1
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Okita K, Hikiji H, Koga A, Nagai-Yoshioka Y, Yamasaki R, Mitsugi S, Fujii W, Ariyoshi W. Ascorbic acid enhances chondrocyte differentiation of ATDC5 by accelerating insulin receptor signaling. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1737-1748. [PMID: 37381608 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is strictly regulated by several factors, including cytokines, hormones, and extracellular matrix proteins. Mouse teratocarcinoma-derived lineage cells, differentiate into chondrocytes in the presence of insulin. Although ascorbic acid promotes chondrogenic differentiation, the detailed regulative mechanisms underlying its role in chondrogenesis remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effects of ascorbic acid on insulin-induced chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells and the underlying intracellular signaling. The results revealed that insulin-stimulated collagen deposition, matrix formation, calcification, and expression of chondrogenic differentiation marker genes in ATDC5 cells. This enhancement by insulin was amplified with the addition of ascorbic acid. Molecular analysis revealed that the activation of insulin-induced phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling was enhanced in the presence of ascorbic acid. In contrast, Wnt/β-catenin signaling was suppressed during chondrocyte differentiation via upregulation of the Wnt agonist, secreted Frizzled-related protein 1 (sFRP-1) and 3 (sFRP-3). Notably, ascorbic acid upregulated the expression of insulin receptors and their substrates (IRS-1 and IRS-2). Furthermore, ascorbic acid reversed the suppression of IRS-1 and IRS-2 protein by insulin. These results indicate that ascorbic acid positively regulates the chondrogenic differentiation of ATDC5 cells via enhancement of insulin signaling. Our findings provide a substantial basis for further elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of chondrocyte differentiation and the pathophysiology of OA, thus aiding in development of effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaede Okita
- Department of Health Promotion, Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
- School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hisako Hikiji
- School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ayaka Koga
- Department of Health Promotion, Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
- School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshie Nagai-Yoshioka
- Department of Health Promotion, Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryota Yamasaki
- Department of Health Promotion, Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sho Mitsugi
- Department of Science of Physical Functions, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wataru Ariyoshi
- Department of Health Promotion, Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
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2
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Leino SA, Constable SCJ, Streit A, Wilkinson DG. Zbtb16 mediates a switch between Fgf signalling regimes in the developing hindbrain. Development 2023; 150:dev201319. [PMID: 37642135 PMCID: PMC10508701 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Developing tissues are sequentially patterned by extracellular signals that are turned on and off at specific times. In the zebrafish hindbrain, fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signalling has different roles at different developmental stages: in the early hindbrain, transient Fgf3 and Fgf8 signalling from rhombomere 4 is required for correct segmentation, whereas later, neuronal Fgf20 expression confines neurogenesis to specific spatial domains within each rhombomere. How the switch between these two signalling regimes is coordinated is not known. We present evidence that the Zbtb16 transcription factor is required for this transition to happen in an orderly fashion. Zbtb16 expression is high in the early anterior hindbrain, then gradually upregulated posteriorly and confined to neural progenitors. In mutants lacking functional Zbtb16, fgf3 expression fails to be downregulated and persists until a late stage, resulting in excess and more widespread Fgf signalling during neurogenesis. Accordingly, the spatial pattern of neurogenesis is disrupted in Zbtb16 mutants. Our results reveal how the distinct stage-specific roles of Fgf signalling are coordinated in the zebrafish hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami A. Leino
- Neural Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Sean C. J. Constable
- Neural Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andrea Streit
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - David G. Wilkinson
- Neural Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
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3
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Chen Z, Wang W, Zhang Y, Xue X, Hua Y. Identification of four-gene signature to diagnose osteoarthritis through bioinformatics and machine learning methods. Cytokine 2023; 169:156300. [PMID: 37454542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent joint disorders, effective biomarkers to diagnose OA are still unavailable. This study aimed to acquire some key synovial biomarkers (hub genes) and analyze their correlation with immune infiltration in OA. METHODS Gene expression profiles and clinical characteristics of OA and healthy synovial samples were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Hub genes for OA were mined based on a combination of weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), and random forest (RF) algorithms. A diagnostic nomogram model for OA prediction was developed based on the hub genes. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were performed to confirm the abnormal expression of hub genes in the experimemtal and validation datasets. qRT-PCR using patients' samples were conducted as well. In addition, the infiltration level of 28 immune cells in the expression profile and their relationship with hub genes were analyzed using single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA). RESULTS 4 hub genes (ZBTB16, TNFSF11, SCRG1 and KDELR3) were obtained by WGCNA, lasso, SVM-RFE, RF algorithms as potential biomarkers for OA. The immune infiltration analyses revealed that hub genes were most correlated with regulatory T cell and natural killer cell. CONCLUSION A machine learning model to diagnose OA based on ZBTB16, TNFSF11, SCRG1 and KDELR3 using synovial tissue was constructed, providing theoretical foundation and guideline for diagnostic and treatment targets in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwen Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao'ao Xue
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghui Hua
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Stefańska K, Nemcova L, Blatkiewicz M, Pieńkowski W, Ruciński M, Zabel M, Mozdziak P, Podhorska-Okołów M, Dzięgiel P, Kempisty B. Apoptosis Related Human Wharton's Jelly-Derived Stem Cells Differentiation into Osteoblasts, Chondrocytes, Adipocytes and Neural-like Cells-Complete Transcriptomic Assays. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10023. [PMID: 37373173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) exhibit multilineage differentiation potential, adhere to plastic, and express a specific set of surface markers-CD105, CD73, CD90. Although there are relatively well-established differentiation protocols for WJ-MSCs, the exact molecular mechanisms involved in their in vitro long-term culture and differentiation remain to be elucidated. In this study, the cells were isolated from Wharton's jelly of umbilical cords obtained from healthy full-term deliveries, cultivated in vitro, and differentiated towards osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic and neurogenic lineages. RNA samples were isolated after the differentiation regimen and analyzed using an RNA sequencing (RNAseq) assay, which led to the identification of differentially expressed genes belonging to apoptosis-related ontological groups. ZBTB16 and FOXO1 were upregulated in all differentiated groups as compared to controls, while TGFA was downregulated in all groups. In addition, several possible novel marker genes associated with the differentiation of WJ-MSCs were identified (e.g., SEPTIN4, ITPR1, CNR1, BEX2, CD14, EDNRB). The results of this study provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in the long-term culture in vitro and four-lineage differentiation of WJ-MSCs, which is crucial to utilize WJ-MSCs in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stefańska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
- Cellivia 3 S.A., 61-623 Poznan, Poland
| | - Lucie Nemcova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Małgorzata Blatkiewicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pieńkowski
- Division of Perinatology and Women's Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Ruciński
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Division of Anatomy and Histology, University of Zielona Góra, 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Marzenna Podhorska-Okołów
- Division of Ultrastructural Research, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital and Masaryk University, 60177 Brno, Czech Republic
- Physiology Graduate Faculty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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5
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Gene Therapy for Regenerative Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030856. [PMID: 36986717 PMCID: PMC10057434 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of biological methods over the past decade has stimulated great interest in the possibility to regenerate human tissues. Advances in stem cell research, gene therapy, and tissue engineering have accelerated the technology in tissue and organ regeneration. However, despite significant progress in this area, there are still several technical issues that must be addressed, especially in the clinical use of gene therapy. The aims of gene therapy include utilising cells to produce a suitable protein, silencing over-producing proteins, and genetically modifying and repairing cell functions that may affect disease conditions. While most current gene therapy clinical trials are based on cell- and viral-mediated approaches, non-viral gene transfection agents are emerging as potentially safe and effective in the treatment of a wide variety of genetic and acquired diseases. Gene therapy based on viral vectors may induce pathogenicity and immunogenicity. Therefore, significant efforts are being invested in non-viral vectors to enhance their efficiency to a level comparable to the viral vector. Non-viral technologies consist of plasmid-based expression systems containing a gene encoding, a therapeutic protein, and synthetic gene delivery systems. One possible approach to enhance non-viral vector ability or to be an alternative to viral vectors would be to use tissue engineering technology for regenerative medicine therapy. This review provides a critical view of gene therapy with a major focus on the development of regenerative medicine technologies to control the in vivo location and function of administered genes.
