1
|
James DW, Quintela M, Lucini L, Alkafri NK, Healey GD, Younas K, Bunkheila A, Margarit L, Francis LW, Gonzalez D, Conlan RS. Homeobox regulator Wilms Tumour 1 is displaced by androgen receptor at cis-regulatory elements in the endometrium of PCOS patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1368494. [PMID: 38745948 PMCID: PMC11091321 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1368494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Decidualisation, the process whereby endometrial stromal cells undergo morphological and functional transformation in preparation for trophoblast invasion, is often disrupted in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) resulting in complications with pregnancy and/or infertility. The transcription factor Wilms tumour suppressor 1 (WT1) is a key regulator of the decidualization process, which is reduced in patients with PCOS, a complex condition characterized by increased expression of androgen receptor in endometrial cells and high presence of circulating androgens. Using genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation approaches on primary human endometrial stromal cells, we identify key genes regulated by WT1 during decidualization, including homeobox transcription factors which are important for regulating cell differentiation. Furthermore, we found that AR in PCOS patients binds to the same DNA regions as WT1 in samples from healthy endometrium, suggesting dysregulation of genes important to decidualisation pathways in PCOS endometrium due to competitive binding between WT1 and AR. Integrating RNA-seq and H3K4me3 and H3K27ac ChIP-seq metadata with our WT1/AR data, we identified a number of key genes involved in immune response and angiogenesis pathways that are dysregulated in PCOS patients. This is likely due to epigenetic alterations at distal enhancer regions allowing AR to recruit cofactors such as MAGEA11, and demonstrates the consequences of AR disruption of WT1 in PCOS endometrium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W. James
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lisa Lucini
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kinza Younas
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Adnan Bunkheila
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Lavinia Margarit
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
- Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Bridgend, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Toubhans B, Alkafri N, Quintela M, James DW, Bissardon C, Gazze S, Knodel F, Proux O, Gourlan AT, Rathert P, Bohic S, Gonzalez D, Francis LW, Charlet L, Conlan RS. Selenium nanoparticles modulate histone methylation via lysine methyltransferase activity and S-adenosylhomocysteine depletion. Redox Biol 2023; 61:102641. [PMID: 36842241 PMCID: PMC9988660 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
At physiological levels, the trace element selenium plays a key role in redox reactions through the incorporation of selenocysteine in antioxidant enzymes. Selenium has also been evaluated as a potential anti-cancer agent, where selenium nanoparticles have proven effective, and are well tolerated in vivo at doses that are toxic as soluble Se. The use of such nanoparticles, coated with either serum albumin or the naturally occurring alkaline polysaccharide chitosan, also serves to enhance biocompatibility and bioavailability. Here we demonstrate a novel role for selenium in regulating histone methylation in ovarian cancer cell models treated with inorganic selenium nanoparticles coated with serum albumin or chitosan. As well as inducing thioredoxin reductase expression, ROS activity and cancer cell cytotoxicity, coated nanoparticles caused significant increases in histone methylation. Specifically, selenium nanoparticles triggered an increase in the methylation of histone 3 at lysines K9 and K27, histone marks involved in both the activation and repression of gene expression, thus suggesting a fundamental role for selenium in these epigenetic processes. This direct function was confirmed using chemical inhibitors of the histone lysine methyltransferases EZH2 (H3K27) and G9a/EHMT2 (H3K9), both of which blocked the effect of selenium on histone methylation. This novel role for selenium supports a distinct function in histone methylation that occurs due to a decrease in S-adenosylhomocysteine, an endogenous inhibitor of lysine methyltransferases, the metabolic product of methyl-group transfer from S-adenosylmethionine in the one-carbon metabolism pathway. These observations provide important new insights into the action of selenium nanoparticles. It is now important to consider both the classic antioxidant and novel histone methylation effects of this key redox element in its development in cancer therapy and other applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Toubhans
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Université Grenoble Alpes, ISTerre, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Nour Alkafri
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Marcos Quintela
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - David W James
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Caroline Bissardon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, UA7 STROBE, Synchrotron Radiation for Biomedicine, Grenoble, France
| | - Salvatore Gazze
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Franziska Knodel
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, D-70550, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Olivier Proux
- OSUG, UAR 832 CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Philipp Rathert
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, D-70550, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sylvain Bohic
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, UA7 STROBE, Synchrotron Radiation for Biomedicine, Grenoble, France; ESRF, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS, 40220, 38043, Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lewis W Francis
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | - R Steven Conlan
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jones LA, Conway GE, Nguyen-Chi A, Burnell S, Jenkins GJ, Conlan RS, Doak SH. Investigating STEAP2 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of aggressive prostate cancer. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2023; 69:179-187. [PMID: 37329528 DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2023.69.4.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The expression of six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (STEAP2) is increased in prostate cancer when compared to normal tissue, suggesting a role for STEAP2 in disease progression. This study aimed to determine whether targeting STEAP2 with an anti-STEAP2 polyclonal antibody (pAb) or CRISPR/Cas9 knockout influenced aggressive prostate cancer traits. Gene expression analysis of the STEAP gene family was performed in a panel of prostate cancer cell lines; C4-2B, DU145, LNCaP and PC3. The highest increases in STEAP2 gene expression were observed in C4-2B and LNCaP cells (p<0.001 and p<0.0001 respectively) when compared to normal prostate epithelial PNT2 cells. These cell lines were treated with an anti-STEAP2 pAb and their viability assessed. CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to knockout STEAP2 from C4-2B and LNCaP cells and viability, proliferation, migration and invasion assessed. When exposed to an anti-STEAP2 pAb, cell viability significantly decreased (p<0.05). When STEAP2 was knocked out, cell viability and proliferation was significantly decreased when compared to wild-type cells (p<0.001). The migratory and invasive potential of knockout cells were also decreased. These data suggest that STEAP2 has a functional role in driving aggressive prostate cancer traits and could provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leia A Jones
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Gillian E Conway
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Aimy Nguyen-Chi
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Stephanie Burnell
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Gareth J Jenkins
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Shareen H Doak
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Quintela M, James DW, Garcia J, Edwards K, Margarit L, Das N, Lutchman-Singh K, Beynon AL, Rioja I, Prinjha RK, Harker NR, Gonzalez D, Steven Conlan R, Francis LW. In silico enhancer mining reveals SNS-032 and EHMT2 inhibitors as therapeutic candidates in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2023:10.1038/s41416-023-02274-2. [PMID: 37120667 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenomic dysregulation has been linked to solid tumour malignancies, including ovarian cancers. Profiling of re-programmed enhancer locations associated with disease has the potential to improve stratification and thus therapeutic choices. Ovarian cancers are subdivided into histological subtypes that have significant molecular and clinical differences, with high-grade serous carcinoma representing the most common and aggressive subtype. METHODS We interrogated the enhancer landscape(s) of normal ovary and subtype-specific ovarian cancer states using publicly available data. With an initial focus on H3K27ac histone mark, we developed a computational pipeline to predict drug compound activity based on epigenomic stratification. Lastly, we substantiated our predictions in vitro using patient-derived clinical samples and cell lines. RESULTS Using our in silico approach, we highlighted recurrent and privative enhancer landscapes and identified the differential enrichment of a total of 164 transcription factors involved in 201 protein complexes across the subtypes. We pinpointed SNS-032 and EHMT2 inhibitors BIX-01294 and UNC0646 as therapeutic candidates in high-grade serous carcinoma, as well as probed the efficacy of specific inhibitors in vitro. CONCLUSION Here, we report the first attempt to exploit ovarian cancer epigenomic landscapes for drug discovery. This computational pipeline holds enormous potential for translating epigenomic profiling into therapeutic leads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Quintela
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - David W James
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jetzabel Garcia
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Kadie Edwards
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lavinia Margarit
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
- Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
| | - Nagindra Das
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, SA12 7BR, UK
| | | | | | - Inmaculada Rioja
- Immunology Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- Immunology Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nicola R Harker
- Immunology Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lewis W Francis
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Quintela M, James DW, Pociute A, Powell L, Edwards K, Coombes Z, Garcia J, Garton N, Das N, Lutchman-Singh K, Margarit L, Beynon AL, Rioja I, Prinjha RK, Harker NR, Gonzalez D, Conlan RS, Francis LW. Bromodomain inhibitor i-BET858 triggers a unique transcriptional response coupled to enhanced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in high-grade ovarian carcinoma cells. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:63. [PMID: 37060086 PMCID: PMC10105475 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer has a specific unmet clinical need, with a persistently poor 5-year survival rate observed in women with advanced stage disease warranting continued efforts to develop new treatment options. The amplification of BRD4 in a significant subset of high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSC) has led to the development of BET inhibitors (BETi) as promising antitumour agents that have subsequently been evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials. Here, we describe the molecular effects and ex vivo preclinical activities of i-BET858, a bivalent pan-BET inhibitor with proven in vivo BRD inhibitory activity. RESULTS i-BET858 demonstrates enhanced cytotoxic activity compared with earlier generation BETis both in cell lines and primary cells derived from clinical samples of HGSC. At molecular level, i-BET858 triggered a bipartite transcriptional response, comprised of a 'core' network of genes commonly associated with BET inhibition in solid tumours, together with a unique i-BET858 gene signature. Mechanistically, i-BET858 elicited enhanced DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death compared to its predecessor i-BET151. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our ex vivo and in vitro studies indicate that i-BET858 represents an optimal candidate to pursue further clinical validation for the treatment of HGSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Quintela
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - David W James
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Agne Pociute
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lydia Powell
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Kadie Edwards
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Zoe Coombes
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jetzabel Garcia
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Neil Garton
- Immunology Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nagindra Das
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, SA12 7BR, UK
| | | | - Lavinia Margarit
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
- Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
| | | | - Inmaculada Rioja
- Immunology Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- Immunology Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nicola R Harker
- Immunology Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lewis W Francis
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Howard D, James D, Garcia-Parra J, Pan-Castillo B, Worthington J, Williams N, Coombes Z, Rees SC, Lutchman-Singh K, Francis LW, Rees P, Margarit L, Conlan RS, Gonzalez D. Dinaciclib as an effective pan-cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor in platinum resistant ovarian cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1014280. [PMID: 36505806 PMCID: PMC9732436 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1014280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer (OC) is amongst the most lethal of common cancers in women. Lacking in specific symptoms in the early stages, OC is predominantly diagnosed late when the disease has undergone metastatic spread and chemotherapy is relied on to prolong life. Platinum-based therapies are preferred and although many tumors respond initially, the emergence of platinum-resistance occurs in the majority of cases after which prognosis is very poor. Upregulation of DNA damage pathways is a common feature of platinum resistance in OC with cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) serving as key regulators of this process and suggesting that CDK inhibitors (CDKis) could be effective tools in the treatment of platinum resistant and refractory OC. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of CDKis in platinum resistant OC models and serve as a predictor of potential clinical utility. Methods The efficacy of CDKi, dinaciclib, was determined in wildtype and platinum resistant cell line pairs representing different OC subtypes. In addition, dinaciclib was evaluated in primary cells isolated from platinum-sensitive and platinum-refractory tumors to increase the clinical relevance of the study. Results and conclusions Dinaciclib proved highly efficacious in OC cell lines and primary cells, which were over a thousand-fold more sensitive to the CDKi than to cisplatin. Furthermore, cisplatin resistance in these cells did not influence sensitivity to dinaciclib and the two drugs combined additively in both platinum-sensitive and platinum-resistant OC cells suggesting a potential role for pan-CDKis (CDKis targeting multiple CDKs), such as dinaciclib, in the treatment of advanced and platinum-resistant OC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Howard
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecology (RBGO) Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - David James
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecology (RBGO) Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Jezabel Garcia-Parra
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecology (RBGO) Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Belen Pan-Castillo
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecology (RBGO) Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Zoe Coombes
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecology (RBGO) Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Colleen Rees
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Princess of Wales Hospital, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Bridgend, United Kingdom
| | - Kerryn Lutchman-Singh
- Department of Gynaecology Oncology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis W Francis
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecology (RBGO) Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Rees
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Lavinia Margarit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Princess of Wales Hospital, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Bridgend, United Kingdom
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecology (RBGO) Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecology (RBGO) Group, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Coombes Z, Plant K, Freire C, Basit AW, Butler P, Conlan RS, Gonzalez D. Progesterone Metabolism by Human and Rat Hepatic and Intestinal Tissue. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101707. [PMID: 34684000 PMCID: PMC8537901 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following oral administration, the bioavailability of progesterone is low and highly variable. As a result, no clinically relevant, natural progesterone oral formulation is available. After oral delivery, first-pass metabolism initially occurs in the intestines; however, very little information on progesterone metabolism in this organ currently exists. The aim of this study is to investigate the contributions of liver and intestine to progesterone clearance. In the presence of NADPH, a rapid clearance of progesterone was observed in human and rat liver samples (t1/2 2.7 and 2.72 min, respectively). The rate of progesterone depletion in intestine was statistically similar between rat and human (t1/2 197.6 min in rat and 157.2 min in human). However, in the absence of NADPH, progesterone was depleted at a significantly lower rate in rat intestine compared to human. The roles of aldo keto reductases (AKR), xanthine oxidase (XAO) and aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in progesterone metabolism were also investigated. The rate of progesterone depletion was found to be significantly reduced by AKR1C, 1D1 and 1B1 in human liver and by AKR1B1 in human intestine. The inhibition of AOX also caused a significant reduction in progesterone degradation in human liver, whereas no change was observed in the presence of an XAO inhibitor. Understanding the kinetics of intestinal as well as liver metabolism is important for the future development of progesterone oral formulations. This novel information can inform decisions on the development of targeted formulations and help predict dosage regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Coombes
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (Z.C.); (R.S.C.)
