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Porsch F, Binder CJ. Autoimmune diseases and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024:10.1038/s41569-024-01045-7. [PMID: 38937626 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-024-01045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are associated with a dramatically increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its clinical manifestations. The increased risk is consistent with the notion that atherogenesis is modulated by both protective and disease-promoting immune mechanisms. Notably, traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidaemia and hypertension alone do not explain the increased risk of cardiovascular disease associated with autoimmune diseases. Several mechanisms have been implicated in mediating the autoimmunity-associated cardiovascular risk, either directly or by modulating the effect of other risk factors in a complex interplay. Aberrant leukocyte function and pro-inflammatory cytokines are central to both disease entities, resulting in vascular dysfunction, impaired resolution of inflammation and promotion of chronic inflammation. Similarly, loss of tolerance to self-antigens and the generation of autoantibodies are key features of autoimmunity but are also implicated in the maladaptive inflammatory response during atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, immunomodulatory therapies are potential efficacious interventions to directly reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and biomarkers of autoimmune disease activity could be relevant tools to stratify patients with autoimmunity according to their cardiovascular risk. In this Review, we discuss the pathophysiological aspects of the increased cardiovascular risk associated with autoimmunity and highlight the many open questions that need to be answered to develop novel therapies that specifically address this unmet clinical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Porsch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Tang S, Yao L, Ruan J, Kang J, Cao Y, Nie X, Lan W, Zhu Z, Han W, Liu Y, Tian J, Seale P, Qin L, Ding C. Single-cell atlas of human infrapatellar fat pad and synovium implicates APOE signaling in osteoarthritis pathology. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadf4590. [PMID: 38266107 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) and synovium play essential roles in maintaining knee joint homeostasis and in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). The cellular and transcriptional mechanisms regulating the function of these specialized tissues under healthy and diseased conditions are largely unknown. Here, single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing of human IPFP and synovial tissues were performed to elucidate the cellular composition and transcriptional profile. Computational trajectory analysis revealed that dipeptidyl peptidase 4+ mesenchymal cells function as a common progenitor for IPFP adipocytes and synovial lining layer fibroblasts, suggesting that IPFP and synovium represent an integrated tissue unit. OA induced a profibrotic and inflammatory phenotype in mesenchymal lineage cells with biglycan+ intermediate fibroblasts as a major contributor to OA fibrosis. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) signaling from intermediate fibroblasts and macrophages was identified as a critical regulatory factor. Ex vivo incubation of human cartilage with soluble APOE accelerated proteoglycan degeneration. Inhibition of APOE signaling by intra-articular injection of an anti-APOE neutralizing antibody attenuated the progression of collagenase-induced OA in mice, demonstrating a detrimental effect of APOE on cartilage. Our studies provide a framework for designing further therapeutic strategies for OA by describing the cellular and transcriptional landscape of human IPFP and synovium in healthy versus OA joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su'an Tang
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
- Centre of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Lutian Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Jianzhao Ruan
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Jingliang Kang
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Yumei Cao
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Xiaoyu Nie
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Weiren Lan
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhu
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Weiyu Han
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
- Centre of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Yongguang Liu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Centre of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
| | - Patrick Seale
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Changhai Ding
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, China
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
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Postlethwaite AE, Tuckey RC, Kim TK, Li W, Bhattacharya SK, Myers LK, Brand DD, Slominski AT. 20 S-Hydroxyvitamin D3, a Secosteroid Produced in Humans, Is Anti-Inflammatory and Inhibits Murine Autoimmune Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:678487. [PMID: 34276665 PMCID: PMC8278399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to use large doses of vitamin D3 (D3) to chronically treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is prohibitive due to its calcemic effect which can damage vital organs. Cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) is able to convert D3 into the noncalcemic analog 20S-hydroxyvitamin D3 [20S(OH)D3]. We demonstrate that 20S(OH)D3 markedly suppresses clinical signs of arthritis and joint damage in a mouse model of RA. Furthermore, treatment with 20S(OH)D3 reduces lymphocyte subsets such as CD4+ T cells and CD19+ B cells leading to a significant reduction in inflammatory cytokines. The ratio of T reg cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells) to CD3+CD4+ T cells is increased while there is a decrease in critical complement-fixing anti-CII antibodies. Since pro-inflammatory cytokines and antibodies against type II collagen ordinarily lead to destruction of cartilage and bone, their decline explains why arthritis is attenuated by 20(OH) D3. These results provide a basis for further consideration of 20S(OH)D3 as a potential treatment for RA and other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold E. Postlethwaite
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Robert C. Tuckey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tae-Kang Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Syamal K. Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Linda K. Myers
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - David D. Brand
