1
|
Lee S, Ko Y, Lee HW, Oh WJ, Hong HG, Ariyaratne D, Im SJ, Kim TJ. Two distinct subpopulations of marginal zone B cells exhibit differential antibody-producing capacities and radioresistance. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:393-408. [PMID: 38424169 PMCID: PMC10978899 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Marginal zone (MZ) B cells, which are splenic innate-like B cells that rapidly secrete antibodies (Abs) against blood-borne pathogens, are composed of heterogeneous subpopulations. Here, we showed that MZ B cells can be divided into two distinct subpopulations according to their CD80 expression levels. CD80high MZ B cells exhibited greater Ab-producing, proliferative, and IL-10-secreting capacities than did CD80low MZ B cells. Notably, CD80high MZ B cells survived 2-Gy whole-body irradiation, whereas CD80low MZ B cells were depleted by irradiation and then repleted with one month after irradiation. Depletion of CD80low MZ B cells led to accelerated development of type II collagen (CII)-induced arthritis upon immunization with bovine CII. CD80high MZ B cells exhibited higher expression of genes involved in proliferation, plasma cell differentiation, and the antioxidant response. CD80high MZ B cells expressed more autoreactive B cell receptors (BCRs) that recognized double-stranded DNA or CII, expressed more immunoglobulin heavy chain sequences with shorter complementarity-determining region 3 sequences, and included more clonotypes with no N-nucleotides or with B-1a BCR sequences than CD80low MZ B cells. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that CD21+CD23+ transitional 2 MZ precursors preferentially generated CD80low MZ B cells and that a proportion of CD80low MZ B cells were converted into CD80high MZ B cells; in contrast, CD80high MZ B cells stably remained CD80high MZ B cells. In summary, MZ B cells can be divided into two subpopulations according to their CD80 expression levels, Ab-producing capacity, radioresistance, and autoreactivity, and these findings may suggest a hierarchical composition of MZ B cells with differential stability and BCR specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeunjung Ko
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Immunology and Microbiology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Oh
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Gi Hong
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinuka Ariyaratne
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Se Jin Im
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ottens K, Schneider J, Satterthwaite AB. B-1a Cells, but Not Marginal Zone B Cells, Are Implicated in the Accumulation of Autoreactive Plasma Cells in Lyn-/- Mice. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:47-56. [PMID: 38189742 PMCID: PMC10835670 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in Lyn, a tyrosine kinase that limits B cell activation, develop a lupus-like autoimmune disease characterized by the accumulation of splenic plasma cells and the production of autoantibodies. Lyn-/- mice have reduced numbers of marginal zone (MZ) B cells, a B cell subset that is enriched in autoreactivity and prone to plasma cell differentiation. We hypothesized that this is due to unchecked terminal differentiation of this potentially pathogenic B cell subpopulation. However, impairing MZ B cell development in Lyn-/- mice did not reduce plasma cell accumulation or autoantibodies, and preventing plasma cell differentiation did not restore MZ B cell numbers. Instead, Lyn-/- mice accumulated B-1a cells when plasma cell differentiation was impaired. Similar to MZ B cells, B-1a cells tend to be polyreactive or weakly autoreactive and are primed for terminal differentiation. Our results implicate B-1a cells, but not MZ B cells, as contributors to the autoreactive plasma cell pool in Lyn-/- mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ottens
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jalyn Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Anne B. Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sullivan KA, Chapman C, Lu L, Ashbrook DG, Wang Y, Alduraibi FK, Lu C, Sun CW, Liu S, Williams RW, Mountz JD, Hsu HC. Increased development of T-bet +CD11c + B cells predisposes to lupus in females: Analysis in BXD2 mouse and genetic crosses. Clin Immunol 2023; 257:109842. [PMID: 37981105 PMCID: PMC10799694 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Cardinal features of lupus include elevated B cell activation and autoantibody production with a female sex preponderance. We quantified interactions of sex and genetic variation on the development of autoimmune B-cell phenotypes and autoantibodies in the BXD2 murine model of lupus using a cohort of backcrossed progeny (BXD2 x C57BL/6J) x BXD2. Sex was the key factor leading to increased total IgG, IgG2b, and autoantibodies. The percentage of T-bet+CD11c+ IgD+ activated naive B cells (aNAV) was higher in females and was associated with increased T-bet+CD11c+ IgD- age-related B cells, Fas+GL7+ germinal center B cells, Cxcr5-Icos+ peripheral T-helper cells, and Cxcr5+Icos+ follicular T-helper cells. IFN-β was elevated in females. Variation in aNAV cells was mapped to Chr 7 in a locus that shows significant interactions between the female sex and heterozygous B/D variant. Our results suggest that activation of naive B cells forms the basis for the female-predominant development of autoantibodies in lupus-susceptible BXD2 mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Casey Chapman
