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Lemus YB, Martínez GA, Lugo LP, Escorcia LG, Peñata EZ, Llanos NS, Bonfanti AC, Acosta-Hoyos AJ, Quiroz EN. Gene profiling of Epstein-Barr Virus and human endogenous retrovirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of SLE patients: immune response implications. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20236. [PMID: 39215087 PMCID: PMC11364757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial disease characterized by the convergence of genetic, immunological, and viral elements resulting in a complex interaction of both internal and external factors. The role of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human endogenous retroviruses (HERV-E) as triggers and maintenance elements in the pathogenesis of SLE has been widely recognized. Previous studies have independently evaluated the effects of EBV and HERV-E in this disease. In this work, for the first time, these viral factors are jointly investigated in SLE patients. This study aimed at assessing the differential expression of immune regulatory genes and the incidence of specific viral pathogens (EBV and HERV-E), alongside the detailed characterization of surface markers in T- and B-lymphocytes in patients with SLE and control participants. A comparative analysis between patients with SLE and control participants was performed, evaluating the expression of phenotypic markers and genes involved in the immune response (TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFNG, TLR3), as well as HERV-E gag and EBV viral genes (LMP1 and BZLF1).A significant association between SLE and EBV was found in this study. A notable increase in EBV LMP1 gene expression was observed in patients with SLE . Also, a significant overexpression of HERV-E was observed, in addition to a considerable increase in the distribution of the cell surface marker CD27 + on T- and B-lymphocytes, observed in individuals with SLE compared to the control group. This study provides evidence regarding the role that EBV virus plays in lymphocytes in the context of SLE, highlighting how both the virus and the host gene expression may influence disease pathogenesis by altering immune regulatory pathways mediated by TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10, as well as parallel overexpression of HERV-E gag. The decrease in TLR3 could indicate a compromised antiviral response, which could facilitate viral reactivation and contribute to disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesit Bello Lemus
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de La Vida, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia.
| | - Gustavo Aroca Martínez
- Clínica de La Costa, 080020, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Lisandro Pacheco Lugo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de La Vida, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | | | - Eloína Zarate Peñata
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de La Vida, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Nataly Solano Llanos
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de La Vida, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Andrés Cadena Bonfanti
- Clínica de La Costa, 080020, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Antonio J Acosta-Hoyos
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de La Vida, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Elkin Navarro Quiroz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de La Vida, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
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2
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Wang Y, Yang L, Xu G. New-Onset Acute Interstitial Nephritis Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Panoramic Review. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2023; 13:615-636. [PMID: 37870719 PMCID: PMC10686899 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-023-00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a considerable challenge to global healthcare. Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) post SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination has been reported, but its clinical features and pathogenesis remained unclear. We reviewed so far the largest 22 cases of AIN post SARS-CoV-2 infection and 36 cases of AIN following COVID-19 vaccination. The onset of AIN was mainly related to messenger RNA vaccines (52.8%). Apart from fever, proteinuria (45.5%) was the main manifestation of AIN post SARS-CoV-2 infection, left acute kidney injury (AKI, 63.9%) in patients post COVID-19 vaccination. The potential mechanism of vaccination induced AIN was conjugating vaccines with proteins to form a hapten, which activated dendritic cells and promoted a cascade immunological reaction leading to AIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Donghu District, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Health Management Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Gaosi Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Donghu District, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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Saeedi N, Gohari NSF, Ghalibaf AAM, Dehghan A, Owlia MB. COVID-19 infection: a possible induction factor for development of autoimmune diseases? Immunol Res 2023; 71:547-553. [PMID: 37316687 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Following the global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the importance of investigation of the pathogenesis and immunological characteristics of COVID-19 became quite clear. Currently, there are reports indicating that COVID-19 is able to induce autoimmune responses. Abnormal immune reactions are a cornerstone in the pathogenicity of both conditions. Detection of autoantibodies in COVID-19 patients may suggest a link between COVID-19 and autoimmunity. In this study, we focused on the similarities and possible differences between COVID-19 and autoimmune disorders to explore the relationship between them. Comparing the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 infection with autoimmune conditions revealed significant immunological properties of COVID-19 including the presence of several autoantibodies, autoimmunity-related cytokines, and cellular activities that could be useful in future clinical studies aiming at managing this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoo Saeedi
