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Xu K, Li G, Niu Y, Wu Z, Zhang TJ, Zhang S, Wu N. First copy number variant in trans with single nucleotide variant in CCN6 causing progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia revealed by genome sequencing and deep phenotyping in monozygotic twins. Am J Med Genet A 2024:e63801. [PMID: 38958524 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Biallelic pathogenic variants in CCN6 cause progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPD), a rare skeletal dysplasia. The predominant features include noninflammatory progressive joint stiffness and enlargement, which are not unique to this condition. Nearly 100% of the reported variants are single nucleotide variants or small indels, and missing of a second variant has been reported. Genome sequencing (GS) covers various types of variants and deep phenotyping (DP) provides detailed and precise information facilitating genetic data interpretation. The combination of GS and DP improves diagnostic yield, especially in rare and undiagnosed diseases. We identified a novel compound heterozygote involving a disease-causing copy number variant (g.112057664_112064205del) in trans with a single nucleotide variant (c.624dup(p.Cys209MetfsTer21)) in CCN6 in a pair of monozygotic twins, through the methods of GS and DP. The twins had received three nondiagnostic results before. The g.112057664_112064205del variant was missed by all the tests, and the recorded phenotypes were inaccurate or even misleading. The twins were diagnosed with PPD, ending a 13-year diagnostic odyssey. There may be other patients with PPD experiencing underdiagnosis and misdiagnosis due to inadequate genetic testing or phenotyping methods. This case highlights the critical role of GS and DP in facilitating an accurate and timely diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhuang Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Niu
- Clinical Biobank, Medical Research Center, National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Terry Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetic Research of Skeletal Deformity, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data for spinal Deformities, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Li C, Alemany-Ribes M, Raftery RM, Nwoko U, Warman ML, Craft AM. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into articular cartilage reveals effects caused by absence of WISP3, the gene responsible for progressive pseudorheumatoid arthropathy of childhood. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:1547-1557. [PMID: 37679035 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-224304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Progressive pseudorheumatoid arthropathy of childhood (PPAC), caused by deficiency of WNT1 inducible signalling pathway protein 3 (WISP3), has been challenging to study because no animal model of the disease exists and cartilage recovered from affected patients is indistinguishable from common end-stage osteoarthritis. Therefore, to gain insights into why precocious articular cartilage failure occurs in this disease, we made in vitro derived articular cartilage using isogenic WISP3-deficient and WISP3-sufficient human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). METHODS We generated articular cartilage-like tissues from induced-(i) PSCs from two patients with PPAC and one wild-type human embryonic stem cell line in which we knocked out WISP3. We compared these tissues to in vitro-derived articular cartilage tissues from two isogenic WISP3-sufficient control lines using histology, bulk RNA sequencing, single cell RNA sequencing and in situ hybridisation. RESULTS WISP3-deficient and WISP3-sufficient hPSCs both differentiated into articular cartilage-like tissues that appeared histologically similar. However, the transcriptomes of WISP3-deficient tissues differed significantly from WISP3-sufficient tissues and pointed to increased TGFβ, TNFα/NFκB, and IL-2/STAT5 signalling and decreased oxidative phosphorylation. Single cell sequencing and in situ hybridisation revealed that WISP3-deficient cartilage contained a significantly higher fraction (~4 fold increase, p<0.001) of superficial zone chondrocytes compared with deeper zone chondrocytes than did WISP3-sufficient cartilage. CONCLUSIONS WISP3-deficient and WISP3-sufficient hPSCs can be differentiated into articular cartilage-like tissues, but these tissues differ in their transcriptomes and in the relative abundances of chondrocyte subtypes they contain. These findings provide important starting points for in vivo studies when an animal model of PPAC or presymptomatic patient-derived articular cartilage becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochang Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mireia Alemany-Ribes
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rosanne M Raftery
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Uzochi Nwoko
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew L Warman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - April M Craft
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Li C, Ribes MA, Raftery R, Nwoko U, Warman ML, Craft AM. Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into articular cartilage reveals effects caused by absence of WISP3 , the gene responsible for Progressive Pseudorheumatoid Arthropathy of Childhood. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.01.535214. [PMID: 37066225 PMCID: PMC10103998 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.01.535214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Progressive Pseudorheumatoid Arthropathy of Childhood (PPAC), caused by deficiency of WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 3 ( WISP3 ), has been challenging to study because no animal model of the disease exists and cartilage recovered from affected patients is indistinguishable from common end-stage osteoarthritis. Therefore, to gain insights into why precocious articular cartilage failure occurs in this disease, we made in vitro derived articular cartilage using isogenic WISP3 -deficient and WISP3 -sufficient human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Methods We generated articular cartilage-like tissues from induced-(i)PSCs from 2 patients with PPAC and 1 wild-type human embryonic stem cell line in which we knocked out WISP3. We compared these tissues to in vitro -derived articular cartilage tissues from 2 isogenic WISP3 -sufficient control lines using histology, bulk RNA sequencing, single cell RNA sequencing, and in situ hybridization. Results WISP3 -deficient and WISP3 -sufficient hPSCs both differentiated into articular cartilage-like tissues that appeared histologically similar. However, the transcriptomes of WISP3 -deficient tissues differed significantly from WISP3 -sufficient tissues and pointed to increased TGFβ, TNFα/NFkB, and IL-2/STAT5 signaling and decreased oxidative phosphorylation. Single cell sequencing and in situ hybridization revealed that WISP3 -deficient cartilage contained a significantly higher fraction (∼ 4-fold increase, p < 0.001) of superficial zone chondrocytes compared to deeper zone chondrocytes than did WISP3 -sufficient cartilage. Conclusions WISP3 -deficient and WISP3 -sufficient hPSCs can be differentiated into articular cartilage-like tissues, but these tissues differ in their transcriptomes and in the relative abundances of chondrocyte sub-types they contain. These findings provide important starting points for in vivo studies when an animal model of PPAC or presymptomtic patient-derived articular cartilage becomes available. KEY MESSAGES What is already known on this topic: Loss-of-function mutations in WISP3 cause Progressive Pseudorheumatoid Arthropathy of Childhood (PPAC), yet the precise function of WISP3 in cartilage is unknown due to the absence of cartilage disease Wisp3 knockout mice and the lack of available PPAC patient cartilage that is not end-stage. Thus, most functional studies of WISP3 have been performed in vitro using WISP3 over-expressing cell lines (i.e., not wild-type) and WISP3 -deficient chondrocytes. What this study adds: We describe 3 new WISP3 -deficient human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines and show they can be differentiated into articular cartilage-like tissue. We compare in vitro -derived articular cartilage made from WISP3 -deficient and isogenic WISP3 - sufficient hPSCs using bulk RNA sequencing, single cell RNA sequencing, and in situ hybridization. We observe significant differences in the expression of genes previously associated with cartilage formation and homeostasis in the TGFβ, TNFα/NFkB, and IL-2/STAT5 signaling pathways. We also observe that WISP3-deficient cartilage-like tissues contain significantly higher fractions of chondrocytes that express superficial zone transcripts. These data suggest precocious cartilage failure in PPAC is the result of abnormal articular cartilage formation, dysregulated homeostatic signaling, or both.How this study might affect research, practice or policy: This study uses in vitro -derived articular cartilage to generate hypotheses for why cartilage fails in children with PPAC. This work prioritizes downstream studies to be performed when pre-symptomatic patient-derived cartilage samples or animal model of PPAC becomes available. It is essential to know how WISP3 functions in cartilage to develop therapies that benefit patients with PPAC and other degenerative joint diseases.
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Yu B, Chen Y, Chen E, Zuo F, Yuan Y, Zhao X, Xiao C. LncRNA RNA XIST binding to GATA1 contributes to rheumatoid arthritis through its effects on proliferation of synovial fibroblasts and angiogenesis via regulation of CCN6. Mol Immunol 2023; 153:200-211. [PMID: 36542956 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the role of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) XIST (X-inactive specific transcript) as a driver of RA pathogenesis, with a particular focus on the ability of this lncRNA to interact with GATA1 and CCN6. The GSE83147and GSE181614 datasets were downloaded for analysis. XIST and CCN6 expression were assessed in synovial fibroblasts (SFs) and in both normal cartilage samples and those from RA patients, with the relationship between XIST and CCN6 additionally being examined. XIST and CCN6 were respectively knocked down or overexpressed in SFs to establish their regulatory roles in these cells in the context of RA. Further studies of the regulatory interplay between XIST, GATA1, and CCN6 were then performed through RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, gain-of-function, loss-of-function, and luciferase reporter assays. In addition, RA model rats were established and used to measure the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 and to subject tissues from these animals to histopathological examination. RA patient synovial tissues and SFs exhibited XIST and CCN6 upregulation. The knockdown of XIST suppressed SF migratory, proliferative, invasive, and angiogenic activity, while CCN6 knockdown partially reversed the ability of XIST to influence these phenotypic outcomes in vitro and in vivo. XIST bound to GATA1 within SFs, thus promoting enhanced CCN6 transcription. Knocking down XIST alleviated RA-related pathological damage, synovial injury, and inflammatory response induction in rats. The binding of XIST to GATA1 leads to CCN6 upregulation, driving RA pathogenesis by altering SF proliferation and angiogenic activity, suggesting that this pathway may represent a viable target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beijia Yu
- the Department of Rheumatology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, China.
| | - Yong Chen
- the Department of Rheumatology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, China.
| | - Ensheng Chen
- the Department of Rheumatology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, China.
| | - Fangfang Zuo
- the Department of Rheumatology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, China.
| | - Yi Yuan
- the Department of Rheumatology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- the Department of Rheumatology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, China.
| | - Changhong Xiao
- the Department of Rheumatology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, China.
