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Abstract
Of the primary vasculitis pediatricians are familiar with, Kawasaki disease and IgA vasculitis are the most common. The other large, medium and small vessel vasculitis are seldom seen in practice. Though rare, early diagnosis and appropriate management is critical for the best outcome. Primary vasculitis in the pediatric age group have several differential diagnoses which range from infections to monogenic causes such as deficiency of Adenosine Deaminase -2. Each child, therefore, needs a careful systematic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Sawhney
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Institute of Child Health, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110022, India.
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2
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Charnaya O, Kruglyakova J, Jacob B, Arend LJ. Clinicopathological characteristics of pediatric ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:2947-2957. [PMID: 38780769 PMCID: PMC11349454 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-024-06406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis and glomerulonephritis is uncommon in children. We sought to characterize the histological and clinical features of the disease and report on risk factors for adverse outcomes in a pediatric cohort. METHODS Retrospective single-center cohort of all pediatric (< 20 years) patients diagnosed with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis (AAGN) by kidney biopsy between 2002 and 2022 at Johns Hopkins University. Histological and clinical features were extracted from the medical record. Clinical, laboratory, and histological findings were analyzed to determine the association with kidney failure (KF) and/or death. RESULTS A total of 17 patients were identified (GPA n = 7, MPA = 10) with a median age of 15 years (IQR 12-17) at presentation, a slight female predominance (59%), with seven patients reaching the composite outcome of death (n = 1) or kidney failure (n = 6). There was no difference in presenting clinical symptoms or extra-renal manifestations between the two groups. Univariable Cox regression identified several factors associated with an increased hazard of endpoint including the degree of global or segmental sclerosis, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA), C3 and C1q staining, presence of subendothelial deposits, and proteinuria. Multivariable regression was not performed due to the small sample size. We saw a trend towards increased utilization of plasma exchange and a decrease in cyclophosphamide utilization in the more recent era. There was no association between treatment modality and outcome. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric AAGN is a rare disease associated with significant morbidity. We identified glomerulosclerosis and IFTA on histology, and proteinuria on initial presentation as risk factors for KF/death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Charnaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 200 N. Wolfe St., Room 3061, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Jacqueline Kruglyakova
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 200 N. Wolfe St., Room 3061, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Binil Jacob
- Medical School for International Health, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
- Mountain Area Health Education Center, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Lois J Arend
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Bloom JL, Wu EY. Update on antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody vasculitis in children. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2024:00002281-990000000-00124. [PMID: 38990100 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000001033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is often organ- or life-threatening in children and impacts them during important periods of psychosocial and physical development. This review covers recent advances in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of AAV in children and highlights the ongoing need for funding and increased research collaboration. RECENT FINDINGS Recent work has improved our understanding of AAV disease pathogenesis, potentially identifying new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Collaborative clinical studies have also highlighted the variable manifestations in children and identified potential factors associated with poorer outcomes. Consensus-based treatment guidelines are also appearing, but clinical trials are still essential to better understanding treatment efficacy and safety in children affected by AAV. New, validated outcome measures, including those that are patient-reported, will facilitate these much-needed clinical trials in pediatric AAV. SUMMARY There is a continued need for more rigorous study in pediatric AAV, however, there is certainly excitement with the increase in recent research relevant to the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Bloom
- University of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Denver, Colorado
| | - Eveline Y Wu
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy/Immunology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Mann SK, Bone JN, Bosman ES, Cabral DA, Morishita KA, Brown KL. Predictive utility of ANCA positivity and antigen specificity in the assessment of kidney disease in paediatric-onset small vessel vasculitis. RMD Open 2024; 10:e004315. [PMID: 38886004 PMCID: PMC11184192 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2024-004315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to evaluate whether anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) seropositivity and antigen specificity at diagnosis have predictive utility in paediatric-onset small vessel vasculitis. METHODS Children and adolescents with small vessel vasculitis (n=406) stratified according to the absence (n=41) or presence of ANCA for myeloperoxidase (MPO) (n=129) and proteinase-3 (PR3) (n=236) were compared for overall and kidney-specific disease activity at diagnosis and outcomes between 1 and 2 years using retrospective clinical data from the ARChiVe/Paediatric Vasculitis Initiative registry to fit generalised linear models. RESULTS Overall disease activity at diagnosis was higher in PR3-ANCA and MPO-ANCA-seropositive individuals compared with ANCA-negative vasculitis. By 1 year, there were no significant differences, based on ANCA positivity or specificity, in the likelihood of achieving inactive disease (~68%), experiencing improvement (≥87%) or acquiring damage (~58%). Similarly, and in contrast to adult-onset ANCA-associated vasculitis, there were