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Alvarez P, Augustín JJ, Tamayo E, Iglesias M, Acinas O, Mendiguren MA, Vázquez JA, Genre F, San Segundo D, Merino J, Merino R. Therapeutic Effects of Anti-Bone Morphogenetic Protein and Activin Membrane-Bound Inhibitor Treatment in Psoriasis and Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1547-1558. [PMID: 32249544 DOI: 10.1002/art.41272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) inhibitor BAMBI (bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor) has been shown to control differentiation of CD4+ T lymphocytes into either tolerogenic Treg cells or pathogenic Th17 cells, through the regulation of TGFβ and interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling strength. The present study was undertaken to explore the potential beneficial effects of this strategy of pharmacologic inhibition using novel anti-BAMBI monoclonal antibodies (mAb) in different experimental murine models of chronic skin and joint inflammatory/autoimmune disease. METHODS Development of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mannan-induced psoriatic arthritis (MIP) (n = 18-30 mice per group), imiquimod-induced skin psoriasis (n = 20-30 mice per group), or type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) (n = 13-16 mice per group) was analyzed in a total of 2-5 different experiments with either wild-type (WT) or BAMBI-deficient B10.RIII mice that were left untreated or treated with mAb B101.37 (mouse IgG1 anti-BAMBI), a mouse IgG1 anti-TNP isotype control, anti-CD25, or anti-TGFβ mAb. RESULTS Treatment of normal mice with IgG1 anti-BAMBI mAb clone B101.37 led to expansion of Treg cells in vivo, and had both preventive and therapeutic effects in mice with MIP (each P < 0.05 versus controls). The conferred protection against disease progression was found to be mediated by Treg cells, which controlled the activation and expansion of pathogenic IL-17-producing cells, and was dependent on the level of TGFβ activity. Furthermore, treatment with B101.37 mAb blocked both the development of skin psoriasis induced by imiquimod and the development of CIA in mice (each P < 0.05 versus controls). Finally, pharmacologic inhibition of BAMBI with the IgM anti-BAMBI mAb B143.14 also potentiated the suppressive activity of Treg cells in vitro (P < 0.001 versus controls). CONCLUSION These results in murine models identify BAMBI as a promising new therapeutic target for chronic inflammatory diseases and other pathologic conditions modulated by Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Alvarez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Esther Tamayo
- IDIVAL and Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | | | - Olga Acinas
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Jesús Merino
- IDIVAL and Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Ramón Merino
- IDIVAL and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain
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Jetten AM, Cook DN. (Inverse) Agonists of Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptor γ: Regulation of Immune Responses, Inflammation, and Autoimmune Disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 60:371-390. [PMID: 31386594 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt) functions as a ligand-dependent transcription factor that regulates multiple proinflammatory genes and plays a critical role in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Various endogenous and synthetic RORγ (inverse) agonists have been identified that regulate RORγ transcriptional activity, including many cholesterol intermediates and oxysterols. Changes in cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism can therefore have a significant impact on the generation of oxysterol RORγ ligands and, consequently, can control RORγt activity and inflammation. These observations contribute to a growing literature that connects cholesterol metabolism to the regulation of immune responses and autoimmune disease. Loss of RORγ function in knockout mice and in mice treated with RORγ inverse agonists results in reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17A/F, and increased resistance to autoimmune disease in several experimental rodent models. Thus, RORγt inverse agonists might provide an attractive therapeutic approach to treat a variety of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA;
| | - Donald N Cook
- Immunogenetics Section, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Collagen-induced arthritis in Dark Agouti rats as a model for study of immunological sexual dimorphisms in the human disease. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:10-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Jetten AM, Takeda Y, Slominski A, Kang HS. Retinoic acid-related Orphan Receptor γ (RORγ): connecting sterol metabolism to regulation of the immune system and autoimmune disease. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018; 8:66-80. [PMID: 29568812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol and its metabolites are bioactive lipids that interact with and regulate the activity of various proteins and signaling pathways that are implicated in the control of a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies revealed that retinoic acid-related orphan receptors, RORα and γ, members of the ligand-dependent nuclear receptor superfamily, exhibit quite a wide binding specificity for a number of sterols. Several cholesterol intermediates and metabolites function as natural ligands of RORα and RORγ and act as agonists or inverse agonists. Changes in cholesterol homeostasis that alter the level or type of sterol metabolites in cells, can either enhance or inhibit ROR transcriptional activity that subsequently result in changes in the physiological processes regulated by RORs, including various immune responses and metabolic pathways. Consequently, this might negatively or positively impact pathologies, in which RORs are implicated, such as autoimmune disease, inflammation, metabolic syndrome, cancer, and several neurological disorders. Best studied are the links between cholesterol metabolism, RORγt activity, and their regulation of Th17 differentiation and autoimmune disease. The discovery that Th17-dependent inflammation is significantly attenuated in RORγ-deficient mice in several experimental autoimmune disease models, initiated a search for ROR modulators that led to the identification of a number of small molecular weight RORγ inverse agonists. The inverse agonists suppress Th17 differentiation and IL-17 production and protect against autoimmunity. Together, these studies suggest that RORγt may provide an attractive therapeutic target in the management of several (inflammatory) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yukimasa Takeda
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Andrzej Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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MacLauchlan S, Zuriaga MA, Fuster JJ, Cuda CM, Jonason J, Behzadi F, Duffen JP, Haines GK, Aprahamian T, Perlman H, Walsh K. Genetic deficiency of Wnt5a diminishes disease severity in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:166. [PMID: 28724439 PMCID: PMC5518154 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints, leading to bone erosion and joint dysfunction. Despite the recent successes of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), there is still clinical need for understanding the development and molecular etiology of RA. Wnts are developmental morphogens whose roles in adult pathology are poorly characterized. Wnt5a is a member of the non-canonical family of Wnts that modulates a wide range of cell processes, including differentiation, migration, and inflammation. Wnt5a has been implicated as a possible contributor to arthritis and it is upregulated in synovial fibroblasts from RA patients. METHODS We investigated the role of endogenous Wnt5a in RA. Tamoxifen-inducible, Wnt5a knockout (Wnt5a cKO) mice and littermate controls were monitored for arthritis development and joint pathology using the K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis (STIA) model. To explore a role of Wnt5a in osteoclast fusion, bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs) were differentiated in vitro. RESULTS Wnt5a cKO mice were resistant to arthritis development compared to control littermates as assessed by ankle thickness and histologic measurements. Some parameters of inflammation were reduced in the Wnt5a cKO mice, including the extent of polymononuclear cell infiltration and extra-articular inflammation. Wnt5a cKO mice also exhibited less cartilage destruction and a reduction in osteoclast activity with concomitant reduction in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K (CTSK), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9 in the arthritic joints. Treatment of BMDMs with Wnt5a enhanced osteoclast fusion and increased the expression of dendrocyte-expressed seven transmembrane protein (DCSTAMP) and MMP9, that are necessary for osteoclast formation and activity. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that Wnt5a modulates the development of arthritis by promoting inflammation and osteoclast fusion, and provide the first mouse genetic evidence of a role for endogenous Wnt5a in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan MacLauchlan
- Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W-611, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Maria A. Zuriaga
- Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W-611, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - José J. Fuster
- Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W-611, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Carla M. Cuda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E. Huron Street, McGaw M338 Chicago, IL USA
| | - Jennifer Jonason
- University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 665, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Fernanda Behzadi
- Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W-611, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - Jennifer Parker Duffen
- Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W-611, Boston, MA 02118 USA
| | - G. Kenneth Haines
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Tamar Aprahamian
- Renal Section, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany St, Boston, MA USA
| | - Harris Perlman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E. Huron Street, McGaw M338 Chicago, IL USA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W-611, Boston, MA 02118 USA
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Postigo J, Iglesias M, Álvarez P, Jesús Augustin J, Buelta L, Merino J, Merino R. Bone Morphogenetic Protein and Activin Membrane-Bound Inhibitor, a Transforming Growth Factor β Rheostat That Controls Murine Treg Cell/Th17 Cell Differentiation and the Development of Autoimmune Arthritis by Reducing Interleukin-2 Signaling. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:1551-62. [PMID: 26714180 DOI: 10.1002/art.39557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) plays a prominent role in the establishment of immunologic tolerance, and mice lacking TGFβ1 die of multiorgan inflammation early in life. TGFβ controls the differentiation of CD4+ lymphocytes into Treg cells or proinflammatory Th17 cells. Although this dual capacity is modulated by the presence of additional cytokines around the activated cells, TGFβ also dissociates Th17/Treg cell differentiation in a dose-dependent manner by mechanisms still unknown. The purpose of this study was to explore the contribution of bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) to the modulation of TGFβ activity during the differentiation of CD4+ cells and in the control of immunologic tolerance in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS The in vitro and in vivo Treg cell and Th17 cell differentiation and the development of CIA were compared in wild-type mice and BAMBI-deficient mice. RESULTS BAMBI was induced after activation by TGFβ and fixed the appropriate intensity level of TGFβ signaling in CD4+ cells. Its deficiency protected mice against the development of CIA by a Treg cell- and TGFβ-dependent mechanism. Mechanistically, BAMBI was found to regulate CD25 expression and interleukin-2 (IL-2) signaling in Treg cells and in IL-2- and/or TGFβ-activated CD4+ cells and modulated Treg cell and Th17 cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results indicate that BAMBI is a component of a rheostat-like mechanism that, through the control of TGFβ and IL-2 signaling strength, regulates the differentiation of CD4+ lymphocytes and the development of autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Postigo
- Jorge Postigo, PhD, Marcos Iglesias, PhD, Luis Buelta, MD, PhD, Jesús Merino, MD: IDIVAL and Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Marcos Iglesias
- Jorge Postigo, PhD, Marcos Iglesias, PhD, Luis Buelta, MD, PhD, Jesús Merino, MD: IDIVAL and Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Pilar Álvarez
- IDIVAL and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan Jesús Augustin
- IDIVAL and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Luis Buelta
- Jorge Postigo, PhD, Marcos Iglesias, PhD, Luis Buelta, MD, PhD, Jesús Merino, MD: IDIVAL and Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Jesús Merino
- Jorge Postigo, PhD, Marcos Iglesias, PhD, Luis Buelta, MD, PhD, Jesús Merino, MD: IDIVAL and Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Ramón Merino
- IDIVAL and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Different Susceptibilities between Apoe- and Ldlr-Deficient Mice to Inflammation-Associated Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111806. [PMID: 27801847 PMCID: PMC5133807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia resulting in atherosclerosis is associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease and colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the roles of apoliprotein (Apo) E (Apoe) and low-density lipoprotein (Ldl) receptor (Ldlr) in colorectal carcinogenesis have not yet been investigated. In this study, we examined the susceptibility of Apoe-deficient and Ldlr-deficient mice, which are genetic animal models of atherosclerosis to azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colorectal carcinogenesis. In Experiment 1, male Apoe-deficient (n = 20) and wild type (WT) mice (C57BL/6J, n = 21) were treated with a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of AOM (10 mg/kg body weight) and then given 1.5% DSS in drinking water for seven days. They were maintained up to week 20 and sacrificed for the histopathological examination of colorectal tumors. The mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (Nos2), tumor necrosis factor (Tnf)-α interleukin (Il)-1β, and Il-6 was assayed in the colorectal mucosa. In Experiment 2, male Ldlr-deficient (n = 14) and WT mice (C57BL/6J, n = 10) were given a single i.p. injection of AOM (10 mg/kg body weight) and then given 2% DSS in drinking water for seven days. They were sacrificed at week 20 to evaluate their colorectum histopathologically. In Experiment 1, the multiplicity of CRCs was significantly higher in the Apoe-deficient mice (2.75 ± 1.48) than in the WT mice (0.62 ± 0.67). The serum lipoprotein levels in the Apoe-deficient mice were also significantly higher than in the WT mice. In Experiment 2, the incidence (29%) and multiplicity (0.50 ± 0.94) of CRCs in the Ldlr mice were significantly lower than in the WT mice (80% incidence and 3.10 ± 2.38 multiplicity). The mRNA expression of two inducible enzymes and certain pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colorectum of each genotype was greater than in the respective WT mice. The values in the Apoe-deficient mice were much greater than in the Ldlr mice. These findings suggest that Apoe-deficient mice showed increased susceptibility to inflammation-associated colorectal carcinogenesis due to their high reactivity to inflammatory stimuli.
