine in a two-step enzymatic process involving the ectonucleotidases CD39 (ecto-apyrase) and CD73. These enzymes are expressed by many cell types, including endothelial cells and immune cells. The counterpart of ATP is adenosine, which is produced by breakdown of intra- or extracellular ATP. Adenosine has mainly anti-inflammatory effects by binding to the adenosine, or P1, receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). These receptors are also expressed in many cells, including immune cells. The final effect of ATP and adenosine in immune responses depends on the fine regulatory balance between the 2 molecules. In the present review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the role of these 2 molecules in the immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Faas
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - T Sáez
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P de Vos
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Varano F, Catarzi D, Vincenzi F, Betti M, Falsini M, Ravani A, Borea PA, Colotta V, Varani K. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Characterization of 2-(2-Furanyl)thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine-5,7-diamine Derivatives: New Highly Potent A 2A Adenosine Receptor Inverse Agonists with Antinociceptive Activity. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10564-10576. [PMID: 27933962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the design and synthesis of new N5-substituted-2-(2-furanyl) thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine-5,7-diamines (2-18) and their pharmacological characterization as A2A adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists by using in vitro and in vivo assays. In competition binding experiments two derivatives (13 and 14) emerged as outstanding ligands showing two different affinity values (KH and KL) for the hA2A receptor with the high affinity KH value in the femtomolar range. The in vitro functional activity assays, performed by using cyclic AMP experiments, assessed that they behave as potent inverse agonists at the hA2A AR. Compounds 13 and 14 were evaluated for their antinociceptive activity in acute experimental models of pain showing an effect equal to or greater than that of morphine. Overall, these novel inverse agonists might represent potential drug candidates for an alternative approach to the management of pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Varano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze , via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Daniela Catarzi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze , via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara , via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Betti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze , via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Matteo Falsini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze , via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ravani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara , via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara , via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vittoria Colotta
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze , via Ugo Schiff, 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara , via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shu J, Zhang F, Zhang L, Wei W. G protein coupled receptors signaling pathways implicate in inflammatory and immune response of rheumatoid arthritis. Inflamm Res 2016; 66:379-387. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-1011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
29
|
Cronstein BN, Sitkovsky M. Adenosine and adenosine receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 13:41-51. [PMID: 27829671 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine, a nucleoside derived primarily from the extracellular hydrolysis of adenine nucleotides, is a potent regulator of inflammation. Adenosine mediates its effects on inflammatory cells by engaging one or more cell-surface receptors. The expression and function of adenosine receptors on different cell types change during the course of rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Targeting adenosine receptors directly for the treatment of rheumatic diseases is currently under study; however, indirect targeting of adenosine receptors by enhancing adenosine levels at inflamed sites accounts for most of the anti-inflammatory effects of methotrexate, the anchor drug for the treatment of RA. In this Review, we discuss the regulation of extracellular adenosine levels and the role of adenosine in regulating the inflammatory and immune responses in rheumatic diseases such as RA, psoriasis and other types of inflammatory arthritis. In addition, adenosine and its receptors are involved in promoting fibrous matrix production in the skin and other organs, and the role of adenosine in fibrosis and fibrosing diseases is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce N Cronstein
- NYU-HHC Clinical and Translational Science Institute, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Michail Sitkovsky
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 312 MU, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mechanism of action of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis, and the search for biomarkers. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 12:731-742. [PMID: 27784891 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The treatment and outcomes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been transformed over the past two decades. Low disease activity and remission are now frequently achieved, and this success is largely the result of the evolution of treatment paradigms and the introduction of new therapeutic agents. Despite the rapid pace of change, the most commonly used drug in RA remains methotrexate, which is considered the anchor drug for this condition. In this Review, we describe the known pharmacokinetic properties and putative mechanisms of action of methotrexate. Consideration of the pharmacodynamic perspective could inform the development of biomarkers of responsiveness to methotrexate, enabling therapy to be targeted to specific groups of patients. Such biomarkers could revolutionize the management of RA.