no significant differences in the likelihood of having a relapse (~11%) between 1 and 2 years after diagnosis. Relative to PR3-ANCA, MPO-ANCA seropositivity was associated with a higher likelihood of kidney involvement (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.3 to 4.7, p=0.008) and severe kidney dysfunction (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) stages 4-5; OR 6.04, 95% CI 2.77 to 13.57, p<0.001) at onset. Nonetheless, MPO-ANCA seropositive individuals were more likely to demonstrate improvement in kidney function (improved KDIGO category) within 1 year of diagnosis than PR3-ANCA seropositive individuals with similarly severe kidney disease at onset (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest important paediatric-specific differences in the predictive value of ANCA compared with adult patients that should be considered when making treatment decisions in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simranpreet K Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey N Bone
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Else S Bosman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David A Cabral
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kimberly A Morishita
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelly L Brown
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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5
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Tan LW, Wan JL, Zhu CH, Xu H, Xia ZK, Chen LZ, Wu XC, Wang F, Liu XR, Zhao CG, Li XZ, Mao JH, Wang XW, Huang WY, Li YH, Zhang JJ, Feng SP, Yang J, Liu JJ, Gao CL, Rong LP, Shuai LJ, Xu K, Zhang HJ, Li Q, Zhang AH, Wang M. Risk factors for renal outcomes in children with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a nationwide retrospective study in China. World J Pediatr 2024; 20:506-516. [PMID: 37853276 PMCID: PMC11136751 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-023-00753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a life-threatening systemic vasculitis featured by liability to renal involvement. However, there are few studies on the risk factors and predictive models for renal outcomes of AAV in children. METHODS Data from 179 AAV children in multiple centers between January 2012 and March 2020 were collected retrospectively. The risk factors and predictive model of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in AAV were explored. RESULTS Renal involvement was the most typical manifestation (95.5%), and the crescent was the predominant pathological lesion (84.9%). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was evaluated in 114 patients, of whom 59.6% developed ESRD, and the median time to ESRD was 3.20 months. The eGFR [P = 0.006, odds ratio (OR) = 0.955, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.924-0.987] and the percentages of global glomerulosclerosis (pGGS; P = 0.018, OR = 1.060, 95% CI = 1.010-1.112) were independent risk factors for ESRD of renal biopsy. Based on the pGGS and eGFR at renal biopsy, we developed three risk grades of ESRD and one predictive model. The Kaplan‒Meier curve indicated that renal outcomes were significantly different in different risk grades (P < 0.001). Compared with serum creatinine at baseline, the predictive model had higher accuracy (0.86 versus 0.58, P < 0.001) and a lower coefficient of variation (0.07 versus 0.92) in external validation. CONCLUSIONS Renal involvement is the most common manifestation of pediatric AAV in China, of which more than half deteriorates into ESRD. The predictive model based on eGFR at renal biopsy and the pGGS may be stable and accurate in speculating the risk of ESRD in AAV children. Supplementary file 2 (MP4 18937 KB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Tan
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Rd.136, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun-Li Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Rd.136, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Hua Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Paediatric Medical Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Kun Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Zhi Chen
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
- National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Guang Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Li
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, Children Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Yan Huang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Hong Li
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Guiyang Maternal & Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Jian-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shi-Pin Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Chengdu Women and Children Central Hospital, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Paediatric Medical Center of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Lin Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Ping Rong
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan-Jun Shuai
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - He-Jia Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
- National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu Li
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Rd.136, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ai-Hua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 72 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Mo Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Zhongshan 2nd Rd.136, Chongqing, 400014, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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6
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Younger DS. Headaches and Vasculitis. Neurol Clin 2024; 42:389-432. [PMID: 38575258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Vasculitis refers to heterogeneous clinicopathologic disorders that share the histopathology of inflammation of blood vessels. Unrecognized and therefore untreated, vasculitis of the nervous system leads to pervasive injury and disability making this a disorder of paramount importance to all clinicians. Headache may be an important clue to vasculitic involvement of central nervous system (CNS) vessels. CNS vasculitis may be primary, in which only intracranial vessels are involved in the inflammatory process, or secondary to another known disorder with overlapping systemic involvement. Primary neurologic vasculitides can be diagnosed with assurance after intensive evaluation that incudes tissue confirmation whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Medicine, Section of Neuroscience, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, NY, USA.