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Ruiz-Fernández C, González-Rodríguez M, Abella V, Francisco V, Cordero-Barreal A, Ait Eldjoudi D, Farrag Y, Pino J, Conde-Aranda J, González-Gay MÁ, Mera A, Mobasheri A, García-Caballero L, Gándara-Cortés M, Lago F, Scotece M, Gualillo O. WISP-2 modulates the induction of inflammatory mediators and cartilage catabolism in chondrocytes. J Transl Med 2022; 102:989-999. [PMID: 36775427 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-022-00793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt-1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2 (WISP-2/CCN5) is a recently identified adipokine that has been described as an important mediator of canonical Wnt activation in adipogenic precursor cells. In osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, chondrocytes exhibit aberrant and increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators and matrix degrading enzymes such as IL-1β and MMP-13. Although recent evidence suggests a role for Wnt signaling in OA physiopathology, little is known about the involvement of WISP-2 in cartilage degradation. In the present study, we determined the expression of WISP-2 in healthy and OA human chondrocytes. WISP-2 expression is modulated along chondrocyte differentiation and downregulated at the onset of hypertrophy by inflammatory mediators. We also investigated the effect of WISP-2 on cartilage catabolism and performed WISP-2 loss-of-function experiments using RNA interference technology in human T/C-28a2 immortalized chondrocytes. We demonstrated that recombinant human WISP-2 protein reduced IL-1β-mediated chondrocyte catabolism, that IL-1β and WNT/b-catenin signaling pathways are involved in rhWISP-2 protein and IL-1β effects in human chondrocytes, and that WISP-2 has a regulatory role in attenuating the catabolic effects of IL-1β in chondrocytes. Gene silencing of WISP-2 increased the induction of the catabolic markers MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5 and the inflammatory mediators IL-6 and IL-8 triggered by IL-1β in human primary OA chondrocytes in a Wnt/β-catenin dependent manner. In conclusion, here we have shown for the first time that WISP-2 may have relevant roles in modulating the turnover of extracellular matrix in the cartilage and that its downregulation may detrimentally alter the inflammatory environment in OA cartilage. We also proved the participation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in these processes. Thus, targeting WISP-2 might represent a potential therapeutical approach for degenerative and/or inflammatory diseases of musculoskeletal system, such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ruiz-Fernández
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- International PhD School of the University of Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS), Doctoral Programme in Medicine Clinical Research, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María González-Rodríguez
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- International PhD School of the University of Santiago de Compostela (EDIUS), Doctoral Programme in Drug Research and Development, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vanessa Abella
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Vera Francisco
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cordero-Barreal
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Djedjiga Ait Eldjoudi
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yousof Farrag
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús Pino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Conde-Aranda
- Molecular and Cellular Gastroenterology Group, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel González-Gay
- Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Epidemiology, Genetics and Atherosclerosis Research Group on Systemic Inflammatory Diseases, IDIVAL, University of Cantabria, Avenida de Valdecilla s/n, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Antonio Mera
- SERGAS, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics, and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Departments of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lucía García-Caballero
- Department of Morphological Sciences. School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marina Gándara-Cortés
- Department of Morphological Sciences. School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Lab, Research Laboratory 7, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Morena Scotece
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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WISP-3 Stimulates VEGF-C-Dependent Lymphangiogenesis in Human Chondrosarcoma Cells by Inhibiting miR-196a-3p Synthesis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101330. [PMID: 34680447 PMCID: PMC8533311 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor with high metastatic potential. Lymphangiogenesis is a critical biological step in cancer metastasis. WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein 3 (WISP-3) regulates angiogenesis and facilitates chondrosarcoma metastasis, but the role of WISP-3 in chondrosarcoma lymphangiogenesis is unclear. In this study, incubation of chondrosarcoma cells with WISP-3 increased the production of VEGF-C, an important lymphangiogenic factor. Conditioned medium from WISP-3-treated chondrosarcoma cells significantly enhanced lymphatic endothelial cell tube formation. WISP-3-induced stimulation of VEGF-C-dependent lymphangiogenesis inhibited miR-196a-3p synthesis in the ERK, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways. This evidence suggests that the WISP-3/VEGF-C axis is worth targeting in the treatment of lymphangiogenesis in human chondrosarcoma.
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MacDonald IJ, Huang CC, Liu SC, Lin YY, Tang CH. Targeting CCN Proteins in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094340. [PMID: 33919365 PMCID: PMC8122640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCN family of matricellular proteins (CYR61/CCN1, CTGF/CCN2, NOV/CCN3 and WISP1-2-3/CCN4-5-6) are essential players in the key pathophysiological processes of angiogenesis, wound healing and inflammation. These proteins are well recognized for their important roles in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and differentiation, as well as the regulation of extracellular matrix differentiation. Substantial evidence implicates four of the proteins (CCN1, CCN2, CCN3 and CCN4) in the inflammatory pathologies of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). A smaller evidence base supports the involvement of CCN5 and CCN6 in the development of these diseases. This review focuses on evidence providing insights into the involvement of the CCN family in RA and OA, as well as the potential of the CCN proteins as therapeutic targets in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iona J. MacDonald
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Collage of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (I.J.M.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Chien-Chung Huang
- School of Medicine, Collage of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan;
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chi Liu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin 65152, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-You Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Collage of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (I.J.M.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, Collage of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; (I.J.M.); (Y.-Y.L.)
- School of Medicine, Collage of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collage of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a chronic disease of the articular cartilage characterized by focal lesions of subchondral bone and overlaying cartilage. Through the growing number of reports describing the high prevalence of OCD in some families, the subcategory termed familial OCD (FOCD) was established. With the development of genetic approaches such as genome-wide association studies and sequencing, aggrecan (ACAN) has been identified as one of the genes of interest associated with FOCD. Aggrecan is a crucial protein for the preservation and function of cartilage. However, due to FOCD being characterized relatively recently, there is a paucity of literature on the subject. The purpose of this review is to explore the relationship between ACAN mutations and familial OCD as well as to explore current treatment options and avenues for future research. In vitro and animal studies have shown the importance of ACAN in the preservation of cartilage. However, the only human ACAN mutation related to OCD ever identified is a V2303M mutation in the G3 domain. Multiple treatments have been superficially explored, and some options such as growth hormone (GH) and gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) show potential. Thus, further research on FOCD in needed to identify other ACAN mutations and determine optimal treatment modalities for this patient population.