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Alvarez P, Genre F, Iglesias M, Augustin JJ, Tamayo E, Escolà-Gil JC, Lavín B, Blanco-Vaca F, Merino R, Merino J. Modulation of autoimmune arthritis severity in mice by apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and cholesterol. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 186:292-303. [PMID: 27571306 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficiency promoted an exacerbation of autoimmune arthritis in mice by inducing proinflammatory immune responses. In this study we analysed the contribution of hypercholesterolaemia and/or the absence of ApoE anti-inflammatory properties, unrelated to its function in the control of cholesterol metabolism, towards the acceleration of arthritis in these mutant animals. The induction and severity of collagen type II-induced arthritis (CIA) were compared for B10.RIII wild-type (WT), B10.RIII.ApoE+/- , B10.RIII.ApoE-/- and B10.RIII.low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR-/- ) mice with different concentrations of circulating ApoE and cholesterol. A 50-70% reduction in serum levels of ApoE was observed in heterozygous B10.RIII.ApoE+/- mice in comparison to B10.RIII.WT, although both strains of mice exhibited similar circulating lipid profiles. This ApoE reduction was associated with an increased CIA severity that remained lower than in homozygous B10.RIII.ApoE-/- mice. An important rise in circulating ApoE concentration was observed in hypercholesterolaemic B10.RIII.LDLR-/- mice fed with a normal chow diet, and both parameters increased further with an atherogenic hypercholesterolaemic diet. However, the severity of CIA in B10.RIII.LDLR-/- mice was similar to that of B10.RIII.WT controls. In conclusion, by comparing the evolution of CIA between several strains of mutant mice with different levels of serum ApoE and cholesterol, our results demonstrate that both hypercholesterolaemia and ApoE regulate the intensity of in-vivo systemic autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Alvarez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain
| | - F Genre
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - M Iglesias
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - J J Augustin
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - E Tamayo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - J C Escolà-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Lavín
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - F Blanco-Vaca
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Merino
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - J Merino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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12
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Iglesias M, Augustin JJ, Alvarez P, Santiuste I, Postigo J, Merino J, Merino R. Selective Impairment of TH17-Differentiation and Protection against Autoimmune Arthritis after Overexpression of BCL2A1 in T Lymphocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159714. [PMID: 27433938 PMCID: PMC4951111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of apoptotic cell death in T cells through the dysregulated expression of BCL2 family members has been associated with the protection against the development of different autoimmune diseases. However, multiple mechanisms were proposed to be responsible for such protective effect. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of the T-cell overexpression of BCL2A1, an anti-apoptotic BCL2 family member without an effect on cell cycle progression, in the development of collagen-induced arthritis. Our results demonstrated an attenuated development of arthritis in these transgenic mice. The protective effect was unrelated to the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells but it was associated with a defective activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in CD4+ cells after in vitro TCR stimulation. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo TH17 differentiation were impaired in BCL2A1 transgenic mice. Taken together, we demonstrated here a previously unknown role for BCL2A1 controlling the activation of CD4+ cells and their differentiation into pathogenic proinflammatory TH17 cells and identified BCL2A1 as a potential target in the control of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Autoimmunity
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology
- Protective Factors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/pathology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Iglesias
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan Jesús Augustin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Pilar Alvarez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Inés Santiuste
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Jorge Postigo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Jesús Merino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Ramón Merino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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13
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Orta-Mascaró M, Consuegra-Fernández M, Carreras E, Roncagalli R, Carreras-Sureda A, Alvarez P, Girard L, Simões I, Martínez-Florensa M, Aranda F, Merino R, Martínez VG, Vicente R, Merino J, Sarukhan A, Malissen M, Malissen B, Lozano F. CD6 modulates thymocyte selection and peripheral T cell homeostasis. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1387-97. [PMID: 27377588 PMCID: PMC4986531 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Orta-Mascaró, Lozano, and collaborators provide the first analysis of CD6-deficient mice, showing that this molecule modulates T cell receptor signaling and the threshold for thymocyte and peripheral T cell subset selection. The CD6 glycoprotein is a lymphocyte surface receptor putatively involved in T cell development and activation. CD6 facilitates adhesion between T cells and antigen-presenting cells through its interaction with CD166/ALCAM (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule), and physically associates with the T cell receptor (TCR) at the center of the immunological synapse. However, its precise role during thymocyte development and peripheral T cell immune responses remains to be defined. Here, we analyze the in vivo consequences of CD6 deficiency. CD6−/− thymi showed a reduction in both CD4+ and CD8+ single-positive subsets, and double-positive thymocytes exhibited increased Ca2+ mobilization to TCR cross-linking in vitro. Bone marrow chimera experiments revealed a T cell–autonomous selective disadvantage of CD6−/− T cells during development. The analysis of TCR-transgenic mice (OT-I and Marilyn) confirmed that abnormal T cell selection events occur in the absence of CD6. CD6−/− mice displayed increased frequencies of antigen-experienced peripheral T cells generated under certain levels of TCR signal strength or co-stimulation, such as effector/memory (CD4+TEM and CD8+TCM) and regulatory (T reg) T cells. The suppressive activity of CD6−/− T reg cells was diminished, and CD6−/− mice presented an exacerbated autoimmune response to collagen. Collectively, these data indicate that CD6 modulates the threshold for thymocyte selection and the generation and/or function of several peripheral T cell subpopulations, including T reg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Orta-Mascaró