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7
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Akbaba TH, Toor KK, Mann SK, Gibson KM, Alfaro GA, Balci-Peynircioglu B, Cabral DA, Morishita KA, Brown KL. Anti-LAMP-2 Antibody Seropositivity in Children with Primary Systemic Vasculitis Affecting Medium- and Large-Sized Vessels. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3771. [PMID: 38612581 PMCID: PMC11011342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic primary systemic vasculitis (PSV) comprises a group of heterogeneous diseases that are broadly classified by affected blood vessel size, clinical traits and the presence (or absence) of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) against proteinase 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). In small vessel vasculitis (SVV), ANCA are not present in all patients, and they are rarely detected in patients with vasculitis involving medium (MVV) and large (LVV) blood vessels. Some studies have demonstrated that lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP-2/CD107b) is a target of ANCA in SVV, but its presence and prognostic value in childhood MVV and LVV is not known. This study utilized retrospective sera and clinical data obtained from 90 children and adolescents with chronic PSV affecting small (SVV, n = 53), medium (MVV, n = 16), and large (LVV, n = 21) blood vessels. LAMP-2-ANCA were measured in time-of-diagnosis sera using a custom electrochemiluminescence assay. The threshold for seropositivity was established in a comparator cohort of patients with systemic autoinflammatory disease. The proportion of LAMP-2-ANCA-seropositive individuals and sera concentrations of LAMP-2-ANCA were assessed for associations with overall and organ-specific disease activity at diagnosis and one-year follow up. This study demonstrated a greater time-of-diagnosis prevalence and sera concentration of LAMP-2-ANCA in MVV (52.9% seropositive) and LVV (76.2%) compared to SVV (45.3%). Further, LAMP-2-ANCA-seropositive individuals had significantly lower overall, but not organ-specific, disease activity at diagnosis. This did not, however, result in a greater reduction in disease activity or the likelihood of achieving inactive disease one-year after diagnosis. The results of this study demonstrate particularly high prevalence and concentration of LAMP-2-ANCA in chronic PSV that affects large blood vessels and is seronegative for traditional ANCA. Our findings invite reconsideration of roles for autoantigens other than MPO and PR3 in pediatric vasculitis, particularly in medium- and large-sized blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayfun Hilmi Akbaba
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kirandeep K. Toor
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Women+ and Children’s Health Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Simranpreet K. Mann
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristen M. Gibson
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Banu Balci-Peynircioglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - David A. Cabral
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Kimberly A. Morishita
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Kelly L. Brown
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
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8
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Younger DS. Systemic vasculitis and headache. Curr Opin Neurol 2023; 36:631-646. [PMID: 37865837 PMCID: PMC10624412 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vasculitis refers to heterogeneous clinicopathologic disorders that share the histopathology of inflammation of blood vessels. Unrecognized and therefore untreated, vasculitis of the nervous system or so called neurovasculitides, lead to pervasive injury and disability making these disorder of paramount importance to clinicians. RECENT FINDINGS Headache is an important clue to vasculitic involvement of central nervous system (CNS) vessels. CNS vasculitis may be primary, in which only intracranial vessels are involved in the inflammatory process, or secondary to another known disorder with overlapping systemic involvement. A suspicion of vasculitis based on the history, clinical examination, or laboratory studies warrants prompt evaluation and treatment to forestall progression and avert cerebral ischemia or infarction. There has been remarkable progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of primary adult and pediatric CNS vasculitides predicated on achievements in primary systemic forms. SUMMARY Vasculitis can be diagnosed with certainty after intensive evaluation that includes tissue confirmation whenever possible. Clinicians must choose from among the available immune modulating, suppressive, and targeted immunotherapies to induce and maintain remission status and prevent relapse, tempered by the recognition of anticipated medication side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Medicine, Section of Neuroscience, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, New York, USA
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9
