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Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and respiratory chain enzyme defects in inflammatory myopathies. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103308. [PMID: 36822387 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammatory myopathies. We searched in the current literature the role of mitochondria and respiratory chain defects as sources of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species production that led to muscle weakness and fatigue. Different molecules and pathways contribute to redox milieu, reactive oxygen species generation, accumulation of misfolded and carbonylated proteins that lose their ability to fulfil cellular activities. Small peptides and physical techniques proved, in mice models, to reduce oxidative stress. We focused on inclusion body myositis, as a major expression of myopathy related to oxidative stress, where mitochondrial abnormalities are causative agents as well. We described the effect of physical exercise in inclusion body myositis that showed to increase strength and to reduce beta amyloid accumulation with subsequent improvement of the mitochondrial functions. We illustrated the influence of epigenetic control on the immune system by non-coding genetic material in the interaction between oxidative stress and inflammatory myopathies.
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2
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Danieli MG, Antonelli E, Piga MA, Claudi I, Palmeri D, Tonacci A, Allegra A, Gangemi S. Alarmins in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2022; 21:103142. [PMID: 35853572 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alarmins are endogenous, constitutively expressed, chemotacting and immune activating proteins or peptides released because of non-programmed cell death (i.e. infections, trauma, etc). They are considered endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), able to induce a sterile inflammation. In the last years, several studies highlighted a possible role of different alarmins in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases. We reviewed the relevant literature about this topic, for about 160 articles. Particularly, we focused on systemic autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, ANCA-associated vasculitides, Behçet's disease) and cutaneous organ-specific autoimmune diseases (vitiligo, psoriasis, alopecia, pemphigo). Finally, we discussed about future perspectives and potential therapeutic implications of alarmins in autoimmune diseases. In fact, identification of receptors and downstream signal transducers of alarmins may lead to the identification of antagonistic inhibitors and agonists, with the capacity to modulate alarmins-related pathways and potential therapeutic applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Danieli
- Clinica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Torrette di Ancona, Italy; Postgraduate School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Antonelli
- PostGraduate School of Internal Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Mario Andrea Piga
- Postgraduate School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Claudi
- Postgraduate School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Davide Palmeri
- Postgraduate School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Haematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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Extracellular polysaccharides purified (Polycan) from Aureobasidium pullulans SM‑2001 improves pathophysiology of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Mol Cell Toxicol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-022-00245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a hereditary muscular disease involving degeneration (i.e. atrophy and loss of muscle fibres) of skeletal muscles, including the diaphragm, and progressively severe functional decline. A previous study shows Polycan, a type of β-glucan derived from the black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans (SM-2001), promotes osteogenicity and bone loss, and possesses anti-inflammatory activity to induce inflammatory cytokines in human immune and cancer cells.
Objective
In this study, we evaluated changes in exercise load behaviour measurements and changes in muscle-related physiological indicators following oral administration of Polycan in mdx mice, an experimental animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Result
In mdx mice, Polycan prevented weight loss and thickness of skeletal muscle. In addition, by monitoring increases in running time of mice on treadmills and performing a grip strength test, we confirmed reduced muscle function was recovered to some extent after administering Polycan to mdx mice. In addition, we confirmed that Polycan significantly altered mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner, whereby myogenic transcription factors (MyoD, Myf5 and Myogenin) increased and FoxO3α, MuRF1 and Atrogin-1 decreased. We aimed to investigate the mechanism of action in Polycan on energy metabolism of p-AMPK, SIRT1 and PGC1α with apoptosis expression levels as factors related to signalling pathways. Expression ratios of cleaved-caspase-3/caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 in the Polycan extract-administered group increased compared with the control group.
Conclusion
These results demonstrate that Polycan can improve and protect muscle atrophy by preventing apoptosis via pathway regulation related to myogenic transcription factors and energy metabolism in mdx mice.