- Student Research Committee, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Narjes Sadat Farizani Gohari
- Interest Group of CoronaVirus 2019 (IGCV-19), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Yazd, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Moodi Ghalibaf
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Interest Group of CoronaVirus 2019 (IGCV-19), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Birjand, Iran
| | - Ali Dehghan
- Division of Rheumatology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Owlia
- Division of Rheumatology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Herbert A, Fedorov A, Poptsova M. Mono a Mano: ZBP1’s Love–Hate Relationship with the Kissing Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063079. [PMID: 35328502 PMCID: PMC8955656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Z-DNA binding protein (ZBP1) very much represents the nuclear option. By initiating inflammatory cell death (ICD), ZBP1 activates host defenses to destroy infectious threats. ZBP1 is also able to induce noninflammatory regulated cell death via apoptosis (RCD). ZBP1 senses the presence of left-handed Z-DNA and Z-RNA (ZNA), including that formed by expression of endogenous retroelements. Viruses such as the Epstein–Barr “kissing virus” inhibit ICD, RCD and other cell death signaling pathways to produce persistent infection. EBV undergoes lytic replication in plasma cells, which maintain detectable levels of basal ZBP1 expression, leading us to suggest a new role for ZBP1 in maintaining EBV latency, one of benefit for both host and virus. We provide an overview of the pathways that are involved in establishing latent infection, including those regulated by MYC and NF-κB. We describe and provide a synthesis of the evidence supporting a role for ZNA in these pathways, highlighting the positive and negative selection of ZNA forming sequences in the EBV genome that underscores the coadaptation of host and virus. Instead of a fight to the death, a state of détente now exists where persistent infection by the virus is tolerated by the host, while disease outcomes such as death, autoimmunity and cancer are minimized. Based on these new insights, we propose actionable therapeutic approaches to unhost EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Herbert
- InsideOutBio, 42 8th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 11 Pokrovsky Bulvar, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.F.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksandr Fedorov
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 11 Pokrovsky Bulvar, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Maria Poptsova
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Computer Science, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 11 Pokrovsky Bulvar, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (A.F.); (M.P.)
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Drosos AA, Pelechas E, Voulgari PV. Seronegative Erosive Arthritis Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Rheumatol Ther 2021; 9:295-301. [PMID: 34786669 PMCID: PMC8594638 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-021-00395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) affecting mostly the respiratory system, but several other organs and systems can be involved. Extrapulmonary manifestations and autoimmune phenomena following SARS-CoV-2 infection are frequent events occurring during the first 2 weeks or in later stages of the disease course. These can be expressed as an isolated discovery of autoantibodies, mostly antinuclear or antiphospholipid antibodies, through to full-blown autoimmune organ-specific and systemic diseases. Joint pain is a frequent complain in most patients, but to our knowledge, frank arthritis has not been reported so far. A 46-year-old woman developed symmetrical polyarthritis 2 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Laboratory tests showed high acute phase reactants, while the immunological profile was negative. Hand and wrists X-rays revealed soft tissue swelling as well as bone erosions at the ulnar base of the third and fourth metacarpophalangeal joint of the right hand and carpal bones. The patient responded well to small doses of prednisone and methotrexate and after 4 months she had a sustained clinical and laboratory improvement. This is the first report making an association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and erosive polyarthritis. Physicians dealing with patients infected from SARS-CoV-2 should be aware for the possible development of musculoskeletal disorders, among them symmetrical polyarthritis. Thus, a close follow-up and monitoring is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros A Drosos
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Eleftherios Pelechas
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Paraskevi V Voulgari
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
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6
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between infection with SARS-CoV-2 and autoimmunity. RECENT FINDINGS Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although most of the infected individuals are asymptomatic, a proportion of patients with COVID-19 develop severe disease with multiple organ injuries. Evidence suggests that some medications used to treat autoimmune rheumatologic diseases might have therapeutic effect in patients with severe COVID-19 infections, drawing attention to the relationship between COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases. COVID-19 shares similarities with autoimmune diseases in clinical manifestations, immune responses and pathogenic mechanisms. Robust immune reactions participate in the pathogenesis of both disease conditions. Autoantibodies as a hallmark of autoimmune diseases can also be detected in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, some patients have been reported to develop autoimmune diseases, such as Guillain--Barré syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus, after COVID-19 infection. It is speculated that SARS-CoV-2 can disturb self-tolerance and trigger autoimmune responses through cross-reactivity with host cells. The infection risk and prognosis of COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune diseases remains controversial, but patient adherence to medication regimens to prevent autoimmune disease flares is strongly recommended. SUMMARY We present a review of the association between COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases, focusing on similarities in immune responses, cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2, the development of autoimmune diseases in COVID-19 patients and the risk of COVID-19 infection in patients with preexisting autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Amr H. Sawalha
