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Chitchongyingcharoen N, Tawonsawatruk T, Phetfong J, Aroontanee W, Supokawej A. Application of human platelet lysate in chondrocyte expansion promotes chondrogenic phenotype and slows senescence progression via BMP-TAK1-p38 pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21106. [PMID: 38036641 PMCID: PMC10689743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common musculoskeletal degenerative. OA treatments are aiming to slow down disease progression; however, lack of cartilage regeneration efficacy. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a promising cartilage-regeneration strategy that uses human articular chondrocytes (HACs) as cellular materials. However, the unreadiness of HACs from prolonged expansion, cellular senescence, and chondrogenic dedifferentiation occurred during conventional expansion, thus, minimizing the clinical efficacy of ACI. We aimed to examine the effects of a human platelet lysate (HPL) as an alternative human-derived HAC medium supplement to overcome the limitations of conventional expansion, and to explain the mechanism underlying the effects of HPL. During passages 2-4 (P2-P4), HPL significantly increased HAC proliferation capacities and upregulated chondrogenic markers. Simultaneously, HPL significantly reduced HAC senescence compared with conventional condition. HACs treated with LDN193189 exhibited a reduction in proliferation capacity and chondrogenic marker expression, whereas the HAC senescence increased slightly. These findings indicated involvement of BMP-2 signaling transduction in the growth-assistive, anti-senescent, and chondrogenic-inductive properties of HPL, which demonstrated its beneficial effects for application as HAC medium supplement to overcome current expansion limitations. Finally, our findings support the roles of platelets in platelet-rich plasma as a promising treatment for patients with OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narong Chitchongyingcharoen
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Tulyapruek Tawonsawatruk
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jitrada Phetfong
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Wrattya Aroontanee
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Aungkura Supokawej
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthon Sai 4, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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Gardner OFW, Zhang Y, Khan IM. BMP9 is a potent inducer of chondrogenesis, volumetric expansion and collagen type II accumulation in bovine auricular cartilage chondroprogenitors. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294761. [PMID: 37992123 PMCID: PMC10664884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Reconstruction of the outer ear currently requires harvesting of cartilage from the posterior of the auricle or ribs leading to pain and donor site morbidity. An alternative source for auricular reconstruction is in vitro tissue engineered cartilage using stem/progenitor cells. Several candidate cell-types have been studied with tissue-specific auricular cartilage progenitor cells (AuCPC) of particular interest. Whilst chondrogenic differentiation of competent stem cells using growth factor TGFβ1 produces cartilage this tissue is frequently fibrocartilaginous and lacks the morphological features of hyaline cartilage. Recent work has shown that growth factor BMP9 is a potent chondrogenic and morphogenetic factor for articular cartilage progenitor cells, and we hypothesised that this property extends to cartilage-derived progenitors from other tissues. In this study we show monoclonal populations of AuCPCs from immature and mature bovine cartilage cultured with BMP9 produced cartilage pellets have 3-5-fold greater surface area in sections than those grown with TGFβ1. Increased volumetric growth using BMP9 was due to greater sGAG deposition in immature pellets and significantly greater collagen accumulation in both immature and mature progenitor pellets. Polarised light microscopy and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the organisation of collagen fibrils within pellets is an important factor in the growth of pellets. Additionally, chondrocytes in BMP9 stimulated cell pellets had larger lacunae and were more evenly dispersed throughout the extracellular matrix. Interestingly, BMP9 tended to normalise the response of immature AuCPC monoclonal cell lines to differentiation cues whereas cells exhibited more variation under TGFβ1. In conclusion, BMP9 appears to be a potent inducer of chondrogenesis and volumetric growth for AuCPCs a property that can be exploited for tissue engineering strategies for reconstructive surgery though with the caveat of negligible elastin production following 21-day treatment with either growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver F. W. Gardner
- Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Yadan Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Ilyas M. Khan
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Wales, United Kingdom
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Khan IM, McKenna J, Zhang Y. Articular Cartilage Chondroprogenitors: Isolation and Directed Differentiation. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2598:29-44. [PMID: 36355283 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2839-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Experimental data suggests that tissue-specific progenitors are present within hyaline articular cartilage with the potential to contribute to growth, maintenance, and repair. In this chapter, we show how colony-forming progenitor-like cells can be isolated from bovine articular cartilage using differential adhesion to fibronectin. Furthermore, we describe the optimal conditions and factors required to differentiate these progenitor cells to produce hyaline articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas M Khan
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
| | - Joshua McKenna
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Yadan Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, Health & Life Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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4
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Sueyoshi Y, Niwa A, Itani Y, Yamauchi M, Asamura S, Teramura T, Isogai N. Surface modification of the cubic micro-cartilage by collagenase treatment and its efficacy in cartilage regeneration for ear tissue engineering. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 153:111037. [PMID: 34998203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.111037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to enhance cartilage regeneration, surface modification of the cubic micro-cartilage with the collagenase treatment was tested and its efficacy to tissue engineer ear cartilage was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Harvested cubic micro-cartilages were treated with collagenase with different digestion time (0, 15, 60, and 120 min). Histological, ultrastructural (SEM and TEM), and Western blot analyses were carried out. Subsequently, A total of 45 dogs were used to tissue engineer ear cartilage. Using collagenase-treated micro-cartilage, the ear cartilage regeneration with the prepared dilution (8, 12.5, 25, 50, 100%) of micro-cartilage block seeding was performed to determine the minimum amount of cartilage tissue required for ear tissue-engineering (n = 6 at each point in each group). At 10 weeks after surgery, samples were resected and subjected to histochemical and immune-histological evaluation for cartilage regeneration. RESULTS In vitro study on micro-cartilage morphology and western blot analysis showed that collagenase digestion was optimal at 60 min for cartilage regeneration. In vivo evaluation on the reduced proportions of micro-cartilage block seeding onto implant scaffolds under 60-min collagenase digestion determined the minimum amount of cartilage tissue necessary to initiate a one-step ear cartilage regeneration in a canine autologous model, which was 12.5-25% of the original ear size. CONCLUSION Tissue-engineering ear cartilage from limited volume of donor cartilage can possibly be achieved by the collagenase treatment on micro-cartilage to expand cartilage regeneration capacity, application of cytokine sustained-release system, and seeding on a suitable ear scaffold material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sueyoshi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, 5898511, Japan
| | - Atsuko Niwa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, 5898511, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Itani
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, 5898511, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamauchi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, 5898511, Japan
| | - Shinichi Asamura
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Wakayama Medical School, Wakayama, 6418509, Japan
| | - Takeshi Teramura
- Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, 5898511, Japan
| | - Noritaka Isogai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Osaka, 5898511, Japan.