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Liu TM. Application of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1826-1844. [PMID: 35069985 PMCID: PMC8727229 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i12.1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent the most clinically used stem cells in regenerative medicine. However, due to the disadvantages with primary MSCs, such as limited cell proliferative capacity and rarity in the tissues leading to limited MSCs, gradual loss of differentiation during in vitro expansion reducing the efficacy of MSC application, and variation among donors increasing the uncertainty of MSC efficacy, the clinical application of MSCs has been greatly hampered. MSCs derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-MSCs) can circumvent these problems associated with primary MSCs. Due to the infinite self-renewal of hPSCs and their differentiation potential towards MSCs, hPSC-MSCs are emerging as an attractive alternative for regenerative medicine. This review summarizes the progress on derivation of MSCs from human pluripotent stem cells, disease modelling and drug screening using hPSC-MSCs, and various applications of hPSC-MSCs in regenerative medicine. In the end, the challenges and concerns with hPSC-MSC applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Ming Liu
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138648, Singapore
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7
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Nakamura A, Rampersaud YR, Sundararajan K, Nakamura S, Wu B, Matip E, Haroon N, Krawetz RJ, Rossomacha E, Gandhi R, Kotlyar M, Rockel JS, Jurisica I, Kapoor M. Zinc finger protein-440 promotes cartilage degenerative mechanisms in human facet and knee osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:372-379. [PMID: 33347923 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of zinc finger protein 440 (ZNF440) in the pathophysiology of cartilage degeneration during facet joint (FJ) and knee osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Expression of ZNF440 in FJ and knee cartilage was determined by immunohistochemistry, quantitative (q)PCR, and Western blotting (WB). Human chondrocytes isolated from FJ and knee OA cartilage were cultured and transduced with ZNF440 or control plasmid, or transfected with ZNF440 or control small interfering RNA (siRNA), with/without interleukin (IL)-1β. Gene and protein levels of catabolic, anabolic and apoptosis markers were determined by qPCR or WB, respectively. In silico analyses were performed to determine compounds with potential to inhibit expression of ZNF440. RESULTS ZNF440 expression was increased in both FJ and knee OA cartilage compared to control cartilage. In vitro, overexpression of ZNF440 significantly increased expression of MMP13 and PARP p85, and decreased expression of COL2A1. Knockdown of ZNF440 with siRNA partially reversed the catabolic and cell death phenotype of human knee and FJ OA chondrocytes stimulated with IL-1β. In silico analysis followed by validation assays identified scriptaid as a compound with potential to downregulate the expression of ZNF440. Validation experiments showed that scriptaid reduced the expression of ZNF440 in OA chondrocytes and concomitantly reduced the expression of MMP13 and PARP p85 in human knee OA chondrocytes overexpressing ZNF440. CONCLUSIONS The expression of ZNF440 is significantly increased in human FJ and knee OA cartilage and may regulate cartilage degenerative mechanisms. Furthermore, scriptaid reduces the expression of ZNF440 and inhibits its destructive effects in OA chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nakamura
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y R Rampersaud
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K Sundararajan
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Nakamura
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - B Wu
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Matip
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N Haroon
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Rheumatology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R J Krawetz
- McCaig Institute for Bone &Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - E Rossomacha
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Gandhi
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Kotlyar
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J S Rockel
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - I Jurisica
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - M Kapoor
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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8
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Liu TM, Yildirim ED, Li P, Fang HT, Denslin V, Kumar V, Loh YH, Lee EH, Cool SM, Teh BT, Hui JH, Lim B, Shyh-Chang N. Ascorbate and Iron Are Required for the Specification and Long-Term Self-Renewal of Human Skeletal Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:210-225. [PMID: 32004493 PMCID: PMC7013236 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of ascorbate on adult cell fate specification remain largely unknown. Using our stepwise and chemically defined system to derive lateral mesoderm progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), we found that ascorbate increased the expression of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) markers, purity of MSCs, the long-term self-renewal and osteochondrogenic capacity of hPSC-MSCs in vitro. Moreover, ascorbate promoted MSC specification in an iron-dependent fashion, but not in a redox-dependent manner. Further studies revealed that iron synergized with ascorbate to regulate hPSC-MSC histone methylation, promote their long-term self-renewal, and increase their osteochondrogenic capacity. We found that one of the histone demethylases affected by ascorbate, KDM4B, was necessary to promote the specification of hPSC-MSCs. This mechanistic understanding led to the metabolic optimization of hPSC-MSCs with an extended lifespan in vitro and the ability to fully repair cartilage defects upon transplantation in vivo. Our results highlight the importance of ascorbate and iron metabolism in adult human cell fate specification. Generation of hPSC-MSCs by stepwise and chemically defined protocol Ascorbate promotes the specification and chondrogenesis of hPSC-MSCs Ascorbate promotes the specification of hPS-MSCs and promotes osteochondrogenesis hPSC-MSCs are able to fully repair the cartilage defects
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ming Liu
- Cancer Stem Cell Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
| | - Ege Deniz Yildirim
- Cancer Stem Cell Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Pin Li
- Cancer Stem Cell Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Hai Tong Fang
- Epigenetics and Cell Fates Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Vinitha Denslin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119260, Singapore; NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Vibhor Kumar
- Computational and Systems Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Yuin Han Loh
- Epigenetics and Cell Fates Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Eng Hin Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119260, Singapore; NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Glycotherapeutics Group, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - James H Hui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119260, Singapore; NUS Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | - Bing Lim
- Cancer Stem Cell Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Ng Shyh-Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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9
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Ling L, Ren X, Cao X, Hassan ABM, Mah S, Sathiyanathan P, Smith RAA, Tan CLL, Eio M, Samsonraj RM, van Wijnen AJ, Raghunath M, Nurcombe V, Hui JH, Cool SM. Enhancing the Efficacy of Stem Cell Therapy with Glycosaminoglycans. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:105-121. [PMID: 31902704 PMCID: PMC6962655 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) therapy offers significant potential for osteochondral regeneration. Such applications require their ex vivo expansion in media frequently supplemented with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). Particular heparan sulfate (HS) fractions stabilize FGF2-FGF receptor complexes. We show that an FGF2-binding HS variant (HS8) accelerates the expansion of freshly isolated bone marrow hMSCs without compromising their naivety. Importantly, the repair of osteochondral defects in both rats and pigs is improved after treatment with HS8-supplemented hMSCs (MSCHS8), when assessed histologically, biomechanically, or by MRI. Thus, supplementing hMSC culture media with an HS variant that targets endogenously produced FGF2 allows the elimination of exogenous growth factors that may adversely affect their therapeutic potency. An FGF2-binding heparan sulfate (HS8) accelerates the ex vivo expansion of hMSCs hMSCs expanded with HS8 maintain stem cell characteristics and potency HS8-expanded hMSCs improve osteochondral regeneration in animal models HS8 is an effective bio-additive for the scale up of highly potent hMSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ling
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Xiafei Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074/119288, Singapore
| | - Xue Cao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074/119288, Singapore
| | - Afizah Binte Mohd Hassan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074/119288, Singapore
| | - Sophia Mah
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Padmapriya Sathiyanathan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Raymond A A Smith
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Clarissa L L Tan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Michelle Eio
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Rebekah M Samsonraj
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael Raghunath
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596, Singapore
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - James H Hui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074/119288, Singapore.
| | - Simon M Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074/119288, Singapore.
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10
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Current Trends in Viral Gene Therapy for Human Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 16:345-355. [PMID: 31413939 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viral vector-based therapeutic gene therapy is a potent strategy to enhance the intrinsic reparative abilities of human orthopaedic tissues. However, clinical application of viral gene transfer remains hindered by detrimental responses in the host against such vectors (immunogenic responses, vector dissemination to nontarget locations). Combining viral gene therapy techniques with tissue engineering procedures may offer strong tools to improve the current systems for applications in vivo. Methods The goal of this work is to provide an overview of the most recent systems exploiting biomaterial technologies and therapeutic viral gene transfer in human orthopaedic regenerative medicine. Results Integration of tissue engineering platforms with viral gene vectors is an active area of research in orthopaedics as a means to overcome the obstacles precluding effective viral gene therapy. Conclusions In light of promising preclinical data that may rapidly expand in a close future, biomaterial-guided viral gene therapy has a strong potential for translation in the field of human orthopaedic regenerative medicine.