Collapse
|
31
|
Poli D, Falsini M, Varano F, Betti M, Varani K, Vincenzi F, Pugliese AM, Pedata F, Dal Ben D, Thomas A, Palchetti I, Bettazzi F, Catarzi D, Colotta V. Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-8-amine core for the design of new adenosine receptor antagonists: Structural exploration to target the A 3 and A 2A subtypes. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:611-628. [PMID: 27721147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine ring system has been chosen as a new decorable core skeleton for the design of novel adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists targeting either the human (h) A3 or the hA2A receptor subtype. The N8-(hetero)arylcarboxyamido substituted compounds 4-14 and 21-30, bearing a 6-phenyl moiety or not, respectively, show good hA3 receptor affinity and selectivity versus the other ARs. In contrast, the 8-amino-6-(hetero)aryl substituted derivatives designed for targeting the hA2A receptor subtype (compounds 31-38) and also the 6-phenyl analogues 18-20 do not bind the hA2A AR, or show hA1 or balanced hA1/hA2A AR affinity in the micromolar range. Molecular docking of the new hA3 antagonists was carried out to depict their hypothetical binding mode to our refined model of the hA3 receptor. Some derivatives were evaluated for their fluorescent potentiality and showed some fluorescent emission properties. One of the most active hA3 antagonists herein reported, i.e. the 2,6-diphenyl-8-(3-pyridoylamino)imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine 29, tested in a rat model of cerebral ischemia, delayed the occurrence of anoxic depolarization caused by oxygen and glucose deprivation in the hippocampus and allowed disrupted synaptic activity to recover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Poli
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sez. Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Universita' degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Matteo Falsini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sez. Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Universita' degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Flavia Varano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sez. Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Universita' degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Marco Betti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sez. Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Universita' degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sez. Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 4412 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sez. Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 4412 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sez. Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Felicita Pedata
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sez. Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Ajiroghene Thomas
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy; Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine-CNR, Via P.Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Bettazzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Ugo Schiff", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Daniela Catarzi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sez. Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Universita' degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Vittoria Colotta
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sez. Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Universita' degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bortoluzzi A, Vincenzi F, Govoni M, Padovan M, Ravani A, Borea PA, Varani K. A2A adenosine receptor upregulation correlates with disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:192. [PMID: 27566294 PMCID: PMC5002091 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine is a purine nucleoside implicated in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune systems, acting through its interaction with four cell surface receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. There is intense interest in understanding how adenosine functions in health and during disease, but surprisingly little is known about the actual role of adenosine-mediated mechanisms in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). With this background, the aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that dysregulation of A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs) in lymphocytes of patients with SLE may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and to examine the correlations between the status of the ARs and the clinical parameters of SLE. METHODS ARs were analyzed by performing saturation-binding assays, as well as messenger RNA and Western blot analysis, with lymphocytes of patients with SLE in comparison with healthy subjects. We tested the effect of A2AAR agonists in the nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) pathway and on the release of interferon (IFN)-α; tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; and interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10. RESULTS In lymphocytes obtained from 80 patients with SLE, A2AARs were upregulated compared with those of 80 age-matched healthy control subjects, while A1, A2B, and A3 ARs were unchanged. A2AAR density was inversely correlated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 score disease activity through time evaluated according to disease course patterns, serositis, hypocomplementemia, and anti-double-stranded DNA positivity. A2AAR activation inhibited the NF-kB activation pathway and diminished inflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-1β), but it potentiated the release of anti-inflammatory IL-10. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest the involvement of A2AARs in the complex pathogenetic network of SLE, acting as a modulator of the inflammatory process. It could represent a compensatory pathway to better counteract disease activity. A2AAR activation significantly reduced the release of proinflammatory cytokines while enhancing those with anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting a potential translational use of A2AAR agonists in SLE pharmacological treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bortoluzzi
- Department of Medical Science, Section of Rheumatology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Sant'Anna di Ferrara, Ferrara Cona (Ferrara) Via Aldo Moro 8 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marcello Govoni
- Department of Medical Science, Section of Rheumatology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Sant'Anna di Ferrara, Ferrara Cona (Ferrara) Via Aldo Moro 8 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Melissa Padovan