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Ariosa-Morejon Y, Santos A, Fischer R, Davis S, Charles P, Thakker R, Wann AK, Vincent TL. Age-dependent changes in protein incorporation into collagen-rich tissues of mice by in vivo pulsed SILAC labelling. eLife 2021; 10:66635. [PMID: 34581667 PMCID: PMC8478409 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen-rich tissues have poor reparative capacity that predisposes to common age-related disorders such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. We used in vivo pulsed SILAC labelling to quantify new protein incorporation into cartilage, bone, and skin of mice across the healthy life course. We report dynamic turnover of the matrisome, the proteins of the extracellular matrix, in bone and cartilage during skeletal maturation, which was markedly reduced after skeletal maturity. Comparing young adult with older adult mice, new protein incorporation was reduced in all tissues. STRING clustering revealed changes in epigenetic modulators across all tissues, a decline in chondroprotective growth factors such as FGF2 and TGFβ in cartilage, and clusters indicating mitochondrial dysregulation and reduced collagen synthesis in bone. Several pathways were implicated in age-related disease. Fewer changes were observed for skin. This methodology provides dynamic protein data at a tissue level, uncovering age-related molecular changes that may predispose to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoanna Ariosa-Morejon
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Santos
- Big Data Institute, Li-Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Center for Health Data Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Fischer
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Davis
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Charles
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rajesh Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, OCDEM, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angus Kt Wann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tonia L Vincent
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Arthritis Research UK Centre for OA Pathogenesis, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Statham P, Jones E, Jennings LM, Fermor HL. Reproducing the Biomechanical Environment of the Chondrocyte for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:405-420. [PMID: 33726527 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the biomechanical and tribological performance of articular cartilage is inextricably linked to its extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and zonal heterogeneity. Furthermore, it is understood that the presence of native ECM components, such as collagen II and aggrecan, promote healthy homeostasis in the resident chondrocytes. What is less frequently discussed is how chondrocyte metabolism is related to the extracellular mechanical environment, at both the macro and microscale. The chondrocyte is in immediate contact with the pericellular matrix of the chondron, which acts as a mechanocoupler, transmitting external applied loads from the ECM to the chondrocyte. Therefore, components of the pericellular matrix also play essential roles in chondrocyte mechanotransduction and metabolism. Recreating the biomechanical environment through tuning material properties of a scaffold and/or the use of external cyclic loading can induce biosynthetic responses in chondrocytes. Decellularized scaffolds, which retain the native tissue macro- and microstructure also represent an effective means of recapitulating such an environment. The use of such techniques in tissue engineering applications can ensure the regeneration of skeletally mature articular cartilage with appropriate biomechanical and tribological properties to restore joint function. Despite the pivotal role in graft maturation and performance, biomechanical and tribological properties of such interventions is often underrepresented. This review outlines the role of biomechanics in relation to native cartilage performance and chondrocyte metabolism, and how application of this theory can enhance the future development and successful translation of biomechanically relevant tissue engineering interventions. Impact statement Physiological cartilage function is a key criterion in the success of a cartilage tissue engineering solution. The in situ performance is dependent on the initial scaffold design as well as extracellular matrix deposition by endogenous or exogenous cells. Both biological and biomechanical stimuli serve as key regulators of cartilage homeostasis and maturation of the resulting tissue-engineered graft. An improved understanding of the influence of biomechanics on cellular function and consideration of the final biomechanical and tribological performance will help in the successful development and translation of tissue-engineered grafts to restore natural joint function postcartilage trauma or osteoarthritic degeneration, delaying the requirement for prosthetic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Statham
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Jones
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Disease, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Louise M Jennings
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel L Fermor
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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7