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Wang Y, Xiao K, Yang Y, Wu Z, Jin J, Qiu G, Weng X, Zhao X. CCN6 mutation detection in Chinese patients with progressive pseudo-rheumatoid dysplasia and identification of four novel mutations. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1261. [PMID: 32351055 PMCID: PMC7336755 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background No formal diagnostic criteria for progressive pseudo‐rheumatoid dysplasia (PPD) are available because of insufficient clinical data, which results in that PPD is often misdiagnosed with other diseases. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing were employed to reveal the novel mutations on CCN6 of five patients with PPD from China in order to increase the clinical data of PPD. Methods Four suspected PPD pedigrees containing five patients in total were collected from 1998 to 2018 in our medical center. The phenotypes of each suspected PPD case were recorded in detail, and peripheral blood samples were collected for subsequent sequencing. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples, and Agilent liquid phase chip capture system was utilized for efficient enrichment of whole exome region DNA. After acquiring raw sequenced reads of whole exome region, bioinformatics analysis was completed in conjunction with reference or genome sequence (GRCh37/hg19). Sanger sequencing was performed to identify the results of WES. Results In total, four novel PPD‐related mutation sites in CCN6 gene were identified including (CCN6):c.643 + 2T>C, (CCN6):c.1064_1065dupGT(p.Gln356ValfsTer33), (CCN6):c.1064G > A), and exon4:c.670dupA:p.W223fs. Conclusion Our findings increase the clinical data of PPD including the CCN6 mutation spectrum, the clinical symptoms and signs. Moreover, the study highlights the utility of WES in reaching definitive diagnoses for PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuemei Yang
- Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Central Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xisheng Weng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Al Kaissi A, Kenis V, Jemaa LB, Sassi H, Shboul M, Grill F, Ganger R, Kircher SG. Skeletal phenotype/genotype in progressive pseudorheumatoid chondrodysplasia. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 39:553-560. [PMID: 31628567 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axial and extra-axial deceleration in function and progressive joint pain with subsequent development of antalgic gait associated with swellings, and stiffness of the joints with loss of the physiological spine biomechanics were the natural history in this group of patients. Clinical and radiological phenotypes have been analysed carefully to further understand the aetiology behind. METHODS Seven patients (three children around the age of 9-11 and one child of 17 years old). Three adults aging 25, 30, 33 and 40 years old were seen and examined. The paediatric group of patients were initially diagnosed with myopathy followed later by juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in other institutions. Clinical and imaging documentation were collected in our departments, followed by mutation screening, was carried out by bidirectional sequencing of the WISP3 gene. RESULTS Clinical and radiological phenotypic studies confirmed the diagnosis of progressive pseudorheumatoid chondrodysplasia. A constellation of abnormalities such as early senile hyperostosis of the spine (Forestier disease), osteoarthritis of the hips showed progressive diminution and irregularities of the hip joint spaces associated with progressive capital femoral epiphyseal dysplasia and coxa vara have been encountered. Loss-of-function homozygous mutations (c.667T>G, p.Cys223Gly) and (c.170C>A, p.Ser57*) in the WISP3 gene were identified in our patients. CONCLUSION The definite diagnosis was not defined via vigorous myopathic and rheumatologic investigations. Detailed clinical examination and skeletal survey, followed by genotypic confirmation, were our fundamental pointers to rule out the false diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatoid polyarthritis in the adult group of patients. We wish to stress that the clinical/radiological phenotype is the baseline tool to establish a definite diagnosis and to guide the geneticist toward proper genotype.Key Points•Joint pain and difficulties in walking/climbing the stairs are characteristic features encountered in early childhood. False diagnosis of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis can be made at this point.•False positive-like muscular wasting resembling myopathy results in ensuing vigorous troublesome investigations.•Flattened vertebral bodies associated with defective ossification of the anterior end plates are characteristic features of progressive pseudorheumatoid chondrodysplasia.•Joint expansions, which are usually accompanied by narrowing of the articular ends of the appendicular skeletal system, show a clear radiological phenotype of pseudorheumatoid chondrodysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al Kaissi
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, First Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
- Orthopaedic Hospital of Speising, Paediatric Department, Speisinger Str. 109, Vienna, 1130, Austria.