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Glaubitz S, Zeng R, Rakocevic G, Schmidt J. Update on Myositis Therapy: from Today's Standards to Tomorrow's Possibilities. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 28:863-880. [PMID: 34781868 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666211115165353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory myopathies, in short, myositis, are heterogeneous disorders that are characterized by inflammation of skeletal muscle and weakness of arms and legs. Research over the past few years has led to a new understanding regarding the pathogenesis of myositis. The new insights include different pathways of the innate and adaptive immune response during the pathogenesis of myositis. The importance of non-inflammatory mechanisms such as cell stress and impaired autophagy has been recently described. New target-specific drugs for myositis have been developed and are currently being tested in clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of action of pharmacological standards in myositis and provide an outlook of future treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Glaubitz
- Department of Neurology, Muscle Immunobiology Group, Neuromuscular Center, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen. Germany
| | - Rachel Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Muscle Immunobiology Group, Neuromuscular Center, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen. Germany
| | - Goran Rakocevic
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. United States
| | - Jens Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Muscle Immunobiology Group, Neuromuscular Center, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen. Germany
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Borges IBP, de Oliveira DS, Marie SKN, Lenario AM, Oba-Shinjo SM, Shinjo SK. Exercise Training Attenuates Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway and Increases the Genes Related to Autophagy on the Skeletal Muscle of Patients With Inflammatory Myopathies. J Clin Rheumatol 2021; 27:S224-S231. [PMID: 34227790 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000001721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exercise training on the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and genes related to autophagy on the skeletal muscle of patients with dermatomyositis (DM) and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies (IMNMs). METHODS Seven DM patients and 6 IMNM patients were treated for 12 weeks with a twice-weekly aerobic and resistance training exercise program. Aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and expression of genes in the skeletal muscle related to UPS and to autophagy were evaluated at the baseline and after the intervention. Moreover, only at the baseline, 10 healthy control individuals were also evaluated. RESULTS The age of DM and IMNM patients was 49.8 and 58.5 years, respectively. Genes related to UPS were upregulated, whereas genes related to autophagy and antioxidative systems were downregulated only in the DM group when compared with control group. After completion of the exercise training program, several genes related to UPS were downregulated, whereas genes related to autophagy, mitochondrial pathways, and antioxidative systems were upregulated in both the DM and IMNM groups. CONCLUSIONS Exercise training can increase genes related to autophagy, mitophagy, and lysosomal biogenesis in the skeletal muscle of patients. These results suggest an increase in the recycling of damaged proteins and organelles, which may also contribute to the performance and endurance of skeletal muscles in these patients. Furthermore, in patients with myositis, exercise training led to a decrease in genes related to UPS and an increase in genes related to antioxidative capacity. Therefore, this may also contribute to an attenuation of skeletal muscle loss and of the deleterious effects of oxidative stress on the skeletal muscle of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suely Kazue Nagahashi Marie
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Marcondes Lenario
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sueli Mieko Oba-Shinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Coskun Benlidayi I, Gupta L. The pathophysiological effects of exercise in the management of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: A scoping review. Int J Rheum Dis 2021; 24:896-903. [PMID: 33793075 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) is a term used for a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by severe muscle weakness. In addition to pharmacological treatment options, non-pharmacological methods such as exercising are essential for proper management of myositis. The present article aimed to provide an insight into the potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying exercise-related benefits in myositis. A systematic search was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using the following keywords and their combinations: "idiopathic inflammatory myopathy", "inflammatory myopathy", "myositis", "polymyositis", "dermatomyositis", "inclusion body myositis", and "exercise". Current literature indicates that exercising has impact on both immune and non-immune pathways in patients with IIM. Exercise-related benefits include (a) increased mitochondrial biogenesis/enzyme activity, (b) reconditioning of immune/inflammatory pathways, (c) decreased endoplasmic reticulum stress, (d) modulation of gene expression, (e) increased protein synthesis and cytoskeletal remodeling, and (f) decreased muscle fibrosis and non-muscle area infiltrates. With its certain benefits, exercise stands as a precious non-pharmacological treatment option for patients with IIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Coskun Benlidayi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Latika Gupta
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy human derived cells retain their ability to increase mitochondrial function. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242443. [PMID: 33216776 PMCID: PMC7679003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies (IIMs) have been studied within the framework of autoimmune diseases where skeletal muscle appears to have a passive role in the illness. However, persiting weakness even after resolving inflammation raises questions about the role that skeletal muscle plays by itself in these diseases. "Non-immune mediated" hypotheses have arisen to consider inner skeletal muscle cell processes as trigger factors in the clinical manifestations of IIMs. Alterations in oxidative phosphorylation, ATP production, calcium handling, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, among others, have been proposed as alternative cellular pathophysiological mechanisms. In this study, we used skeletal muscle-derived cells, from healthy controls and IIM patients to determine mitochondrial function and mitochondrial ability to adapt to a metabolic stress when deprived of glucose. We hypothesized that mitochondria would be dysfunctional in IIM samples, which was partially true in normal glucose rich growing medium as determined by oxygen consumption rate. However, in the glucose-free and galactose supplemented condition, a medium that forced mitochondria to function, IIM cells increased their respiration, reaching values matching normal derived cells. Unexpectedly, cell death significantly increased in IIM cells under this condition. Our findings show that mitochondria in IIM is functional and the decrease respiration observed is part of an adaptative response to improve survival. The increased metabolic function obtained after forcing IIM cells to rely on mitochondrial synthesized ATP is detrimental to the cell’s viability. Thus, therapeutic interventions that activate mitochondria, could be detrimental in IIM cell physiology, and must be avoided in patients with IIM.