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Esther Carreras
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13402 Marseille, France
| | | | - Pilar Alvarez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Laura Girard
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Inês Simões
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Aranda
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Merino
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | | | | | - Jesús Merino
- Departmento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Adelaida Sarukhan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75654 Paris, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Archer AM, Saber R, Rose S, Shaffer A, Misharin AV, Tsai F, Haines Iii GK, Dominguez S, Eren M, Vaughan DE, Cuda CM, Perlman H. ApoE deficiency exacerbates the development and sustainment of a semi-chronic K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis model. J Transl Med 2016; 14:170. [PMID: 27287704 PMCID: PMC4901400 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The risk for developing cardiovascular disease is greater in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) than in the general population. While patients with RA also have dyslipidemia, the impact of dyslipidemia on the severity of inflammatory arthritis and associated cardiovascular disease is unclear. Currently, there are conflicting results regarding arthritis incidence in apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deficient mice, which spontaneously exhibit both hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Here, we utilize a distinct approach to investigate the contribution of a hyperlipidemic environment on the development of arthritis and atherosclerosis in mice lacking ApoE. Methods K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritis (STIA) was assessed in C57BL/6 (control) and ApoE−/− mice using clinical indices and immunohistochemical staining. Ankle synoviums were processed for flow cytometry. Aortic atherosclerosis was quantitated using Sudan IV staining. Serum cholesterol and cytokine levels were determined via enzymatic and luminex bead-based assays, respectively. Results ApoE−/− mice developed a sustained and enhanced semi-chronic inflammatory arthritis as compared to control mice. ApoE−/− mice had increased numbers of foamy macrophages, enhanced joint inflammation and amplified collagen deposition versus controls. The presence of arthritis did not exacerbate serum cholesterol levels or significantly augment the level of atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice. However, arthritic ApoE−/− mice exhibited a marked elevation of IL-6 as compared to non-arthritic ApoE−/− mice and arthritic C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions Loss of ApoE potentiates a semi-chronic inflammatory arthritis. This heightened inflammatory response was associated with an increase in circulating IL-6 and in the number of foamy macrophages within the joint. Moreover, the foamy macrophages within the arthritic joint are reminiscent of those within unstable atherosclerotic lesions and suggest a pathologic role for foamy macrophages in propagating arthritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0912-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Archer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Rana Saber
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Shawn Rose
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Immunoscience Exploratory Clinical and Translational Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | - Alexander Shaffer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - FuNien Tsai
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | | | - Salina Dominguez
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mesut Eren
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas E Vaughan
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carla M Cuda
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Harris Perlman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron Street, McGaw M338, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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15
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Denys A, Clavel G, Lemeiter D, Schischmanoff O, Boissier MC, Semerano L. Aortic VCAM-1: an early marker of vascular inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:855-63. [PMID: 26859834 PMCID: PMC4831368 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). There are limited experimental data on vascular involvement in arthritis models. To study the link between CVD and inflammation in RA, we developed a model of vascular dysfunction and articular inflammation by collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) in C57Bl/6 (B6) mice. We studied the expression of vascular inflammatory markers in CIA with and without concomitant hyperlipidic diet (HD). Collagen‐induced arthritis was induced with intradermal injection of chicken type‐II collagen followed by a boost 21 days later. Mice with and without CIA were fed a standard diet or an HD for 12 weeks starting from the day of the boost. Arthritis severity was evaluated with a validated clinical score. Aortic mRNA levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin‐17 were analysed by quantitative RT‐PCR. Vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 localization in the aortic sinus was determined by immunohistochemistry. Atherosclerotic plaque presence was assessed in aortas. Collagen‐induced arthritis was associated with increased expression of VCAM‐1, independent of diet. VCAM‐1 overexpression was detectable as early as 4 weeks after collagen immunization and persisted after 15 weeks. The HD induced atheroma plaque formation and aortic iNOS expression regardless of CIA. Concomitant CIA and HD had no additive effect on atheroma or VCAM‐1 or iNOS expression. CIA and an HD diet induced a distinct and independent expression of large‐vessel inflammation markers in B6 mice. This model may be relevant for the study of CVD in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Denys