| | - Katie Plant
- Cyprotex, No.24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK; (K.P.); (P.B.)
| | | | - Abdul W. Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Philip Butler
- Cyprotex, No.24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK; (K.P.); (P.B.)
| | - R. Steven Conlan
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (Z.C.); (R.S.C.)
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (Z.C.); (R.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1792-295384
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Turnham DJ, Yang WW, Davies J, Varnava A, Ridley AJ, Conlan RS, Clarkson RWE. Bcl-3 promotes multi-modal tumour cell migration via NF-κB1 mediated regulation of Cdc42. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1432-1443. [PMID: 31957805 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in the implementation of anti-metastatics as cancer therapies is the multi-modal nature of cell migration, which allows tumour cells to evade the targeted inhibition of specific cell motility pathways. The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) co-factor B-cell lymphoma 3 (Bcl-3) has been implicated in breast cancer cell migration and metastasis, yet it remains to be determined exactly which cell motility pathways are controlled by Bcl-3 and whether migrating tumour cells are able to evade Bcl-3 intervention. Addressing these questions and the mechanism underpinning Bcl-3's role in this process would help determine its potential as a therapeutic target. Here we identify Bcl-3 as an upstream regulator of the two principal forms of breast cancer cell motility, involving collective and single-cell migration. This was found to be mediated by the master regulator Cdc42 through binding of the NF-κB transcription factor p50 to the Cdc42 promoter. Notably, Bcl-3 depletion inhibited both stable and transitory motility phenotypes in breast cancer cells with no evidence of migratory adaptation. Overexpression of Bcl-3 enhanced migration and increased metastatic tumour burden of breast cancer cells in vivo, whereas overexpression of a mutant Bcl-3 protein, which is unable to bind p50, suppressed cell migration and metastatic tumour burden suggesting that disruption of Bcl-3/NF-κB complexes is sufficient to inhibit metastasis. These findings identify a novel role for Bcl-3 in intrinsic and adaptive multi-modal cell migration mediated by its direct regulation of the Rho GTPase Cdc42 and identify the upstream Bcl-3:p50 transcription complex as a potential therapeutic target for metastatic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Turnham
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - William W Yang
- Department of Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julia Davies
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | - Athina Varnava
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anne J Ridley
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | - Richard W E Clarkson
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gazze SA, Thomas SJ, Garcia-Parra J, James DW, Rees P, Marsh-Durban V, Corteling R, Gonzalez D, Conlan RS, Francis LW. High content, quantitative AFM analysis of the scalable biomechanical properties of extracellular vesicles. Nanoscale 2021; 13:6129-6141. [PMID: 33729236 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09235e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are studied extensively as natural biomolecular shuttles and for their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. This exponential rise in interest has highlighted the need for highly robust and reproducible approaches for EV characterisation. Here we optimise quantitative nanomechanical tools and demonstrate the advantages of EV population screening by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our high-content informatics analytical tools are made available for use by the EV community for widespread, standardised determination of structural stability. Ultracentrifugation (UC) and sonication, the common mechanical techniques used for EV isolation and loading respectively, are used to demonstrate the utility of optimised PeakForce-Quantitative Nano Mechanics (PF-QNM) analysis. EVs produced at an industrial scale exhibited biochemical and biomechanical alterations after exposure to these common techniques. UC resulted in slight increases in physical dimensions, and decreased EV adhesion concurrent with a decrease in CD63 content. Sonicated EVs exhibited significantly reduced levels of CD81, a decrease in size, increased Young's modulus and decreased adhesive force. These biomechanical and biochemical changes highlight the effect of EV sample preparation techniques on critical properties linked to EV cellular uptake and biological function. PF-QNM offers significant additional information about the structural information of EVs following their purification and downstream processing, and the analytical tools will ensure consistency of analysis of AFM data by the EV community, as this technique continues to become more widely implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Andrea Gazze
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Institute for Life Science 2, Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Howard D, James D, Murphy K, Garcia-Parra J, Pan-Castillo B, Rex S, Moul A, Jones E, Bilbao-Asensio M, Michue-Seijas S, Lutchman-Singh K, Margarit L, Francis LW, Rees P, Gonzalez D, Conlan RS. Dinaciclib, a Bimodal Agent Effective against Endometrial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1135. [PMID: 33800911 PMCID: PMC7962054 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the sixth most prevalent female cancer globally and although high rates of success are achieved when diagnosed at an early stage, the 5-year survival rate for cancers diagnosed at Stages II-IV is below 50%. Improving patient outcomes will necessitate the introduction of novel therapies to the clinic. Pan-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKis) have been explored as therapies for a range of cancers due to their ability to simultaneously target multiple key cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, transcription, and DNA repair. Few studies, however, have reported on their potential for the treatment of EC. Herein, we examined the effects of the pan-CDKi dinaciclib in primary cells isolated directly from tumors and EC cell lines. Dinaciclib was shown to elicit a bimodal action in EC cell lines, disrupting both cell cycle progression and phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase carboxy terminal domain, with a concomitant reduction in Bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of combining dinaciclib and cisplatin was explored, with the drugs demonstrating synergy at specific doses in Type I and Type II EC cell lines. Together, these results highlight the potential of dinaciclib for use as an effective EC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Howard
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (D.H.); (D.J.); (J.G.-P.); (B.P.-C.); (L.W.F.); (D.G.)
| | - David James
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (D.H.); (D.J.); (J.G.-P.); (B.P.-C.); (L.W.F.); (D.G.)
| | - Kate Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea SA2 8QA, UK; (K.M.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (E.J.)
| | - Jezabel Garcia-Parra
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (D.H.); (D.J.); (J.G.-P.); (B.P.-C.); (L.W.F.); (D.G.)
| | - Belen Pan-Castillo
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (D.H.); (D.J.); (J.G.-P.); (B.P.-C.); (L.W.F.); (D.G.)
| | - Stuart Rex
- Department of Pathology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea SA2 8QA, UK; (K.M.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (E.J.)
| | - Annemarie Moul
- Department of Pathology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea SA2 8QA, UK; (K.M.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (E.J.)
| | - Eilir Jones
- Department of Pathology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea SA2 8QA, UK; (K.M.); (S.R.); (A.M.); (E.J.)
| | - Marc Bilbao-Asensio
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (M.B.-A.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Saul Michue-Seijas
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (M.B.-A.); (S.M.-S.)
| | - Kerryn Lutchman-Singh
- Department of Gynaecology Oncology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea SA2 8QA, UK;
| | - Lavinia Margarit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Princess of Wales Hospital, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Bridgend CF31 1RQ, UK;
| | - Lewis W. Francis
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (D.H.); (D.J.); (J.G.-P.); (B.P.-C.); (L.W.F.); (D.G.)
| | - Paul Rees
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK;
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (D.H.); (D.J.); (J.G.-P.); (B.P.-C.); (L.W.F.); (D.G.)