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David G Ashbrook
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Fatima K Alduraibi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Changming Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chao-Wang Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shanrun Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John D Mountz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Research, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Research, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guo C, Yuan H, Wang Y, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Yin T, He H, Gou J, Tang X. The interplay between PEGylated nanoparticles and blood immune system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115044. [PMID: 37541623 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, an increasing number of reports have pointed out that the immunogenicity of polyethylene glycol (PEG) may trigger accelerated blood clearance (ABC) and hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) to PEGylated nanoparticles, which could make PEG modification counterproductive. These phenomena would be detrimental to the efficacy of the load and even life-threatening to patients. Consequently, further elucidation of the interplay between PEGylated nanoparticles and the blood immune system will be beneficial to developing and applying related formulations. Many groups have worked to unveil the relevance of structural factors, dosing schedule, and other factors to the ABC phenomenon and hypersensitivity reaction. Interestingly, the results of some reports seem to be difficult to interpret or contradict with other reports. In this review, we summarize the physiological mechanisms of PEG-specific immune response. Moreover, we speculate on the potential relationship between the induction phase and the effectuation phase to explain the divergent results in published reports. In addition, the role of nanoparticle-associated factors is discussed based on the classification of the action phase. This review may help researchers to develop PEGylated nanoparticles to avoid unfavorable immune responses based on the underlying mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Haoyang Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yuxiu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yupeng Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Tian Yin
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Haibing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jingxin Gou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mountz JD, Gao M, Ponder DM, Liu S, Sun CW, Alduraibi F, Sullivan K, Pat B, Dell'Italia LJ, Hsu HC. IL-4 receptor blockade is a global repressor of naïve B cell development and responses in a dupilumab-treated patient. Clin Immunol 2022; 244:109130. [PMID: 36189576 PMCID: PMC9741950 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a case of atopic dermatitis (AD) in a patient who received biweekly doses of dupilumab, an antibody against the IL-4 receptor α chain (IL-4Rα). Single cell RNA-sequencing showed that naïve B cells expressed the highest levels of IL4R compared to other B cell subpopulations. Compared to controls, the dupilumab-treated patient exhibited diminished percentages of IL4R+IGHD+ naïve B cells and down-regulation of IL4R, FCER2 (CD23), and IGHD. Dupilumab treatment resulted in upregulation of genes associated with apoptosis and inhibition of B cell receptor signaling and down-regulation of class-switch and memory B cell development genes. The dupilumab-treated patient exhibited a rapid decline in COVID-19 anti-spike and anti-receptor binding domain antibodies between 4 and 8 and 11 months post COVID-19 vaccination. Our data suggest that intact and persistent IL-4 signaling is necessary for maintaining robust survival and development of naïve B cells, and maintaining a long term vaccine response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Mountz
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Min Gao
- Informatics Institute, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - David M Ponder
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Shanrun Liu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Chiao-Wang Sun
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Fatima Alduraibi
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Kathryn Sullivan
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Betty Pat
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Louis J Dell'Italia
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gil-Manso S, Miguens Blanco I, López-Esteban R, Carbonell D, López-Fernández LA, West L, Correa-Rocha R, Pion M. Comprehensive Flow Cytometry Profiling of the Immune System in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals. Front Immunol 2022; 12:793142. [PMID: 35069575 PMCID: PMC8771913 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 200 million people worldwide, with more than 4 million associated deaths. Although more than 80% of infected people develop asymptomatic or mild COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 can induce a profound dysregulation of the immune system. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether clinically recovered individuals present immune sequelae. The potential presence of a long-term dysregulation of the immune system could constitute a risk factor for re-infection and the development of other pathologies. Here, we performed a deep analysis of the immune system in 35 COVID-19 recovered individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared to 16 healthy donors, by flow cytometry. Samples from COVID-19 individuals were analysed from 12 days to 305 days post-infection. We observed that, 10 months post-infection, recovered COVID-19 patients presented alterations in the values of some T-cell, B-cell, and innate cell subsets compared to healthy controls. Moreover, we found in recovered COVID-19 individuals increased levels of circulating follicular helper type 1 (cTfh1), plasmablast/plasma cells, and follicular dendritic cells (foDC), which could indicate that the Tfh-B-foDC axis might be functional to produce specific immunoglobulins 10 months post-infection. The presence of this axis and the immune system alterations could constitute prognosis markers and could play an important role in potential re-infection or the presence of long-term symptoms in some individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gil-Manso
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iria Miguens Blanco
- Department of Emergency, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío López-Esteban
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Carbonell
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Andrés López-Fernández
- Service of Pharmacy, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lori West
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rafael Correa-Rocha
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marjorie Pion
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ghobadi MZ, Izadi S, Teymoori-Rad M, Farahmand M, Mozhgani SH, Labbaf N, Shokri F, Marashi SM. Potential role of viral infection and B cells as a linker between innate and adaptive immune response in systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol Res 2021; 69:196-204. [PMID: 33786699 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that involves several organ systems. Although B cells play a key role in SLE pathogenesis, the mechanisms behind B cell dysregulation in SLE development remained controversial. Finding the modules containing highly co-expressed genes in B cells could explain biological pathways involved in the pathogenesis of SLE, which may further support the reasons for the altered function of B cells in SLE disease. A total of three microarray gene expression datasets were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. SLE samples were prepared from the purified B lymphocyte cells of the patients who have not received immunosuppressive drugs as well as high dose immunocytotoxic therapies or steroids. A weighted gene co-expression network was then constructed to find the relevant modules implicated in the SLE progression. Among 17 identified modules, 3 modules were selected through mapping to STRING and finding the ones that had highly connection at the protein level. These modules clearly indicate the involvement of several pathways in the pathogenesis of SLE including viral infection, adaptive immune response, and innate immune response in B lymphocytes. The WGCN analysis further revealed the co-expressed genes involved in both innate and adaptive immune systems. Mix infections and primary immunodeficiency might also dysregulate B lymphocytes, which may facilitate SLE development. As such, identifying novel biomarkers and pathways in lupus would be of importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Zarei Ghobadi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Izadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Teymoori-Rad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Non‑Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Negar Labbaf
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mountz JD, Hsu HC, Ballesteros-Tato A. Dysregulation of T Follicular Helper Cells in Lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 202:1649-1658. [PMID: 30833421 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although multiple and overlapping mechanisms are ultimately responsible for the immunopathology observed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, autoreactive Abs secreted by autoreactive plasma cells (PCs) are considered to play a critical role in disease progression and immunopathology. Given that PCs derive from the germinal centers (GC), long-term dysregulated GC reactions are often associated with the development of spontaneous autoantibody responses and immunopathology in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. In this review, we summarize the emerging evidence concerning the roles of T follicular helper cells in regulating pathogenic GC and autoreactive PC responses in lupus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Mountz
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and .,Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - Andre Ballesteros-Tato