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Biomaterial-guided delivery of gene vectors for targeted articular cartilage repair. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018; 15:18-29. [DOI: 10.1038/s41584-018-0125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Marofi F, Vahedi G, hasanzadeh A, Salarinasab S, Arzhanga P, Khademi B, Farshdousti Hagh M. Mesenchymal stem cells as the game‐changing tools in the treatment of various organs disorders: Mirage or reality? J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1268-1288. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Hematology Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Ghasem Vahedi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Ali hasanzadeh
- Department of Hematology Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Sadegh Salarinasab
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science Tabriz Iran
| | - Pishva Arzhanga
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Bahareh Khademi
- Department of Medical Genetic Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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13
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Improved Chondrogenic Differentiation of rAAV SOX9-Modified Human MSCs Seeded in Fibrin-Polyurethane Scaffolds in a Hydrodynamic Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092635. [PMID: 30189664 PMCID: PMC6163252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair of focal articular cartilage defects remains a problem. Combining gene therapy with tissue engineering approaches using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may allow the development of improved options for cartilage repair. Here, we examined whether a three-dimensional fibrin-polyurethane scaffold provides a favorable environment for the effective chondrogenic differentiation of human MSCs (hMSCs) overexpressing the cartilage-specific SOX9 transcription factor via recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) -mediated gene transfer cultured in a hydrodynamic environment in vitro. Sustained SOX9 expression was noted in the constructs for at least 21 days, the longest time point evaluated. Such spatially defined SOX9 overexpression enhanced proliferative, metabolic, and chondrogenic activities compared with control (reporter lacZ gene transfer) treatment. Of further note, administration of the SOX9 vector was also capable of delaying premature hypertrophic and osteogenic differentiation in the constructs. This enhancement of chondrogenesis by spatially defined overexpression of human SOX9 demonstrate the potential benefits of using rAAV-modified hMSCs seeded in fibrin-polyurethane scaffolds as a promising approach for implantation in focal cartilage lesions to improve cartilage repair.
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Venkatesan JK, Moutos FT, Rey-Rico A, Estes BT, Frisch J, Schmitt G, Madry H, Guilak F, Cucchiarini M. Chondrogenic Differentiation Processes in Human Bone-Marrow Aspirates Seeded in Three-Dimensional-Woven Poly(ɛ-Caprolactone) Scaffolds Enhanced by Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated SOX9 Gene Transfer. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:1277-1286. [PMID: 29717624 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining gene therapy approaches with tissue engineering procedures is an active area of translational research for the effective treatment of articular cartilage lesions, especially to target chondrogenic progenitor cells such as those derived from the bone marrow. This study evaluated the effect of genetically modifying concentrated human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow to induce chondrogenesis by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector gene transfer of the sex-determining region Y-type high-mobility group box 9 (SOX9) factor upon seeding in three-dimensional-woven poly(ɛ-caprolactone; PCL) scaffolds that provide mechanical properties mimicking those of native articular cartilage. Prolonged, effective SOX9 expression was reported in the constructs for at least 21 days, the longest time point evaluated, leading to enhanced metabolic and chondrogenic activities relative to the control conditions (reporter lacZ gene transfer or absence of vector treatment) but without affecting the proliferative activities in the samples. The application of the rAAV SOX9 vector also prevented undesirable hypertrophic and terminal differentiation in the seeded concentrates. As bone marrow is readily accessible during surgery, such findings reveal the therapeutic potential of providing rAAV-modified marrow concentrates within three-dimensional-woven PCL scaffolds for repair of focal cartilage lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh K Venkatesan
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Ana Rey-Rico
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Janina Frisch
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schmitt
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Farshid Guilak
- 2 Cytex Therapeutics, Inc. , Durham, North Carolina.,3 Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Developmental Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, Washington University and Shriners Hospitals for Children-St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University , Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Šeda O, Šedová L, Včelák J, Vaňková M, Liška F, Bendlová B. ZBTB16 and metabolic syndrome: a network perspective. Physiol Res 2018; 66:S357-S365. [PMID: 28948820 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a prevalent, complex condition. The search for genetic determinants of the syndrome is currently undergoing a paradigm enhancement by adding systems genetics approaches to association studies. We summarize the current evidence on relations between an emergent new candidate, zinc finger and BTB domain containing 16 (ZBTB16) transcription factor and the major components constituting the metabolic syndrome. Information stemming from studies on experimental models with altered Zbtb16 expression clearly shows its effect on adipogenesis, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, lipid levels and insulin sensitivity. Based on current evidence, we provide a network view of relations between ZBTB16 and hallmarks of metabolic syndrome in order to elucidate the potential functional links involving the ZBTB16 node. Many of the identified genes interconnecting ZBTB16 with all or most metabolic syndrome components are linked to immune function, inflammation or oxidative stress. In summary, ZBTB16 represents a promising pleiotropic candidate node for metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Šeda
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis identifies proteins involved in limb regeneration of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 26:10-19. [PMID: 29482113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) has a striking capacity for limb regeneration, which has drawn the interest of many researchers. In this study, isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) approach was utilised to investigate protein abundance changes during limb regeneration in this species. A total of 1830 proteins were identified, of which 181 were significantly differentially expressed, with 94 upregulated and 87 downregulated. Our results highlight the complexity of limb regeneration and its regulation through cooperation of various biological processes including cytoskeletal changes, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and ECM-receptor interactions, protein synthesis, signal recognition and transduction, energy production and conversion, and substance transport and metabolism. Additionally, real-time PCR confirmed that mRNA levels of differentially expressed genes were correlated with protein levels. Our results provide a basis for studying the regulatory mechanisms associated with crab limb regeneration.
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Bellavia D, Veronesi F, Carina V, Costa V, Raimondi L, De Luca A, Alessandro R, Fini M, Giavaresi G. Gene therapy for chondral and osteochondral regeneration: is the future now? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:649-667. [PMID: 28864934 PMCID: PMC11105387 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2637-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy might represent a promising strategy for chondral and osteochondral defects repair by balancing the management of temporary joint mechanical incompetence with altered metabolic and inflammatory homeostasis. This review analysed preclinical and clinical studies on gene therapy for the repair of articular cartilage defects performed over the last 10 years, focussing on expression vectors (non-viral and viral), type of genes delivered and gene therapy procedures (direct or indirect). Plasmids (non-viral expression vectors) and adenovirus (viral vectors) were the most employed vectors in preclinical studies. Genes delivered encoded mainly for growth factors, followed by transcription factors, anti-inflammatory cytokines and, less frequently, by cell signalling proteins, matrix proteins and receptors. Direct injection of the expression vector was used less than indirect injection of cells, with or without scaffolds, transduced with genes of interest and then implanted into the lesion site. Clinical trials (phases I, II or III) on safety, biological activity, efficacy, toxicity or bio-distribution employed adenovirus viral vectors to deliver growth factors or anti-inflammatory cytokines, for the treatment of osteoarthritis or degenerative arthritis, and tumour necrosis factor receptor or interferon for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bellavia
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy.
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy.