| | - R. Steven Conlan
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (D.H.); (D.J.); (J.G.-P.); (B.P.-C.); (L.W.F.); (D.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Francis LW, Yao SN, Powell LC, Griffiths S, Berquand A, Piasecki T, Howe W, Gazze AS, Farach-Carson MC, Constantinou P, Carson D, Margarit L, Gonzalez D, Conlan RS. Highly glycosylated MUC1 mediates high affinity L-selectin binding at the human endometrial surface. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:50. [PMID: 33596915 PMCID: PMC7890821 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sialyl-Lewis X/L-selectin high affinity binding interactions between transmembrane O-glycosylated mucins proteins and the embryo have been implicated in implantation processes within the human reproductive system. However, the adhesive properties of these mucins at the endometrial cell surface are difficult to resolve due to known discrepancies between in vivo models and the human reproductive system and a lack of sensitivity in current in vitro models. To overcome these limitations, an in vitro model of the human endometrial epithelial was interrogated with single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) to delineate the molecular configurations of mucin proteins that mediate the high affinity L-selectin binding required for human embryo implantation. Results This study reveals that MUC1 contributes to both the intrinsic and extrinsic adhesive properties of the HEC-1 cellular surface. High expression of MUC1 on the cell surface led to a significantly increased intrinsic adhesion force (148 pN vs. 271 pN, p < 0.001), whereas this adhesion force was significantly reduced (271 pN vs. 118 pN, p < 0.001) following siRNA mediated MUC1 ablation. Whilst high expression of MUC1 displaying elevated glycosylation led to strong extrinsic (> 400 pN) L-selectin binding at the cell surface, low expression of MUC1 with reduced glycosylation resulted in significantly less (≤200 pN) binding events. Conclusions An optimal level of MUC1 together with highly glycosylated decoration of the protein is critical for high affinity L-selectin binding. This study demonstrates that MUC1 contributes to cellular adhesive properties which may function to facilitate trophoblast binding to the endometrial cell surface through the L-selectin/sialyl-Lewis x adhesion system subsequent to implantation.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis W Francis
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Seydou N Yao
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Lydia C Powell
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Sean Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | | | - Thomas Piasecki
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - William Howe
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Andrea S Gazze
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, 77054, Texas, USA
| | - Pamela Constantinou
- Department of Biosciences, Wiess School of Natural Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77251, USA
| | - Daniel Carson
- Department of Biosciences, Wiess School of Natural Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77251, USA
| | - Lavinia Margarit
- Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Princess of Wales Hospital, Bridgend, CF31 1RQ, UK
| | - Deya Gonzalez
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Toubhans B, Gourlan AT, Telouk P, Lutchman-Singh K, Francis LW, Conlan RS, Margarit L, Gonzalez D, Charlet L. Cu isotope ratios are meaningful in ovarian cancer diagnosis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126611. [PMID: 32652467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer diagnosis is currently based on imaging and circulating CA-125 concentrations with well-known limits to sensitivity and specificity. New biomarkers are required to complement CA-125 testing to increase effectiveness. Increases in sensitivity of isotopic separation via multi collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry have recently allowed highly accurate measurement of copper (Cu) isotopic variations. Studies in breast cancer patients have revealed changes of serum copper isotopic composition demonstrating the potential for development as a cancer biomarker. Evaluating 65Cu/63Cu ratios (δ65Cu) in serum samples from cancer patients has revealed a strong correlation with cancer development. In this study blood samples from forty-four ovarian cancer patients, and 13 ovarian biopsies were investigated. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that changes in Cu isotopes also occurs in ovarian cancer patients. Copper composition determined by multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed that the copper isotopic ratio δ65Cu in the plasma of 44 ovarian cancer patient cohort was significantly lower than in a group of 48 healthy donors, and indicated that serum was enriched for 63Cu. Further analysis revealed that the isotopic composition of tumour biopsies was enriched for 65Cu compared with adjacent healthy ovarian tissues. CONCLUSIONS We propose that these changes are due to increase lactate and Cu transporter activities in the tumour. These observations demonstrate that, combined with existing strategies, δ65Cu could be developed for use in ovarian cancer early detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Toubhans
- Medical School & Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; ISTerre, Université Grenoble Alpes, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble, France.
| | - A T Gourlan
- ISTerre, Université Grenoble Alpes, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble, France
| | - P Telouk
- Univ Lyon, ENSL, Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, LGL-TPE, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - K Lutchman-Singh
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Department of Gynaecology Oncology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea SA2 8QA, UK
| | - L W Francis
- Medical School & Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - R S Conlan
- Medical School & Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - L Margarit
- Cwm Taf Morannwg University Health Board, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Princess of Wales Hospital, Bridgend CF31 1RQ, UK
| | - D Gonzalez
- Medical School & Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - L Charlet
- ISTerre, Université Grenoble Alpes, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paravati R, De Mello N, Onyido EK, Francis LW, Brüsehafer K, Younas K, Spencer-Harty S, Conlan RS, Gonzalez D, Margarit L. Differential regulation of osteopontin and CD44 correlates with infertility status in PCOS patients. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1713-1725. [PMID: 33047155 PMCID: PMC7679339 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01985-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial receptivity is mediated by adhesion molecules at the endometrium-trophoblast interface where osteopontin (OPN) and CD44 form a protein complex that plays an important role in embryo recognition. Here, we undertook a prospective study investigating the expression and regulation of OPN and CD44 in 50 fertile and 31 infertile ovulatory polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) patients in the proliferative and secretory phases of the natural menstrual cycle and in 12 infertile anovulatory PCOS patients. Endometrial biopsies and blood samples were evaluated for expression of OPN and CD44 using RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and ELISA analysis to determine circulating levels of OPN, CD44, TNF-α, IFN-γ and OPN and CD44 levels in biopsy media. Our findings highlighted an increased level of circulating OPN and CD44 in serum from infertile patients that inversely correlated with expression levels in endometrial tissue and positively correlated with levels secreted into biopsy media. OPN and CD44 levels positively correlated to each other in serum and media from fertile and PCOS patients, as well as to circulating TNF-α and IFN-γ. In vitro analysis revealed that hormone treatment induced recruitment of ERα to the OPN and CD44 promoters with a concomitant increase in the expression of these genes. In infertile patients, inflammatory cytokines led to recruitment of NF-κB and STAT1 proteins to the OPN and CD44 promoters, resulting in their overexpression. These observations suggest that the endometrial epithelial OPN-CD44 adhesion complex is deficient in ovulatory PCOS patients and displays an altered stoichiometry in anovulatory patients, which in both cases may perturb apposition. This, together with elevated circulating and local secreted levels of these proteins, may hinder endometrium-trophoblast interactions by saturating OPN and CD44 receptors on the surface of the blastocyst, thereby contributing to the infertility associated with ovulating PCOS patients. KEY MESSAGES: • Endometrial epithelial OPN-CD44 adhesion complex levels are deficient in ovulatory PCOS patients contributing to the endometrial infertility associated with ovulating PCOS patients. • Circulating levels of OPN, CD44 and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ are altered in infertile PCOS patients. • Increased levels of both OPN and CD44 in biopsy media and serum inversely correlate with endometrial expression of these markers in endometrial tissue. • In infertile PCOS patients, high levels of oestrogens and inflammatory cytokines stimulate the recruitment of transcription factors to the OPN and CD44 promoters to enhance gene transcription. • Our study identifies a novel crosstalk between the CD44-OPN adhesion complex, ERα, STAT1 and NF-κB pathways modulating endometrial receptivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Paravati
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Institute for Life Science 2, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - N De Mello
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Institute for Life Science 2, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - E K Onyido
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Institute for Life Science 2, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - L W Francis
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Institute for Life Science 2, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - K Brüsehafer
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Institute for Life Science 2, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - K Younas
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Obstetrics Gynaecology Department, Singleton Hospital, Sketty Lane, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
| | - S Spencer-Harty
- Swansea Bay University Health Board, Cellular Pathology Department, Singleton Hospital, Sketty Lane, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
| | - R S Conlan
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Institute for Life Science 2, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - D Gonzalez
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Institute for Life Science 2, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lavinia Margarit
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Institute for Life Science 2, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
- Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Obstetrics Gynaecology Department, Princess of Wales Hospital, Coity Road, Bridgend, CF31 1RQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Coombes Z, Yadav V, E. McCoubrey L, Freire C, W. Basit A, Conlan RS, Gonzalez D. Progestogens Are Metabolized by the Gut Microbiota: Implications for Colonic Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080760. [PMID: 32806503 PMCID: PMC7464400 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Following oral administration, the bioavailability of progestogens is very low and highly variable, in part due to metabolism by cytochrome P450 enzymes found in the mucosa of the small intestine. Conversely, the mucosa in the colon contains much lower levels of cytochrome P450 enzymes, thus, colonic delivery of progestogens may be beneficial. Microbiota in the colon are known to metabolize a great number of drugs, therefore, it is important to understand the stability of these hormones in the presence of colonic flora before developing formulations. The aim of this study was to investigate the stability of three progestogens: progesterone, and its two synthetic analogues, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and levonorgestrel (LNG), in the presence of human colonic microbiota. Progesterone, MPA, and LNG were incubated in mixed fecal inoculum (simulated human colonic fluid) under anerobic conditions. Progesterone was completely degraded after 2 h, whereas levels of MPA and LNG were still detectable after 24 h. The half-lives of progesterone, MPA, and LNG in fecal inoculum were 28, 644, and 240 min, respectively. This study describes the kinetics of colonic microbial metabolism of these hormones for the first time. MPA and LNG show promise for delivery to the colon, potentially improving pharmacokinetics over current oral delivery methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Coombes
- Institute of Life Science 2, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton, Swansea SA28PP, UK;
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (A.W.B.); (D.G.); Tel.: +44-1792-295384 (Z.C.); +44-1792-602339 (A.W.B.); +44-2077-535865 (D.G.)
| | - Vipul Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, WC1N 1AX, UK; (V.Y.); (L.E.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Laura E. McCoubrey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, WC1N 1AX, UK; (V.Y.); (L.E.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Cristina Freire
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, WC1N 1AX, UK; (V.Y.); (L.E.M.); (C.F.)
- Kuecept Limited, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 1TL, UK
| | - Abdul W. Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, WC1N 1AX, UK; (V.Y.); (L.E.M.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (A.W.B.); (D.G.); Tel.: +44-1792-295384 (Z.C.); +44-1792-602339 (A.W.B.); +44-2077-535865 (D.G.)