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8
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Khoshnejat M, Kavousi K, Banaei-Moghaddam AM, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Unraveling the molecular heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes: a potential subtype discovery followed by metabolic modeling. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:119. [PMID: 32831068 PMCID: PMC7444195 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex multifactorial disease with a high prevalence worldwide. Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion are the two major abnormalities in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Skeletal muscle is responsible for over 75% of the glucose uptake and plays a critical role in T2DM. Here, we sought to provide a better understanding of the abnormalities in this tissue. Methods The muscle gene expression patterns were explored in healthy and newly diagnosed T2DM individuals using supervised and unsupervised classification approaches. Moreover, the potential of subtyping T2DM patients was evaluated based on the gene expression patterns. Results A machine-learning technique was applied to identify a set of genes whose expression patterns could discriminate diabetic subjects from healthy ones. A gene set comprising of 26 genes was found that was able to distinguish healthy from diabetic individuals with 94% accuracy. In addition, three distinct clusters of diabetic patients with different dysregulated genes and metabolic pathways were identified. Conclusions This study indicates that T2DM is triggered by different cellular/molecular mechanisms, and it can be categorized into different subtypes. Subtyping of T2DM patients in combination with their real clinical profiles will provide a better understanding of the abnormalities in each group and more effective therapeutic approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khoshnejat
- Laboratory of Complex Biological Systems and Bioinformatics (CBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,The UNESCO Chair on Interdisciplinary Research in Diabetes, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Kavousi
- Laboratory of Complex Biological Systems and Bioinformatics (CBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. .,The UNESCO Chair on Interdisciplinary Research in Diabetes, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Mohammad Banaei-Moghaddam
- The UNESCO Chair on Interdisciplinary Research in Diabetes, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Laboratory of Genomics and Epigenomics (LGE), Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Moosavi-Movahedi
- The UNESCO Chair on Interdisciplinary Research in Diabetes, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Liu D, Zuo X, Luo H, Zhu H. The altered metabolism profile in pathogenesis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2020; 50:627-635. [PMID: 32502727 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are a group of heterogeneous autoimmune diseases characterized by muscle weakness, muscle inflammation and extramuscular manifestations. Despite extensive efforts, the mechanisms of IIMs remain largely unknown, and treatment is still a challenge for physicians. Metabolism changes have emerged as a crucial player in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, little is known about metabolism changes in IIMs. In this review, we focus on the alteration of metabolism profile in IIMs, and the relationships with clinical information. We highlight the potential roles of metabolism in the pathogenesis of IIMs and discuss future perspectives for metabolic checkpoint-based therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China.