- Inserm UMR 1125, Bobigny, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Gaëlle Clavel
- Inserm UMR 1125, Bobigny, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Lemeiter
- Inserm UMR 1125, Bobigny, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France
| | - Olivier Schischmanoff
- Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France.,Inserm UMR 978, Bobigny, France
| | - Marie-Christophe Boissier
- Inserm UMR 1125, Bobigny, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Groupe hospitalier Avicenne - Jean Verdier - René Muret, Service de Rhumatologie, Bobigny, France
| | - Luca Semerano
- Inserm UMR 1125, Bobigny, France.,Sorbonne Paris Cité - Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Groupe hospitalier Avicenne - Jean Verdier - René Muret, Service de Rhumatologie, Bobigny, France
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16
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Rosal-Vela A, García-Rodríguez S, Postigo J, Iglesias M, Longobardo V, Lario A, Merino J, Merino R, Zubiaur M, Sancho J. Distinct serum proteome profiles associated with collagen-induced arthritis and complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammation in CD38−/−
mice: The discriminative power of protein species or proteoforms. Proteomics 2015; 15:3382-93. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rosal-Vela
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología; Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), PTS Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Sonia García-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología; Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), PTS Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Jorge Postigo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular; Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria; Cantabria Spain
| | - Marcos Iglesias
- Departamento de Biología Molecular; Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria; Cantabria Spain
| | - Victoria Longobardo
- Unidad de Proteómica; Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), PTS Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Antonio Lario
- Unidad de Proteómica; Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), PTS Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Jesús Merino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular; Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla, Universidad de Cantabria; Cantabria Spain
| | - Ramón Merino
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria/CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN; Cantabria Spain
| | - Mercedes Zubiaur
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología; Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), PTS Granada; Granada Spain
| | - Jaime Sancho
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Inmunología; Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra (IPBLN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), PTS Granada; Granada Spain
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17
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Huang W, Liang Q, Chen J, Zhu H, Xie W, Wang Y, Yang B, Peng W, Xiong X. Quantitative proteomic analysis of synovial tissue from rats with collagen-induced arthritis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18743e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathway networks involved in RA pathological process were analyzed by Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute of Integrated Medicine
- Xiangya Hospital
- Central South University
- Changsha
- PR China
| | - Qinghua Liang
- Institute of Integrated Medicine
- Xiangya Hospital
- Central South University
- Changsha
- PR China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Central of Telemedicine
- Xiangya Hospital
- Central South University
- Changsha
- PR China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Institute of Integrated Medicine
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Soochow
- PR China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Pathology & Immunology
- Baylor College of Medicine
- Houston
- USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Integrated Medicine
- Xiangya Hospital
- Central South University
- Changsha
- PR China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Integrated Medicine
- Xiangya Hospital
- Central South University
- Changsha
- PR China
| | - Weijun Peng
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine
- The Second Xiangya Hospital
- Central South University
- Changsha 410011
- PR China
| | - Xingui Xiong
- Institute of Integrated Medicine
- Xiangya Hospital
- Central South University
- Changsha
- PR China
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18
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Song LJ, Liu WW, Fan YC, Qiu F, Chen QL, Li XF, Ding F. The positive correlations of apolipoprotein E with disease activity and related cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:175. [PMID: 24144108 PMCID: PMC4231472 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of apolipoprotein E (apoE)
and the relationship between apoE and disease activity of SLE, and the possible
effects of glucocorticoid on apoE and other cytokines activities in SLE
patients. Methods Forty treatment-naïve SLE patients and forty matched healthy controls were
studied. All the SLE patients received prednisone 1 mg/kg/day for 28
consecutive days. The sera levels of apoE and related cytokines were evaluated by
ELISA. The expression of apoE mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)
was determined by real-time PCR. Results Compared with healthy controls, the relative expression levels of ApoE proteins
and sera levels were significantly up-regulated in active SLE patients. ApoE sera
concentrations positively correlated with SLEDAI, anti-dsDNA antibody and the
related cytokines including IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10, and uncorrelated with the
concentration of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) in SLE patients.
After 4 weeks prednisone treatment, the relative mRNA expression of apoE and
the serum levels of apoE and related cytokines decreased. Conclusions ApoE correlated with disease activity and related cytokines in SLE patients.
Glucocorticoid can down-regulate the expressions of apoE and related
cytokines. Virtual slide The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found
here:http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1646714011077325
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Feng Ding
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, P,R, China.