| | - R. Steven Conlan
- Institute of Life Science 2, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton, Swansea SA28PP, UK;
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Institute of Life Science 2, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton, Swansea SA28PP, UK;
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (A.W.B.); (D.G.); Tel.: +44-1792-295384 (Z.C.); +44-1792-602339 (A.W.B.); +44-2077-535865 (D.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abreu CM, Thomas V, Knaggs P, Bunkheila A, Cruz A, Teixeira SR, Alpuim P, Francis LW, Gebril A, Ibrahim A, Margarit L, Gonzalez D, Freitas PP, Conlan RS, Mendes Pinto I. Non-invasive molecular assessment of human embryo development and implantation potential. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 157:112144. [PMID: 32250927 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most common assisted reproductive technology used to treat infertility. Embryo selection for transfer in IVF cycles relies on the morphological evaluation by embryologists, either by conventional microscopic assessment or more recently by time-lapse imaging systems. Despite the introduction of time-lapse imaging improvements in IVF success rates have failed to materialize, therefore alternative approaches are needed. Recent studies have shown that embryos resulting in successful pregnancy differ in their secretome and metabolism compared to embryos that fail to implant, suggesting that molecular analysis of embryo culture medium could assist in non-invasive single embryo selection. However, this approach has yet to be adopted clinically due to the lack of appropriate highly sensitive screening technologies needed to assess volume-limited samples. Here we report the detection of hCGβ, IL-8 and TNFα from conditioned culture media of single human embryos using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The impedimetric immunosensors revealed that morphologically non-viable embryos produce higher levels of IL-8 and TNFα, associated with abnormal cell division and cell death, respectively. More importantly, hCGβ detection was able to discriminate apparently morphologically identical viable embryos. This work brings an objective dimension to embryo selection, which could overcome the major limitations of morphology-based embryo selection for implantation. Future work should include the validation of these biomarkers in a large patient cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina M Abreu
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal; Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Victoria Thomas
- Wales Fertility Institute Neath, Neath Port Talbot Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, SA12 7BX, UK
| | - Paul Knaggs
- Wales Fertility Institute Neath, Neath Port Talbot Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, SA12 7BX, UK
| | - Adnan Bunkheila
- Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Sketty Lane, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
| | - Andrea Cruz
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sofia R Teixeira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal; Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Pedro Alpuim
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Lewis W Francis
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Amr Gebril
- Wales Fertility Institute Neath, Neath Port Talbot Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, SA12 7BX, UK
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Wales Fertility Institute Neath, Neath Port Talbot Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Port Talbot, SA12 7BX, UK
| | - Lavinia Margarit
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Princess of Wales Hospital, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Coity Road, Bridgend, CF31 1RQ, UK
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Paulo P Freitas
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Inês Mendes Pinto
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Paradiso F, Fitzgerald J, Yao S, Barry F, Taraballi F, Gonzalez D, Conlan RS, Francis L. Marine Collagen Substrates for 2D and 3D Ovarian Cancer Cell Systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:343. [PMID: 31921795 PMCID: PMC6923181 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental structural component of extracellular matrix in all connective and interstitial tissue, collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body. To date, mammalian collagens sources represent the golden standard for multiple biomedical applications, while marine-derived collagens have largely been used in industry (food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic), with little use in research and clinical applications. Herein we demonstrate the effective use Rhizostoma pulmo jellyfish collagen, a source of biocompatible, sustainable collagen for 2D and 3D cell culture, addressing the global drive for technological developments that result in the replacement of animals and their derived products in research. Jellyfish collagen harbors similar structural features mammalian collagen type I, despite differing slightly in amino acid content. Jellyfish collagen supports ovarian cancer (OvCa) cell line proliferation, cellular morphology and expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition markers, supporting the use of R. pulmo as a non-mammalian collagen cell culture substrate. Furthermore, R. pulmo collagen is effective in 3D device fabrication such as sponges where it mimics tissue architecture complexity. OvCa cells migrated and differentiated within the R. pulmo collagen 3D scaffolds confirming its suitability for advanced cell culturing applications, providing an excellent alternative to mammalian collagen sources for the culture of human cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Paradiso
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom.,Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joan Fitzgerald
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Seydou Yao
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Barry
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), National University of Ireland Galway (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Francesca Taraballi
- Center for Biomimetic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Francis
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Healey GD, Pan-Castillo B, Garcia-Parra J, Davies J, Roberts S, Jones E, Dhar K, Nandanan S, Tofazzal N, Piggott L, Clarkson R, Seaton G, Frostell A, Fagge T, McKee C, Margarit L, Conlan RS, Gonzalez D. Antibody drug conjugates against the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), a novel therapeutic target in endometrial cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:280. [PMID: 31665084 PMCID: PMC6820928 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0765-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The treatment of endometrial cancer (EC), the most common gynecological cancer, is currently hampered by the toxicity of current cytotoxic agents, meaning novel therapeutic approaches are urgently required. Methods A cohort of 161 patients was evaluated for the expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in endometrial tissues. The present study also incorporates a variety of in vitro methodologies within multiple cell lines to evaluate RAGE expression and antibody-drug conjugate efficacy, internalisation and intercellular trafficking. Additionally, we undertook in vivo bio-distribution and toxicity evaluation to determine the suitability of our chosen therapeutic approach, together with efficacy studies in a mouse xenograft model of disease. Results We have identified an association between over-expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and EC (H-score = Healthy: 0.46, SD 0.26; Type I EC: 2.67, SD 1.39; Type II EC: 2.20, SD 1.34; ANOVA, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, increased expression was negatively correlated with patient survival (Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation: ρ = − 0.3914, p < 0.05). To exploit this association, we developed novel RAGE-targeting antibody drug conjugates (ADC) and demonstrated the efficacy of this approach. RAGE-targeting ADCs were up to 100-fold more efficacious in EC cells compared to non-malignant cells and up to 200-fold more cytotoxic than drug treatment alone. Additionally, RAGE-targeting ADCs were not toxic in an in vivo pre-clinical mouse model, and significantly reduced tumour growth in a xenograft mouse model of disease. Conclusions These data, together with important design considerations implied by the present study, suggest RAGE-ADCs could be translated to novel therapeutics for EC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth D Healey
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Belen Pan-Castillo
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jezabel Garcia-Parra
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Julia Davies
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shaun Roberts
- Cellular Pathology Department, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Singleton Hospital, Sketty Lane, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
| | - Eilir Jones
- Cellular Pathology Department, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Singleton Hospital, Sketty Lane, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
| | - Kalyan Dhar
- Gynecology Oncology Department, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Singleton Hospital, Sketty Lane, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
| | - Sarika Nandanan
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department Princess of Wales Hospital, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Coity Road, Bridgend, CF31 1RQ, UK
| | - Nasima Tofazzal
- Cellular Pathology Department, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Singleton Hospital, Sketty Lane, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
| | - Luke Piggott
- Welsh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Richard Clarkson
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Gillian Seaton
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Asa Frostell
- GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, SE-751 84, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tim Fagge
- GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, HP7 9NA, UK
| | - Colin McKee
- ADC Biotechnology Ltd, OpTIC Technium, Ffordd William Morgan, St Asaph Business Park, St Asaph, Denbighshire, LL17 0JD, UK
| | - Lavinia Margarit
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.,Obstetrics & Gynecology Department Princess of Wales Hospital, Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Coity Road, Bridgend, CF31 1RQ, UK
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Younas K, Quintela M, Thomas S, Garcia-Parra J, Blake L, Whiteland H, Bunkheila A, Francis LW, Margarit L, Gonzalez D, Conlan RS. Delayed endometrial decidualisation in polycystic ovary syndrome; the role of AR-MAGEA11. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1315-1327. [PMID: 31256208 PMCID: PMC6713698 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01809-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynaecological disorder, with a prevalence of up to 12% of women of reproductive age, and is in part characterised by elevated circulating androgens and aberrant expression of androgen receptor (AR) in the endometrium. A high percentage of PCOS patients suffer from infertility, a condition that appears to be linked to mistimed and incomplete decidualisation critically affecting events surrounding embryo implantation. The aim of this study was to examine the involvement of MAGEA11, and the genome-wide role of AR in PCOS. We determined that elevated androgen levels on PCOS cells had an impact on the delayed and incomplete decidual transformation of endometrial cells. The AR co-regulator MAGEA11, a known enhancer of AR function, was constitutively overexpressed throughout the menstrual cycle of PCOS patients, co-localised in the nucleus of PCOS stromal tissue and cells and formed a molecular complex with AR. Genome-wide AR analysis in PCOS stromal cells revealed that AR targets included genes involved in cell death and apoptosis, as well as genes commonly dysregulated in endometrial cancer. Enhanced MAGEA11 and AR-mediated transcriptional regulation may impact on a correct endometrial decidualisation response, subsequently affecting endometrial receptivity in these infertile women. Key messages MAGEA11 and AR are overexpressed in hyperandrogenic PCOS patients. MAGEA11-AR overexpression in PCOS correlates with delayed decidualisation. AR and MAGEA11 associate in a molecular complex. AR directly regulates a unique set of genes controlling gene differentiation.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-019-01809-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinza Younas
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.,Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Sketty Lane, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
| | - Marcos Quintela
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Samantha Thomas
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Jetzabel Garcia-Parra
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lauren Blake
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Helen Whiteland
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Adnan Bunkheila
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.,Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Sketty Lane, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
| | - Lewis W Francis
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lavinia Margarit
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.,Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Sketty Lane, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Teixeira SR, Abreu CM, Parkes L, Davies J, Yao S, Sawhney MA, Margarit L, Gonzalez D, Pinto IM, Francis LW, Conlan RS. Direct monitoring of breast and endometrial cancer cell epigenetic response to DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 141:111386. [PMID: 31220725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation and histone deacetylation are key epigenetic processes involved in normal cellular function and tumorigenesis. Therapeutic strategies based on DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are currently in use and under development for the treatment of cancers. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling has been proposed for use in disease diagnosis, and histone modification profiling for disease stratification will follow suit. However, whether epigenome sequencing technologies will be feasible for rapid clinic diagnosis and patient treatment monitoring remains to be seen, and alternative detection technologies will almost certainly be needed. Here we used electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) employing a graphene-based screen-printed electrode system to directly measure global DNA methylation and histone H3 acetylation to compare non-cancer and breast cancer cell lines. We demonstrated that whilst global methylation was not useful as a differential marker in the cellular systems tested, histone H3 acetylation was effective at higher chromatin levels. Using breast and endometrial cancer cell models, EIS was then used to monitor cellular responses to the DNMT and HDAC inhibitors 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid in vitro, and proved very effective at detecting global cellular responses to either treatment, indicating that this approach could be useful in following treatment response to epigenetic drugs. Moreover, this work reports the first combined analysis of two epigenetic markers using a unified graphene-based biosensor platform, demonstrating the potential for multiplex analysis of both methylation and acetylation on the same sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Teixeira
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8QQ, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - C M Abreu
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Portugal
| | - L Parkes
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - J Davies
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - S Yao
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - M A Sawhney
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - L Margarit
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Abertawe Bro Morganwg University Health Board, Princess of Wales Hospital Bridgend, UK
| | - D Gonzalez
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - I Mendes Pinto
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Portugal
| | - L W Francis
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - R S Conlan
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Quintela M, Sieglaff DH, Gazze AS, Zhang A, Gonzalez D, Francis L, Webb P, Conlan RS. HBO1 directs histone H4 specific acetylation, potentiating mechano-transduction pathways and membrane elasticity in ovarian cancer cells. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2019; 17:254-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
21
|
Pisano S, Giustiniani M, Francis L, Gonzalez D, Margarit L, Sheldon IM, Paolino D, Fresta M, Conlan RS, Healey GD. Liquid crystal delivery of ciprofloxacin to treat infections of the female reproductive tract. Biomed Microdevices 2019; 21:36. [PMID: 30923927 PMCID: PMC6439215 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-019-0385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the female reproductive tract are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans, requiring significant investment to sustain treatment and representing a major challenge to health. The increasing prevalence of bacterial resistance, and an almost complete absence of new antibiotic therapies for the past five decades, mean there is a desperate need for novel approaches to the treatment of bacterial infections. Within the present study, we demonstrate the effective ex vivo treatment of bacterial infection of the female reproductive tract using a controlled-release, liquid crystal-based platform. Liquid crystal encapsulation of ciprofloxacin significantly enhanced its bactericidal efficacy and reduced cell toxicity. Liquid crystal structures are low-cost, simple to manufacture and provide a sustained-release profile of encapsulated ciprofloxacin. Treatment of Escherichia coli infected reproductive tract epithelial cells and whole organ cultures with liquid crystal encapsulated ciprofloxacin proved to be an effective strategy for reducing bacterial load and reproductive tract inflammatory responses to infection. These data suggest that such an approach could provide an efficacious treatment modality for enhancing the effectiveness of current antibiotic therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pisano
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Matteo Giustiniani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Inter-Regional Research Center for Food Safety & Health, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Viale "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lewis Francis
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lavinia Margarit
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department Princess of Wales Hospital, Abertawe Bro Morannwg University Health Board, Coity Road, Bridgend, CF31 1RQ, UK
| | - I Martin Sheldon
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Donatella Paolino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Inter-Regional Research Center for Food Safety & Health, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Viale "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Massimo Fresta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Inter-Regional Research Center for Food Safety & Health, University of Catanzaro "Magna Græcia", Viale "S. Venuta", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth D Healey
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Healey GD, Frostell A, Fagge T, Gonzalez D, Conlan RS. A RAGE-Targeted Antibody-Drug Conjugate: Surface Plasmon Resonance as a Platform for Accelerating Effective ADC Design and Development. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8010007. [PMID: 31544813 PMCID: PMC6640708 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies, antibody-like molecules, and therapeutics incorporating antibodies as a targeting moiety, such as antibody-drug conjugates, offer significant potential for the development of highly efficacious drugs against a wide range of disorders. Despite some success, truly harnessing the superior targeting properties of these molecules requires a platform from which to effectively identify the best candidates for drug development. To streamline the development of antibody-drug conjugates targeting gynecological cancers within our laboratory, we incorporated surface plasmon resonance analysis (Biacore™ T200) into our development toolkit. Antibodies, selected based on positive ELISA screens as suitable for development as antibody-drug conjugates, were evaluated using surface plasmon resonance to determine a wide range of characteristics including specificity, kinetics/affinity, the effect of linker binding, the impact of the drug to antibody ratio, and the effect of endosomal pH on antibody-antigen binding. Analysis revealed important kinetics data and information regarding the effect of conjugation and endosomal pH on our antibody candidates that correlated with cell toxicity and antibody internalization data. As well as explaining observations from cell-based assays regarding antibody-drug conjugate efficacies, these data also provide important information regarding intelligent antibody selection and antibody-drug conjugate design. This study demonstrates the application of surface plasmon resonance technology as a platform, where detailed information can be obtained, supporting the requirements for rapid and high-throughput screening that will enable enhanced antibody-drug conjugate development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth D Healey
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Asa Frostell
- GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, SE-751 84 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Tim Fagge
- GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, HP7 9NA, UK.