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Niu X, Zhao Y, Yang N, Zhao X, Zhang W, Bai X, Li A, Yang W, Lu L. Proteasome activation by insulin-like growth factor-1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling promotes exercise-induced neurogenesis. Stem Cells 2019; 38:246-260. [PMID: 31648402 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise-induced enhancement of learning and memory and alleviation of age-related cognitive decline in humans have been widely acknowledged. However, the mechanistic relationship between exercise and cognitive improvement remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that exercise-elicited cognitive benefits were accompanied by adaptive hippocampal proteasome activation. Voluntary wheel running increased hippocampal proteasome activity in adult and middle-aged mice, contributing to an acceleration of neurogenesis that could be reversed by intrahippocampal injection of the proteasome inhibitor MG132. We further found that increased levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in both serum and hippocampus may be essential for exercise-induced proteasome activation. Our in vitro study demonstrated that IGF-1 stimulated proteasome activity in cultured adult neural progenitor cells (NPCs) by promoting nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), followed by elevated expressions of proteasome subunits such as PSMB5. In contrast, pretreating adult mice with the selective IGF-1R inhibitor picropodophyllin diminished exercise-induced neurogenesis, concurrent with reduced Nrf2 nuclear translocation and proteasome activity. Likewise, lowering Nrf2 expression by RNA interference with bilateral intrahippocampal injections of recombinant adeno-associated viral particles significantly suppressed exercise-induced proteasome activation and attenuated cognitive function. Collectively, our work demonstrates that proteasome activation in hippocampus through IGF-1/Nrf2 signaling is a key adaptive mechanism underlying exercise-related neurogenesis, which may serve as a potential targetable pathway in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Niu
- Department of Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhe Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechun Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ang Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wulin Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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Neely J, Rychkov D, Paranjpe M, Waterfield M, Kim S, Sirota M. Gene Expression Meta-Analysis Reveals Concordance in Gene Activation, Pathway, and Cell-Type Enrichment in Dermatomyositis Target Tissues. ACR Open Rheumatol 2019; 1:657-666. [PMID: 31872188 PMCID: PMC6917332 DOI: 10.1002/acr2.11081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We conducted a comprehensive gene expression meta‐analysis in dermatomyositis (DM) muscle and skin tissues to identify shared disease‐relevant genes and pathways across tissues. Methods Six publicly available data sets from DM muscle and two from skin were identified. Meta‐analysis was performed by first processing data sets individually then cross‐study normalization and merging creating tissue‐specific gene expression matrices for subsequent analysis. Complementary single‐gene and network analyses using Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) and Weighted Gene Co‐expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) were conducted to identify genes significantly associated with DM. Cell‐type enrichment was performed using xCell. Results There were 544 differentially expressed genes (FC ≥ 1.3, q < 0.05) in muscle and 300 in skin. There were 94 shared upregulated genes across tissues enriched in type I and II interferon (IFN) signaling and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen‐processing pathways. In a network analysis, we identified eight significant gene modules in muscle and seven in skin. The most highly correlated modules were enriched in pathways consistent with the single‐gene analysis. Additional pathways uncovered by WGCNA included T‐cell activation and T‐cell receptor signaling. In the cell‐type enrichment analysis, both tissues were highly enriched in activated dendritic cells and M1 macrophages. Conclusion There is striking similarity in gene expression across DM target tissues with enrichment of type I and II IFN pathways, MHC class I antigen‐processing, T‐cell activation, and antigen‐presenting cells. These results suggest IFN‐γ may contribute to the global IFN signature in DM, and altered auto‐antigen presentation through the class I MHC pathway may be important in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Neely
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Dmitry Rychkov
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Manish Paranjpe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Susan Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Marina Sirota
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
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12
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Miller FW, Lamb JA, Schmidt J, Nagaraju K. Risk factors and disease mechanisms in myositis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 14:255-268. [PMID: 29674613 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2018.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases develop as a result of chronic inflammation owing to interactions between genes and the environment. However, the mechanisms by which autoimmune diseases evolve remain poorly understood. Newly discovered risk factors and pathogenic processes in the various idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) phenotypes (known collectively as myositis) have illuminated innovative approaches for understanding these diseases. The HLA 8.1 ancestral haplotype is a key risk factor for major IIM phenotypes in some populations, and several genetic variants associated with other autoimmune diseases have been identified as IIM risk factors. Environmental risk factors are less well studied than genetic factors but might include viruses, bacteria, ultraviolet radiation, smoking, occupational and perinatal exposures and a growing list of drugs (including biologic agents) and dietary supplements. Disease mechanisms vary by phenotype, with evidence of shared innate and adaptive immune and metabolic pathways in some phenotypes but unique pathways in others. The heterogeneity and rarity of the IIMs make advancements in diagnosis and treatment cumbersome. Novel approaches, better-defined phenotypes, and international, multidisciplinary consensus have contributed to progress, and it is hoped that these methods will eventually enable therapeutic intervention before the onset or major progression of disease. In the future, preemptive strategies for IIM management might be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick W Miller
- Environmental Autoimmunity Group, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Janine A Lamb
- Centre for Epidemiology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Jens Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
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13
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Abstract
Histopathological analyses of muscle specimens from myositis patients indicate that skeletal muscle cells play an active role in the interaction with immune cells. Research over the last few decades has shown that skeletal muscle cells exhibit immunobiological properties that perfectly define them as non-professional antigen presenting cells. They are able to present antigens via major histocompatibility complex molecules, exhibit costimulatory molecules and secrete soluble molecules that actively shape the immune response in an either pro- or anti-inflammatory manner. Skeletal muscle cells regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses and are essentially involved in the pathophysiological processes of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Understanding the role of skeletal muscle cells might help to identify new therapeutic targets for these devastating diseases. This review summarizes the immunobiological features of skeletal muscle cells, especially in the context of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, and discusses shortcomings and limitations in skeletal muscle related research providing potential perspectives to overcome them in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Maisam Afzali
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany
| | | | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany.