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19
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Dalal KL, Felix ER, Cardenas DD. Pregabalin for the management of neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury. Pain Manag 2013; 3:359-67. [DOI: 10.2217/pmt.13.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Pregabalin is the only US FDA-approved drug to date for neuropathic pain in spinal cord injured patients. Pregabalin is a novel GABA analog whose primary mechanism of action involves binding at the α2-δ subunit of voltage-sensitive calcium channels. Efficacy is noted within the first several days of administration. Dosing is typically initiated at 150 mg/day in divided doses, but may be started at even lower doses. Dosing can be increased gradually to a recommended maximum of 600 mg per day in divided dosing. Adverse events include somnolence, dizziness and dry mouth, and typically manifest within the first 2 weeks of treatment. Pregabalin is generally safe to use in combination with other pain medications or antidepressants, but safety in pregnant patients has not been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Dalal
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Felix
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Diana D Cardenas
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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20
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Apolipoprotein E and its mimetic peptide suppress Th1 and Th17 responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 56:59-65. [PMID: 23619428 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) has been detected to possess anti-inflammatory properties that can contribute to protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, its impact on Th1 and Th17 responses in EAE is unclear. In this study, we induced EAE in apoE-/- mice and wild-type mice. We observed that the absence of apoE resulted in the increased proportion of Th1 and Th17 cells in the spleens and brains, as well as up-regulated expressions of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-1β and IL-6) and transcription factors (RORγt and T-bet) in the CNS. ApoE-/- mice also showed the increased release of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages in vitro. In addition, we used a mimetic peptide of apoE, which mimic the functions of apoE except for lipid transport. ApoE mimetic peptide could reverse the above negative effect in EAE. Thus, apoE can modulate Th1 and Th17 responses, likely through its inhibitory effect on the secretion of cytokines by macrophages. Our result also suggests that apoE mimetic peptide might be developed into a therapeutic agent for multiple sclerosis.
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21
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Maehlen MT, Provan SA, de Rooy DPC, van der Helm-van Mil AHM, Krabben A, Saxne T, Lindqvist E, Semb AG, Uhlig T, van der Heijde D, Mero IL, Olsen IC, Kvien TK, Lie BA. Associations between APOE genotypes and disease susceptibility, joint damage and lipid levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60970. [PMID: 23613766 PMCID: PMC3629235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and lipid levels. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an association has been found with disease activity. We examined the associations between APOE genotypes and disease susceptibility and markers of disease severity in RA, including radiographic joint damage, inflammatory markers, lipid levels and cardiovascular markers. METHOD A Norwegian cohort of 945 RA patients and 988 controls were genotyped for two APOE polymorphisms. We examined longitudinal associations between APOE genotypes and C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) as well as hand radiographs (van der Heijde Sharp Score(SHS)) in 207 patients with 10 year longitudinal data. Lipid levels, cardiovascular markers and history of CVD were compared across genotypes in a cross sectional study of 136 patients. Longitudinal radiological data of cohorts from Lund and Leiden were available for replication. (N = 935, with 4799 radiographs). RESULTS In the Norwegian cohort, associations between APOE genotypes and total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were observed (ε2 < ε3/ε3 < ε4, p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively). No association was present for acute phase reactant or CVD markers, but a longitudinal linear association between APOE genotypes and radiographic joint damage was observed (p = 0.007). No association between APOE genotypes and the severity of joint destruction was observed in the Lund and Leiden cohorts, and a meta- analysis combining all data was negative. CONCLUSION APOE genotypes are associated with lipid levels in patients with RA, and may contribute to dyslipidemia in some patients. APOE genotypes are not consistently associated with markers of inflammation or joint destruction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe T Maehlen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.
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Iglesias M, Postigo J, Santiuste I, González J, Buelta L, Tamayo E, Merino J, Merino R. p27(Kip1) inhibits systemic autoimmunity through the control of Treg cell activity and differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:343-54. [PMID: 23124840 DOI: 10.1002/art.37778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the importance of Treg cells in the maintenance of immunologic tolerance, the mechanisms that control their generation and activity are unknown. Since the cell cycle inhibitor p27(Kip1) (p27) was involved in T cell anergy, we undertook this study to explore its role in both Treg cell processes. METHODS The development of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and lupus-like abnormalities was compared between transgenic mice overexpressing human Bcl-2 in T cells (BCL2-TgT mice) and nontransgenic mice that were deficient or not deficient in p27. The contribution of Treg cells to disease evolution was also explored. Finally, the in vitro activity of Treg cells and their differentiation from naive CD4+ cells was compared between these strains of mice. RESULTS BCL2-TgT mice were protected against CIA by a Treg cell-dependent mechanism. In association with this protection, the overexpression of Bcl-2 in T cells enhanced the differentiation and activity of Treg cells. Both Bcl-2 effects were independent of its antiapoptotic activity but dependent on its capacity to induce the expression of p27 that augmented the strength of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling in T cells. Accordingly, down-modulation of p27 expression in BCL2-TgT mice promoted CIA. In addition, p27 deficiency in aged C57BL/6 mice reduced the number and activity of Treg cells and induced the development of mild lupus-like abnormalities. CONCLUSION Our results point to p27 as a critical regulator of Treg cell differentiation and function through the positive modulation of TGFβ signaling strength in T cells.