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barton H, Berbel-Filho WM, Consuegra S, Francis L, Tizaoui C, Conlan RS, Teixeira SR. Ultrasensitive environmental assessment of xeno-estrogens in water samples using label-free graphene immunosensors. Anal Biochem 2018; 548:102-108. [PMID: 29501648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the possible environmental health impact posed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). A challenge to the field of endocrine disruption is that these substances are diverse and may not appear to share any structural similarity other than usually being low molecular mass (<1000 Da) compounds. Here we demonstrate the effectiveness of sensor device for the detection of low molecular weight, poorly water soluble, estrogenic compounds E1, E2 and EE2, fabricated by electropolymerization over graphene screen printed electrode (SPE). The PANI/Gr-SPE-devices displayed linear responses to estrogenic substances, in EIS assays, from 0.0975 ng/L to 200 ng/L in water samples, with a detection limit of 0.043 pg/L for E1, 0.19 ng/L for E2 and 0.070 pg/L for EE2 which is lower than other current biosensing techniques. This portable, disposable immunosensor offers a solution for immediate measurement at sample collection sites, due to its excellent sensitivity and selectivity when testing water samples obtained directly from rivers and waste water treatment facilities. The simple screen printing production method will enable the low cost, high volume production required for this type of environmental analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huw Barton
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Waldir M Berbel-Filho
- College of Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Sofia Consuegra
- College of Sciences, Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Lewis Francis
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Chedly Tizaoui
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8QQ, UK
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Sofia Rodrigues Teixeira
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8QQ, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Morgado M, Sutton MN, Simmons M, Warren CR, Lu Z, Constantinou PE, Liu J, Francis LLW, Conlan RS, Bast RC, Carson DD. Tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ stimulate MUC16 (CA125) expression in breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers through NFκB. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14871-84. [PMID: 26918940 PMCID: PMC4924758 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane mucins (TMs) are restricted to the apical surface of normal epithelia. In cancer, TMs not only are over-expressed, but also lose polarized distribution. MUC16/CA125 is a high molecular weight TM carrying the CA125 epitope, a well-known molecular marker for human cancers. MUC16 mRNA and protein expression was mildly stimulated by low concentrations of TNFα (2.5 ng/ml) or IFNγ (20 IU/ml) when used alone; however, combined treatment with both cytokines resulted in a moderate (3-fold or less) to large (> 10-fold) stimulation of MUC16 mRNA and protein expression in a variety of cancer cell types indicating that this may be a general response. Human cancer tissue microarray analysis indicated that MUC16 expression directly correlates with TNFα and IFNγ staining intensities in certain cancers. We show that NFκB is an important mediator of cytokine stimulation of MUC16 since siRNA-mediated knockdown of NFκB/p65 greatly reduced cytokine responsiveness. Finally, we demonstrate that the 250 bp proximal promoter region of MUC16 contains an NFκB binding site that accounts for a large portion of the TNFα response. Developing methods to manipulate MUC16 expression could provide new approaches to treating cancers whose growth or metastasis is characterized by elevated levels of TMs, including MUC16.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Morgado
- Department of BioSciences, Wiess School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - Margie N Sutton
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary Simmons
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Curtis R Warren
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pamela E Constantinou
- Department of BioSciences, Wiess School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lewis L W Francis
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Robert C Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel D Carson
- Department of BioSciences, Wiess School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251, USA.,Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Howard D, Garcia-Parra J, Healey GD, Amakiri C, Margarit L, Francis LW, Gonzalez D, Conlan RS. Antibody-drug conjugates and other nanomedicines: the frontier of gynaecological cancer treatment. Interface Focus 2016; 6:20160054. [PMID: 27920893 PMCID: PMC5071815 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2016.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gynaecological cancers: malignancies of the cervix, uterus, ovaries, vagina and vulva, are responsible for over 1.1 million new cancer cases and almost half a million deaths annually. Ovarian cancer in particular is difficult to treat due to often being diagnosed at a late stage, and the incidence of uterine and vulvar malignancies are both on the rise. The field of nanomedicine is beginning to introduce drugs into the clinic for oncological applications exemplified by the liposomal drugs, Doxil and Myocet, the nanoparticle, Abraxane and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), Kadcyla and Adcetris. With many more agents currently undergoing clinical trials, the field of nanomedicine promises to have a significant impact on cancer therapy. This review considers the state of the art for nanomedicines currently on the market and those being clinically evaluated for the treatment of gynaecological cancers. In particular, it focuses on ADCs and presents a methodology for their rational design and evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Howard
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | | | | | - Lavinia Margarit
- Abertawe Bro Morannwg University Health Board, Obstetrics & Gynecology Department Princess of Wales Hospital, Bridgend, CF31 1RQ, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Azzopardi EA, Conlan RS, Whitaker IS. Polymer therapeutics in surgery: the next frontier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1:19-29. [PMID: 27588210 PMCID: PMC4985703 DOI: 10.1002/jin2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymer therapeutics is a successful branch of nanomedicine, which is now established in several facets of everyday practice. However, to our knowledge, no literature regarding the application of the underpinning principles, general safety, and potential of this versatile class to the perioperative patient has been published. This study provides an overview of polymer therapeutics applied to clinical surgery, including the evolution of this demand‐oriented scientific field, cutting‐edge concepts, its implications, and limitations, illustrated by products already in clinical use and promising ones in development. In particular, the effect of design of polymer therapeutics on biophysical and biochemical properties, the potential for targeted delivery, smart release, and safety are addressed. Emphasis is made on principles, giving examples in salient areas of demand in current surgical practice. Exposure of the practising surgeon to this versatile class is crucial to evaluate and maximise the benefits that this established field presents and to attract a new generation of clinician–scientists with the necessary knowledge mix to drive highly successful innovation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest A Azzopardi
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Unit, Institute for Life Science Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University Singleton Park Campus SwanseaSA2 8PP UK; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery Moriston Hospital Swansea Swansea SA6 6NL UK; Institute for Life Science and Centre for NanoHealth Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University Singleton Park Campus Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Institute for Life Science and Centre for NanoHealth Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University Singleton Park Campus Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Research Unit, Institute for Life Science Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University Singleton Park Campus SwanseaSA2 8PP UK; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery Moriston Hospital Swansea Swansea SA6 6NL UK; Institute for Life Science and Centre for NanoHealth Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University Singleton Park Campus Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Teixeira SR, Lloyd C, Yao S, Whitaker IS, Francis L, Conlan RS, Azzopardi E. Polyaniline-graphene based α-amylase biosensor with a linear dynamic range in excess of 6 orders of magnitude. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 85:395-402. [PMID: 27196256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
α-amylase is an established marker for diagnosis of pancreatic and salivary disease, and recent research has seen a substantial expansion of its use in therapeutic and diagnostic applications for infection, cancer and wound healing. The lack of bedside monitoring devices for α-amylase detection has hitherto restricted the clinical progress of such applications. We have developed a highly sensitive α-amylase immunosensor platform, produced via in situ electropolymerization of aniline onto a screen-printed graphene support (SPE). Covalently binding an α-amylase specific antibody to a polyaniline (PANI) layer and controlling device assembly using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), we have achieved a highly linear response against α-amylase concentration. Each stage of the assembly was characterized using a suite of high-resolution topographical, chemical and mechanical techniques. Quantitative, highly sensitive detection was demonstrated using an artificially spiked human blood plasma samples. The device has a remarkably wide limit of quantification (0.025-1000IU/L) compared to α-amylase assays in current clinical use. With potential for simple scale up to volume manufacturing though standard semiconductor production techniques and subsequently clinical application, this biosensor will enable clinical benefit through early disease detection, and better informed administration of correct therapeutic dose of drugs used to treat α-amylase related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Rodrigues Teixeira
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8QQ, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Catherine Lloyd
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8QQ, UK; Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Seydou Yao
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Lewis Francis
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ernest Azzopardi
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Azzopardi E, Lloyd C, Teixeira SR, Conlan RS, Whitaker IS. Clinical applications of amylase: Novel perspectives. Surgery 2016; 160:26-37. [PMID: 27117578 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amylase was the first enzyme to be characterized, and for the previous 200 years, its clinical role has been restricted to a diagnostic aid. Recent interface research has led to a substantial expansion of its role into novel, viable diagnostic, and therapeutic applications to cancer, infection, and wound healing. This review provides a concise "state-of-the-art" overview of the genetics, structure, distribution, and localization of amylase in humans. METHOD A first-generation literature search was performed with the MeSH search string "Amylase AND (diagnost∗ OR therapeut$)" on OVIDSP and PUBMED platforms. A second-generation search was then performed by forward and backward referencing on Web of Knowledge™ and manual indexing, limited to the English Language. RESULTS "State of the Art" in amylase genetics, structure, function distribution, localisation and detection of amylase in humans is provided. To the 4 classic patterns of hyperamylasemia (pancreatic, salivary, macroamylasemia, and combinations) a fifth, the localized targeting of amylase to specific foci of infection, is proposed. CONCLUSIONS The implications are directed at novel therapeutic and diagnostic clinical applications of amylase such as the novel therapeutic drug classes capable of targeted delivery and "smart release" in areas of clinical need. Future directions of research in areas of high clinical benefit are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Azzopardi
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Group, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom; Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.