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Younger DS. Primary central nervous system vasculitis and headache: Ten themes. Curr Opin Neurol 2023; 36:647-658. [PMID: 37865827 PMCID: PMC10624409 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The primary central nervous system (CNS) vasculitides refers to clinicopathologic disorders that share the histopathology of inflammation of cerebral or spinal blood vessels. Unrecognized and therefore untreated, vasculitis of the CNS results in irreversible injury and disability making these disorders of paramount importance to clinicians. RECENT FINDINGS Headache is an important clue to vasculitic involvement of CNS vessels. CNS vasculitis can be primary, in which only intracranial or spinal vessels are involved in the inflammatory process, or secondary to another known disorder with overlapping systemic involvement. The suspicion of vasculitis based on the history, clinical examination, and laboratory studies warrants prompt evaluation and treatment to prevent cerebral ischemia or infarction. SUMMARY Primary CNS vasculitides can be diagnosed with certainty after intensive evaluation that includes tissue confirmation whenever possible. As in its systemic counterparts, clinicians must choose from among the available immune modulating, suppressive, and targeted immunotherapies to induce and maintain remission status and prevent relapse, tempered by anticipated medication adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Medicine, Section of Neuroscience, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York; Department of Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, New York, USA
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10
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Mahi SL, Bahram S, Harambat J, Allard L, Merlin E, Belot A, Ranchin B, Tenenbaum J, Magnavacca M, Haumesser L, Allain-Launay E, Pietrement C, Flodrops H, Ruin M, Dossier C, Decramer S, Ballot-Schmitt C, Boyer OG, Seugé L, Ulinski T, Zaloszyc A. Pediatric ANCA vasculitis: clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes in a French retrospective study. Pediatr Nephrol 2023; 38:2649-2658. [PMID: 36622443 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric ANCA vasculitis is a rare group of diseases with a scarcity of data in children. Annual incidence appeared to increase in the last several years, placing higher interest in the clinical and therapeutical outcomes of the disorder. Also, the growing use of rituximab questions the latest outcomes in these diseases. We therefore conducted a retrospective study to better understand the current characteristics, management, and the latest outcomes of the disorder. METHODS We conducted a 9-year retrospective study of 46 children in 14 different centers across France to describe their clinical and laboratory presentations, therapeutic regimens, and kidney outcome. RESULTS P-ANCA appeared to be a potential marker for higher relapse risk. Compared to adults, we found that ear-nose-throat presentations were frequent (45.7%) and more severe. Despite an evolution in the treatment management, kidney outcome remained poor with a substantial proportion of chronic kidney disease (54.8% at 1 year). Mortality stays low with 3 patients (6.5%) deceased at the end of our study. CONCLUSION Clinical presentation was as previously described and time to diagnosis remains long. P-ANCA is a statistically significant marker for increased relapse risk. We observed a modification in the treatment regimens over the past several years with a growing use of rituximab and a decreasing use of cyclophosphamide. Despite these changes, kidney outcome remains poor and prospective studies should be conducted to assess the most appropriate therapeutic modality for each patient. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Louisa Mahi
- Service de Pédiatrie 1, CHU University Hospital Hautepierre, 1, Avenue Molière, 67098, Strasbourg, France
| | - Siamak Bahram
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie (HUS), ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire (INSERM UMR_S1109), CHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérôme Harambat
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rénales Rares du Sud-Ouest, CHU de Bordeux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lise Allard
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rénales Rares du Sud-Ouest, CHU de Bordeux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Etienne Merlin
- Service de Pédiatrie Générale Multidisciplinaire, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandre Belot
- Service de Néphrologie-Rhumatologie-Dermatologie Pédiatriques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Bruno Ranchin
- Service de Néphrologie-Rhumatologie-Dermatologie Pédiatriques, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Tenenbaum
- Service de Pédiatrie, CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Hugues Flodrops
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, CHU La Réunion, La Réunion, France
| | - Mahe Ruin
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, CHU La Réunion, La Réunion, France
| | - Claire Dossier
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, CHU Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Decramer
- Service de pédiatrie - néphrologie et médecine interne, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Olivia Gillion Boyer
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laure Seugé
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Tim Ulinski
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, CHU Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Ariane Zaloszyc
- Service de Pédiatrie 1, CHU University Hospital Hautepierre, 1, Avenue Molière, 67098, Strasbourg, France.