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hamilton JA, Hsu HC, Mountz JD. Autoreactive B cells in SLE, villains or innocent bystanders? Immunol Rev 2019; 292:120-138. [PMID: 31631359 PMCID: PMC6935412 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current concepts for development of autoreactive B cells in SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) focus on extrinsic stimuli and factors that provoke B cells into tolerance loss. Traditionally, major tolerance loss pathways are thought to be regulated by factors outside the B cell including autoantigen engagement of the B-cell receptor (BCR) with simultaneous type I interferon (IFN) produced by dendritic cells, especially plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Later, in autoreactive follicles, B-cells encounter T-follicular helper cells (Tfh) that produce interleukin (IL)-21, IL-4 and pathogenic cytokines, IL-17 and IFN gamma (IFNɣ). This review discusses these mechanisms and also highlights recent advances pointing to the peripheral transitional B-cell stage as a major juncture where transient autocrine IFNβ expression by developing B-cells imprints a heightened susceptibility to external factors favoring differentiation into autoantibody-producing plasmablasts. Recent studies highlight transitional B-cell heterogeneity as a determinant of intrinsic resistance or susceptibility to tolerance loss through the shaping of B-cell responsiveness to cytokines and other environment factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John D Mountz
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hamilton JA, Wu Q, Yang P, Luo B, Liu S, Li J, L Mattheyses A, Sanz I, Chatham WW, Hsu HC, Mountz JD. Cutting Edge: Intracellular IFN-β and Distinct Type I IFN Expression Patterns in Circulating Systemic Lupus Erythematosus B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2203-2208. [PMID: 30201809 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type I IFNs promote induction of type I IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) and can drive B cells to produce autoantibodies. Little is known about the expression of distinct type I IFNs in lupus, particularly high-affinity IFN-β. Single-cell analyses of transitional B cells isolated from SLE patients revealed distinct B cell subpopulations, including type I IFN producers, IFN responders, and mixed IFN producer/responder clusters. Anti-Ig plus TLR3 stimulation of SLE B cells induced release of bioactive type I IFNs that could stimulate HEK-Blue cells. Increased levels of IFN-β were detected in circulating B cells from SLE patients compared with controls and were significantly higher in African American patients with renal disease and in patients with autoantibodies. Together, the results identify type I IFN-producing and -responding subpopulations within the SLE B cell compartment and suggest that some patients may benefit from specific targeting of IFN-β.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennie A Hamilton
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Qi Wu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - PingAr Yang
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Bao Luo
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Shanrun Liu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jun Li
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - W Winn Chatham
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John D Mountz
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; .,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Satterthwaite AB. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase, a Component of B Cell Signaling Pathways, Has Multiple Roles in the Pathogenesis of Lupus. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1986. [PMID: 29403475 PMCID: PMC5786522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the loss of adaptive immune tolerance to nucleic acid-containing antigens. The resulting autoantibodies form immune complexes that promote inflammation and tissue damage. Defining the signals that drive pathogenic autoantibody production is an important step in the development of more targeted therapeutic approaches for lupus, which is currently treated primarily with non-specific immunosuppression. Here, we review the contribution of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), a component of B and myeloid cell signaling pathways, to disease in murine lupus models. Both gain- and loss-of-function genetic studies have revealed that Btk plays multiple roles in the production of autoantibodies. These include promoting the activation, plasma cell differentiation, and class switching of autoreactive B cells. Small molecule inhibitors of Btk are effective at reducing autoantibody levels, B cell activation, and kidney damage in several lupus models. These studies suggest that Btk may promote end-organ damage both by facilitating the production of autoantibodies and by mediating the inflammatory response of myeloid cells to these immune complexes. While Btk has not been associated with SLE in GWAS studies, SLE B cells display signaling defects in components both upstream and downstream of Btk consistent with enhanced activation of Btk signaling pathways. Taken together, these observations indicate that limiting Btk activity is critical for maintaining B cell tolerance and preventing the development of autoimmune disease. Btk inhibitors, generally well-tolerated and approved to treat B cell malignancy, may thus be a useful therapeutic approach for SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne B Satterthwaite