- Department of Medical Science, Section of Rheumatology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Sant'Anna di Ferrara, Ferrara Cona (Ferrara) Via Aldo Moro 8 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ravani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Borea PA, Varani K, Vincenzi F, Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Merighi S, Gessi S. The A3 adenosine receptor: history and perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:74-102. [PMID: 25387804 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By general consensus, the omnipresent purine nucleoside adenosine is considered a major regulator of local tissue function, especially when energy supply fails to meet cellular energy demand. Adenosine mediation involves activation of a family of four G protein-coupled adenosine receptors (ARs): A(1), A(2)A, A(2)B, and A(3). The A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) is the only adenosine subtype to be overexpressed in inflammatory and cancer cells, thus making it a potential target for therapy. Originally isolated as an orphan receptor, A(3)AR presented a twofold nature under different pathophysiologic conditions: it appeared to be protective/harmful under ischemic conditions, pro/anti-inflammatory, and pro/antitumoral depending on the systems investigated. Until recently, the greatest and most intriguing challenge has been to understand whether, and in which cases, selective A(3) agonists or antagonists would be the best choice. Today, the choice has been made and A(3)AR agonists are now under clinical development for some disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, glaucoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. More specifically, the interest and relevance of these new agents derives from clinical data demonstrating that A(3)AR agonists are both effective and safe. Thus, it will become apparent in the present review that purine scientists do seem to be getting closer to their goal: the incorporation of adenosine ligands into drugs with the ability to save lives and improve human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Preti D, Baraldi PG, Moorman AR, Borea PA, Varani K. History and perspectives of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists as potential therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:790-848. [PMID: 25821194 DOI: 10.1002/med.21344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence emphasizes that the purine nucleoside adenosine plays an active role as a local regulator in different pathologies. Adenosine is a ubiquitous nucleoside involved in various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating A1 , A2A , A2B , and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). At the present time, the role of A2A ARs is well known in physiological conditions and in a variety of pathologies, including inflammatory tissue damage and neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, the use of selective A2A antagonists has been reported to be potentially useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, A2A AR signal transduction pathways, together with an analysis of the structure-activity relationships of A2A antagonists, and their corresponding pharmacological roles and therapeutic potential have been presented. The initial results from an emerging polypharmacological approach are also analyzed. This approach is based on the optimization of the affinity and/or functional activity of the examined compounds toward multiple targets, such as A1 /A2A ARs and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), both closely implicated in the pathogenesis of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delia Preti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Preti D, Baraldi PG, Saponaro G, Romagnoli R, Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Baraldi S, Cosconati S, Bruno A, Novellino E, Vincenzi F, Ravani A, Borea PA, Varani K. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 2-((2-(4-(substituted)phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosines as potent and selective agonists of the A2A adenosine receptor. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3253-67. [PMID: 25780876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of A2A adenosine receptors (AR) promotes anti-inflammatory responses in animal models of allergic rhinitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and rheumatic diseases. Herein we describe the results of a research program aimed at identifying potent and selective agonists of the A2AAR as potential anti-inflammatory agents. The recent crystallographic analysis of A2AAR agonists and antagonists in complex with the receptor provided key information on the structural determinants leading to receptor activation or blocking. In light of this, we designed a new series of 2-((4-aryl(alkyl)piperazin-1-yl)alkylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosines with high A2AAR affinity, activation potency and selectivity obtained by merging distinctive structural elements of known agonists and antagonists of the investigated target. Docking-based SAR optimization allowed us to identify compound 42 as one of the most potent and selective A2A agonist discovered so far (Ki hA2AAR = 4.8 nM, EC50 hA2AAR = 4.9 nM, Ki hA1AR > 10 000 nM, Ki hA3AR = 1487 nM, EC50 hA2BAR > 10 000 nM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delia Preti
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Saponaro
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Romeo Romagnoli
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Baraldi
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- §DiSTABiF, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Agostino Bruno
- ∥Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- ∥Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ravani
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Adenosine A2A Receptors Mediate Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Electroacupuncture on Synovitis in Mice with Collagen-Induced Arthritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:809560. [PMID: 25784951 PMCID: PMC4345253 DOI: 10.1155/2015/809560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To study the role of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) in mediating the anti-inflammatory effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on synovitis in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), C57BL/6 mice were divided into five treatment groups: Sham-control, CIA-control, CIA-EA, CIA-SCH58261 (A2AR antagonist), and CIA-EA-SCH58261. All mice except those in the Sham-control group were immunized with collagen II for arthritis induction. EA treatment was administered using the stomach 36 and spleen 6 points, and stimulated with a continuous rectangular wave for 30 min daily. EA treatment and SCH58261 were administered daily from days 35 to 49 (n = 10). After treatment, X-ray radiography of joint bone morphology was established at day 60 and mouse blood was collected for ELISA determination of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels. Mice were sacrificed and processed for histological examination of pathological changes of joint tissue, including hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry of A2AR expression. EA treatment resulted in significantly reduced pathological scores, TNF-α concentrations, and bone damage X-ray scores. Importantly, the anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective effect of EA treatment was reversed by coadministration of SCH58261. Thus, EA treatment exerts an anti-inflammatory effect resulting in significant protection of cartilage by activation of A2AR in the synovial tissue of CIA.