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie (HUS), ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire (INSERM UMR_S1109), CHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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11
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Singh D, Sukumaran S. Childhood-Onset ANCA- Associated Vasculitis: single center experience from Central California. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2023; 21:66. [PMID: 37400890 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-023-00853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood-onset ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV) are characterized by necrotizing inflammation and include granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). Pediatric data is scare and there have been no prior studies examining the characteristics of pediatric AAV in Central California. METHODS This retrospective study comprised AAV patients ≤18 years of age, diagnosed between 2010 and 2021, in Central California. We analyzed initial presentation including demographics, clinical, laboratory characteristics, treatment, and initial outcomes. RESULTS Of 21 patients with AAV, 12 were categorized as MPA and 9 with GPA. Median age at diagnosis was 13.7 years in MPA cohort and 14 years in GPA. MPA cohort were majority females (92% versus 44%). 57% of the cohort were racial/ethnic minority including Hispanics (n = 9), Asians (n = 2), multiracial (n = 1) and 43% were white (n = 9). MPA patients were more frequently Hispanic (67%), meanwhile GPA patients were frequently white (78%). Median duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis was 14 days in MPA cohort and 21 days in GPA cohort. Renal involvement was frequent (100% in MPA and 78% in GPA). GPA cohort had frequent ear, nose and throat (ENT) involvement (89%). All patients were ANCA positive. All Hispanic patients were MPO positive, meanwhile 89% of white patients were PR3 positive. MPA cohort tended towards more severe disease with 67% requiring ICU admission and 50% requiring dialysis. Two deaths were reported in MPA cohort, related to Aspergillus pneumonia and pulmonary hemorrhage. In MPA cohort, 42% received cyclophosphamide in combination with steroids and 42% received rituximab in combination with steroids. GPA patients received cyclophosphamide, either with steroids alone (78%) or in combination with steroids and rituximab (22%). CONCLUSIONS Microscopic polyangiitis was the most frequent AAV subtype with female preponderance, shorter duration of symptoms at onset and higher proportion of racial/ ethnic minority patients. Hispanic children demonstrated frequent MPO positivity. Trends towards higher rates of ICU requirement and need for dialysis upon initial presentation was noted in MPA. Patients with MPA received rituximab more frequently. Future prospective studies are needed to understand differences in presentation and outcomes in childhood onset AAV between diverse racial-ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Valley Children's Healthcare, Madera, CA, USA.