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14
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Afzali AM, Ruck T, Wiendl H, Meuth SG. Animal models in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: How to overcome a translational roadblock? Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:478-494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Munters LA, Loell I, Ossipova E, Raouf J, Dastmalchi M, Lindroos E, Chen YW, Esbjörnsson M, Korotkova M, Alexanderson H, Nagaraju K, Crofford LJ, Jakobsson PJ, Lundberg IE. Endurance Exercise Improves Molecular Pathways of Aerobic Metabolism in Patients With Myositis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:1738-50. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Alemo Munters
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, and Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital; Solna Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ingela Loell
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital; Solna Stockholm Sweden
| | - Elena Ossipova
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital; Solna Stockholm Sweden
| | - Joan Raouf
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital; Solna Stockholm Sweden
| | - Maryam Dastmalchi
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital; Solna Stockholm Sweden
| | - Eva Lindroos
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital; Solna Stockholm Sweden
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- George Washington University and Children's National Medical Center; Washington DC
| | - Mona Esbjörnsson
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital; Solna Stockholm Sweden
| | - Marina Korotkova
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital; Solna Stockholm Sweden
| | - Helene Alexanderson
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital; Solna Stockholm Sweden
| | - Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- George Washington University and Children's National Medical Center; Washington DC
| | | | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital; Solna Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ingrid E. Lundberg
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital; Solna Stockholm Sweden
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16
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Cell death, clearance and immunity in the skeletal muscle. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:927-37. [PMID: 26868912 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeletal muscle is an immunologically unique tissue. Leukocytes, virtually absent in physiological conditions, are quickly recruited into the tissue upon injury and persist during regeneration. Apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy coexist in the injured/regenerating muscles, including those of patients with neuromuscular disorders, such as inflammatory myopathies, dystrophies, metabolic and mitochondrial myopathies and drug-induced myopathies. Macrophages are able to alter their function in response to microenvironment conditions and as a consequence coordinate changes within the tissue from the early injury throughout regeneration and eventual healing, and regulate the activation and the function of stem cells. Early after injury, classically activated macrophages ('M1') dominate the picture. Alternatively activated M2 macrophages predominate during resolution phases and regulate the termination of the inflammatory responses. The dynamic M1/M2 transition is increasingly felt to be the key to the homeostasis of the muscle. Recognition and clearance of debris originating from damaged myofibers and from dying stem/progenitor cells, stromal cells and leukocytes are fundamental actions of macrophages. Clearance of apoptotic cells and M1/M2 transition are causally connected and represent limiting steps for muscle healing. The accumulation of apoptotic cells, which reflects their defective clearance, has been demonstrated in various tissues to prompt autoimmunity against intracellular autoantigens. In the muscle, in the presence of type I interferon, apoptotic myoblasts indeed cause the production of autoantibodies, lymphocyte infiltration and continuous cycles of muscle injury and regeneration, mimicking human inflammatory myopathies. The clearance of apoptotic cells thus modulates the homeostatic response of the skeletal muscle to injury. Conversely, defects in the process may have deleterious local effects, guiding maladaptive tissue remodeling with collagen and fat accumulation and promoting autoimmunity itself. There is strong promise for novel treatments based on new knowledge of cell death, clearance and immunity in the muscle.