| | - Vladimir Kenis
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Neuroorthopaedics and Systemic Disorders, Pediatric Orthopedic Institute n.a. H. Turner, Parkovaya str., 64-68, Pushkin, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lamia Ben Jemaa
- Department of Human Genetics, Mongi Slim Hospital Marsa, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hela Sassi
- Department of Human Genetics, Mongi Slim Hospital Marsa, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohammad Shboul
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Franz Grill
- Orthopaedic Hospital of Speising, Paediatric Department, Speisinger Str. 109, Vienna, 1130, Austria
| | - Rudolf Ganger
- Orthopaedic Hospital of Speising, Paediatric Department, Speisinger Str. 109, Vienna, 1130, Austria
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Mirastschijski U, Dinesh N, Baskaran S, Wedekind D, Gavrilovic J, Murray MY, Bevan D, Kelm S. Novel specific human and mouse stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) and stromelysin-2 (MMP-10) antibodies for biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. Wound Repair Regen 2019; 27:309-323. [PMID: 30761682 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a family of more than 25 zinc-dependent enzymes that are centrally involved in cellular migration, tissue remodeling, cancer invasion and metastasis. Besides degrading extracellular matrix proteins, MMPs are crucial for growth factor and cytokine release and activation. At the same time, they can inactivate inflammatory mediators and enzymes themselves through protein degradation. Subclasses of MMPs include collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, membrane-bound MMPs, and others. With regard to the stromelysin subfamily, three members exist, e.g., stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), stromelysin-2 (MMP-10), and stromelysin-3 (MMP-11). MMP-3, and MMP-10 share extensive similarities at the amino acid level that made it difficult to develop specific antibodies distinguishing between MMP-3 and MMP-10. Scrutinizing published data on and performing different analyses with detection of both stromelysins with commercially available or lab-made antibodies showed ambiguous results with regard to specificity of antibodies used to date. We developed new specific antibodies against the most divergent parts of the active forms of both proteins. We assessed the specificity of our novel specific anti-human and anti-mouse MMP-3 and MMP-10 antibodies in cell lysates and different human and murine skin tissues. Tests analyzing specificity of the novel antibodies included Western immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections. Analyses demonstrated specific detection of respective protein for human or mouse samples except for the anti-human MMP-3 antibody. The aim of this summary was to call attention the MMP research community to distinguish clearly between both enzymes. Our new specific anti-mouse MMP-3 and both MMP-10 antibodies allow us to address this detection problem and to enable comparative studies between both stromelysins with regard to their respective location and function in the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Mirastschijski
- Wound Repair Unit, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Nilima Dinesh
- Wound Repair Unit, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sudarson Baskaran
- Wound Repair Unit, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Dirk Wedekind
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jelena Gavrilovic
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Y Murray
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Damon Bevan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sørge Kelm
- Wound Repair Unit, Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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12
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Chouery E, Corbani S, Dahmen J, Zouari L, Gribaa M, Leban N, Ben Chibani J, Lefranc G, Saad A, Haj Khelil A, Urtizberea A, Mégarbané A. Progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia in North and West Africa: Clinical description in ten patients with mutations of WISP3. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Madhuri V, Santhanam M, Rajagopal K, Sugumar LK, Balaji V. WISP3 mutational analysis in Indian patients diagnosed with progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia and report of a novel mutation at p.Y198. Bone Joint Res 2016; 5:301-6. [PMID: 27436824 PMCID: PMC4957178 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.57.2000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the pattern of mutations of the WISP3 gene in clinically identified progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPD) in an Indian population. Patients and Methods A total of 15 patients with clinical features of PPD were enrolled in this study. Genomic DNA was isolated and polymerase chain reaction performed to amplify the WISP3 gene. Screening for mutations was done by conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis, beginning with the fifth exon and subsequently proceeding to the remaining exons. Sanger sequencing was performed for both forward and reverse strands to confirm the mutations. Results In all, two of the 15 patients had compound heterozygous mutations: one a nonsense mutation c.156C>A (p.C52*) in exon 2, and the other a missense mutation c.677G>T (p.G226V) in exon 4. All others were homozygous, with three bearing a nonsense mutation c.156C>A (p.C52*) in exon 2, three a missense mutation c.233G>A (p.C78Y) in exon 2, five a missense mutation c.1010G>A (p.C337Y) in exon 5, one a nonsense mutation c.348C>A (p.Y116*) in exon 3, and one with a novel deletion mutation c.593_597delATAGA (p.Y198*) in exon 4. Conclusion We identified a novel mutation c.593_597delATAGA (p.Y198*) in the fourth exon of the WISP3 gene. We also confirmed c.1010G>A as one of the common mutations in an Indian population with progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia. Cite this article: V. Madhuri, M. Santhanam, K. Rajagopal, L. K. Sugumar, V. Balaji. WISP3 mutational analysis in Indian patients diagnosed with progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia and report of a novel mutation at p.Y198* Bone Joint Res 2016;5:301–306. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.57.2000520.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Madhuri
- Paediatric Orthopaedics Unit, Department of Orthopaedics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India and Adjunct Scientist, Centre for Stem Cell Research (a unit of inStem, Bengaluru), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
| | - M Santhanam
- Paediatric Orthopaedics Unit, Department of Orthopaedics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - K Rajagopal
- Paediatric Orthopaedics Unit, Department of Orthopaedics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - L K Sugumar
- Paediatric Orthopaedics Unit, Department of Orthopaedics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - V Balaji
- Paediatric Orthopaedics Unit, Department of Orthopaedics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
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Emerging roles of CCN proteins in vascular development and pathology. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 10:251-257. [PMID: 27241177 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0332-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The CCN family of proteins consists of 6 members (CCN1-CCN6) that share conserved functional domains. These matricellular proteins interact with growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, cell surface integrins and other receptors to promote ECM-intracellular signaling. This signaling leads to propagation of a variety of cellular actions, including adhesion, invasion, migration and proliferation within several cell types, including epithelial, endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Though CCNs share significant homology, the function of each is unique due to distinct and cell specific expression patterns. Thus, their correct spatial and temporal expressions are critical during embryonic development, wound healing, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Disruption of these patterns leads to severe development disorders and contributes to the pathological progression of cancers, vascular diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases such as colitis, rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. While the effects of CCNs are diverse, this review will focus on the role of CCNs within the vasculature during development and in vascular diseases.