| | - Sukesh Sukumaran
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Valley Children's Healthcare, Madera, CA, USA
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12
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Avcı B, Kurt T, Aydın F, Çelikel E, Tekin ZE, Sezer M, Tekgöz N, Karagöl C, Coşkun S, Kaplan MM, Bayrakçı US, Acar B. Association of Pediatric Vasculitis Activity Score with immunoglobulin A vasculitis with nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2023; 38:763-770. [PMID: 35895124 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin A vasculitis with nephritis (IgAVN) is the most serious complication affecting long-term prognosis. Understanding the risk factors and markers for the development of IgAVN is essential. The aim of this study is to identify IgAVN-associated factors and to evaluate the usability of Pediatric Vasculitis Activity Score (PVAS) at diagnosis as an early marker for the development of IgAVN. METHODS We conducted a retrospective case-control study of 314 patients divided into two groups: those with nephritis (IgAVN) and without nephritis (non-IgAVN). The groups were compared in terms of clinical symptoms, laboratory values, and PVAS values. RESULTS In total, 18.5% of the patients had IgAVN; they were older than the non-IgAVN patients (median age was 8.8, p < 0.05). Arthritis/arthralgia, abdominal pain, and intestinal bleeding were more common, systolic and diastolic BP were higher in IgAVN (p < 0.05). CRP, serum creatinine, and urine protein/Cr, PVAS were higher, while serum albumin was lower in IgAVN (p < 0.05). The receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed that IgAV patients with a determined cut-off PVAS value greater than 3 had 70.7% sensitivity in predicting whether or not they would develop IgAVN. Logistic regression analysis found that PVAS > 3 and low serum albumin at the time of diagnosis were independent risk factors for IgAVN. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that PVAS > 3 at diagnosis is an independent predictor of IgAVN. Patients with PVAS > 3 should be followed more closely to ensure early diagnosis and management of IgAVN. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Avcı
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Başkent University Faculty of Medicine, M.D., Gazi Paşa Mah. Baraj Cad. No:7, Seyhan, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Tuba Kurt
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Aydın
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Çelikel
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zahide Ekinci Tekin
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Müge Sezer
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilüfer Tekgöz
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cüneyt Karagöl
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serkan Coşkun
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melike Mehveş Kaplan
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Selda Bayrakçı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Acar
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Bernardi S, Seugé L, Boyer O. ANCA-associated vasculitis in children. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:66-69. [PMID: 36166356 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bernardi
- School of Nephrology, Università degli Studi di Milano, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Laure Seugé
- Néphrologie pédiatrique, centre de référence MARHEA, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, APHP, Inserm U1163, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Boyer
- Néphrologie pédiatrique, centre de référence MARHEA, Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, APHP, Inserm U1163, Institut Imagine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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14
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Younger DS. Adult and childhood vasculitis. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:653-705. [PMID: 37562892 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Vasculitis refers to heterogeneous clinicopathologic disorders that share the histopathology of inflammation of blood vessels. Unrecognized and therefore untreated, vasculitis of the nervous system leads to pervasive injury and disability, making this a disorder of paramount importance to all clinicians. There has been remarkable progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of primary CNS and PNS vasculitides, predicated on achievement in primary systemic forms. Primary neurological vasculitides can be diagnosed with assurance after intensive evaluation that incudes tissue confirmation whenever possible. Clinicians must choose from among the available immune modulating, suppressive, and targeted immunotherapies to induce and maintain remission status and prevent relapse, unfortunately without the benefit of RCTs, and tempered by the recognition of anticipated medication side effects. It may be said that efforts to define a disease are attempts to understand the very concept of the disease. This has been especially evident in systemic and neurological disorders associated with vasculitis. For the past 100 years, since the first description of granulomatous angiitis of the brain, the CNS vasculitides have captured the attention of generations of clinical investigators around the globe to reach a better understanding of vasculitides involving the central and peripheral nervous system. Since that time it has become increasingly evident that this will necessitate an international collaborative effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Neuroscience, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, NY, United States.
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15
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Younger DS. Motor sequela of adult and pediatric stroke: Imminent losses and ultimate gains. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 196:305-346. [PMID: 37620077 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of neurological disability in the United States and worldwide. Remarkable advances have been made over the past 20 years in acute vascular treatments to reduce infarct size and improve neurological outcome. Substantially less progress has been made in the understanding and clinical approaches to neurological recovery after stroke. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, bedside examination, localization approaches, and classification of stroke, with an emphasis on motor stroke presentations and management, and promising research approaches to enhancing motor aspects of stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Neuroscience, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, NY, United States.