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Haq SA, Tournadre A. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: from immunopathogenesis to new therapeutic targets. Int J Rheum Dis 2015; 18:818-25. [PMID: 26385431 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM) involves strong interactions between dendritic cells (DCs), activated Th1 and Th17 cells, B cells, muscle cells, genes and environment. Local maturation of DCs permit the activation and polarization of CD4+ T cells into T(H)1 and T(H)17 that play a key role in maintaining chronic muscle inflammation. T-cell mediated myocytotoxicity promotes the liberation of specific muscle autoantigens from regenerating muscle cells with production of myositis-specific autoantibodies. Type I interferon signature is a key characteristic of IIM. Type I IFN that can be induced by immune complexes containing myositis-specific autoantibodies is produced by scattered plasmacytoid DCs but also by muscle cells particularly regenerating muscle cells. These immature muscle precursors appear to be critical in the pathogenesis of IIM as they up-regulate muscle autoantigens, type I IFN, HLA class I antigens and TLR3-7, all together involved in maintaining chronic muscle inflammation. In addition to the role of immune and muscle cells, genome-wide association studies have confirmed the importance of several MHC and non-MHC genes in IIM. Environmental factors can contribute to the pathogenesis of IIM. In sIBM, distinct features suggest both degenerative and inflammatory processes. In addition to our better understanding of the pathogenesis, identify molecular pathway leads to consider new targeted therapies including cytokine inhibition, B-cell and T-cell costimulation blockade, type I IFN neutralization or inhibition of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Haq
- BSM Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anne Tournadre
- Rheumatology department CHU Clermont-Ferrand and UMR 1019 INRA/ University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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18
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Xing SS, Shen CC, Godard MP, Wang JJ, Yue YY, Yang ST, Zhao Q, Zhang SB, Wang TX, Yang XL, Delafontaine P, He Y, Song YH. Bortezomib inhibits C2C12 growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 445:375-80. [PMID: 24525132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteosome inhibitors such as bortezomib (BTZ) have been used to treat muscle wasting in animal models. However, direct effect of BTZ on skeletal muscle cells has not been reported. In the present study, our data showed that C2C12 cells exhibited a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability in response to increasing concentrations of BTZ. Consistent with the results of cell viability, Annexin V/PI analysis showed a significant increase in apoptosis after exposing the cells to BTZ for 24h. The detection of cleaved caspase-3 further confirmed apoptosis. The apoptosis induced by BTZ was associated with reduced expression of p-ERK. Cell cycle analysis revealed that C2C12 cells underwent G2/M cell cycle arrest when incubated with BTZ for 24h. Furthermore, BTZ inhibited formation of multinucleated myotubes. The inhibition of myotube formation was accompanied by decreased expression of Myogenin. Our data suggest that BTZ induces cell death and inhibits differentiation of C2C12 cells at clinically relevant doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Xing
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - C C Shen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - M P Godard
- Department of Nutrition and Kinesiology, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO 64093, USA
| | - J J Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Y Y Yue
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - S T Yang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Q Zhao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - S B Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - T X Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - X L Yang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - P Delafontaine
- Tulane University Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Y He
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Key Lab, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Y H Song
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Henriques-Pons A, Yu Q, Rayavarapu S, Cohen TV, Ampong B, Cha HJ, Jahnke V, Van der Meulen J, Wang D, Jiang W, Kandimalla ER, Agrawal S, Spurney CF, Nagaraju K. Role of Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of dystrophin-deficient skeletal and heart muscle. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:2604-17. [PMID: 24368419 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is known, the specific factors that initiate and perpetuate disease progression are not well understood. We hypothesized that leaky dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle releases endogenous danger signals (TLR ligands), which bind to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on muscle and immune cells and activate downstream processes that facilitate degeneration and regeneration in dystrophic skeletal muscle. Here, we demonstrate that dystrophin-deficient mouse muscle cells show increased expression of several cell-surface and endosomal TLRs. In vitro screening identified ssRNA as a relevant endogenous TLR7 ligand. TLR7 activation led to myd88-dependent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in dystrophin-deficient muscle cells, and cause significant degeneration/regeneration in vivo in mdx mouse muscle. Also, knockout of the central TLR adaptor protein, myd88 in mdx mice significantly improved skeletal and cardiac muscle function. Likewise, proof-of-concept experiments showed that treating young mdx mice with a TLR7/9 antagonist significantly reduced skeletal muscle inflammation and increased muscle force, suggesting that blocking this pathway may have therapeutic potential for DMD.
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