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Morgan BJ, Bauza-Mayol G, Gardner OFW, Zhang Y, Levato R, Archer CW, van Weeren R, Malda J, Conlan RS, Francis LW, Khan IM. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-9 Is a Potent Chondrogenic and Morphogenic Factor for Articular Cartilage Chondroprogenitors. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:882-894. [PMID: 32364057 PMCID: PMC7374587 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage contains a subpopulation of tissue-specific progenitors that are an ideal cell type for cell therapies and generating neocartilage for tissue engineering applications. However, it is unclear whether the standard chondrogenic medium using transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) isoforms is optimal to differentiate these cells. We therefore used pellet culture to screen progenitors from immature bovine articular cartilage with a number of chondrogenic factors and discovered that bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP9) precociously induces their differentiation. This difference was apparent with toluidine blue staining and confirmed by biochemical and transcriptional analyses with BMP9-treated progenitors exhibiting 11-fold and 5-fold greater aggrecan and collagen type II (COL2A1) gene expression than TGFβ1-treated progenitors. Quantitative gene expression analysis over 14 days highlighted the rapid and phased nature of BMP9-induced chondrogenesis with sequential activation of aggrecan then collagen type II, and negligible collagen type X gene expression. The extracellular matrix of TGFβ1-treated progenitors analyzed using atomic force microscopy was fibrillar and stiff whist BMP9-induced matrix of cells more compliant and correspondingly less fibrillar. Polarized light microscopy revealed an annular pattern of collagen fibril deposition typified by TGFβ1-treated pellets, whereas BMP9-treated pellets displayed a birefringence pattern that was more anisotropic. Remarkably, differentiated immature chondrocytes incubated as high-density cultures in vitro with BMP9 generated a pronounced anisotropic organization of collagen fibrils indistinguishable from mature adult articular cartilage, with cells in deeper zones arranged in columnar manner. This contrasted with cells grown with TGFβ1, where a concentric pattern of collagen fibrils was visualized within tissue pellets. In summary, BMP9 is a potent chondrogenic factor for articular cartilage progenitors and is also capable of inducing morphogenesis of adult-like cartilage, a highly desirable attribute for in vitro tissue-engineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Morgan
- Centre of Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | - Oliver F W Gardner
- Centre of Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom.,Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yadan Zhang
- Centre of Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Charles W Archer
- Centre of Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Rene van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Steven Conlan
- Centre of Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis W Francis
- Centre of Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Ilyas M Khan
- Centre of Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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8
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Lin AJ, Bernstein JL, Spector JA. Ear Reconstruction and 3D Printing: Is It Reality? CURRENT SURGERY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40137-018-0198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Platelet-rich plasma induces post-natal maturation of immature articular cartilage and correlates with LOXL1 activation. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623328 PMCID: PMC5473810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is used to stimulate the repair of acute and chronic cartilage damage even though there is no definitive evidence of how this is achieved. Chondrocytes in injured and diseased situations frequently re-express phenotypic biomarkers of immature cartilage so tissue maturation is a potential pathway for restoration of normal structure and function. We used an in vitro model of growth factor-induced maturation to perform a comparative study in order to determine whether PRP can also induce this specific form of remodeling that is characterised by increased cellular proliferation and tissue stiffness. Gene expression patterns specific for maturation were mimicked in PRP treated cartilage, with chondromodulin, collagen types II/X downregulated, deiodinase II and netrin-1 upregulated. PRP increased cartilage surface cell density 1.5-fold (P < 0.05), confirmed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and proportionate increases in proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene expression. Atomic force microscopy analysis of PRP and growth factor treated cartilage gave a 5-fold increase in stiffness correlating with a 10-fold upregulation of lysyl oxidase like-1 gene expression (P < 0.001). These data show PRP induces key aspects of post-natal maturation in immature cartilage and provides the basis to evaluate a new biological rationale for its activity when used clinically to initiate joint repair.
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10
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Naderi N, Combellack EJ, Griffin M, Sedaghati T, Javed M, Findlay MW, Wallace CG, Mosahebi A, Butler PEM, Seifalian AM, Whitaker IS. The regenerative role of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Int Wound J 2017; 14:112-124. [PMID: 26833722 PMCID: PMC7949873 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential use of stem cell-based therapies for the repair and regeneration of various tissues and organs offers a paradigm shift in plastic and reconstructive surgery. The use of either embryonic stem cells (ESC) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in clinical situations is limited because of regulations and ethical considerations even though these cells are theoretically highly beneficial. Adult mesenchymal stem cells appear to be an ideal stem cell population for practical regenerative medicine. Among these cells, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) have the potential to differentiate the mesenchymal, ectodermal and endodermal lineages and are easy to harvest. Additionally, adipose tissue yields a high number of ADSC per volume of tissue. Based on this background knowledge, the purpose of this review is to summarise and describe the proliferation and differentiation capacities of ADSC together with current preclinical data regarding the use of ADSC as regenerative tools in plastic and reconstructive surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Naderi