Collapse
|
37
|
García-Hernández MH, González-Amaro R, Portales-Pérez DP. Specific therapy to regulate inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis: molecular aspects. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:623-36. [PMID: 24896630 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease in which persistent inflammation of synovial tissue results in a progressive functional decline of the joint and premature mortality. TNF inhibitors were the first biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) used to treat RA. Since then, new biological drugs have emerged, such as inhibitors of IL-1, IL-6 and others, with different mechanisms of action that include the depletion of B cells and the inhibition of T-cell costimulation. Recently, RA treatments have incorporated the use of synthetic DMARDs. This review describes the molecular aspects of the mechanisms of action of biological and synthetic DMARDs, discusses the adverse effects and limitations of established therapies and analyses the alternative approaches to RA treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana H García-Hernández
- Laboratory of Immunology & Cellular & Molecular Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, SLP, México
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Burnstock G, Arnett TR, Orriss IR. Purinergic signalling in the musculoskeletal system. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:541-72. [PMID: 23943493 PMCID: PMC3889393 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely recognised that extracellular nucleotides, signalling via purinergic receptors, participate in numerous biological processes in most tissues. It has become evident that extracellular nucleotides have significant regulatory effects in the musculoskeletal system. In early development, ATP released from motor nerves along with acetylcholine acts as a cotransmitter in neuromuscular transmission; in mature animals, ATP functions as a neuromodulator. Purinergic receptors expressed by skeletal muscle and satellite cells play important pathophysiological roles in their development or repair. In many cell types, expression of purinergic receptors is often dependent on differentiation. For example, sequential expression of P2X5, P2Y1 and P2X2 receptors occurs during muscle regeneration in the mdx model of muscular dystrophy. In bone and cartilage cells, the functional effects of purinergic signalling appear to be largely negative. ATP stimulates the formation and activation of osteoclasts, the bone-destroying cells. Another role appears to be as a potent local inhibitor of mineralisation. In osteoblasts, the bone-forming cells, ATP acts via P2 receptors to limit bone mineralisation by inhibiting alkaline phosphatase expression and activity. Extracellular ATP additionally exerts significant effects on mineralisation via its hydrolysis product, pyrophosphate. Evidence now suggests that purinergic signalling is potentially important in several bone and joint disorders including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and cancers. Strategies for future musculoskeletal therapies might involve modulation of purinergic receptor function or of the ecto-nucleotidases responsible for ATP breakdown or ATP transport inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Majai G, Kiss E, Tarr T, Zahuczky G, Hartman Z, Szegedi G, Fésüs L. Decreased apopto-phagocytic gene expression in the macrophages of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus 2013; 23:133-45. [PMID: 24285095 DOI: 10.1177/0961203313511557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The clearance of apoptotic cells has an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and in the protection of tissues from the inflammatory and immunogenic contents of dying cells. A defect in the recognition and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells contributes to the development of chronic inflammation and autoimmune disorders. We have observed that compared with healthy donors, differentiated macrophages from patients with untreated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) showed decreased phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils. A TaqMan Low Density Array was designed to determine the mRNA expression levels of 95 apopto-phagocytic genes in differentiated non-phagocytosing and phagocytosing macrophages. In the macrophages of clinically and immunoserologically active SLE patients, 39 genes were expressed at lower levels than in the control macrophages. When inactive patients were compared with those with minor immunoserological abnormalities or patients in an immunoserologically active state, a relationship was observed between the altered gene expression profile and the disease state. In the macrophages of patients with engulfing apoptotic cells, an upregulation of genes involved in inflammation, autophagy, and signaling was observed. These results indicate that novel immune-pathological pathways are involved in SLE and suggest targets for potential therapeutic modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Majai
- 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Apoptosis and Genomics Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fini M, Pagani S, Giavaresi G, De Mattei M, Ongaro A, Varani K, Vincenzi F, Massari L, Cadossi M. Functional Tissue Engineering in Articular Cartilage Repair: Is There a Role for Electromagnetic Biophysical Stimulation? TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:353-67. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Fini