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Choi SC, Morel L. B cell contribution of the CD4 + T cell inflammatory phenotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2017; 50:37-41. [PMID: 28166683 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2017.1280028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in which the effector molecules responsible for tissue damage are antibodies directed against a large number of self-antigens, among which nucleic acids complexed with proteins play a prominent role. These pathogenic autoantibodies are produced by plasma cells differentiated from activated autoreactive B cells, a process that requires complex interactions between multiple components of the immune systems. A key step in the activation of autoreactive B cells is provided by CD4+ T cells through cytokines and cell-to-cell contact. Lupus CD4+ T cells are autoreactive and they present an activated inflammatory phenotype that has been shown to contribute to disease. In addition to their role in antibody production, B cells have other effector functions, the most important ones being antigen presentation to and co-stimulation of CD4+ T cells, as well as the secretion of cytokines. Here, we review what is known, largely based on mouse models, how these B cell effector functions contribute to the CD4+ T cell inflammatory phenotypes in lupus. When possible, we compare CD4+ T cell activation by B cells and by dendritic cells, and speculate how these interactions may contribute to the disease process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chul Choi
- a Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- a Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Breakdown of Immune Tolerance in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Dendritic Cells. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:6269157. [PMID: 27034965 PMCID: PMC4789470 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6269157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease with multiple tissue manifestations. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the roles of conventional DC and plasmacytoid DC in the development of both murine lupus and human SLE. In the past decade, studies using selective DC depletions have demonstrated critical roles of DC in lupus progression. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies suggest activation of DC by self-antigens in lupus pathogenesis, followed by breakdown of immune tolerance to self. Potential treatment strategies targeting DC have been developed. However, many questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which DC modulate lupus pathogenesis that require further investigations.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mauri C, Menon M. The many faces of type I interferon in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2562-4. [PMID: 26098208 DOI: 10.1172/jci82574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease with a broad spectrum of clinical presentations involving multiple organ systems. An abnormal response to self-antigens is thought to drive the development of SLE; however, the factors that underlie this dysfunction are not clear. In this issue of the JCI, Li and colleagues present compelling evidence to show that type I interferons (IFNs) produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells inhibit the clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) by marginal zone macrophages. Specifically, type I IFNs increase the translocation of marginal zone (MZ) B cells to the follicular region of the spleen, thereby disrupting interactions between these B cells and MZ macrophages (MZMs), which in turn disrupts megakaryoblastic leukemia 1-mediated (MKL1-mediated) mechanosensing and inhibits AC phagocytosis by MZMs. The results of this study provide important insight into factors that inhibit AC clearance and promote the development of SLE.
Collapse
|
15
|
Li H, Fu YX, Wu Q, Zhou Y, Crossman DK, Yang P, Li J, Luo B, Morel LM, Kabarowski JH, Yagita H, Ware CF, Hsu HC, Mountz JD. Interferon-induced mechanosensing defects impede apoptotic cell clearance in lupus. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2877-90. [PMID: 26098211 DOI: 10.1172/jci81059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe autoimmune disease that is associated with increased circulating apoptotic cell autoantigens (AC-Ags) as well as increased type I IFN signaling. Here, we describe a pathogenic mechanism in which follicular translocation of marginal zone (MZ) B cells in the spleens of BXD2 lupus mice disrupts marginal zone macrophages (MZMs), which normally clear AC debris and prevent follicular entry of AC-Ags. Phagocytosis of ACs by splenic MZMs required the megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 (MKL1) transcriptional coactivator-mediated mechanosensing pathway, which was maintained by MZ B cells through expression of membrane lymphotoxin-α1β2 (mLT). Specifically, type I IFN-induced follicular shuttling of mLT-expressing MZ B cells disengaged interactions between these MZ B cells and LTβ receptor-expressing MZMs, thereby downregulating MKL1 in MZMs. Loss of MKL1 expression in MZMs led to defective F-actin polymerization, inability to clear ACs, and, eventually, MZM dissipation. Aggregation of plasmacytoid DCs in the splenic perifollicular region, follicular translocation of MZ B cells, and loss of MKL1 and MZMs were also observed in an additional murine lupus model and in the spleens of patients with SLE. Collectively, the results suggest that lupus might be interrupted by strategies that maintain or enhance mechanosensing signaling in the MZM barrier to prevent follicular entry of AC-Ags.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Autoantibodies/biosynthesis
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Interferon Type I/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology
- Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/deficiency
- Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/genetics