| | - F Veronesi
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Carina
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - V Costa
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - L Raimondi
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - A De Luca
- Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - R Alessandro
- Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Fini
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Giavaresi
- Innovative Technology Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Divisi 83, 90133, Palermo, Italy
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Surgical Studies, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Bologna, Italy
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Alvarez-Garcia O, Fisch KM, Wineinger NE, Akagi R, Saito M, Sasho T, Su AI, Lotz MK. Increased DNA Methylation and Reduced Expression of Transcription Factors in Human Osteoarthritis Cartilage. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:1876-86. [PMID: 26881698 DOI: 10.1002/art.39643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the methylome of normal and osteoarthritic (OA) knee articular cartilage and to determine the role of DNA methylation in the regulation of gene expression in vitro. METHODS DNA was isolated from human normal (n = 11) and OA (n = 12) knee articular cartilage and analyzed using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array. To integrate methylation and transcription, RNA sequencing was performed on normal and OA cartilage and validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Functional validation was performed in the human TC28 cell line and primary chondrocytes that were treated with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC). RESULTS DNA methylation profiling revealed 929 differentially methylated sites between normal and OA cartilage, comprising a total of 500 individual genes. Among these, 45 transcription factors that harbored differentially methylated sites were identified. Integrative analysis and subsequent validation showed a subset of 6 transcription factors that were significantly hypermethylated and down-regulated in OA cartilage (ATOH8, MAFF, NCOR2, TBX4, ZBTB16, and ZHX2). Upon 5-aza-dC treatment, TC28 cells showed a significant increase in gene expression for all 6 transcription factors. In primary chondrocytes, ATOH8 and TBX4 were increased after 5-aza-dC treatment. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that normal and OA knee articular cartilage have significantly different methylomes. The identification of a subset of epigenetically regulated transcription factors with reduced expression in OA may represent an important mechanism to explain changes in the chondrocyte transcriptome and function during OA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryuichiro Akagi
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, and Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | - Andrew I Su
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Martin K Lotz
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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Venkatesan JK, Frisch J, Rey-Rico A, Schmitt G, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Impact of mechanical stimulation on the chondrogenic processes in human bone marrow aspirates modified to overexpress sox9 via rAAV vectors. J Exp Orthop 2017. [PMID: 28634835 PMCID: PMC5478551 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-017-0097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluation of gene-based approaches to target human bone marrow aspirates in conditions of mechanical stimulation that aim at reproducing the natural joint environment may allow to develop improved treatments for articular cartilage injuries. In the present study, we investigated the potential of rAAV-mediated sox9 gene transfer to enhance the chondrogenic differentiation processes in human bone marrow aspirates under established hydrodynamic conditions compared with the more commonly employed static culture conditions. Methods Fresh human bone marrow aspirates were transduced with rAAV-FLAG-hsox9 (40 μl) and maintained for up to 28 days in chondrogenic medium under mechanically-induced conditions in dynamic flow rotating bioreactors that permit tissue growth and matrix deposition relative to static culture conditions. The samples were then processed to examine the potential effects of sox9 overexpression on the cellular activities (matrix synthesis, proliferation) and on the chondrogenic differentiation potency compared with control treatments (absence of rAAV vector; reporter rAAV-lacZ, rAAV-RFP, and rAAV-luc gene transfer). Results Prolonged, significant sox9 overexpression via rAAV was achieved in the aspirates for at least 28 days when applying the rAAV-FLAG-hsox9 construct, leading to higher, prolonged levels of matrix biosynthesis and to enhanced chondrogenic activities relative to control treatments especially when maintaining the samples under mechanical stimulation. Administration of sox9 however did not impact the indices of proliferation in the aspirates. Remarkably, sox9 gene transfer also durably delayed hypertrophic and osteogenic differentiation in the samples regardless of the conditions of culture applied versus control treatments. Conclusions The current observations show the value of genetically modifying human bone marrow aspirates upon mechanical stimulation by rAAV sox9 as a promising strategy for future treatments to improve cartilage repair by implantation in lesions where the tissue is submitted to natural mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh K Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Janina Frisch
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ana Rey-Rico
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schmitt
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Goldberg A, Mitchell K, Soans J, Kim L, Zaidi R. The use of mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage repair and regeneration: a systematic review. J Orthop Surg Res 2017; 12:39. [PMID: 28279182 PMCID: PMC5345159 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-017-0534-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of articular cartilage defects presents many clinical challenges due to its avascular, aneural and alymphatic nature. Bone marrow stimulation techniques, such as microfracture, are the most frequently used method in clinical practice however the resulting mixed fibrocartilage tissue which is inferior to native hyaline cartilage. Other methods have shown promise but are far from perfect. There is an unmet need and growing interest in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering to improve the outcome for patients requiring cartilage repair. Many published reviews on cartilage repair only list human clinical trials, underestimating the wealth of basic sciences and animal studies that are precursors to future research. We therefore set out to perform a systematic review of the literature to assess the translation of stem cell therapy to explore what research had been carried out at each of the stages of translation from bench-top (in vitro), animal (pre-clinical) and human studies (clinical) and assemble an evidence-based cascade for the responsible introduction of stem cell therapy for cartilage defects. This review was conducted in accordance to PRISMA guidelines using CINHAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Knowledge databases from 1st January 1900 to 30th June 2015. In total, there were 2880 studies identified of which 252 studies were included for analysis (100 articles for in vitro studies, 111 studies for animal studies; and 31 studies for human studies). There was a huge variance in cell source in pre-clinical studies both of terms of animal used, location of harvest (fat, marrow, blood or synovium) and allogeneicity. The use of scaffolds, growth factors, number of cell passages and number of cells used was hugely heterogeneous. SHORT CONCLUSIONS This review offers a comprehensive assessment of the evidence behind the translation of basic science to the clinical practice of cartilage repair. It has revealed a lack of connectivity between the in vitro, pre-clinical and human data and a patchwork quilt of synergistic evidence. Drivers for progress in this space are largely driven by patient demand, surgeon inquisition and a regulatory framework that is learning at the same pace as new developments take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Goldberg
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Brockley Hill Stanmore, London, HA7 4LP UK
| | - Katrina Mitchell
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Brockley Hill Stanmore, London, HA7 4LP UK
| | - Julian Soans
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Brockley Hill Stanmore, London, HA7 4LP UK
| | - Louise Kim
- Joint Research and Enterprise Office, St George’s University of London and St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Hunter Wing, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Razi Zaidi
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (RNOH), Brockley Hill Stanmore, London, HA7 4LP UK
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Tao K, Rey-Rico A, Frisch J, Venkatesan JK, Schmitt G, Madry H, Lin J, Cucchiarini M. Effects of combined rAAV-mediated TGF-β and sox9 gene transfer and overexpression on the metabolic and chondrogenic activities in human bone marrow aspirates. J Exp Orthop 2017; 4:4. [PMID: 28176272 PMCID: PMC5296264 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-017-0077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transplantation of genetically modified bone marrow concentrates is an attractive approach to conveniently activate the chondrogenic differentiation processes as a means to improve the intrinsic repair capacities of damaged articular cartilage. Methods Human bone marrow aspirates were co-transduced with recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors to overexpress the pleiotropic transformation growth factor beta (TGF-β) and the cartilage-specific transcription factor sox9 as a means to enhance the chondroreparative processes in conditions of specific lineage differentiation. Results Successful TGF-β/sox9 combined gene transfer and overexpression via rAAV was achieved in chondrogenically induced human bone marrow aspirates for up to 21 days, the longest time point evaluated, leading to increased proliferation, matrix synthesis, and chondrogenic differentiation relative to control treatments (reporter lacZ treatment, absence of vector application) especially when co-applying the candidate vectors at the highest vector doses tested. Optimal co-administration of TGF-β with sox9 also advantageously reduced hypertrophic differentiation in the aspirates. Conclusions These findings report the possibility of directly modifying bone marrow aspirates by combined therapeutic gene transfer as a potent and convenient future approach to improve the repair of articular cartilage lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Tao
- Institute of Arthritis, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen Nan Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.,Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ana Rey-Rico
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Janina Frisch
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Jagadeesh Kumar Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schmitt
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Jianhao Lin
- Institute of Arthritis, Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen Nan Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Sun L, Xu D, Xu Q, Sun J, Xing L, Zhang L, Yang H. iTRAQ reveals proteomic changes during intestine regeneration in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 22:39-49. [PMID: 28189057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sea cucumbers have a striking capacity to regenerate most of their viscera after evisceration, which has drawn the interest of many researchers. In this study, the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) was utilized to investigate protein abundance changes during intestine regeneration in sea cucumbers. A total of 4073 proteins were identified, and 2321 proteins exhibited significantly differential expressions, with 1100 upregulated and 1221 downregulated proteins. Our results suggest that intestine regeneration constitutes a complex life activity regulated by the cooperation of various biological processes, including cytoskeletal changes, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and ECM-receptor interactions, protein synthesis, signal recognition and transduction, energy production and conversion, and substance transport and metabolism. Additionally, real-time PCR showed mRNA expression of differentially expressed genes correlated positively with their protein levels. Our results provided a basis for studying the regulatory mechanisms associated with sea cucumber regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongxue Xu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinzeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science and Engineering, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingchun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lili Xing
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Libin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Frisch J, Cucchiarini M. Gene- and Stem Cell-Based Approaches to Regulate Hypertrophic Differentiation in Articular Cartilage Disorders. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1495-1512. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Frisch
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University and Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University and Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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Frisch J, Orth P, Venkatesan JK, Rey‐Rico A, Schmitt G, Kohn D, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Genetic Modification of Human Peripheral Blood Aspirates Using Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors for Articular Cartilage Repair with a Focus on Chondrogenic Transforming Growth Factor-β Gene Delivery. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:249-260. [PMID: 28170175 PMCID: PMC5442727 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of genetically modified peripheral blood aspirates that carry chondrogenically competent progenitor cells may offer new, convenient tools to treat articular cartilage lesions compared with the more complex and invasive application of bone marrow concentrates or of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells. Here, we show that recombinant adeno‐associated viral (rAAV) vectors are powerful gene vehicles capable of successfully targeting primary human peripheral blood aspirates in a stable and safe manner, allowing for an efficient and long‐term transgene expression in such samples (up to 63 days with use of a lacZ reporter gene and for at least 21 days with application of the pleiotropic, chondrogenic factor transforming growth factor‐β [TGF‐β]). rAAV‐mediated overexpression of TGF‐β enhanced both the proliferative and metabolic properties of the peripheral blood aspirates, also increasing the chondrogenic differentiation processes in these samples. Hypertrophy and osteogenic differentiation events were also activated by production of TGF‐β via rAAV, suggesting that translation of the current approach in vivo will probably require close regulation of expression of this candidate gene. However, these results support the concept of directly modifying peripheral blood as a novel approach to conveniently treat articular cartilage lesions in patients. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:249–260
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Frisch
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Patrick Orth
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Ana Rey‐Rico
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schmitt
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Dieter Kohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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25
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Almalki SG, Agrawal DK. Key transcription factors in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Differentiation 2016; 92:41-51. [PMID: 27012163 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that represent a promising source for regenerative medicine. MSCs are capable of osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic and myogenic differentiation. Efficacy of differentiated MSCs to regenerate cells in the injured tissues requires the ability to maintain the differentiation toward the desired cell fate. Since MSCs represent an attractive source for autologous transplantation, cellular and molecular signaling pathways and micro-environmental changes have been studied in order to understand the role of cytokines, chemokines, and transcription factors on the differentiation of MSCs. The differentiation of MSC into a mesenchymal lineage is genetically manipulated and promoted by specific transcription factors associated with a particular cell lineage. Recent studies have explored the integration of transcription factors, including Runx2, Sox9, PPARγ, MyoD, GATA4, and GATA6 in the differentiation of MSCs. Therefore, the overexpression of a single transcription factor in MSCs may promote trans-differentiation into specific cell lineage, which can be used for treatment of some diseases. In this review, we critically discussed and evaluated the role of transcription factors and related signaling pathways that affect the differentiation of MSCs toward adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes, skeletal muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, and smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami G Almalki
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA.