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van Beers JJBC, Schwarte CM, Stammen-Vogelzangs J, Oosterink E, Božič B, Pruijn GJM. The rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid citrullinome reveals novel citrullinated epitopes in apolipoprotein E, myeloid nuclear differentiation antigen, and β-actin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:69-80. [PMID: 23044660 DOI: 10.1002/art.37720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To generate a catalog of citrullinated proteins that are present in the synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to elucidate their relevance for the anti-citrullinated protein antibody response in RA. METHODS Polypeptides isolated from the synovial fluid of patients with RA were identified by mass spectrometry. Three proteins (apolipoprotein E [Apo E], myeloid nuclear differentiation antigen [MNDA], and β-actin) were studied in more detail, using immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. The presence of autoantibodies to synthetic peptides derived from these proteins in sera from patients with RA, sera from patients with other diseases, and sera from healthy control subjects was studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS RA synovial fluid samples displayed several distinct patterns of citrullinated proteins. Using mass spectrometry, (fragments of) 192 proteins were identified, including 53 citrullinated proteins, some of which contained multiple citrullinated residues. In addition to previously reported citrullinated proteins in RA synovia (e.g., vimentin and fibrinogen), a series of novel citrullinated proteins, including Apo E, MNDA, β-actin, and cyclophilin A, was identified. Immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the citrullination of Apo E and MNDA. ELISAs demonstrated the presence of autoreactive citrullinated epitopes in Apo E, MNDA, and β-actin. CONCLUSION Synovial fluid samples from the inflamed joints of patients with RA contain many citrullinated proteins. Citrullinated Apo E, MNDA, and β-actin are novel antigens identified in RA synovial fluid, and only a limited number of their citrullinated epitopes are targeted by the immune system in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce J B C van Beers
- Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. Regulatory T cells in atherosclerosis and strategies to induce the endogenous atheroprotective immune response. Immunol Lett 2013; 151:10-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Mice deficient in CD38 develop an attenuated form of collagen type II-induced arthritis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33534. [PMID: 22438945 PMCID: PMC3306406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38, a type II transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in many cells of the immune system, is involved in cell signaling, migration and differentiation. Studies in CD38 deficient mice (CD38 KO mice) indicate that this molecule controls inflammatory immune responses, although its involvement in these responses depends on the disease model analyzed. Here, we explored the role of CD38 in the control of autoimmune responses using chicken collagen type II (col II) immunized C57BL/6-CD38 KO mice as a model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). We demonstrate that CD38 KO mice develop an attenuated CIA that is accompanied by a limited joint induction of IL-1β and IL-6 expression, by the lack of induction of IFNγ expression in the joints and by a reduction in the percentages of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in the spleen. Immunized CD38 KO mice produce high levels of circulating IgG1 and low of IgG2a anti-col II antibodies in association with reduced percentages of Th1 cells in the draining lymph nodes. Altogether, our results show that CD38 participates in the pathogenesis of CIA controlling the number of iNKT cells and promoting Th1 inflammatory responses.
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Wu C, Li A, Leng Y, Li Y, Kang J. Histone deacetylase inhibition by sodium valproate regulates polarization of macrophage subsets. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 31:592-9. [PMID: 22054065 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that change of macrophage phenotype (M1/M2) is associated with autoimmune diseases. Sodium valproate (VPA) is a class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, which has immunomodulatory function in graft-versus-host disease. However, its impact on macrophage polarization has not been defined. We evaluated the effects of VPA on both mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and primary mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). Exposure to VPA significantly repressed the production of interleukin 12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor α by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage activation, in contrast, promoted IL-10 expression. VPA also affected the costimulatory molecule expression on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 and BMMs (downregulation of CD40 and CD80, and upregulation of CD86). Specifically, VPA inhibited macrophage-mediated T helper 1 (Th1) effector but enhanced Th2 effector cell activation. Together, our preclinical study demonstrates that VPA significantly affects the phenotype and function of macrophage, indicating an important role of HDAC activity in immune regulation and inflammation. It also provides a rationale to evaluate VPA activity for the treatment of macrophage dysfunction-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenming Wu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai, First Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Subramanian S, Shahaf G, Ozeri E, Miller LM, Vandenbark AA, Lewis EC, Offner H. Sustained expression of circulating human alpha-1 antitrypsin reduces inflammation, increases CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cell population and prevents signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2011; 26:107-13. [PMID: 21437674 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-011-9239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is the primary circulating serine protease inhibitor, and is known to exert potent anti-inflammatory effects and to inhibit the progression of several autoimmune diseases. In this study, transgenic mice that over-express surfactant-driven human (h)AAT on the C57BL/6 background were evaluated for resistance to MOG-35-55 peptide-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), compared to WT C57BL/6 control mice. According to the results, sustained levels of circulating hAAT profoundly inhibited induction of clinical signs, inflammatory lesions and demyelination observed in WT mice with EAE, concomitant with enhanced levels of CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells, reduced secretion of MOG peptide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-17, IL-1β & IL-6, diminished expression of caspase-1 and enhanced expression of CCR6. These results implicate hAAT as a potent immunoregulatory agent worthy of further investigation as a potential therapy in human autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Caspases/metabolism
- Demyelinating Diseases/immunology
- Demyelinating Diseases/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Forkhead Transcription Factors
- Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Humans
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/analysis
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-1beta/analysis
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Interleukin-6/analysis
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, CCR6/analysis
- Receptors, CCR6/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- alpha 1-Antitrypsin/immunology
- alpha 1-Antitrypsin/metabolism
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