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Immunology, and Lupus Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
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7
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Miller S, Tsou PS, Coit P, Gensterblum-Miller E, Renauer P, Rohraff DM, Kilian NC, Schonfeld M, Sawalha AH. Hypomethylation of STAT1 and HLA-DRB1 is associated with type-I interferon-dependent HLA-DRB1 expression in lupus CD8+ T cells. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:519-528. [PMID: 30674474 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined genome-wide DNA methylation changes in CD8+ T cells from patients with lupus and controls and investigated the functional relevance of some of these changes in lupus. METHODS Genome-wide DNA methylation of lupus and age, sex and ethnicity-matched control CD8+ T cells was measured using the Infinium MethylationEPIC arrays. Measurement of relevant cell subsets was performed via flow cytometry. Gene expression was quantified by qPCR. Inhibiting STAT1 and CIITA was performed using fludarabine and CIITA siRNA, respectively. RESULTS Lupus CD8+ T cells had 188 hypomethylated CpG sites compared with healthy matched controls. Among the most hypomethylated were sites associated with HLA-DRB1. Genes involved in the type-I interferon response, including STAT1, were also found to be hypomethylated. IFNα upregulated HLA-DRB1 expression on lupus but not control CD8+ T cells. Lupus and control CD8+ T cells significantly increased STAT1 mRNA levels after treatment with IFNα. The expression of CIITA, a key interferon/STAT1 dependent MHC-class II regulator, is induced by IFNα in lupus CD8+ T cells, but not healthy controls. CIITA knockdown and STAT1 inhibition experiments revealed that HLA-DRB1 expression in lupus CD8+ T cells is dependent on CIITA and STAT1 signalling. Coincubation of naïve CD4+ T cells with IFNα-treated CD8+ T cells led to CD4+ T cell activation, determined by increased expression of CD69 and cytokine production, in patients with lupus but not in healthy controls. This can be blocked by neutralising antibodies targeting HLA-DR. CONCLUSIONS Lupus CD8+ T cells are epigenetically primed to respond to type-I interferon. We describe an HLA-DRB1+ CD8+ T cell subset that can be induced by IFNα in patients with lupus. A possible pathogenic role for CD8+ T cells in lupus that is dependent on a high type-I interferon environment and epigenetic priming warrants further characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaylynn Miller
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Pei-Suen Tsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick Coit
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Paul Renauer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dallas M Rohraff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nathan C Kilian
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark Schonfeld
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Amr H Sawalha
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA .,Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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8
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Tu J, Wang X, Geng G, Xue X, Lin X, Zhu X, Sun L. The Possible Effect of B-Cell Epitopes of Epstein-Barr Virus Early Antigen, Membrane Antigen, Latent Membrane Protein-1, and -2A on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:187. [PMID: 29497417 PMCID: PMC5819577 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the role of B-cell epitopes of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Early antigen protein D (EA), envelope glycoprotein GP340/membrane antigen (MA), latent membrane protein (LMP)-1, and LMP-2A in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). B-cell epitopes were predicted by analyzing secondary structure, transmembrane domains, surface properties, and homological comparison. 60 female mice were randomized equally into 12 groups: 1-10 groups were immunized by epitope peptides (EPs) 1-10, respectively, while 11 and 12 groups were PBS and Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) control groups. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and autoantibody to nuclear antigen (ANA) concentrations in mice serum were determined at week 8. Indirect levels of EP1-10 were further detected by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) in 119 SLE patients and 64 age- and gender-matched health controls (HCs). 10 probable EBV EA, MA, LMP-1, and LMP-2A B-cell epitopes related to SLE self-antigens were predicted and corresponding EP1-10 were synthesized. IgG concentrations at week 8 were increased in EP1-10 and KLH groups compared with PBS group in mice; while ANA levels were elevated in only EP1-4, EP6-7, and EP10 groups compared to KLH group by ELISA, and ANA-positive rates were increased in only EP1, EP2, EP4, EP6, and EP10 groups by indirect immunofluorescence assay. EP1-4, EP6, and EP10 indirect levels were increased in SLE patients than HCs, while EP1, EP3, EP6, and EP9 were correlated with SLE disease activity index score. In conclusion, EBV EA, MA, LMP-1, and LMP-2A B-cell EPs increased SLE-related autoantibodies in mice, and their indirect levels might be served as potential biomarkers for SLE diagnosis and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Tu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guannan Geng