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS)Swansea University Medical SchoolSwanseaUK
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic SurgeryABMU Health BoardSwanseaUK
| | - Emman J Combellack
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS)Swansea University Medical SchoolSwanseaUK
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic SurgeryABMU Health BoardSwanseaUK
| | - Michelle Griffin
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Tina Sedaghati
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Muhammad Javed
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS)Swansea University Medical SchoolSwanseaUK
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic SurgeryABMU Health BoardSwanseaUK
| | - Michael W Findlay
- Plastic & Reconstructive SurgeryStanford University Medical CentreStanfordCAUSA
| | | | - Afshin Mosahebi
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Plastic SurgeryRoyal Free NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Peter EM Butler
- Department of Plastic SurgeryRoyal Free NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Alexander M Seifalian
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Group, Institute of Life Sciences (ILS)Swansea University Medical SchoolSwanseaUK
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic SurgeryABMU Health BoardSwanseaUK
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11
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Jessop ZM, Javed M, Otto IA, Combellack EJ, Morgan S, Breugem CC, Archer CW, Khan IM, Lineaweaver WC, Kon M, Malda J, Whitaker IS. Combining regenerative medicine strategies to provide durable reconstructive options: auricular cartilage tissue engineering. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:19. [PMID: 26822227 PMCID: PMC4730656 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in regenerative medicine place us in a unique position to improve the quality of engineered tissue. We use auricular cartilage as an exemplar to illustrate how the use of tissue-specific adult stem cells, assembly through additive manufacturing and improved understanding of postnatal tissue maturation will allow us to more accurately replicate native tissue anisotropy. This review highlights the limitations of autologous auricular reconstruction, including donor site morbidity, technical considerations and long-term complications. Current tissue-engineered auricular constructs implanted into immune-competent animal models have been observed to undergo inflammation, fibrosis, foreign body reaction, calcification and degradation. Combining biomimetic regenerative medicine strategies will allow us to improve tissue-engineered auricular cartilage with respect to biochemical composition and functionality, as well as microstructural organization and overall shape. Creating functional and durable tissue has the potential to shift the paradigm in reconstructive surgery by obviating the need for donor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita M Jessop
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Muhammad Javed
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Iris A Otto
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Emman J Combellack
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Siân Morgan
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
| | - Corstiaan C Breugem
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Charles W Archer
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
| | - Ilyas M Khan
- KhanLab, Swansea University, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
| | - William C Lineaweaver
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216, USA.
| | - Moshe Kon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Domplein 29, 3512 JE, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Swansea University Medical School, Room 509, ILS2, Swansea, SA2 8SS, UK.
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, SA6 6NL, UK.
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12
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Full-surface deformation measurement of anisotropic tissues under indentation. Med Eng Phys 2015; 37:484-93. [PMID: 25857545 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inverse finite element-based analysis of soft biological tissues is an important tool to investigate their complex mechanical behavior and to develop physical models for medical simulations. Although there have recently been advances in dealing with the computational complexities of modeling biological materials, the collection of a sufficiently dense set of experimental data to properly capture their typically regionally varying properties still remains a critical issue. The aim of this work was to develop and test an optical system that combines 2D-Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and a novel Fringe Projection method with radial sensitivity (RFP) to test soft biological tissues under in vitro indentation. This system has the distinctive capability of using a single camera to retrieve the shape and 3D deformation of the whole upper surface of the indented sample without any blind measurement areas (with exception of the area under the indenter), with nominal depth and in-plane resolution of 0.05 mm and 0.004 mm, respectively. To test and illustrate the capabilities of the developed DIC/RFP system, the in vitro response to indentation of a homogeneous and isotropic latex foam is presented against the response of a slab of porcine ventricular myocardium, a highly in-homogeneous and anisotropic tissue. Our results illustrate the enhanced capabilities of the developed method to capture asymmetry in deformation with respect to standard indentation tests. This feature, together with the possibility of miniaturizing the system into a hand-held probe, makes this method potentially extendable to in vivo settings, alone or in combination with ultrasound measurements.