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular/genetics
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Serum Response Factor/deficiency
- Serum Response Factor/genetics
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- Trans-Activators/deficiency
- Trans-Activators/genetics
Collapse
|
16
|
Hamilton JA, Li J, Wu Q, Yang P, Luo B, Li H, Bradley JE, Taylor JJ, Randall TD, Mountz JD, Hsu HC. General Approach for Tetramer-Based Identification of Autoantigen-Reactive B Cells: Characterization of La- and snRNP-Reactive B Cells in Autoimmune BXD2 Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:5022-34. [PMID: 25888644 PMCID: PMC4417409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are associated with the development of several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. The low frequency of these cells represents a major barrier to their analysis. Ag tetramers prepared from linear epitopes represent a promising strategy for the identification of small subsets of Ag-reactive immune cells. This is challenging given the requirement for identification and validation of linear epitopes and the complexity of autoantibody responses, including the broad spectrum of autoantibody specificities and the contribution of isotype to pathogenicity. Therefore, we tested a two-tiered peptide microarray approach, coupled with epitope mapping of known autoantigens, to identify and characterize autoepitopes using the BXD2 autoimmune mouse model. Microarray results were verified through comparison with established age-associated profiles of autoantigen specificities and autoantibody class switching in BXD2 and control (C57BL/6) mice and high-throughput ELISA and ELISPOT analyses of synthetic peptides. Tetramers were prepared from two linear peptides derived from two RNA-binding proteins (RBPs): lupus La and 70-kDa U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein. Flow cytometric analysis of tetramer-reactive B cell subsets revealed a significantly higher frequency and greater numbers of RBP-reactive marginal zone precursor, transitional T3, and PDL-2(+)CD80(+) memory B cells, with significantly elevated CD69 and CD86 observed in RBP(+) marginal zone precursor B cells in the spleens of BXD2 mice compared with C57BL/6 mice, suggesting a regulatory defect. This study establishes a feasible strategy for the characterization of autoantigen-specific B cell subsets in different models of autoimmunity and, potentially, in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennie A Hamilton
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Jun Li
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Qi Wu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - PingAr Yang
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Bao Luo
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Hao Li
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John E Bradley
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Troy D Randall
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John D Mountz
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; Department of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets in systemic lupus erythematosus: from bench to bedside. AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2014; 5:33-45. [PMID: 26000154 PMCID: PMC4389042 DOI: 10.1007/s13317-014-0058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is considered an autoimmune disease with multiorgan involvement. Many advances have been made during the last decade regarding inflammatory pathways, genetic and epigenetic alterations, adaptive and innate immune system mechanisms specifically involved in SLE pathogenesis. Apoptosis has been proposed as an important player in SLE pathogenesis more than a decade ago. However, only recently new key apoptotic pathways have been investigated and the link between apoptotic debris containing autoantigens, innate immunity and ongoing inflammation has been further elucidated. Better understanding of cellular mechanisms and involved cytokines contributed to the development of new biological drugs specifically addressed for SLE therapy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sang A, Zheng YY, Yin Y, Dozmorov I, Li H, Hsu HC, Mountz JD, Morel L. Dysregulated cytokine production by dendritic cells modulates B cell responses in the NZM2410 mouse model of lupus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102151. [PMID: 25093822 PMCID: PMC4122346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The breakdown in tolerance of autoreactive B cells in the lupus-prone NZM2410-derived B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (TC) mice results in the secretion of autoantibodies. TC dendritic cells (DCs) enhance B cell proliferation and antibody secretion in a cytokine-dependent manner. However, the specific cytokine milieu by which TC DCs activate B cells was not known. In this study, we compared TC and C57BL/6 (B6) control for the distribution of DC subsets and for their production of cytokines affecting B cell responses. We show that TC DCs enhanced B cell proliferation through the production of IL-6 and IFN-γ, while antibody secretion was only dependent on IL-6. Pre-disease TC mice showed an expanded PDCA1(+) cells prior to disease onset that was localized to the marginal zone and further expanded with age. The presence of PDCA1(+) cells in the marginal zone correlated with a Type I Interferon (IFN) signature in marginal zone B cells, and this response