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Na J, Lee K, Na W, Shin JY, Lee MJ, Yune TY, Lee HK, Jung HS, Kim WS, Ju BG. Histone H3K27 Demethylase JMJD3 in Cooperation with NF-κB Regulates Keratinocyte Wound Healing. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:847-858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Unique gene expression profile in osteoarthritis synovium compared with cartilage: analysis of publicly accessible microarray datasets. Rheumatol Int 2016; 36:819-27. [PMID: 26942917 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-016-3451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify a gene expression signature in osteoarthritis (OA) synovium and genomic pathways likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of OA. Four publicly accessible microarray studies from synovium of OA patients were integrated, and a transcriptomic and network-based meta-analysis was performed. Based on pathways according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, functional enrichment analysis was performed. Meta-analysis results of OA synovium were compared to two previously published studies of OA cartilage to determine the relative number of common and specific DEGs of the cartilage and synovium. According to our meta-analysis, a total of 1350 genes were found to be differentially expressed in the synovium of OA patients as compared to that of healthy controls. Pathway analysis found 41 significant pathways in the total DEGs, and 22 and 16 pathways in the upregulated and downregulated DEGs, respectively. Cell adhesion molecules and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction were the most significant pathway in the upregulated and downregulated DEGs, respectively. Comparison of meta-analysis results of OA synovium with results of two previous studies of OA cartilage identified 85 common genes and 1632 cartilage-specific DEGs and 1265 synovium-specific DEGs in the first study; and 142 common genes, and 856 cartilage-specific DEGs and 1208 synovium-specific DEGs in the second study. Our results show a small overlap between the DEGs of the synovium compared to DEGs of the cartilage, suggesting different pathogenic mechanisms that are specific to the synovium.
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Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) as a Novel Condition of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Deficiency. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 170:1-35. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2015_5001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Aging-related inflammation in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1966-71. [PMID: 26521742 PMCID: PMC4630808 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well accepted that aging is an important contributing factor to the development of osteoarthritis (OA). The mechanisms responsible appear to be multifactorial and may include an age-related pro-inflammatory state that has been termed "inflamm-aging." Age-related inflammation can be both systemic and local. Systemic inflammation can be promoted by aging changes in adipose tissue that result in increased production of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Numerous studies have shown an age-related increase in blood levels of IL-6 that has been associated with decreased physical function and frailty. Importantly, higher levels of IL-6 have been associated with an increased risk of knee OA progression. However, knockout of IL-6 in male mice resulted in worse age-related OA rather than less OA. Joint tissue cells, including chondrocytes and meniscal cells, as well as the neighboring infrapatellar fat in the knee joint, can be a local source of inflammatory mediators that increase with age and contribute to OA. An increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators that include cytokines and chemokines, as well as matrix-degrading enzymes important in joint tissue destruction, can be the result of cell senescence and the development of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Further studies are needed to better understand the basis for inflamm-aging and its role in OA with the hope that this work will lead to new interventions targeting inflammation to reduce not only joint tissue destruction but also pain and disability in older adults with OA.
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19
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Krupska I, Bruford EA, Chaqour B. Eyeing the Cyr61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) group of genes in development and diseases: highlights of their structural likenesses and functional dissimilarities. Hum Genomics 2015; 9:24. [PMID: 26395334 PMCID: PMC4579636 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-015-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
“CCN” is an acronym referring to the first letter of each of the first three members of this original group of mammalian functionally and phylogenetically distinct extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins [i.e., cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and nephroblastoma-overexpressed (NOV)]. Although “CCN” genes are unlikely to have arisen from a common ancestral gene, their encoded proteins share multimodular structures in which most cysteine residues are strictly conserved in their positions within several structural motifs. The CCN genes can be subdivided into members developmentally indispensable for embryonic viability (e.g., CCN1, 2 and 5), each assuming unique tissue-specific functions, and members not essential for embryonic development (e.g., CCN3, 4 and 6), probably due to a balance of functional redundancy and specialization during evolution. The temporo-spatial regulation of the CCN genes and the structural information contained within the sequences of their encoded proteins reflect diversity in their context and tissue-specific functions. Genetic association studies and experimental anomalies, replicated in various animal models, have shown that altered CCN gene structure or expression is associated with “injury” stimuli—whether mechanical (e.g., trauma, shear stress) or chemical (e.g., ischemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, inflammation). Consequently, increased organ-specific susceptibility to structural damages ensues. These data underscore the critical functions of CCN proteins in the dynamics of tissue repair and regeneration and in the compensatory responses preceding organ failure. A better understanding of the regulation and mode of action of each CCN member will be useful in developing specific gain- or loss-of-function strategies for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Krupska
- Department of Cell Biology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Elspeth A Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Brahim Chaqour
- Department of Cell Biology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA. .,State University of New York (SUNY) Eye Institute Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 5, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA.