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Sundaram S, Echter A, Sivarapatna A, Qiu C, Niklason L. Small-diameter vascular graft engineered using human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:740-50. [PMID: 24125588 PMCID: PMC3926168 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress made thus far in the generation of small-diameter vascular grafts, cell sourcing still remains a problem. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) present an exciting new cell source for the regeneration applications due to their high proliferative and differentiation capabilities. In this study, the feasibility of creating small-diameter vascular constructs using smooth muscle cells (SMCs) differentiated from hESC-derived mesenchymal cells was evaluated. In vitro experiments confirmed the ability of these cells to differentiate into smooth muscle actin- and calponin-expressing SMCs in the presence of known inducers, such as transforming growth factor beta. Human vessel walls were constructed by culturing these cells in a bioreactor system under pulsatile conditions for 8 weeks. Histological analysis showed that vessel grafts had similarities to their native counterparts in terms of cellularity and SMC marker expression. However, markers of cartilage and bone tissue were also detected, thus raising questions about stable lineage commitment during differentiation and calling for more stringent analysis of differentiating cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumati Sundaram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Andreana Echter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Amogh Sivarapatna
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Caihong Qiu
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Laura Niklason
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Wu L, Leijten J, van Blitterswijk CA, Karperien M. Fibroblast growth factor-1 is a mesenchymal stromal cell-secreted factor stimulating proliferation of osteoarthritic chondrocytes in co-culture. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2356-67. [PMID: 23557133 PMCID: PMC3749707 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in co-culture with primary chondrocytes secrete soluble factors that increase chondrocyte proliferation. The objective of this study is to identify these factors. Human primary chondrocytes (hPCs) isolated from late-stage osteoarthritis patients were co-cultured with human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSCs) in pellets. Genome-wide mRNA expression analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) were used to identify soluble factors that were specifically induced in co-cultures. Immunofluorescent staining combined with cell tracking and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to validate up-regulation at the protein level and to identify the cellular origin of the increased proteins. Chemical blockers and neutralizing antibodies were used to elucidate the role of the identified candidate genes in co-cultures. A number of candidate factors were differentially regulated in co-cultures at the mRNA level. Of these, fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) mRNA and protein expression were markedly increased in co-cultures predominantly due to up-regulated expression in MSCs. Blocking of FGF signaling in co-culture pellets by specific FGF receptor inhibitors or FGF-1 neutralizing antibodies completely blocked hPCs proliferation. We demonstrate that MSCs increase FGF-1 secretion on co-culture with hPCs, which, in turn, is responsible for increased hPCs proliferation in pellet co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens A. van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA-Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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15
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Khan IM, Francis L, Theobald PS, Perni S, Young RD, Prokopovich P, Conlan RS, Archer CW. In vitro growth factor-induced bio engineering of mature articular cartilage. Biomaterials 2012. [PMID: 23182922 PMCID: PMC3543901 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage maturation is the postnatal development process that adapts joint surfaces to their site-specific biomechanical demands. Maturation involves gross morphological changes that occur through a process of synchronised growth and resorption of cartilage and generally ends at sexual maturity. The inability to induce maturation in biomaterial constructs designed for cartilage repair has been cited as a major cause for their failure in producing persistent cell-based repair of joint lesions. The combination of growth factors FGF2 and TGFβ1 induces accelerated articular cartilage maturation in vitro such that many molecular and morphological characteristics of tissue maturation are observable. We hypothesised that experimental growth factor-induced maturation of immature cartilage would result in a biophysical and biochemical composition consistent with a mature phenotype. Using native immature and mature cartilage as reference, we observed that growth factor-treated immature cartilages displayed increased nano-compressive stiffness, decreased surface adhesion, decreased water content, increased collagen content and smoother surfaces, correlating with a convergence to the mature cartilage phenotype. Furthermore, increased gene expression of surface structural protein collagen type I in growth factor-treated explants compared to reference cartilages demonstrates that they are still in the dynamic phase of the postnatal developmental transition. These data provide a basis for understanding the regulation of postnatal maturation of articular cartilage and the application of growth factor-induced maturation in vitro and in vivo in order to repair and regenerate cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas M Khan