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26
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Tao K, Frisch J, Rey-Rico A, Venkatesan JK, Schmitt G, Madry H, Lin J, Cucchiarini M. Co-overexpression of TGF-β and SOX9 via rAAV gene transfer modulates the metabolic and chondrogenic activities of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:20. [PMID: 26830674 PMCID: PMC4736112 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage has a limited potential for self-healing. Transplantation of genetically modified progenitor cells like bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is an attractive strategy to improve the intrinsic repair capacities of damaged articular cartilage. METHODS In this study, we examined the potential benefits of co-overexpressing the pleiotropic transformation growth factor beta (TGF-β) with the cartilage-specific transcription factor SOX9 via gene transfer with recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors upon the biological activities of human MSCs (hMSCs). Freshly isolated hMSCs were transduced over time with separate rAAV vectors carrying either TGF-β or sox9 in chondrogenically-induced aggregate cultures to evaluate the efficacy and duration of transgene expression and to monitor the effects of rAAV-mediated genetic modification upon the cellular activities (proliferation, matrix synthesis) and chondrogenic differentiation potency compared with control conditions (lacZ treatment, sequential transductions). RESULTS Significant, prolonged TGF-β/sox9 co-overexpression was achieved in chondrogenically-induced hMSCs upon co-transduction via rAAV for up to 21 days, leading to enhanced proliferative, biosynthetic, and chondrogenic activities relative to control treatments, especially when co-applying the candidate vectors at the highest vector doses tested. Optimal co-administration of TGF-β with sox9 also advantageously reduced hypertrophic differentiation of the cells in the conditions applied here. CONCLUSION The present findings demonstrate the possibility of modifying MSCs by combined therapeutic gene transfer as potent future strategies for implantation in clinically relevant animal models of cartilage defects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Tao
- Institute of Arthritis, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, P.R. China. .,Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China. .,Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstraße Bldg 37, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany.
| | - Janina Frisch
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstraße Bldg 37, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany.
| | - Ana Rey-Rico
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstraße Bldg 37, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany.
| | - Jagadeesh K Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstraße Bldg 37, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany.
| | - Gertrud Schmitt
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstraße Bldg 37, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany.
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstraße Bldg 37, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany.
| | - Jianhao Lin
- Institute of Arthritis, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, P.R. China. .,Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China.
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstraße Bldg 37, Homburg/Saar, D-66421, Germany.
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27
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Frisch J, Rey-Rico A, Venkatesan JK, Schmitt G, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. TGF-β gene transfer and overexpression via rAAV vectors stimulates chondrogenic events in human bone marrow aspirates. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:430-40. [PMID: 26808466 PMCID: PMC4759465 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic modification of marrow concentrates may provide convenient approaches to enhance the chondrogenic differentiation processes and improve the repair capacities in sites of cartilage defects following administration in the lesions. Here, we provided clinically adapted recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV) vectors to human bone marrow aspirates to promote the expression of the potent transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) as a means to regulate the biological and chondrogenic activities in the samples in vitro. Successful TGF‐β gene transfer and expression viarAAV was reached relative to control (lacZ) treatment (from 511.1 to 16.1 pg rhTGF‐β/mg total proteins after 21 days), allowing to durably enhance the levels of cell proliferation, matrix synthesis, and chondrogenic differentiation. Strikingly, in the conditions applied here, application of the candidate TGF‐β vector was also capable of reducing the hypertrophic and osteogenic differentiation processes in the aspirates, showing the potential benefits of using this particular vector to directly modify marrow concentrates to generate single‐step, effective approaches that aim at improving articular cartilage repair in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Frisch
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ana Rey-Rico
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Gertrud Schmitt
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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28
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Liu TM, Lee EH, Lim B, Shyh-Chang N. Concise Review: Balancing Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Differentiation with PLZF. Stem Cells 2016; 34:277-87. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ming Liu
- Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Eng Hin Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; National University of Singapore; Singapore
- NUS Tissue Engineering Program (NUSTEP); National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Bing Lim
- Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Ng Shyh-Chang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology; Genome Institute of Singapore; Singapore
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29
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Naito M, Vongsa S, Tsukune N, Ohashi A, Takahashi T. Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger mediates glucocorticoid-induced cell cycle arrest in the chondroprogenitor cell line ATDC5. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 417:114-23. [PMID: 26419928 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) affect the proliferation of growth plate chondrocytes. In this study, we investigated the role of the GC-inducible promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) gene in chondrocyte differentiation by using the chondrogenic cell line ATDC5. PLZF overexpression suppressed cell cycle progression (p < 0.01) and promoted differentiation into hypertrophic chondrocytes by inducing mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.01), and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 (p < 0.01). In contrast, PLZF knockdown impaired differentiation into hypertrophic chondrocytes and promoted cell cycle progression (p < 0.01). Treatment with the GC analogue dexamethasone (10(-6) M) suppressed cell cycle progression in ATDC5 cells. PLZF shRNA attenuated dexamethasone-induced cell cycle arrest (p < 0.01) by downregulating the mRNA expression of the CDK inhibitors p21 and p57 (p < 0.01). These results clearly indicated that PLZF promoted differentiation into hypertrophic chondrocytes and mediated dexamethasone-induced cell cycle arrest by regulating CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Naito
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Souksavanh Vongsa
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Tsukune
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Advanced Dental Treatment, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Ohashi
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomihisa Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Functional Morphology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Díaz-Rodríguez P, Rey-Rico A, Madry H, Landin M, Cucchiarini M. Effective genetic modification and differentiation of hMSCs upon controlled release of rAAV vectors using alginate/poloxamer composite systems. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:614-26. [PMID: 26556623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Viral vectors are common tools in gene therapy to deliver foreign therapeutic sequences in a specific target population via their natural cellular entry mechanisms. Incorporating such vectors in implantable systems may provide strong alternatives to conventional gene transfer procedures. The goal of the present study was to generate different hydrogel structures based on alginate (AlgPH155) and poloxamer PF127 as new systems to encapsulate and release recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors. Inclusion of rAAV in such polymeric capsules revealed an influence of the hydrogel composition and crosslinking temperature upon the vector release profiles, with alginate (AlgPH155) structures showing the fastest release profiles early on while over time vector release was more effective from AlgPH155+PF127 [H] capsules crosslinked at a high temperature (50°C). Systems prepared at room temperature (AlgPH155+PF127 [C]) allowed instead to achieve a more controlled release profile. When tested for their ability to target human mesenchymal stem cells, the different systems led to high transduction efficiencies over time and to gene expression levels in the range of those achieved upon direct vector application, especially when using AlgPH155+PF127 [H]. No detrimental effects were reported on either cell viability or on the potential for chondrogenic differentiation. Inclusion of PF127 in the capsules was also capable of delaying undesirable hypertrophic cell differentiation. These findings are of promising value for the further development of viral vector controlled release strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Díaz-Rodríguez
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Rey-Rico
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - H Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - M Landin
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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31
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Nowakowski A, Walczak P, Janowski M, Lukomska B. Genetic Engineering of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2219-42. [PMID: 26140302 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can be obtained from various organs and easily propagated in vitro, are one of the most extensively used types of stem cells and have been shown to be efficacious in a broad set of diseases. The unique and highly desirable properties of MSCs include high migratory capacities toward injured areas, immunomodulatory features, and the natural ability to differentiate into connective tissue phenotypes. These phenotypes include bone and cartilage, and these properties predispose MSCs to be therapeutically useful. In addition, MSCs elicit their therapeutic effects by paracrine actions, in which the metabolism of target tissues is modulated. Genetic engineering methods can greatly amplify these properties and broaden the therapeutic capabilities of MSCs, including transdifferentiation toward diverse cell lineages. However, cell engineering can also affect safety and increase the cost of therapy based on MSCs; thus, the advantages and disadvantages of these procedures should be discussed. In this review, the latest applications of genetic engineering methods for MSCs with regenerative medicine purposes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Nowakowski
- 1 NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Walczak
- 2 Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,4 Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury , Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Janowski