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Alaaeddine N, Antoniou J, Moussa M, Hilal G, Kreichaty G, Ghanem I, Abouchedid W, Saghbini E, Di Battista JA. The chemokine CCL20 induces proinflammatory and matrix degradative responses in cartilage. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:721-31. [PMID: 26189947 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Local inflammation plays a role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA) and chemokines exert catabolic effects on articular cartilage either through paracrine and/or autocrine mechanisms. We sought to compare the expression levels of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) and its chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) in donor and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage and to investigate the role of CCL20 in the pathogenesis of OA and chondrocyte phenotype. METHODS Cartilage/chondrocytes from donor and OA knee joints was analyzed for CCL20 and CCR6 expression by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Effects of CCL20 on cytokines and mediators of cartilage degradation were examined by RT-PCR for mRNA expression levels, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and proteoglycan (GAG) assays. RESULTS CCL20 and CCR6 proteins were abundantly expressed in OA cartilage sections compared to donor sections as judged by immunohistochemistry. RT-PCR of cartilage extracts confirmed the predominance of CCL20/CCR6 mRNA expression in OA cartilage. CCL20 mRNA expression was low in donor chondrocytes but increased after stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines. mRNA expression levels of IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and iNOS were elevated in donor chondrocyte cultures treated with rhCCL20. The release of MMP1/13, PGE2, proteoglycan GAG fragments, and IL-6 from cartilage explant cultures was markedly augmented in the presence of CCL-20. CCL-20 stimulated MMP-13, ADAMTS-5, and col type X mRNA but inhibited col type II mRNA expression in freshly explanted and cultured cartilage specimens. CONCLUSIONS CCL20/CCR6 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of OA by inducing changes in phenotype and catabolic gene expression in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Alaaeddine
- Faculty of Medicine, St Joseph University, Regenerative Medicine and Inflammation lab, Beirut, 11-5076, Lebanon,
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Komatsu M, Nakamura Y, Maruyama M, Abe K, Watanapokasin R, Kato H. Expression profiles of human CCN genes in patients with osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. J Orthop Sci 2015; 20:708-16. [PMID: 25986313 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-015-0727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are widespread disabling joint disorders that are considered to be polygenic in nature. This study investigated the spatial expression patterns of all six known human CCN genes using end-stage OA and RA joint samples. DESIGN We performed in situ hybridization and histological analysis to investigate the spatial expression patterns of human CCN genes using joint tissues obtained during total knee and hip joint replacement procedures on patients with advanced OA or RA. Normal joint tissues taken while performing bipolar hip replacement surgeries were used as controls. RESULTS All CCN genes were expressed at higher levels in OA and RA synovial samples as compared with normal controls. Whereas CCN3 and CCN6 were undetectable in control, OA, and RA cartilage, CCN1, CCN2, CCN4, and CCN5 were expressed to a greater extent in OA and RA knee cartilage. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate an involvement of several CCN genes in the pathophysiology of OA and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Komatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
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Fang F, Zhao WY, Li RK, Yang XM, Li J, Ao JP, Jiang SH, Kong FZ, Tu L, Zhuang C, Qin WX, He P, Zhang WM, Cao H, Zhang ZG. Silencing of WISP3 suppresses gastric cancer cell proliferation and metastasis and inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:6447-6461. [PMID: 25400723 PMCID: PMC4230117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CCN6/Wnt1-inducible signaling protein-3 (CCN6/WISP3) is a cysteine-rich protein that belongs to the CCN (Cyr61, CTGF, Nov) family of matricellular proteins, which are often dysregulated in cancers. However, the functional role and clinical significance of WISP3 in gastric cancer remain unclear. In this study, we found that silencing of WISP3 suppressed gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Cell adhesion to collagens (collagen I and IV), but not to fibronectin, were significantly inhibited by silencing of WISP3. Furthermore, silencing of WISP3 prevented β-catenin transferring from cell cytoplasm to nuclear, and suppressed canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and its downstream target genes, cyclin D1 and TCF-4. By immunohistochemical analysis of 379 patients, we found that the expression of WISP3 is closely associated with gastric cancer size and tumor invasion, and indicates a poor prognosis in both test cohort (253 patients) and validation cohort (126 patients). Moreover, the expression of WISP3 was positively correlated with the expression of cyclin D1 and TCF-4 in gastric cancer tissues. Taken together, our data suggests that WISP3 might be a promising prognostic factor and WISP3-Wnt/β-catenin axis may be a new therapeutic target for the intervention of gastric cancer growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yi Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Rong-Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Ping Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Heng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Zhi Kong
- Department of General Surgery, Central Hospital of Fengxian District6600 Nan Feng Road, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Lin Tu
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Chun Zhuang
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Wen-Xin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ming Zhang
- Department of Endoscopy, Cancer Hospital, and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200240, P.R. China
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The novel secreted factor MIG-18 acts with MIG-17/ADAMTS to control cell migration in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2013; 196:471-9. [PMID: 24318535 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.157685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of Caenorhabditis elegans gonadal distal tip cells (DTCs) offers an excellent model to study the migration of epithelial tubes in organogenesis. mig-18 mutants cause meandering or wandering migration of DTCs during gonad formation, which is very similar to that observed in animals with mutations in mig-17, which encodes a secreted metalloprotease of the ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs) family. MIG-18 is a novel secreted protein that is conserved only among nematode species. The mig-17(null) and mig-18 double mutants exhibited phenotypes similar to those in mig-17(null) single mutants. In addition, the mutations in fbl-1/fibulin-1 and let-2/collagen IV that suppress mig-17 mutations also suppressed the mig-18 mutation, suggesting that mig-18 and mig-17 function in a common genetic pathway. The Venus-MIG-18 fusion protein was secreted from muscle cells and localized to the gonadal basement membrane, a tissue distribution reminiscent of that observed for MIG-17. Overexpression of MIG-18 in mig-17 mutants and vice versa partially rescued the relevant DTC migration defects, suggesting that MIG-18 and MIG-17 act cooperatively rather than sequentially. We propose that MIG-18 may be a cofactor of MIG-17/ADAMTS that functions in the regulation of the gonadal basement membrane to achieve proper direction of DTC migration during gonadogenesis.