| | - Catherine Lloyd
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Group, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | - R Steven Conlan
- Centre for Nanohealth, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Group, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom; The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom; Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
MacKintosh SB, Serino LP, Iddon PD, Brown R, Conlan RS, Wright CJ, Maffeis TGG, Raxworthy MJ, Sheldon IM. A three-dimensional model of primary bovine endometrium using an electrospun scaffold. Biofabrication 2015; 7:025010. [PMID: 26019144 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/7/2/025010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial stromal and epithelial cell function is typically studied in vitro using standard two-dimensional monocultures, but these cultures fail to reflect the complex three-dimensional (3D) architecture of tissue. A 3D model of bovine endometrium that reflects the architectural arrangement of in vivo tissue would beneficially assist the study of tissue function. An electrospun polyglycolide (PGA) scaffold was selected to grow a 3D model of primary bovine endometrial epithelial and stromal cells, that reflects the architecture of the endometrium for the study of pathophysiology. Electrospun scaffolds were seeded with stromal and epithelial cells, and growth was assessed using histological techniques. Prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2α responsiveness of endometrial scaffold constructs was tested using oxytocin plus arachidonic acid (OT + AA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Stromal and epithelial cells growing on the electrospun scaffold had an architectural arrangement that mimicked whole tissue, deposited fibronectin, had appropriate expression of vimentin and cytokeratin and were responsive to OT + AA and LPS, as measured by prostaglandin accumulation. In conclusion, a functional 3D model of stromal and epithelial cells was developed using a PGA electrospun scaffold which may be used to study endometrial pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B MacKintosh
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gonzalez D, Hamidi N, Del Sol R, Benschop JJ, Nancy T, Li C, Francis L, Tzouros M, Krijgsveld J, Holstege FCP, Conlan RS. Suppression of Mediator is regulated by Cdk8-dependent Grr1 turnover of the Med3 coactivator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2500-5. [PMID: 24550274 PMCID: PMC3932902 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307525111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediator, an evolutionary conserved large multisubunit protein complex with a central role in regulating RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes, serves as a molecular switchboard at the interface between DNA binding transcription factors and the general transcription machinery. Mediator subunits include the Cdk8 module, which has both positive and negative effects on activator-dependent transcription through the activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk8, and the tail module, which is required for positive and negative regulation of transcription, correct preinitiation complex formation in basal and activated transcription, and Mediator recruitment. Currently, the molecular mechanisms governing Mediator function remain largely undefined. Here we demonstrate an autoregulatory mechanism used by Mediator to repress transcription through the activity of distinct components of different modules. We show that the function of the tail module component Med3, which is required for transcription activation, is suppressed by the kinase activity of the Cdk8 module. Med3 interacts with, and is phosphorylated by, Cdk8; site-specific phosphorylation triggers interaction with and degradation by the Grr1 ubiquitin ligase, thereby preventing transcription activation. This active repression mechanism involving Grr1-dependent ubiquitination of Med3 offers a rationale for the substoichiometric levels of the tail module that are found in purified Mediator and the corresponding increase in tail components seen in cdk8 mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deyarina Gonzalez
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Nurul Hamidi
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo Del Sol
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Joris J. Benschop
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Nancy
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Chao Li
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
- Suzhou School of Nano-Science and Nano-Engineering, X’ian Jaotong University, Suzhou Industrial Park 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lewis Francis
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Tzouros
- Translational Technologies and Bioinformatics, Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, EMBL Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank C. P. Holstege
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3508 AB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R. Steven Conlan
- College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Khan IM, Francis L, Theobald PS, Perni S, Young RD, Prokopovich P, Conlan RS, Archer CW. In vitro growth factor-induced bio engineering of mature articular cartilage. Biomaterials 2012. [PMID: 23182922 PMCID: PMC3543901 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage maturation is the postnatal development process that adapts joint surfaces to their site-specific biomechanical demands. Maturation involves gross morphological changes that occur through a process of synchronised growth and resorption of cartilage and generally ends at sexual maturity. The inability to induce maturation in biomaterial constructs designed for cartilage repair has been cited as a major cause for their failure in producing persistent cell-based repair of joint lesions. The combination of growth factors FGF2 and TGFβ1 induces accelerated articular cartilage maturation in vitro such that many molecular and morphological characteristics of tissue maturation are observable. We hypothesised that experimental growth factor-induced maturation of immature cartilage would result in a biophysical and biochemical composition consistent with a mature phenotype. Using native immature and mature cartilage as reference, we observed that growth factor-treated immature cartilages displayed increased nano-compressive stiffness, decreased surface adhesion, decreased water content, increased collagen content and smoother surfaces, correlating with a convergence to the mature cartilage phenotype. Furthermore, increased gene expression of surface structural protein collagen type I in growth factor-treated explants compared to reference cartilages demonstrates that they are still in the dynamic phase of the postnatal developmental transition. These data provide a basis for understanding the regulation of postnatal maturation of articular cartilage and the application of growth factor-induced maturation in vitro and in vivo in order to repair and regenerate cartilage defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas M Khan
- Division of Pathophysiology and Repair, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Phillips CO, Govindarajan S, Hamblyn SM, Conlan RS, Gethin DT, Claypole TC. Patterning of antibodies using flexographic printing. Langmuir 2012; 28:9878-9884. [PMID: 22616757 DOI: 10.1021/la300867m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies were patterned onto flexible plastic films using the flexographic printing process. An ink formulation was developed using high molecular weight polyvinyl alcohol in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer. In order to aid both antibody adhesion and the quality of definition in the printed features, a nitrocellulose coating was developed that was capable of being discretely patterned, thus increasing the signal-to-noise ratio of an antibody array. Printing antibody features such as dots, squares, text, and fine lines were reproduced effectively. Furthermore, this process could be easily adapted for printing of other biological materials, including, but not limited to, enzymes, DNA, proteins, aptamers, and cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O Phillips
- Welsh Centre for Printing and Coating, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gonzalez D, Thackeray H, Lewis PD, Mantani A, Brook N, Ahuja K, Margara R, Joels L, White JO, Conlan RS. Loss of WT1 expression in the endometrium of infertile PCOS patients: a hyperandrogenic effect? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:957-66. [PMID: 22238403 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In fertile patients the endometrial Wilms tumor suppressor gene (WT1) is expressed during the window of implantation. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients suffer from hyperandrogenemia and infertility and have elevated endometrial androgen receptor (AR) expression. WT1 is known to be down-regulated by AR. Therefore, the expression of WT1 and its targets may be altered in PCOS endometrium. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to assess the expression and regulation of WT1 and selected downstream targets in secretory endometrium from ovulatory PCOS (ovPCOS) and fertile women. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Endometrial samples were obtained from 25 ovPCOS and 25 fertile patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Endometrial expression of WT1 and selected downstream targets were assessed by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. The androgen effect on WT1 expression was determined in vitro by immunoblots and RT-PCR. The expression of WT1 and its targets was quantified in fertile and ovPCOS stromal cells in the presence of androgens by RT-PCR. Caspase-3/7 activity was measured to evaluate sensitivity to drug-induced apoptosis. RESULTS WT1 expression was down-regulated in secretory-phase ovPCOS endometrium. Stromal expression of Bcl-2 and p27 was higher, and epidermal growth factor receptor was lower in ovPCOS than in fertile patients. Endometrial stromal expression of WT1, Bcl-2, Bcl-2-associated X protein, and β-catenin was regulated by androgens. Apoptosis levels were reduced in ovPCOS samples and androgen-treated fertile samples. CONCLUSION WT1 expression is down-regulated in ovPCOS endometrium during the window of implantation. Androgens regulate the expression of WT1 and its targets during endometrial decidualization. The altered balance between WT1 and AR in the endometrium of PCOS patients may jeopardize the success of decidualization and endometrial receptivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Gonzalez
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University, College of Medicine, and Singleton Hospital, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gonzalez D, Rojas A, Herrera MB, Conlan RS. iNOS activation regulates β-catenin association with its partners in endothelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52964. [PMID: 23285236 PMCID: PMC3532412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signals that disrupt β-catenin association to cadherins may influence the translocation of β-catenin to the nucleus to regulate transcription. Post-translational modification of proteins is a signalling event that may lead to changes in structural conformation, association or function of the target proteins. NO and its derivatives induce nitration of proteins during inflammation. It has been described that animals treated with NO donors showed increased permeability due to modulation of VE-cadherin/catenin complex. We, therefore, aim to evaluate the effect of iNOS activation on the expression, nuclear localisation and function of β-catenin in endothelial cells. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Expression, nuclear localisation, post-translational modifications and function of β-catenin was analysed by cell fractionation, immunoprecipitation, immunoblots, QRT-PCR and permeability assays in murine endothelial cells (H5V). Influence of macrophage activation on expression of VE-cadherin/p120-catenin/β-catenin complex in co-cultured H5V cells was also assessed. Activation of macrophages to produce NO provoked a decrease in VE-cadherin/p120-catenin/β-catenin expression in H5V cells. Phosphorylation of β-catenin, p120-catenin and VE-cadherin, and reduction in the barrier properties of the cell monolayer was associated with iNOS induction. Moreover, high NO levels provoked nitration of β-catenin, and induced its translocation to the nucleus. In the nucleus of NOS activated cells, nitration levels of β-catenin influenced its association with TCF4 and p65 proteins. High levels of NO altered β-catenin mediated gene expression of NFκB and Wnt target genes without affecting cell viability. CONCLUSIONS NOS activity modulates β-catenin post-translational modifications, function and its association with different partners to promote endothelial cell survival. Therapeutic manipulation of iNOS levels may remove a critical cytoprotective mechanism of importance in tumour angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deyarina Gonzalez