was higher in TC than B6 mice. In vivo administration of anti-chromatin immune complexes upregulated IL-6 and IFN-γ production by splenic DCs from TC but not B6 mice. The production of BAFF and APRIL was decreased upon TC DC stimulation both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that these B cell survival factors do not play a role in B cell modulation by TC DCs. Finally, TC B cells were defective at downregulating IL-6 expression in response to anti-inflammatory apoptotic cell exposure. Overall, these results show that the TC autoimmune genetic background induces the production of B cell-modulating inflammatory cytokines by DCs, which are regulated by the microenvironment as well as the interplay between DC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Sang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ying-Yi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yiming Yin
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Igor Dozmorov
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hao Li
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - John D. Mountz
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Snyder DT, Robison A, Kemoli S, Kimmel E, Holderness J, Jutila MA, Hedges JF. Oral delivery of oligomeric procyanidins in Apple Poly® enhances type I IFN responses in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 95:841-847. [PMID: 24421266 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0513296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I IFN signaling is a central pathway that provides critical innate protection from viral and bacterial infection and can have regulatory outcomes in inflammatory settings. We determined previously that OPCs contained in the dietary supplement APP enhanced responses to type I IFN in vitro. Here, we confirm that OPCs from two different sources significantly increased pSTAT1, whereas a monomeric form of procyanidin did not. We hypothesized that similar responses could be induced in vivo following ingestion of APP. Ingestion of APP before injection of polyI:C enhanced in vivo responses to type I IFNs in mice. When human subjects ingested APP, enhanced responses to type I IFN and enhanced pSTAT1 ex vivo were detected, whereas ingestion of RES, a monomeric polyphenol, induced minimal such changes. Polyphenols are best known for induction of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses; however, our findings suggest a unique, nonantioxidant aspect of OPCs that is broadly applicable to many disease settings. The capacity of oral OPCs to enhance type I IFN signaling in vivo can augment innate protection and may, in part, contribute to the noted anti-inflammatory outcome of ingestion of OPCs from many sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deann T Snyder
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Amanda Robison
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Sharon Kemoli
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Emily Kimmel
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Jeff Holderness
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Mark A Jutila
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang JH, New JS, Xie S, Yang P, Wu Q, Li J, Luo B, Ding Y, Druey KM, Hsu HC, Mountz JD. Extension of the germinal center stage of B cell development promotes autoantibodies in BXD2 mice. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2013; 65:2703-12. [PMID: 23818250 PMCID: PMC3979745 DOI: 10.1002/art.38059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins inhibit chemokine signaling by desensitizing G protein-coupled receptor signals. This study was undertaken to determine the mechanisms by which RGS13 promotes the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies in germinal centers (GCs), using BXD2-Rgs13-/- mice. METHODS Confocal and light microscopy imaging techniques were used to determine the location of cells that express RGS13 and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in the mouse spleen, and the number of plasmablasts. The levels of GC and plasma cell program transcripts in GC B cells were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Differential interleukin-17 (IL-17)-mediated expression of RGS13 in GC versus non-GC B cells was analyzed using A20 and 70Z/3 B cells. RESULTS In the spleens of BXD2 mice, RGS13 was mainly expressed by GC B cells and was stimulated by IL-17 but not IL-21. IL-17 up-regulated RGS13 in A20 GC cells but not 70Z/3 non-GC B cells. BXD2- Rgs13-/- mice exhibited smaller GCs and lower AID levels, suggesting lower somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation. However, GC B cells from BXD2- Rgs13-/- mice showed increased levels of IgMbright plasmablasts, up-regulation of the genes encoding plasma program, including interferon regulatory factor 4, B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1, and X-box binding protein 1 and the p-CREB target genes Fosb and Obf1, and down-regulation of the GC program genes Aid, Pax5, and Bach2 compared to BXD2 mice. BXD2-Rgs13-/- mice had lower titers of IgG autoantibodies and IgG deposits in the glomeruli, suggesting reduced autoantibody pathogenicity. CONCLUSION RGS13 deficiency is associated with a reduction in GC program genes and the exit of fewer pathogenic IgM plasmablasts in BXD2 mice. Our findings indicate that prolonged GC program, mediated by up-regulation of RGS13, enhances AID expression and enables the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies in autoreactive GCs.