- Central Laboratory, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyang Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Basic Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Lin
- Medical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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9
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Chougule D, Nadkar M, Rajadhyaksha A, Pandit-Shende P, Surve P, Dawkar N, Khadilkar P, Patwardhan M, Kaveri S, Ghosh K, Pradhan V. Association of clinical and serological parameters of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with Epstein-Barr virus antibody profile. J Med Virol 2017; 90:559-563. [PMID: 28734074 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr viral infection is one of the known environmental factors involved in development of Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE). Though not much is known about the exact role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in SLE pathogenesis, the theory of switching of lytic and lysogenic cycles of EBV in memory B cells fits well with the periods of waning disease activity and intermittent flares in SLE patients. In this study, we investigate the association of EBV antibody profile with clinical and serological parameters in SLE. Eighty-seven clinically diagnosed SLE patients fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria and fifty healthy individuals were enrolled in this case control study. Anti-VCA IgM, anti-VCA IgG, and anti-EBNA IgG were detected by ELISA technique. Antibodies concentrations between two groups were compared using Mann-Whitney whereas the difference in categorical data was compared using Chi-square considering statistical significance at P < 0.05. This study demonstrated a significant increase in EBV VCA-IgG, VCA-IgM, and EBNA-IgG antibodies levels of SLE patients when compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05). High seroprevalence was seen in both the study groups for EBV VCA-IgG and EBNA-IgG antibodies when compared to VCA-IgM antibodies. A significant increase was noted in the anti-VCA-IgG levels with dsDNA autoantibody positivity (P < 0.05). Though there was no significant association between EBV antibody profile and clinical manifestations, 100% seropositivity for anti-VCA-IgG was seen in SLE patients with renal manifestations. Association of anti-VCA IgG levels with presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies suggests a possible role of EBV as an environmental trigger in pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Chougule
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, National Institute of Immunohaematology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Milind Nadkar
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Pallavi Pandit-Shende
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, National Institute of Immunohaematology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Prathamesh Surve
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, National Institute of Immunohaematology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Nausheen Dawkar
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, National Institute of Immunohaematology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Prasad Khadilkar
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, National Institute of Immunohaematology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Manisha Patwardhan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, National Institute of Immunohaematology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Srini Kaveri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe-Immunopathology and Therapeutic Immunointervention, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Kanjaksha Ghosh
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, National Institute of Immunohaematology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Vandana Pradhan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, National Institute of Immunohaematology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
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10
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Zhong X, Zhou Y, Lu T, Wang Z, Fang L, Peng L, Kermode AG, Qiu W. Infections in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 47:14-19. [PMID: 29066232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory astrocytopathy that has both genetic and environmental causes. A growing body of evidence suggests that the presence of several infectious agents correlates with the development of NMOSD. In this review, we summarize studies that either support or present evidence against the hypothesized association between infection and NMOSD. We will also present an overview of potential mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NMOSD. Finally, we provide some beneficial properties that infectious elements may have based on "hygiene hypothesis". It is of great clinical significance to further investigate the complex mechanisms by which infections may affect autoimmune diseases to develop better strategies to prevent and treat them, although so far no causal link between infectious agents and NMOSD has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanhang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lisheng Peng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, University of Western Australia, Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Perth, Australia; Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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11