- 1 NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw, Poland .,2 Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- 1 NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw, Poland
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32
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Frisch J, Rey-Rico A, Venkatesan JK, Schmitt G, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Chondrogenic Differentiation Processes in Human Bone Marrow Aspirates upon rAAV-Mediated Gene Transfer and Overexpression of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor I. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2460-71. [PMID: 26123891 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct therapeutic gene transfer in marrow concentrates is an attractive strategy to conveniently enhance the chondrogenic differentiation processes as a means to improve the healing response of damaged articular cartilage upon reimplantation in sites of injury. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of the clinically adapted recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors to mediate overexpression of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in human bone marrow aspirates that may modulate the proliferative, anabolic activities, and chondrogenic differentiation potential in such samples in vitro. The results demonstrate that successful, significant rAAV-mediated IGF-I gene transfer and expression were achieved in transduced aspirates (up to 105.9±35.1 pg rhIGF-I/mg total proteins) over time (21 days) at very high levels (∼80% of cells expressing the candidate IGF-I transgene), leading to increased levels of proliferation, matrix synthesis, and chondrogenic differentiation over time compared with the control (lacZ) condition. Treatment with the candidate IGF-I vector also stimulated the hypertrophic and osteogenic differentiation processes in the aspirates, suggesting that the regulation of IGF-I expression through rAAV will be a prerequisite for future translation of the approach in vivo. However, these findings show the possible benefits of this vector class to directly modify marrow concentrates as a convenient tool for strategies that aim at improving the repair of articular cartilage lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Frisch
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ana Rey-Rico
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Gertrud Schmitt
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg/Saar, Germany .,2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- 1 Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg/Saar, Germany
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33
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Long-term expandable SOX9+ chondrogenic ectomesenchymal cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 4:712-26. [PMID: 25818812 PMCID: PMC4400647 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the successful generation and long-term expansion of SOX9-expressing CD271+PDGFRα+CD73+ chondrogenic ectomesenchymal cells from the PAX3/SOX10/FOXD3-expressing MIXL1−CD271hiPDGFRαloCD73− neural crest-like progeny of human pluripotent stem cells in a chemically defined medium supplemented with Nodal/Activin/transforming growth factorβ (TGFβ) inhibitor and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). When “primed” with TGFβ, such cells efficiently formed translucent cartilage particles, which were completely mineralized in 12 weeks in immunocompromized mice. The ectomesenchymal cells were expandable without loss of chondrogenic potential for at least 16 passages. They maintained normal karyotype for at least 10 passages and expressed genes representing embryonic progenitors (SOX4/12, LIN28A/B), cranial mesenchyme (ALX1/3/4), and chondroprogenitors (SOX9, COL2A1) of neural crest origin (SOX8/9, NGFR, NES). Ectomesenchyme is a source of many craniofacial bone and cartilage structures. The method we describe for obtaining a large quantity of human ectomesenchymal cells will help to model craniofacial disorders in vitro and potentially provide cells for the repair of craniofacial damage. Generation of SOX9+ chondrogenic ectomesenchymal cells from hPSCs Long-term expandability of the cells without loss of in vitro chondrogenicity Need for TGFβ priming for cartilage particle formation In vivo ossification capacity of cartilage developed in vitro
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34
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Rey-Rico A, Frisch J, Venkatesan JK, Schmitt G, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Determination of effective rAAV-mediated gene transfer conditions to support chondrogenic differentiation processes in human primary bone marrow aspirates. Gene Ther 2015; 22:50-7. [PMID: 25338919 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The genetic modification of freshly aspirated bone marrow may provide convenient tools to enhance the regenerative capacities of cartilage defects compared with the complex manipulation of isolated progenitor cells. In the present study, we examined the ability and safety of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) serotype 2 vectors to deliver various reporter gene sequences in primary human bone marrow aspirates over time without altering the chondrogenic processes in the samples. The results demonstrate that successful rAAV-mediated gene transfer and expression of the lacZ and red fluorescent protein marker genes were achieved in transduced aspirates at very high efficiencies (90-94%) and over extended periods of time (up to 125 days) upon treatment with hirudin, an alternative anticoagulant that does not prevent the adsorption of the rAAV-2 particles at the surface of their targets compared with heparin. Application of rAAV was safe, displaying neither cytotoxic nor detrimental effects on the cellular and proliferative activities or on the chondrogenic processes in the aspirates especially using an optimal dose of 0.5 mg ml(-1) hirudin, and application of the potent SOX9 transcription factor even enhanced these processes while counteracting hypertrophic differentiation. The current findings demonstrate the clinical value of this class of vector to durably and safely modify bone marrow aspirates as a means to further develop convenient therapeutic approaches to improve the healing of cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rey-Rico
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - J Frisch
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - J K Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - G Schmitt
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - H Madry
- 1] Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany [2] Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - M Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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35
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Frisch J, Venkatesan JK, Rey-Rico A, Schmitt G, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Determination of the Chondrogenic Differentiation Processes in Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Genetically Modified to Overexpress Transforming Growth Factor-β via Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:1050-60. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Frisch
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Ana Rey-Rico
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schmitt
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopedics, Saarland University Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
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36
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Cheng A, Kapacee Z, Peng J, Lu S, Lucas RJ, Hardingham TE, Kimber SJ. Cartilage repair using human embryonic stem cell-derived chondroprogenitors. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1287-94. [PMID: 25273540 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In initial work, we developed a 14-day culture protocol under potential GMP, chemically defined conditions to generate chondroprogenitors from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The present study was undertaken to investigate the cartilage repair capacity of these cells. The chondrogenic protocol was optimized and validated with gene expression profiling. The protocol was also applied successfully to two lines of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Chondrogenic cells derived from hESCs were encapsulated in fibrin gel and implanted in osteochondral defects in the patella groove of nude rats, and cartilage repair was evaluated by histomorphology and immunocytochemistry. Genes associated with chondrogenesis were upregulated during the protocol, and pluripotency-related genes were downregulated. Aggregation of chondrogenic cells was accompanied by high expression of SOX9 and strong staining with Safranin O. Culture with PluriSln1 was lethal for hESCs but was tolerated by hESC chondrogenic cells, and no OCT4-positive cells were detected in hESC chondrogenic cells. iPSCs were also shown to generate chondroprogenitors in this protocol. Repaired tissue in the defect area implanted with hESC-derived chondrogenic cells was stained for collagen II with little collagen I, but negligible collagen II was observed in the fibrin-only controls. Viable human cells were detected in the repair tissue at 12 weeks. The results show that chondrogenic cells derived from hESCs, using a chemically defined culture system, when implanted in focal defects were able to promote cartilage repair. This is a first step in evaluating these cells for clinical application for the treatment of cartilage lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixin Cheng
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zoher Kapacee
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shibi Lu
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Timothy E Hardingham
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Frisch J, Venkatesan JK, Rey-Rico A, Schmitt G, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Influence of insulin-like growth factor I overexpression via recombinant adeno-associated vector gene transfer upon the biological activities and differentiation potential of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:103. [PMID: 25163769 PMCID: PMC4164762 DOI: 10.1186/scrt491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The transplantation of genetically modified progenitor cells such as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is an attractive strategy to improve the natural healing of articular cartilage defects. In the present study, we examined the potential benefits of sustained overexpression of the mitogenic and pro-anabolic insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) via gene transfer upon the biological activities of human MSCs (hMSCs). Methods Recombinant adeno-associated vectors (rAAV) were used to deliver a human IGF-I coding sequence in undifferentiated and chondrogenically-induced primary hMSCs in order to determine the efficacy and duration of transgene expression and the subsequent effects of the genetic modification upon the chondrogenic versus osteogenic differentiation profiles of the cells relative to control (lacZ) treatment after 21 days in vitro. Results Significant and prolonged expression of IGF-I was evidenced in undifferentiated and most importantly in chondrogenically-induced hMSCs transduced with the candidate rAAV-hIGF-I vector for up to 21 days, leading to enhanced proliferative, biosynthetic, and chondrogenic activities compared with rAAV-lacZ treatment. Overexpression of IGF-I as achieved in the conditions applied here also increased the expression of hypertrophic and osteogenic markers in the treated cells. Conclusions These results suggest that a tight regulation of rAAV expression may be necessary for further translation of the approach in clinically relevant animal models in vivo. However, the current findings support the concept of using this type of vector as an effective tool to treat articular cartilage defects via gene- and stem cell-based procedures.