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Technological Innovations, and Advanced Therapies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations, and Advanced Therapies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Pagani
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Technological Innovations, and Advanced Therapies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations, and Advanced Therapies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Technological Innovations, and Advanced Therapies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Laboratory of Biocompatibility, Technological Innovations, and Advanced Therapies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica De Mattei
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessia Ongaro
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Leo Massari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies, St. Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Cadossi
- II Orthopaedics and Trauma Clinic, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Vindeirinho J, Costa GN, Correia MB, Cavadas C, Santos PF. Effect of diabetes/hyperglycemia on the rat retinal adenosinergic system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67499. [PMID: 23840723 PMCID: PMC3696088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) are characterized by alterations similar to neurodegenerative and inflammatory conditions such as increased neural apoptosis, microglial cell activation and amplified production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Adenosine regulates several physiological functions by stimulating four subtypes of receptors, A1AR, A2AAR, A2BAR, and A3AR. Although the adenosinergic signaling system is affected by diabetes in several tissues, it is unknown whether diabetic conditions in the retina can also affect it. Adenosine delivers potent suppressive effects on virtually all cells of the immune system, but its potential role in the context of DR has yet to be studied in full. In this study, we used primary mixed cultures of rat retinal cells exposed to high glucose conditions, to mimic hyperglycemia, and a streptozotocin rat model of type 1 diabetes to determine the effect diabetes/hyperglycemia have on the expression and protein levels of adenosine receptors and of the enzymes adenosine deaminase and adenosine kinase. We found elevated mRNA and protein levels of A1AR and A2AAR, in retinal cell cultures under high glucose conditions and a transient increase in the levels of the same receptors in diabetic retinas. Adenosine deaminase and adenosine kinase expression and protein levels showed a significant decrease in diabetic retinas 30 days after diabetes induction. An enzymatic assay performed in retinal cell cultures revealed a marked decrease in the activity of adenosine deaminase under high glucose conditions. We also found an increase in extracellular adenosine levels accompanied by a decrease in intracellular levels when retinal cells were subjected to high glucose conditions. In conclusion, this study shows that several components of the retinal adenosinergic system are affected by diabetes and high glucose conditions, and the modulation observed may uncover a possible mechanism for the alleviation of the inflammatory and excitotoxic conditions observed in diabetic retinas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Vindeirinho
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gabriel N. Costa
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana B. Correia
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Cavadas
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo F. Santos
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Vincenzi F, Corciulo C, Targa M, Merighi S, Gessi S, Casetta I, Gentile M, Granieri E, Borea PA, Varani K. Multiple sclerosis lymphocytes upregulate A2A adenosine receptors that are antiinflammatory when stimulated. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2206-16. [PMID: 23661562 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-mediated inflammatory disease characterized by multifocal areas of demyelination. Experimental evidence indicates that A2A adenosine receptors (ARs) play a pivotal role in the inhibition of inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of A2A ARs in the inhibition of key pro-inflammatory mediators for the pathogenesis of MS. In lymphocytes from MS patients, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 ARs were analyzed by using RT-PCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and binding assays. Moreover the effect of A2A AR stimulation on proinflammatory cytokine release such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17, and on lymphocyte proliferation was evaluated. The capability of an A2A AR agonist on the modulation of very late antigen (VLA)-4 expression and NF-κB was also explored. A2A AR upregulation was observed in lymphocytes from MS patients in comparison with healthy subjects. The stimulation of these receptors mediated a significant inhibition of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17, and cell proliferation as well as VLA-4 expression and NF-κB activation. This new evidence highlights that A2A AR agonists could represent a novel therapeutic tool for MS treatment as suggested by the antiinflammatory role of A2A ARs in lymphocytes from MS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pulsed