- Centre for NanoHealth, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Khan IM, Gonzalez LG, Francis L, Conlan RS, Gilbert SJ, Singhrao SK, Burdon D, Hollander AP, Duance VC, Archer CW, Archer CW. Interleukin-1β enhances cartilage-to-cartilage integration. Eur Cell Mater 2011; 22:190-201. [PMID: 22042737 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v022a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of cartilages to fuse, particularly in the case of articular cartilage under conditions of repair is due to morphological and structural constraints of the tissue. Factors that impede integration include, non-vascularisation, low cellularity, and proteoglycan in the surrounding extracellular matrix acting as a natural barrier to cellular migration. We hypothesised that brief activation of a catabolic cascade by cytokines followed by culture under anabolic conditions would promote tissue fusion in a ring-disk model of cartilage integration. Our results show that transient exposure to 10 ng mL(-1) interleukin-1β, followed by two weeks post-culture under anabolic conditions, enhanced cartilage-cartilage integration compared to untreated explants. Quantitative PCR analysis of catabolism-related genes ADAMTS4 and MMP13 showed both were transiently upregulated and these findings correlated with evidence of extracellular matrix remodelling. At the level of histology, we observed chondrocytes readily populated the interfacial matrix between fused explants in interleukin-1β treated explants, whereas in control explants this region was relatively acellular in comparison. Catabolic cytokine treated explants exhibited 29-fold greater adhesive strength (0.859 MPa versus 0.028 MPa, P 〈 0.05) than untreated counterparts. Collectively, our results demonstrate that a single short catabolic pulse followed by an anabolic response is sufficient to generate mechanically robust, integrative cartilage repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I M Khan
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Margarit L, Taylor A, Roberts MH, Hopkins L, Davies C, Brenton AG, Conlan RS, Bunkheila A, Joels L, White JO, Gonzalez D. MUC1 as a discriminator between endometrium from fertile and infertile patients with PCOS and endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:5320-9. [PMID: 20826587 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Endometrium of fertile women expresses progesterone-regulated Mucin 1 (MUC1) that carries selectin ligands recognized by the human blastocyst. Altered MUC1 expression at the time of implantation may contribute to endometrial infertility. OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the expression of MUC1 in the endometrium from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and fertile women in comparison with other hormone-regulated proteins [hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) 1, HSD2, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR)]. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Endometrial samples were obtained from 33 fertile patients, 26 ovulatory PCOS patients, 15 anovulatory PCOS patients, and 25 endometriosis patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Immunohistochemistry assessed the expression of MUC1 subunits ER, PR, HSD1, and HSD2 in endometrial epithelium. Endometrial MUC1 expression was quantified by immunoblots and RT-PCR. HSD1 and HSD2 expression was assayed by RT-PCR. RESULTS MUC1ND expression was significantly higher in ovulatory PCOS than in fertile and anovulatory PCOS patients, even after progesterone stimulation. MUC1ND and -CD expression was lower in anovulatory PCOS than in fertile patients. Only MUC1CD expression was lower in endometriosis patients. Endometrial ER expression was significantly higher in PCOS and endometriosis patients, whereas PR expression was significantly higher in PCOS than in fertile patients. The expression of HSD1 was significantly higher in anovulatory PCOS than in fertile patients. Expression of HSD2 was significantly higher in PCOS patients and lower in endometriosis patients. CONCLUSION Expression of MUC1 subunits in the infertile endometrium is significantly different from fertile and appears to be a component of altered gene expression that potentially contributes to endometrial insufficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Margarit
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, and Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Trust, Singleton Hospital, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bowen AJ, Gonzalez D, Mullins JGL, Bhatt AM, Martinez A, Conlan RS. PAH-domain-specific interactions of the Arabidopsis transcription coregulator SIN3-LIKE1 (SNL1) with telomere-binding protein 1 and ALWAYS EARLY2 Myb-DNA binding factors. J Mol Biol 2010; 395:937-49. [PMID: 19962994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic SIN3 protein is the central component of the evolutionarily conserved multisubunit SIN3 complex that has roles in regulating gene expression and genome stability. Here we characterise the structure of the SIN3 protein in higher plants through the analysis of SNL1 (SIN3-LIKE1), SNL2, SNL3, SNL4, SNL5 and SNL6, a family of six SIN3 homologues in Arabidopsis thaliana. In an Arabidopsis-protoplast beta-glucuronidase reporter gene assay, as well as in a heterologous yeast repression assay, full-length SNL1 was shown to repress transcription in a histone-deacetylase-dependent manner, demonstrating the conserved nature of SIN3 function. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified a number of DNA binding proteins each containing a single Myb domain that included the Arabidopsis ALWAYS EARLY proteins AtALY2 and AtALY3, and two telomere binding proteins AtTBP1 and AtTRP2/TRFL1 as SNL1 partners, suggesting potential functions for SNL1 in development and telomere maintenance. The interaction with telomere-binding protein 1 was found to be mediated through the well-defined paired amphipathic helix domain PAH2. In contrast, the AtALY2 interaction was mediated through the PAH3 domain of SNL1, which is structurally distinct from PAH1 and PAH2, suggesting that evolution of this domain to a more novel structural motif has occurred. These findings support a diverse role of SNL1 in the regulation of transcription and genome stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Bowen
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Margarit L, Gonzalez D, Lewis PD, Hopkins L, Davies C, Conlan RS, Joels L, White JO. L-selectin ligands in human endometrium: comparison of fertile and infertile subjects. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:2767-77. [PMID: 19625313 PMCID: PMC2763128 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-selectin ligands, localized to the luminal epithelium at the time of implantation, may support the early stages of blastocyst attachment. We have assessed the expression of two L-selectin ligands, defined by MECA-79 and HECA-452 monoclonal antibodies, and the sulfotransferase GlcNAc6ST-2, involved in generation of L-selectin ligand epitopes, in the secretory phase of the endometrium from fertile and infertile patients. METHODS Endometrial samples were obtained from 33 fertile, 26 PCOS, 25 endometriosis and 33 patients diagnosed with unexplained infertility. L-selectin ligands and GlcNAc6ST-2 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining of uterine epithelium, from fertile and infertile women, demonstrated differential expression of MECA-79 and HECA-452 epitopes. In fertile women in the secretory phase MECA-79 was more strongly expressed, particularly on the lumen, than in infertile women. HECA-452 staining was significantly stronger in the glands in PCOS and endometriosis patients than in fertile women. GlcNAc6ST-2 expression was reduced in infertile patients, correlating with MECA-79 expression. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated significant differences in expression of L-selectin ligands between fertile and infertile women in natural cycles, and could contribute to patient assessment prior to initiating fertility treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Margarit
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Davies D, Meade KG, Herath S, Eckersall PD, Gonzalez D, White JO, Conlan RS, O'Farrelly C, Sheldon IM. Toll-like receptor and antimicrobial peptide expression in the bovine endometrium. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2008; 6:53. [PMID: 19017375 PMCID: PMC2627908 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-6-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endometrium is commonly infected with bacteria leading to severe disease of the uterus in cattle and humans. The endometrial epithelium is the first line of defence for this mucosal surface against bacteria and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a critical component of the innate immune system for detection of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Antimicrobial peptides, acute phase proteins and Mucin-1 (MUC-1) also provide non-specific defences against microbes on mucosal surfaces. The present study examined the expression of innate immune defences in the bovine endometrium and tested the hypothesis that endometrial epithelial cells express functional receptors of the TLR family and the non-specific effector molecules for defence against bacteria. METHODS Bovine endometrial tissue and purified populations of primary epithelial and stromal cells were examined using RT-PCR for gene expression of TLRs, antimicrobial peptides and MUC-1. Functional responses were tested by evaluating the secretion of prostaglandin E(2) and acute phase proteins when cells were treated with bacterial PAMPs such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoproteins. RESULTS The endometrium expressed TLRs 1 to 10, whilst purified populations of epithelial cells expressed TLRs 1 to 7 and 9, and stromal cells expressed TLRs 1 to 4, 6, 7, 9 and 10. The TLRs appear to be functional as epithelial cells secreted prostaglandin E(2) in response to bacterial PAMPs. In addition, the epithelial cells expressed antimicrobial peptides, such as Tracheal and Lingual Antimicrobial Peptides (TAP and LAP) and MUC-1, which were upregulated when the cells were treated with LPS. However, the epithelial cells did not express appreciable amounts of the acute phase proteins haptoglobin or serum amyloid A. CONCLUSION Epithelial cells have an essential role in the orchestration of innate immune defence of the bovine endometrium and are likely to be the key to prevention of endometrial infection with bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Davies
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Kieran G Meade
- Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shan Herath
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - P David Eckersall
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - John O White
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - I Martin Sheldon
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Doak SH, Rogers D, Jones B, Francis L, Conlan RS, Wright C. High-resolution imaging using a novel atomic force microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope hybrid instrument: essential sample preparation aspects. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:909-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0489-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
41
|
Gonzalez D, Bowen AJ, Carroll TS, Conlan RS. The transcription corepressor LEUNIG interacts with the histone deacetylase HDA19 and mediator components MED14 (SWP) and CDK8 (HEN3) to repress transcription. Mol Cell Biol 2007. [PMID: 17526732 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01912-1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription corepressors are general regulators controlling the expression of genes involved in multiple signaling pathways and developmental programs. Repression is mediated through mechanisms including the stabilization of a repressive chromatin structure over control regions and regulation of Mediator function inhibiting RNA polymerase II activity. Using whole-genome arrays we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana corepressor LEUNIG, a member of the GroTLE transcription corepressor family, regulates the expression of multiple targets in vivo. LEUNIG has a role in the regulation of genes involved in a number of different physiological processes including disease resistance, DNA damage response, and cell signaling. We demonstrate that repression of in vivo LEUNIG targets is achieved through histone deacetylase (HDAC)-dependent and -independent mechanisms. HDAC-dependent mechanisms involve direct interaction with HDA19, a class 1 HDAC, whereas an HDAC-independent repression activity involves interactions with the putative Arabidopsis Mediator components AtMED14/SWP and AtCDK8/HEN3. We suggest that changes in chromatin structure coupled with regulation of Mediator function are likely to be utilized by LEUNIG in the repression of gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deyarina Gonzalez
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gonzalez D, Bowen AJ, Carroll TS, Conlan RS. The transcription corepressor LEUNIG interacts with the histone deacetylase HDA19 and mediator components MED14 (SWP) and CDK8 (HEN3) to repress transcription. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:5306-15. [PMID: 17526732 PMCID: PMC1952085 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01912-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription corepressors are general regulators controlling the expression of genes involved in multiple signaling pathways and developmental programs. Repression is mediated through mechanisms including the stabilization of a repressive chromatin structure over control regions and regulation of Mediator function inhibiting RNA polymerase II activity. Using whole-genome arrays we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana corepressor LEUNIG, a member of the GroTLE transcription corepressor family, regulates the expression of multiple targets in vivo. LEUNIG has a role in the regulation of genes involved in a number of different physiological processes including disease resistance, DNA damage response, and cell signaling. We demonstrate that repression of in vivo LEUNIG targets is achieved through histone deacetylase (HDAC)-dependent and -independent mechanisms. HDAC-dependent mechanisms involve direct interaction with HDA19, a class 1 HDAC, whereas an HDAC-independent repression activity involves interactions with the putative Arabidopsis Mediator components AtMED14/SWP and AtCDK8/HEN3. We suggest that changes in chromatin structure coupled with regulation of Mediator function are likely to be utilized by LEUNIG in the repression of gene transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deyarina Gonzalez