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Overexpression of human IGF-I via direct rAAV-mediated gene transfer improves the early repair of articular cartilage defects in vivo. Gene Ther 2014; 21:811-9. [PMID: 24989812 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Direct therapeutic gene transfer is a promising tool to treat articular cartilage defects. Here, we tested the ability of an recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) vector to improve the early repair of cartilage lesions in vivo. The vector was administered for 3 weeks in osteochondral defects created in the knee joints of rabbits compared with control (lacZ) treatment and in cells that participate in the repair processes (mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes). Efficient IGF-I expression was observed in the treated lesions and in isolated cells in vitro. rAAV-mediated IGF-I overexpression was capable of stimulating the biologic activities (proliferation, matrix synthesis) both in vitro and in vivo. IGF-I treatment in vivo was well tolerated, revealing significant improvements of the repair capabilities of the entire osteochondral unit. IGF-I overexpression delayed terminal differentiation and hypertrophy in the newly formed cartilage, possibly due to contrasting effects upon the osteogenic expression of RUNX2 and β-catenin and to stimulating effects of this factor on the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein pathway in this area. Production of IGF-I improved the reconstitution of the subchondral bone layer in the defects, showing increased RUNX2 expression levels in this zone. These findings show the potential of directly applying therapeutic rAAVs to treat cartilage lesions.
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Lin X, Wu L, Zhang Z, Yang R, Guan Q, Hou X, Wu Q. MiR-335-5p promotes chondrogenesis in mouse mesenchymal stem cells and is regulated through two positive feedback loops. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1575-85. [PMID: 24347469 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is regulated by many factors and signal pathways, including transcription factors such as Sox9 and microRNAs. MiR-335-5p has been previously reported to regulate osteogenic and adipogenic differentiations of MSCs, but its role in chondrogenic differentiation of MSC remains unknown. In this study, we found that miR-335-5p and its host gene Mest are co-expressed and greatly upregulated during mouse MSCs (mMSCs) chondrogenesis. Overexpression of miR-335-5p in mMSCs increased expression of chondrogenic marker genes. Molecular mechanism explorations revealed that miR-335-5p targets Daam1 and ROCK1, a set of negative regulators of Sox9; Sox9 downregulates the expression of miR-29a and 29b, both negative regulators of Mest expression, thus forming a positive loop from miR-335-5p to Sox9 to Mest/miR-335-5p. In addition, miR-335-5p targets DKK1 during mMSC chondrogenic differentiation to increase β-catenin/TCF activity, which leads to increased level of Mest transcription. These data showed miR-335-5p positively regulates MSC chondrogenesis, and two positive feedback loops are identified for the expression of miR-335-5p and its host gene Mest during the early phase of mMSC chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Djouad F, Tejedor G, Toupet K, Maumus M, Bony C, Blangy A, Chuchana P, Jorgensen C, Noël D. Promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger induction signs mesenchymal stem cell commitment: identification of a key marker for stemness maintenance? Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:27. [PMID: 24564963 PMCID: PMC4055047 DOI: 10.1186/scrt416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive cell source for cartilage and bone tissue engineering given their ability to differentiate into chondrocytes and osteoblasts. However, the common origin of these two specialized cell types raised the question about the identification of regulatory pathways determining the differentiation fate of MSCs into chondrocyte or osteoblast. Methods Chondrogenesis, osteoblastogenesis, and adipogenesis of human and mouse MSC were induced by using specific inductive culture conditions. Expression of promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger (PLZF) or differentiation markers in MSCs was determined by RT-qPCR. PLZF-expressing MSC were implanted in a mouse osteochondral defect model and the neotissue was analyzed by routine histology and microcomputed tomography. Results We found out that PLZF is not expressed in MSCs and its expression at early stages of MSC differentiation is the mark of their commitment toward the three main lineages. PLZF acts as an upstream regulator of both Sox9 and Runx2, and its overexpression in MSC enhances chondrogenesis and osteogenesis while it inhibits adipogenesis. In vivo, implantation of PLZF-expressing MSC in mice with full-thickness osteochondral defects resulted in the formation of a reparative tissue resembling cartilage and bone. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that absence of PLZF is required for stemness maintenance and its expression is an early event at the onset of MSC commitment during the differentiation processes of the three main lineages.
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Orth P, Rey-Rico A, Venkatesan JK, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Current perspectives in stem cell research for knee cartilage repair. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2014; 7:1-17. [PMID: 24520197 PMCID: PMC3897321 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s42880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protocols based on the delivery of stem cells are currently applied in patients, showing encouraging results for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions (focal defects, osteoarthritis). Yet, restoration of a fully functional cartilage surface (native structural organization and mechanical functions) especially in the knee joint has not been reported to date, showing the need for improved designs of clinical trials. Various sources of progenitor cells are now available, originating from adult tissues but also from embryonic or reprogrammed tissues, most of which have already been evaluated for their chondrogenic potential in culture and for their reparative properties in vivo upon implantation in relevant animal models of cartilage lesions. Nevertheless, particular attention will be needed regarding their safe clinical use and their potential to form a cartilaginous repair tissue of proper quality and functionality in the patient. Possible improvements may reside in the use of biological supplements in accordance with regulations, while some challenges remain in establishing standardized, effective procedures in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Orth
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ana Rey-Rico
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jagadeesh K Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany ; Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
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Lien HW, Yang CH, Cheng CH, Hung CC, Liao WH, Hwang PP, Han YS, Huang CJ. A novel zinc finger protein 219-like (ZNF219L) is involved in the regulation of collagen type 2 alpha 1a (col2a1a) gene expression in zebrafish notochord. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:872-86. [PMID: 24155663 PMCID: PMC3805895 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The notochord is required for body plan patterning in vertebrates, and defects in notochord development during embryogenesis can lead to diseases affecting the adult. It is therefore important to elucidate the gene regulatory mechanism underlying notochord formation. In this study, we cloned the zebrafish zinc finger 219-like (ZNF219L) based on mammalian ZNF219, which contains nine C2H2-type zinc finger domains. Through whole-mount in situ hybridization, we found that znf219L mRNA is mainly expressed in the zebrafish midbrain-hindbrain boundary, hindbrain, and notochord during development. The znf219L morpholino knockdown caused partial abnormal notochord phenotype and reduced expression of endogenous col2a1a in the notochord specifically. In addition, ZNF219L could recognize binding sites with GGGGG motifs and trigger augmented activity of the col2a1a promoter in a luciferase assay. Furthermore, in vitro binding experiments revealed that ZNF219L recognizes the GGGGG motifs in the promoter region of the zebrafish col2a1a gene through its sixth and ninth zinc finger domains. Taken together, our results reveal that ZNF219L is involved in regulating the expression of col2a1a in zebrafish notochord specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Wei Lien
- 1. Institute of Fisheries Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Filardo G, Madry H, Jelic M, Roffi A, Cucchiarini M, Kon E. Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of cartilage lesions: from preclinical findings to clinical application in orthopaedics. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013; 21:1717-29. [PMID: 23306713 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-012-2329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this systematic review is to examine the available clinical evidence in the literature to support mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatment strategies in orthopaedics for cartilage defect regeneration. METHODS The research was performed on the PubMed database considering the English literature from 2002 and using the following key words: cartilage, cartilage repair, mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs, bone marrow concentrate (BMC), bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow stromal cells, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and synovial-derived mesenchymal stem cells. RESULTS The systematic research showed an increasing number of published studies on this topic over time and identified 72 preclinical papers and 18 clinical trials. Among the 18 clinical trials identified focusing on cartilage regeneration, none were randomized, five were comparative, six were case series, and seven were case reports; two concerned the use of adipose-derived MSCs, five the use of BMC, and 11 the use of bone marrow-derived MSCs, with preliminary interesting findings ranging from focal chondral defects to articular osteoarthritis degeneration. CONCLUSIONS Despite the growing interest in this biological approach for cartilage regeneration, knowledge on this topic is still preliminary, as shown by the prevalence of preclinical studies and the presence of low-quality clinical studies. Many aspects have to be optimized, and randomized controlled trials are needed to support the potential of this biological treatment for cartilage repair and to evaluate advantages and disadvantages with respect to the available treatments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Filardo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, III Clinic, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via Di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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Liu TM, Lee EH. Transcriptional regulatory cascades in Runx2-dependent bone development. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 19:254-63. [PMID: 23150948 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of the musculoskeletal system is a complex process that involves very precise control of bone formation and growth as well as remodeling during postnatal life. Although the understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms of osteogenesis has increased considerably, the molecular regulatory basis, especially the gene regulatory network of osteogenic differentiation, is still poorly understood. This review provides the reader with an overview of the key transcription factors that govern bone formation, highlighting their function and regulation linked to Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Runx2 as the master transcription factor of osteoblast differentiation, Twist, Msh homeobox 2 (Msx2), and promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger protein (PLZF) acting upstream of Runx2, Osterix (Osx) acting downstream of Runx2, and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and zinc-finger protein 521 (ZFP521) acting as cofactors of Runx2 are discussed, and their relevance for tissue engineering is presented. References are provided for more in-depth personal study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ming Liu