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Loeser RF. Osteoarthritis year in review 2013: biology. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:1436-42. [PMID: 23774472 PMCID: PMC3779513 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to present highlights from the published literature on the topic of the biology of osteoarthritis (OA). A PubMed search was conducted in order to locate original research manuscripts published since the last OARSI meeting in 2012. From review of the published literature, common themes emerged as active areas of research over the past year including studies in the areas of epigenetics, Wnt signaling, the role of inflammatory pathways in OA, lubricin, fibroblast growth factor signaling, and studies on OA biology in bone. Key findings in these areas were summarized and implications for future therapies were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Loeser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Molecular Medicine and The Wake Forest Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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A descriptive analysis of 14 cases of progressive-psuedorheumatoid-arthropathy of childhood from south India: Review of literature in comparison with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013; 42:582-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Murray MY, Birkland TP, Howe JD, Rowan AD, Fidock M, Parks WC, Gavrilovic J. Macrophage migration and invasion is regulated by MMP10 expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63555. [PMID: 23691065 PMCID: PMC3653827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to identify metalloproteinase determinants of macrophage migration and led to the specific hypothesis that matrix metalloproteinase 10 (MMP10/stromelysin-2) facilitates macrophage migration. We first profiled expression of all MMPs in LPS-stimulated primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and Raw264.7 cells and found that MMP10 was stimulated early (3 h) and down-regulated later (24 h). Based on this pattern of expression, we speculated that MMP10 plays a role in macrophage responses, such as migration. Indeed, using time lapse microscopy, we found that RNAi silencing of MMP10 in primary macrophages resulted in markedly reduced migration, which was reversed with exogenous active MMP10 protein. Mmp10 (-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages displayed significantly reduced migration over a two-dimensional fibronectin matrix. Invasion of primary wild-type macrophages into Matrigel supplemented with fibronectin was also markedly impaired in Mmp10 (-/-) cells. MMP10 expression in macrophages thus emerges as an important moderator of cell migration and invasion. These findings support the hypothesis that MMP10 promotes macrophage movement and may have implications in understanding the control of macrophages in several pathologies, including the abnormal wound healing response associated with pro-inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Y. Murray
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy P. Birkland
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. Howe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Rowan
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Fidock
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - William C. Parks
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jelena Gavrilovic
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Repudi SR, Patra M, Sen M. WISP3-IGF1 interaction regulates chondrocyte hypertrophy. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1650-8. [PMID: 23424195 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.119859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
WISP3 (Wnt induced secreted protein 3) is a multi-domain protein of mesenchymal origin. Mutations in several domains of WISP3 cause PPRD (progressive pseudo rheumatoid dysplasia), which is associated with cartilage loss and restricted skeletal development. Despite several studies focusing on the functional characterization of WISP3, the molecular details underlying the course of PPRD remain unresolved. We are interested in analyzing the function of WISP3 in the context of cartilage integrity. The current study demonstrates that WISP3 binds to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and inhibits IGF1 secretion. Additionally, WISP3 curbs IGF1-mediated collagen X expression, accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alkaline phosphatase activity, all of which are associated with the induction of chondrocyte hypertrophy. Interestingly, both IGF1 and ROS in turn trigger an increase in WISP3 expression. Together, our results are indicative of an operational WISP3-IGF1 regulatory loop whereby WISP3 preserves cartilage integrity by restricting IGF1-mediated hypertrophic changes in chondrocytes, at least partly, upon interaction with IGF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Rao Repudi
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
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Garcia Segarra N, Mittaz L, Campos-Xavier AB, Bartels CF, Tuysuz B, Alanay Y, Cimaz R, Cormier-Daire V, Di Rocco M, Duba HC, Elcioglu NH, Forzano F, Hospach T, Kilic E, Kuemmerle-Deschner JB, Mortier G, Mrusek S, Nampoothiri S, Obersztyn E, Pauli RM, Selicorni A, Tenconi R, Unger S, Utine GE, Wright M, Zabel B, Warman ML, Superti-Furga A, Bonafé L. The diagnostic challenge of progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPRD): A review of clinical features, radiographic features, and WISP3 mutations in 63 affected individuals. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 160C:217-29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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