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Feng X, Huang J, Liu Y, Xiao L, Wang D, Hua B, Tsao BP, Sun L. Identification of interferon-inducible genes as diagnostic biomarker for systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2014; 34:71-9. [PMID: 25344775 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-014-2799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers helps to perform early diagnosis, thus benefits the outcome of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), in which delayed treatment has been proposed as an independent adverse prognostic factor. In this study, we assessed the values of expression levels of five type I interferon (IFN)-inducible genes (LY6E, OAS1, OASL, MX1, and ISG15) and total IFN score for the diagnosis of SLE. Quantitative real-time PCR was applied to determine gene expressions at transcription level in peripheral blood from 69 SLE patients, 42 patients with other connective tissue diseases, and 26 normal controls. Expressions of five genes and IFN score, calculated according to the expressions of IFN-inducible genes, were all significantly increased in SLE patients compared to those in normal subjects and disease controls. IFN score was not related to age, gender, and the dose of steroids, but weakly correlated with SLE disease activity index. None of the gene expression was associated with concomitant infection status or elevated antibodies against Epstein-Barr (EB) virus in SLE. Both modified IFN score (calculated by the expression of three major IFN-inducible genes) and LY6E level showed good diagnostic accuracy in discriminating between SLE patients and disease controls as well as normal subjects (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.812 and 0.815, respectively), with 70-80 % specificity and 70-80 % sensitivity at the cutoff of 2.37 and 3.23. In conclusion, high IFN-inducible gene expression is constitutional for SLE patients. The modified IFN score or the LY6E level alone may serve as good biomarkers for SLE diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Feng
- Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China,
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Pavlović MD, Jandrlić DR, Mitić NS. Epitope distribution in ordered and disordered protein regions. Part B — Ordered regions and disordered binding sites are targets of T- and B-cell immunity. J Immunol Methods 2014; 407:90-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Primary EBV infection induces an expression profile distinct from other viruses but similar to hemophagocytic syndromes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85422. [PMID: 24465555 PMCID: PMC3894977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis and establishes lifelong infection associated with cancer and autoimmune disease. To better understand immunity to EBV, we performed a prospective study of natural infection in healthy humans. Transcriptome analysis defined a striking and reproducible expression profile during acute infection but no lasting gene changes were apparent during latent infection. Comparing the EBV response profile to multiple other acute viral infections, including influenza A (influenza), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV), and Dengue fever virus (DENV), revealed similarity only to DENV. The signature shared by EBV and DENV was also present in patients with hemophagocytic syndromes, suggesting these two viruses cause uncontrolled inflammatory responses. Interestingly, while EBV induced a strong type I interferon response, a subset of interferon induced genes, including MX1, HERC5, and OAS1, were not upregulated, suggesting a mechanism by which viral antagonism of immunity results in a profound inflammatory response. These data provide an important first description of the response to a natural herpesvirus infection in humans.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous human disease influenced by a complex interplay of necessary, but not individually sufficient, factors. Although many genetic and environmental factors are associated with SLE, this review will focus on the evolving evidence for key Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific roles in SLE, focusing on new experimental studies published during 2009, 2010, and 2011. RECENT FINDINGS SLE patients have a dysregulated immune response against EBV. EBV antigens exhibit structural molecular mimicry with common SLE antigens and functional molecular mimicry with critical immune-regulatory components. SLE patients, from a number of unique geographic regions, are shown to have higher rates of EBV seroconversion, especially against early EBV antigens, suggesting frequent viral reactivation. SLE patients also have increased EBV viral loads and impaired EBV-specific CD8 cytotoxic T cells, with impaired cytokine responses to EBV in lupus patients. Irregular cytokine production in plasmacytoid dendritic cells and CD69 CD4 T cells after stimulation with EBV has also been demonstrated. SUMMARY Recent advances demonstrate SLE-specific serologic responses, gene expression, viral load, T-cell responses, humoral fine specificity, and molecular mimicry with EBV, further supporting potential roles for EBV in lupus etiology and pathogenesis.
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Interferon-alpha as a treatment target in systemic lupus erythematosus. Joint Bone Spine 2011; 79:113-6. [PMID: 22154701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Maghzi AH, Marta M, Bosca I, Etemadifar M, Dobson R, Maggiore C, Giovannoni G, Meier UC. Viral pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis: A role for Epstein-Barr virus infection? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2011; 18:13-20. [PMID: 20538440 PMCID: PMC7135674 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory demyelinating and degenerative disease of the CNS. The cause of MS is unknown but environmental risk factors are implicated in MS. Several viruses have been proposed as a trigger for MS, and lately Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has become the leading candidate. An infectious aetiology fits with a number of epidemiological observations in addition to the immunopathological features of the disease. In this review we will summarize the emerging evidence, which demonstrates a strong association between EBV infection and MS. The conundrum remains as to whether EBV is directly involved in the pathophysiology of MS, or alternatively if the immunopathology of MS somehow affects the regulation of EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir-Hadi Maghzi
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre for Neuroscience & Trauma, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK; Isfahan Research Committee of Multiple Sclerosis (IRCOMS), Isfahan, Iran; Isfahan Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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