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Elsler S, Schetting S, Schmitt G, Kohn D, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Effective, safe nonviral gene transfer to preserve the chondrogenic differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Gene Med 2012; 14:501-11. [PMID: 22711470 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic modification of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) comprises a promising tool to generate cell- and gene-based platforms for regenerative approaches of articular cartilage repair. In the present study, we systematically screened a panel of 15 nonviral compounds for their ability to promote safe, efficient and durable gene expression in human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSCS) without impeding their commitment towards chondrogenic differentiation. METHODS Primary hMSCs were transfected with plasmid vectors carrying sequences for the Photinus pyralis luciferase Escherichia coli β-galactosidase, or human insulin-like growth factor I via 15 nonviral formulations. Transgene expression and transfection efficiencies were monitored for each component in parallel with the effects on cell viability and cytotoxicity. Upon optimization, the most promising reagent was then evaluated for a possible influence on the chondrogenic potential of hMSCs. RESULTS Among all formulations tested, GeneJammer® gave the best results for transgene expression and transfection efficacy (25-14% from days 2-21 in monolayer cultures and 35% in 21-day aggregate cultures), allowing for high levels of viability (92-94%) and modest cytotoxicity (< 12%). Most notably, the application of this reagent did not affect the potential of the cells for chondrogenic differentiation when maintained in long-term (21 days) three-dimensional (aggregate) cultures. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that safe, efficient transgene expression can be achieved in hMSCs over time using the nonviral GeneJammer® compound, showing promise for future therapeutic settings aiming to treat human articular cartilage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Elsler
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Cucchiarini M, Orth P, Madry H. Direct rAAV SOX9 administration for durable articular cartilage repair with delayed terminal differentiation and hypertrophy in vivo. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 91:625-36. [PMID: 23149825 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Direct gene transfer strategies are of promising value to treat articular cartilage defects. Here, we tested the ability of a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) SOX9 vector to enhance the repair of cartilage lesions in vivo. The candidate construct was provided to osteochondral defects in rabbit knee joints vis-à-vis control (lacZ) vector treatment and to cells relevant of the repair tissue (mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes). Efficient, long-term transgene expression was noted within the lesions (up to 16 weeks) and in cells in vitro (21 days). Administration of the SOX9 vector was capable of stimulating the biological activities in vitro and over time in vivo. SOX9 treatment in vivo was well tolerated, leading to improved cartilage repair processes with enhanced production of major matrix components. Remarkably, application of rAAV SOX9 delayed premature terminal differentiation and hypertrophy in the newly formed cartilage, possible due to contrasting effects of SOX9 on RUNX2 and β-catenin osteogenic expression in this area. Most strikingly, SOX9 treatment improved the reconstitution of the subchondral bone in the defects, possibly due to an increase in RUNX2 expression in this location. These findings show the potential of direct rAAV gene delivery as an efficient tool to treat cartilage lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Venkatesan JK, Ekici M, Madry H, Schmitt G, Kohn D, Cucchiarini M. SOX9 gene transfer via safe, stable, replication-defective recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors as a novel, powerful tool to enhance the chondrogenic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2012; 3:22. [PMID: 22742415 PMCID: PMC3583131 DOI: 10.1186/scrt113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Transplantation of genetically modified human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) with an accurate potential for chondrogenic differentiation may be a powerful means to enhance the healing of articular cartilage lesions in patients. Here, we evaluated the benefits of delivering SOX9 (a key regulator of chondrocyte differentiation and cartilage formation) via safe, maintained, replication-defective recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector on the capability of hMSCs to commit to an adequate chondrocyte phenotype compared with other mesenchymal lineages. Methods The rAAV-FLAG-hSOX9 vector was provided to both undifferentiated and lineage-induced MSCs freshly isolated from patients to determine the effects of the candidate construct on the viability, biosynthetic activities, and ability of the cells to enter chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic differentiation programs compared with control treatments (rAAV-lacZ or absence of vector administration). Results Marked, prolonged expression of the transcription factor was noted in undifferentiated and chondrogenically differentiated cells transduced with rAAV-FLAG-hSOX9, leading to increased synthesis of major extracellular matrix components compared with control treatments, but without effect on proliferative activities. Chondrogenic differentiation (SOX9, type II collagen, proteoglycan expression) was successfully achieved in all types of cells but strongly enhanced when the SOX9 vector was provided. Remarkably, rAAV-FLAG-hSOX9 delivery reduced the levels of markers of hypertrophy, terminal and osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation in hMSCs (type I and type X collagen, alkaline phosphatise (ALP), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), and osteopontin (OP) with diminished expression of the osteoblast-related transcription factor runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2); lipoprotein lipase (LPL), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPARG2)), as well as their ability to undergo proper osteo-/adipogenic differentiation. These effects were accompanied with decreased levels of β-catenin (a mediator of the Wnt signaling pathway for osteoblast lineage differentiation) and enhanced parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) expression (an inhibitor of hypertrophic maturation, calcification, and bone formation) via SOX9 treatment. Conclusions This study shows the potential benefits of rAAV-mediated SOX9 gene transfer to propagate hMSCs with an advantageous chondrocyte differentiation potential for future, indirect therapeutic approaches that aim at restoring articular cartilage defects in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh K Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical CenterHomburg/Saar, Germany
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Liu TM, Ng WM, Tan HS, Vinitha D, Yang Z, Fan JB, Zou Y, Hui JH, Lee EH, Lim B. Molecular basis of immortalization of human mesenchymal stem cells by combination of p53 knockdown and human telomerase reverse transcriptase overexpression. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:268-78. [PMID: 22765508 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent one of the most promising stem cells for a number of degenerative conditions due to their multipotency, immunoprivileged properties, and easy expansion in vitro. However, the limited life span of primary MSCs during in vitro expansion greatly hampers their use in clinical applications and basic research. Immortalization of MSCs will overcome this problem and may provide a very useful tool with which to study MSC biology. Here we showed that silencing p53 expression with lentivirus-mediated small interfering RNA delayed the senescence by extended passage number, but was not sufficient to immortalize primary MSCs. However, combination of p53 knockdown and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) overexpression was sufficient to immortalize MSCs. The effects of p53 knockdown and hTERT overexpression on MSCs, including proliferation, colony formation, and differentiation, were determined. The resultant immortal MSCs displayed similar surface antigen profile to primary MSCs and retained MSC differentiation potential. Gene expression profile showed high similarity between immortalized MSCs and primary MSCs. In addition, immortalization-associated genes were also identified. Our data suggested immortalization of MSCs related to upregulation of cell cycle regulator and DNA repair genes enabling them to bypass cell crisis and complete mitosis. This study provides a new cellular model for basic studies of MSCs and understanding of the molecular basis of MSC immortalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ming Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Jones KB, Su L, Jin H, Lenz C, Randall RL, Underhill TM, Nielsen TO, Sharma S, Capecchi MR. SS18-SSX2 and the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in mouse and human synovial sarcomas. Oncogene 2012; 32:2365-71, 2375.e1-5. [PMID: 22797074 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Synovial sarcoma is a deadly malignancy with limited sensitivity to traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. SS18-SSX fusion oncogene expression characterizes human synovial sarcomas and drives oncogenesis in a mouse model. Elevated expression of BCL2 is considered a consistent feature of the synovial sarcoma expression profile. Our objective was to evaluate the expression of apoptotic pathway members in synovial sarcomas and interrogate the impact of modulating SS18-SSX expression on this pathway. We show in human and murine synovial sarcoma cells that SS18-SSX increases BCL2 expression, but represses other anti-apoptotic genes, including MCL1 and BCL2A1. This repression is achieved by directly suppressing expression via binding through activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) to the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) response element (CRE) in the promoters of these genes and recruiting TLE1/Groucho. The suppression of these two anti-apoptotic pathways silences the typical routes by which other tumors evade BH3-domain peptidomimetic pharmacotherapy. We show that mouse and human synovial sarcoma cells are sensitive in vitro to ABT-263, a BH3-peptidomimetic, much more than the other tested cancer cell lines. ABT-263 also enhances the sensitivity of these cells to doxorubicin, a traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy used for synovial sarcoma. We also demonstrate the capacity of ABT-263 to stunt synovial sarcomagenesis in vivo in a genetic mouse model. These data recommend pursuit of BH3-peptidomimetic pharmacotherapy in human synovial sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Jones
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5331, USA
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