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sridhar VV, Surendrarao A, Gonzalez D, Conlan RS, Liu Z. Transcriptional repression of target genes by LEUNIG and SEUSS, two interacting regulatory proteins for Arabidopsis flower development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11494-9. [PMID: 15277686 PMCID: PMC509228 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403055101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription repression plays important roles in preventing crucial regulatory proteins from being expressed in inappropriate temporal or spatial domains. LEUNIG (LUG) and SEUSS (SEU) normally act to prevent ectopic expression of the floral homeotic gene AGAMOUS in flowers. LUG encodes a protein with sequence similarities to the yeast Tup1 corepressor. SEU encodes a plant-specific regulatory protein with sequence similarity in a conserved dimerization domain to the LIM-domain binding 1/Chip proteins in mouse and Drosophila. Despite the molecular isolation of LUG and SEU, the biochemical function of these two proteins remains uncharacterized, and the mechanism of AGAMOUS repression remains unknown. Here, we report that LUG and SEU interact directly in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, LUG exhibits a strong repressor activity on several heterologous promoters in yeast and plant cells. SEU, in contrast, does not exhibit any direct repressor activity, but can repress reporter gene expression only in the presence of LUG, indicating a possible role of SEU as an adaptor protein for LUG. Our results demonstrate that LUG encodes a functional homologue of Tup1 and that SEU may function similarly to Ssn6, an adaptor protein of Tup1. We have defined the LUG/LUH, Flo8, single-strand DNA-binding protein domain of LUG as both necessary and sufficient for the interaction with SEU and two domains of LUG as important for its repressor function. Our work provides functional insights into plant transcriptional corepressors and reveals both conservation and distinctions between plant corepressors and those of yeast and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaniyambadi V Sridhar
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Conlan RS. How, where and why(not) … plant biotechnology clearly uncovered. Heredity (Edinb) 2004. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
45
|
Abstract
Ssn6 (Cyc8) is a component of the yeast general corepressor Ssn6-Tup1 that inhibits the transcription of many diversely regulated genes. The corepressor does not interact directly with DNA but is recruited to different promoters through interactions with distinct pathway-specific, DNA-binding repressor proteins. Using yeast two-hybrid and GST chromatography interaction experiments, we have determined that Sfl1, a novel repressor protein, interacts directly with Ssn6, and in vivo repression data suggest that Sfl1 inhibits transcription by recruiting Ssn6-Tup1 via a specific domain in the Sfl1 protein. Sin4 and Srb10, components of specific RNA polymerase II sub-complexes that are required for Ssn6-Tup1 repression activity, are found to be required for Sfl1 repression function. These results indicate a possible mechanism for Sfl1-mediated repression via Ssn6-Tup1 and specific subunits of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. Electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immuno-precipitation assays demonstrate that Sfl1 is present at the promoters of three Ssn6-Tup1-repressible genes; namely, FLO11, HSP26, and SUC2. Sfl1 is known to interact with Tpk2, a cAMP-dependent protein kinase that negatively regulates Sfl1 function. Consistently, we show that phosphorylation by protein kinase A inhibits Sfl1 DNA binding in vitro, and that a tpk2Delta mutation increases the levels of Sfl1 protein associated with specific promoter elements in vivo. These data indicate a possible mechanism for regulating Sfl1-mediated repression through modulation of DNA binding by cAMP-dependent protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation. Taken together with previous data, these new observations suggest a link between cAMP signaling and Ssn6-Tup1-mediated transcriptional repression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Conlan
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology-Foundation of Research & Technology, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete, GR-711 10, Greece.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gälweiler L, Conlan RS, Mader P, Palme K, Moore I. Technical advance: the DNA-binding activity of gal4 is inhibited by methylation of the gal4 binding site in plant chromatin. Plant J 2000; 23:143-157. [PMID: 10929109 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2000.00805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Derivatives of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor Gal4 which act as effective transcription activators in yeast, Drosophila, mammalian cells and plant protoplasts are shown to direct expression from a GUS reporter construct when expressed in transgenic tobacco. However, in comparison to 35S-GUS controls, Gal4-mediated expression of the reporter gene was relatively weak and extremely variable. GUS expression was lost as plants matured and it was almost undetectable in most of their progeny. Gal4-mediated gene expression could be restored by treating tissues with 5-aza-cytidine, implicating cytosine methylation in the loss of Gal4-mediated expression. Restoration of reporter expression was not accompanied by an increase in steady-state levels of the activator transcript. We propose that the DNA-binding activity of Gal4 is sensitive to methylation of its binding site in plant chromatin. The Gal4-DNA co-crystal predicts that 5-methylcytosine at either of the outer two positions of the binding site will effectively prevent Gal4 binding. We show that these positions become extensively methylated in transgenic plants and that methylation of Gal4-binding sites interferes with Gal4 binding in vitro. These observations suggest that the Gal4 DNA-binding domain is intrinsically sensitive to cytosine methylation and that, despite the success of Gal4-based expression systems in yeast and Drosophila, Gal4 is not ideal for use in plant gene expression technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Gälweiler
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Papamichos-Chronakis M, Conlan RS, Gounalaki N, Copf T, Tzamarias D. Hrs1/Med3 is a Cyc8-Tup1 corepressor target in the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:8397-403. [PMID: 10722672 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.12.8397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Srb/Mediator, a multisubunit subcomplex of the RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) holoenzyme has been proposed to function as a control panel regulating transcription in response to gene-specific activator proteins. In this report, we identify the Mediator subunit Hrs1/Med3 as a physical target for Cyc8-Tup1, a yeast transcriptional corepressor. Two-hybrid and glutathione S-transferase interaction assays show that Hrs1 can associate directly with Cyc8-Tup1. Moreover, affinity chromatography experiments, using yeast protein extracts, reveal that Cyc8-Tup1 co-purifies with Hrs1 and with additional Mediator subunits in a Hrs1-dependent manner. These observations suggest that Cyc8-Tup1 contacts the Mediator complex via its interaction with the Hrs1 subunit. Further on, genetic analysis indicates that increased Hrs1 dosage can alleviate Cyc8-Tup1-mediated repression, suggesting that Hrs1/Mediator's function is inhibited upon its interaction with Cyc8-Tup1. Finally, artificial holoenzyme recruitment assays support a model by which the contact between the corepressor and the Hrs1/Mediator may prevent pol II holoenzyme recruitment to the core promoter. These data, together with previous genetic evidence, establish a functional and physical interaction between the Cyc8-Tup1 corepressor and the RNA pol II holoenzyme and support a central role of the Mediator complex in transcriptional repression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Papamichos-Chronakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Foundation of Research and Technology, University of Crete, Vassilika Vouton, P. O. Box 1527, GR-711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Conlan RS, Hammond-Kosack M, Bevan M. Transcription activation mediated by the bZIP factor SPA on the endosperm box is modulated by ESBF-1 in vitro. Plant J 1999; 19:173-181. [PMID: 10476064 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A modified in vitro transcription system has been used to study the function of the cloned bZIP transcription factor SPA and the binding activity ESBF I in activating transcription from the bifactorial endosperm box region of the wheat prolamin LMWG-1D1 gene. Recombinant SPA expressed in Escherichia coli activated transcription from the endosperm box motif, and this was dependent upon the binding of the nuclear protein ESBF I. ESBF I did not activate transcription independently, but potentiated SPA-mediated transcriptional activation. ESBF I is likely to be the equivalent of, or contain the recently characterised DOF class of, Zn-finger protein called WPBF. These data provide new information about the interplay of members of the bZIP and DOF transcription factor families in regulating expression from bifactorial sites found in a variety of plant promoters.
Collapse
|
49
|
Conlan RS, Gounalaki N, Hatzis P, Tzamarias D. The Tup1-Cyc8 protein complex can shift from a transcriptional co-repressor to a transcriptional co-activator. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:205-10. [PMID: 9867831 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.1.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyc8(Ssn6)-Tup1, a general co-repressor complex, is recruited to promoter DNA via interactions with DNA-binding regulatory proteins and inhibits the transcription of many different yeast genes. Previous studies have established that repression function of the complex is performed by one subunit of the complex, the Tup1 protein, and requires specific components of the RNA polymerase II holoenzyme such as Sin4 and Rgr1. In this study we test the transcriptional activity of the Cyc8 subunit using a lexA operator-containing reporter. We show that a LexA-Cyc8 hybrid stimulates transcription when expressed in a tup1Delta, a sin4Delta, or a rgr1Delta strain, suggesting that transcriptional activation is an intrinsic property of the Cyc8-Tup1 co-repressor. In support of this notion we demonstrate that Cyc8-Tup1 has a dual function on CIT2, a gene encoding a citrate synthase that is expressed upon mitochondrial dysfunction. First, we show that Cyc8-Tup1 is tethered to CIT2 promoter by interacting with the activation domain of Rtg3, a bHLH/L-Zip DNA-binding transactivator of CIT2. Next we demonstrate that Cyc8-Tup1 activates CIT2 transcription in response to mitochondrial dysfunction, and this stimulatory effect is mediated by Cyc8. In contrast, basal (noninduced) expression of this gene is inhibited by Tup1. These findings establish a positive role for the Cyc8-Tup1 complex in transcription and support a model by which specific metabolic signals may convert the Cyc8-Tup1 transcriptional co-repressor to a co-activator of certain promoters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Conlan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Foundation of Research and Technology, Vassilika Vouton, P. O. Box 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Conlan RS, Griffiths LA, Napier JA, Shewry PR, Mantell S, Ainsworth C. Isolation and characterisation of cDNA clones representing the genes encoding the major tuber storage protein (dioscorin) of yam (Dioscorea cayenensis Lam.). Plant Mol Biol 1995; 28:369-80. [PMID: 7632909 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
cDNA clones encoding dioscorins, the major tuber storage proteins (M(r) 32,000) of yam (Dioscorea cayenesis) have been isolated. Two classes of clone (A and B, based on hybrid release translation product sizes and nucleotide sequence differences) which are 84.1% similar in their protein coding regions, were identified. The protein encoded by the open reading frame of the class A cDNA insert is of M(r) 30,015. The difference in observed and calculated molecular mass might be attributed to glycosylation. Nucleotide sequencing and in vitro transcription/translation suggest that the class A dioscorin proteins are synthesised with signal peptides of 18 amino acid residues which are cleaved from the mature peptide. The class A and class B proteins are 69.6% similar with respect to each other, but show no sequence identity with other plant proteins or with the major tuber storage proteins of potato (patatin) or sweet potato (sporamin). Storage protein gene expression was restricted to developing tubers and was not induced by growth conditions known to induce expression of tuber storage protein genes in other plant species. The codon usage of the dioscorin genes suggests that the Dioscoreaceae are more closely related to dicotyledonous than to monocotyledonous plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Conlan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wye College, University of London, Kent, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|