- Division of Pathophysiology and Repair, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
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16
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O'hEireamhoin S, Buckley CT, Jones E, McGonagle D, Mulhall KJ, Kelly DJ. Recapitulating aspects of the oxygen and substrate environment of the damaged joint milieu for stem cell-based cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 19:117-27. [PMID: 22834895 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infrapatellar fat pad contains a source of mesenchymal stem cells (FPSCs) that potentially offer a novel population for the treatment of damaged or diseased articular cartilage. Existing cartilage repair strategies such as microfracture harness the presence of a low-oxygen microenvironment, fibrin clot formation at sites of microfracture, and elevations in growth factors in the damaged joint milieu. Bearing this in mind, the objective of this study was to determine the chondrogenic potential of diseased human FPSCs in a model system that recapitulates some of these features. In the first phase of the study, the role of transforming growth factor beta-3 (TGF-β3) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), in addition to an altered oxygen-tension environment, on the colony-forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) capacity and growth kinetics of human FPSCs during monolayer expansion was evaluated. The subsequent chondrogenic capacity of these cells was quantified in both normoxic (20%) and low- (5%) oxygen conditions. Expansion in FGF-2 was shown to reduce CFU-F numbers, but simultaneously increase both the colony size and the cell yield compared to standard expansion conditions. Supplementation with both FGF-2 and TGF-β3 significantly reduced cell-doubling time. Expansion in FGF-2, followed by differentiation at 5% oxygen tension, was observed to synergistically enhance subsequent sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) accumulation after chondrogenic induction. FPSCs expanded in FGF-2 were then encapsulated in either agarose or fibrin hydrogels in an attempt to engineer cartilaginous grafts. sGAG synthesis was higher in fibrin constructs, and was further enhanced by differentiation at 5% oxygen tension, accumulating 2.7% (ww) sGAG after 42 days in culture. These results indicate that FPSCs, a readily accessible cell population, form cartilage in an in vitro environment that recapitulates several key biological features of cartilage repair during microfracture and also point toward the potential utility of such cells when combined with fibrin hydrogel scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven O'hEireamhoin
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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17
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Chondroitin sulphate and heparan sulphate sulphation motifs and their proteoglycans are involved in articular cartilage formation during human foetal knee joint development. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:461-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Williams EL, Edwards CJ, Cooper C, Oreffo ROC. The osteoarthritic niche and modulation of skeletal stem cell function for regenerative medicine. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:589-608. [PMID: 22489025 DOI: 10.1002/term.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common cause of arthritis worldwide and represents a significant healthcare burden, particularly in the context of an ageing population. Traditionally, painkillers, injections and physiotherapy have been the mainstay of treatment, with patients being referred for joint replacement surgery (arthroplasty) when these options fail. Whilst effective in reducing pain and improving joint function, these approaches are not without potential complications. With the development of tissue-engineering techniques over recent years there has been considerable interest in applying these strategies to provide new, innovative, alternative effective means of treating OA. This review explores the unique microenvironment present within an osteoarthritic joint, highlighting the features that comprise the osteoarthritic niche and could be modulated in the development of novel treatments for OA. Existing tissue-engineering strategies for repairing bone and cartilage defects are discussed, with particular reference to how these might be modified, both to improve existing treatments, such as impaction bone grafting, as well as in the development of future treatments for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Williams
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Human Development and Health, University of Southampton Medical School, UK.
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19
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Five percent oxygen tension is not beneficial for neocartilage formation in scaffold-free cell cultures. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 348:109-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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