Collapse
|
21
|
B lymphocytes: development, tolerance, and their role in autoimmunity-focus on systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmune Dis 2013; 2013:827254. [PMID: 24187614 PMCID: PMC3804284 DOI: 10.1155/2013/827254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes are the effectors of humoral immunity, providing defense against pathogens through different functions including antibody production. B cells constitute approximately 15% of peripheral blood leukocytes and arise from hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. It is here that their antigen receptors (surface immunoglobulin) are assembled. In the context of autoimmune diseases defined by B and/or T cell autoreactive that upon activation lead to chronic tissue inflammation and often irreversible structural and functional damage, B lymphocytes play an essential role by not only producing autoantibodies but also functioning as antigen-presenting cells (APC) and as a source of cytokines. In this paper, we describe B lymphocyte functions in autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases with a special focus on their abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Collapse
|
22
|
Li H, Wu Q, Li J, Yang P, Zhu Z, Luo B, Hsu HC, Mountz JD. Cutting Edge: defective follicular exclusion of apoptotic antigens due to marginal zone macrophage defects in autoimmune BXD2 mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4465-9. [PMID: 23543760 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Marginal zone macrophages (MZMs) act as a barrier to entry of circulating apoptotic debris into the follicles of secondary lymphoid organs. In autoimmune BXD2 mice, there is a progressive reduction in the function and numbers of MZMs. Absence of MZMs results in retention of apoptotic cell (AC) debris within the marginal zone (MZ) and increased loading of AC Ags on MZ B cells and MZ-precursor (MZ-P) B cells. The MZ-P B cells are capable of translocating the AC Ags to the follicular zone and stimulating T cells. Both MZMs and MZ-P B cells from BXD2 mice express low levels of tolerogenic signals and high levels of inflammatory signals. Thus, the current study suggests a multifaceted mechanism in which MZMs maintain tolerance to apoptotic autoantigens and suppress their translocation to follicles. Lack of clearance of apoptotic debris by MZMs drives follicular Ag-transportation by MZ-P B cells to stimulate an autoimmune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ambrosi A, Espinosa A, Wahren-Herlenius M. IL-17: a new actor in IFN-driven systemic autoimmune diseases. Eur J Immunol 2013; 42:2274-84. [PMID: 22949326 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus are type I IFN-driven diseases with exaggerated B-cell responses and autoantibody production. Th17 cells, a T-helper-cell subset with high inflammatory capacity, was initially discovered and characterized in the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis - an animal model of multiple sclerosis. There is now emerging evidence that Th17 cells, and more generally IL-17 and IL-17-producing cells, may play a role in the pathogenesis of type I IFN-driven systemic autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Here, we review the different studies suggesting a role for IL-17 and IL-17-producing cells in systemic autoimmune diseases, both in humans and in animal models, and we consider the possible mechanisms by which these cells may contribute to disease. We also discuss the hypothesis that type I IFN and IL-17 act in concert to sustain and amplify autoimmune and inflammatory responses, making them a dangerous combination involved in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Ambrosi
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mountz JD, Wang JH, Xie S, Hsu HC. Cytokine regulation of B-cell migratory behavior favors formation of germinal centers in autoimmune disease. DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2011; 11:76-85. [PMID: 21276413 PMCID: PMC3249418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Chemotaxis is essential for shaping immune responses and chemokine-receptor antagonists are now being evaluated as therapies for various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, the dysregulation of chemotaxis in autoimmune disease may involve both promotion and inhibition of B-cell migration. This review focuses on the disparate mechanisms by which two inflammatory cytokines that have been associated with autoimmune disease, namely interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and interleukin-17 (IL-17), may regulate B-cell migratory responses. Chemotactic responses play a key role in orchestrating the cell-cell interactions in the germinal centers (GCs). This process involves active shuttling of the antigen-carrying B cells between the marginal zone and the GCs. We have shown that in autoimmune BXD2 mice, the migration of marginal zone precursor B cells is promoted by high levels of IFN-alpha produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the marginal sinus that antagonize the activity of the S1P(1) chemokine receptor. In contrast, within the GCs, interleukin-17A (IL-17A) upregulates the expression of regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) in B cells to desensitize the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway of CXCL12 and CXCL13 chemokines. This promotes a prolonged stable interaction of B and T cells in the GC that induces high levels of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA) thereby enabling development of pathogenic autoantibody-producing B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Mountz
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|