electromagnetic fields increased the anti-inflammatory effect of A₂A and A₃ adenosine receptors in human T/C-28a2 chondrocytes and hFOB 1.19 osteoblasts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65561. [PMID: 23741498 PMCID: PMC3669296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) have an important role in the regulation of inflammation and their activation is involved in the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine release. The effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on inflammation have been reported and we have demonstrated that PEMFs increased A2A and A3AR density and functionality in different cell lines. Chondrocytes and osteoblasts are two key cell types in the skeletal system that play important role in cartilage and bone metabolism representing an interesting target to study the effect of PEMFs. The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate if PEMF exposure potentiated the anti-inflammatory effect of A2A and/or A3ARs in T/C-28a2 chondrocytes and hFOB 1.19 osteoblasts. Immunofluorescence, mRNA analysis and saturation binding assays revealed that PEMF exposure up-regulated A2A and A3AR expression. A2A and A3ARs were able to modulate cAMP production and cell proliferation. The activation of A2A and A3ARs resulted in the decrease of some of the most relevant pro-inflammatory cytokine release such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, following the treatment with IL-1β as an inflammatory stimuli. In human chondrocyte and osteoblast cell lines, the inhibitory effect of A2A and A3AR stimulation on the release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an important lipid inflammatory mediator, was observed. In addition, in T/C-28a2 cells, the activation of A2A or A3ARs elicited an inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. In hFOB 1.19 osteoblasts, PEMF exposure determined an increase of osteoprotegerin (OPG) production. The effect of the A2A or A3AR agonists in the examined cells was enhanced in the presence of PEMFs and completely blocked by using well-known selective antagonists. These results demonstrated that PEMF exposure significantly increase the anti-inflammatory effect of A2A or A3ARs suggesting their potential therapeutic use in the therapy of inflammatory bone and joint disorders.
Collapse
|
44
|
Vincenzi F, Corciulo C, Targa M, Casetta I, Gentile M, Granieri E, Borea PA, Popoli P, Varani K. A2A adenosine receptors are up-regulated in lymphocytes from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2013; 14:406-13. [PMID: 23679925 DOI: 10.3109/21678421.2013.793358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine, a purine nucleoside interacting with A1, A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs), is a potent endogenous modulator of inflammatory and neuronal processes involved in the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, ARs were investigated in lymphocytes from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and compared with age-matched healthy subjects. In ALS patients A2AARs were analysed by using RT-PCR, Western blotting and saturation binding experiments. The effect of A2AAR stimulation on cyclic AMP levels was evaluated in lymphocytes from ALS patients and healthy subjects. An up-regulation of A2AARs was observed in ALS patients with respect to healthy subjects while A1, A2B and A3AR affinity and density did not change. In ALS patients, the A2AAR density values correlated with the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) scores. Furthermore, the stimulation of A2AARs mediated a significant increase in cyclic AMP levels in lymphocytes from ALS patients, with a higher potency than in lymphocytes from healthy subjects. In conclusion, the positive correlation between A2AAR density and ALSFRS-R scores could indicate a possible protective effect of this receptor subtype, representing an interesting starting point for the study of alternative therapeutic approaches for ALS based on A2AAR modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Adenosine kinase (ADK; EC 2.7.1.20) is an evolutionarily conserved phosphotransferase that converts the purine ribonucleoside adenosine into 5'-adenosine-monophosphate. This enzymatic reaction plays a fundamental role in determining the tone of adenosine, which fulfills essential functions as a homeostatic and metabolic regulator in all living systems. Adenosine not only activates specific signaling pathways by activation of four types of adenosine receptors but it is also a primordial metabolite and regulator of biochemical enzyme reactions that couple to bioenergetic and epigenetic functions. By regulating adenosine, ADK can thus be identified as an upstream regulator of complex homeostatic and metabolic networks. Not surprisingly, ADK dysfunction is involved in several pathologies, including diabetes, epilepsy, and cancer. Consequently, ADK emerges as a rational therapeutic target, and adenosine-regulating drugs have been tested extensively. In recent attempts to improve specificity of treatment, localized therapies have been developed to augment adenosine signaling at sites of injury or pathology; those approaches include transplantation of stem cells with deletions of ADK or the use of gene therapy vectors to downregulate ADK expression. More recently, the first human mutations in ADK have been described, and novel findings suggest an unexpected role of ADK in a wider range of pathologies. ADK-regulating strategies thus represent innovative therapeutic opportunities to reconstruct network homeostasis in a multitude of conditions. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the genetics, biochemistry, and pharmacology of ADK and will then focus on pathologies and therapeutic interventions. Challenges to translate ADK-based therapies into clinical use will be discussed critically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- Legacy Research Institute, 1225 NE 16th Ave, Portland, OR 97202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Adenosine, a purine nucleoside generated by the dephosphorylation of adenine nucleotides, is a potent endogenous physiologic and pharmacologic regulator of many functions. Adenosine was first reported to inhibit the inflammatory actions of neutrophils nearly 30 years ago and since then the role of adenosine and its receptors as feedback regulators of inflammation has been well established. Here we review the effects of adenosine, acting at its receptors, on neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage function in inflammation. Moreover, we review the role of adenosine in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of methotrexate, the anchor drug in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and other inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- György Haskó
- Department of Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New JerseyNewark, NJ, USA
| | - Bruce Cronstein
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Padovan M, Vincenzi F, Govoni M, Bortoluzzi A, Borea PA, Varani K. Adenosine and adenosine receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/ijr.12.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
48
|
Vincenzi F, Padovan M, Targa M, Corciulo C, Giacuzzo S, Merighi S, Gessi S, Govoni M, Borea PA, Varani K. A(2A) adenosine receptors are differentially modulated by pharmacological treatments in rheumatoid arthritis patients and their stimulation ameliorates adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54195. [PMID: 23326596 PMCID: PMC3543361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A2A adenosine receptors (ARs) play a key role in the inhibition of the inflammatory process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the modulation of A2AARs in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients after different pharmacological treatments and to investigate the effect of A2AAR stimulation in a rat model of arthritis. We investigated A2AAR density and functionality in RA progression by using a longitudinal study in RA patients before and after methotrexate (MTX), anti-TNFα agents or rituximab treatments. A2AARs were analyzed by saturation binding assays in lymphocytes from RA patients throughout the 24-month study timeframe. In an adjuvant-induced arthritis model in rats we showed the efficacy of the A2AAR agonist, CGS 21680 in comparison with standard therapies by means of paw volume assessment, radiographic and ultrasonographic imaging. Arthritic-associated pain was investigated in mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia tests. IL-10 release following A2AAR stimulation in lymphocytes from RA patients and in serum from arthritic rats was measured. In lymphocytes obtained from RA patients, the A2AAR up-regulation was gradually reduced in function of the treatment time and the stimulation of these receptors mediated a significant increase of IL-10 production. In the same cells, CGS 21680 did not affected cell viability and did not produced cytotoxic effects. The A2AAR agonist CGS 21680 was highly effective, as suggested by the marked reduction of clinical signs, in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis and associated pain. This study highlighted that A2AAR agonists represent a physiological-like therapeutic alternative for RA treatment as suggested by the anti-inflammatory role of A2AARs in lymphocytes from RA patients. The effectiveness of A2AAR stimulation in a rat model of arthritis supported the role of A2AAR agonists as potential pharmacological treatment for RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Vigne C, Tebib JG, Pacheco Y, Coury F. Sarcoidosis: An underestimated and potentially severe side effect of anti-TNF-alpha therapy. Joint Bone Spine 2013; 80:104-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
50
|
Dos Santos Jaques JA, Becker LV, Souza VDCG, Leal CAM, Bertoldo TMD, de Vargas Pinheiro K, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC, Leal DBR. Activities of enzymes that hydrolyze adenine nucleotides in lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 31:395-9. [PMID: 23070807 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the activities of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase; EC 3.6.1.5; CD39) and adenosine deaminase (E-ADA; EC 3.5.4.4) in lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Thirty patients diagnosed with RA through American College of Rheumatology criteria as well as 30 healthy patients were selected. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated, and E-NTPDase and E-ADA activities were assayed. The results demonstrated an increased E-NTPDase activity (both ATP and ADP as substrates) and a decreased E-ADA activity in RA patients. These data suggest an organic effort to preserve the adenosine level, which is known to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, working as a potent suppressor of immune response.
Collapse
|