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16
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Marlais M, Wlodkowski T, Printza N, Kronsteiner D, Krisam R, Sauer L, Aksenova M, Ashoor I, Awan A, Bacchetta J, Balasubramanian R, Basu B, Bekassy Z, Boyer O, Chan EYH, Csaicsich D, Decramer S, Dorresteijn E, Drozynska-Duklas M, Eid LA, Espinosa L, Ferraris V, Flögelová H, Forero-Delgadillo J, Gianviti A, Gracchi V, González ML, Hansen M, Hattori M, Hong X, Hooman N, Ivanov D, Kang HG, Karava V, Kazyra I, Lungu A, Marks S, Maxted A, Moczulska A, Müller R, Nastausheva T, Parolin M, Pecoraro C, Principi I, Sanchez-Kazi C, Saygili S, Schild R, Shenoy M, Sinha R, Spizzirri AP, Stack M, Szczepanska M, Tsygin A, Tzeng J, Urbonas V, Zapata C, Zieg J, Schaefer F, Vivarelli M, Tullus K. Clinical Factors and Adverse Kidney Outcomes in Children With Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 2023; 81:119-122. [PMID: 35810826 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matko Marlais
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Tanja Wlodkowski
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikoleta Printza
- Paediatric Nephrology, 1st Department of Pediatrics, Hippokratio General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Regina Krisam
- Institute of Medical Biometry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Sauer
- Institute of Medical Biometry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Aksenova
- Y. Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Isa Ashoor
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Atif Awan
- Children's Hospital Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Justine Bacchetta
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Rares, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Lyon, France
| | | | - Biswanath Basu
- Department of Pediatrics, N. R. S. Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Olivia Boyer
- Pediatric Nephrology, MARHEA Reference Center, Imagine Institute, Paris University, Necker Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Dagmar Csaicsich
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Medizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stéphane Decramer
- Pediatric Nephrology and Internal Medicine, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Loai Akram Eid
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dubai Medical College & Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Laura Espinosa
- Paediatric Nephrology Department, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Hana Flögelová
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Faculty Hospital Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Valentina Gracchi
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Matthias Hansen
- KfH Kidney Center for Children and Adolescents, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Motoshi Hattori
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xu Hong
- Department of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Nakysa Hooman
- Aliasghar Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dmytro Ivanov
- Shupyk National Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Hee Gyung Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Vasiliki Karava
- Paediatric Nephrology, 1st Department of Pediatrics, Hippokratio General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ina Kazyra
- Belarus State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Adrian Lungu
- Pediatric Nephrology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stephen Marks
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Maxted
- Nottingham Children's Hospital Renal and Urology Unit, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Moczulska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rebekka Müller
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Mattia Parolin
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Woman's and Child's Health Department, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Iliana Principi
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Pediátrico Humberto J Notti, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Seha Saygili
- Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Raphael Schild
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohan Shenoy
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ana Paula Spizzirri
- Nephrology Department, Hospital de Niños "Superiora Sor Maria Ludovica," La Plata, Argentina
| | - Maria Stack
- Children's Hospital Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Szczepanska
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Science in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Alexey Tsygin
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Science in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; National Medical Research Center for Children's Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia Tzeng
- Valley Children's Healthcare, Madera, California
| | - Vaidotas Urbonas
- Vilnius University Clinic for Children's Diseases, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Carlos Zapata
- Hospital Infantil Universitario "Rafael Henao Toro," Manizales, Colombia
| | - Jakub Zieg
- Department of Paediatrics, Second Medical Faculty, Motol University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Kjell Tullus
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Yang J, Yang Y, Xu Y, Zhou L, Zhou L, Yin X, Pu J, Yang F, Liu Y, He Y, Chen Y, Yuan H, Qiu L, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Liu T, Tang J, Zhou J. Clinical and Renal Histology Findings and Different Responses to Induction Treatment Affecting the Long-Term Renal Outcomes of Children With ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: a Single-Center Cohort Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:857813. [PMID: 35493514 PMCID: PMC9047757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.857813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is relatively rare in children. This article aimed to analyze clinical and renal histology findings and different responses to induction treatment associated with the long-term renal outcomes in children with AAV in a single center. Methods All pediatric patients with AAV admitted to Tongji Hospital from January 2002 to January 2021 were included in the study. The demographic, clinical, pathological, laboratory, and treatment data and outcomes were collected and analyzed to identify predictors associated with response to induction treatment and progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Results In total, 48 children with AAV were included in this cohort; 81.25% of them were women, and 91.7% were microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). Kidney involvement was found in 45 patients (93.75%). The most common histopathological subtype was crescentic form in this cohort according to Berden's classification. In total, 34 patients (70.8%) showed eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 at the time of diagnosis. Complete and partial remission was achieved in 8 patients (16.7%) and 19 patients (39.6%), respectively, following 6-month induction treatment. Half of the patients eventually progressed to ESRD at a mean time of (13.04 ± 15.83) months after diagnosis. The independent predictors of nonremission following induction treatment and progression to ESRD were baseline eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and hypertension at diagnosis. Renal survival significantly decreased over time in patients with renal sclerotic subtypes or those with nonremission following induction treatment by Kaplan-Meier curve estimation. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that women, MPA, and crescentic subtypes are predominant in pediatric AAV in China. Initial renal failure (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2), hypertension, sclerotic pathological subtype, and nonremission following induction treatment are predictive of long-term renal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongli Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanqi Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Luowen Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoling Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinyun Pu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengjie Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yonghua He
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaxian Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiqing Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liru Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tonglin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinhui Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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Minden K, Thiel J. [Primary vasculitides in childhood and adulthood]. Z Rheumatol 2022; 81:36-44. [PMID: 34978582 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-021-01141-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary systemic vasculitides can be observed at any age. Some vasculitides occur preferentially in childhood, such as Kawasaki syndrome or immunoglobulin A (IgA) vasculitis, whereas others, such as giant cell arteritis, occur beyond the age of 50 years. Vasculitides occurring in childhood or adolescence and adulthood may have different phenotypes, different disease courses and outcomes depending on the age of manifestation. For example, those with Takayasu arteritis beginning in adolescence have different vascular involvement, a higher degree of systemic inflammation and a more aggressive course of disease than those with adult-onset disease. In contrast, IgA vasculitis is more severe in adults than in children. The causes for the age predilections and different age-dependent disease manifestations have not yet been clarified. The therapeutic principles are similar for vasculitides occurring in children or adolescents and adults. The first international evidence-based treatment recommendations are now available for juvenile vasculitides, although the evidence for certain forms of treatment is still very limited. The treatment of adult vasculitides can be guided by numerous national and international guidelines and recommendations. Many vasculitides carry a high risk of morbidity and mortality and the timely detection and treatment are therefore necessary. In this article, similarities and differences in the clinical presentations, treatment, courses and prognosis of vasculitides in children or adolescents and adults are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Minden
- Programmbereich Epidemiologie und Versorgungsforschung, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, ein Leibniz-Institut, 10117, Berlin, Deutschland.
- Klinik für Pädiatrie mit Schwerpunkt m. S. Pneumologie, Immunologie und Intensivmedizin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Jens Thiel
- Department Innere Medizin, Klinik für Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Vaskulitiszentrum Freiburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Deutschland
- Klinische Abteilung für Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin, LKH Universitätsklinikum Graz, 8036, Graz, Österreich
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19
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Wu X, Mancuso E, Armendi I, Krasinski D, Liu L, Tarsi S, Waz WR, Abdul-Aziz R, Elenberg E. Renal Involvement and Its Treatment in Pediatric Patients With Proteinase-3 Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Positive Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis: A Case Series. Cureus 2021; 13:e18197. [PMID: 34707966 PMCID: PMC8530793 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe three pediatric patients between the ages of 10 and 14 years old who were diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) between 2014 and 2019. Each case involves variations in presentation, symptomatology, diagnostics, and induction and maintenance therapy regimens. Patient 1 presented with significant renal involvement, hypertensive emergency, and focal alveolar hemorrhage, a rare presentation of GPA that causes up to 60% mortality.Patient 2 presented with minimal renal involvement and a diffuse petechial rash, which is the most common cutaneous presentation of GPA. Finally, patient 3 presented with significant renal involvement and later on with symptoms of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), a unique and rare presentation associated with GPA. Despite the heterogeneity of these cases, the similar therapy regimens used in each case successfully achieved induction and maintenance of disease remission, providing an evidentiary basis for these treatment regimens even in severe and unusual pediatric GPA cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mancuso
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Isabel Armendi
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - David Krasinski
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Shauna Tarsi
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Wayne R Waz
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Rabheh Abdul-Aziz
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Ewa Elenberg
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
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Cannon L, Wu EY. Recent Advances in Pediatric Vasculitis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2021; 47:781-796. [PMID: 34635304 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the clinical presentation and diagnosis of select pediatric primary systemic vasculitides. Important advances in understanding the pathogenesis of these rare diseases also are discussed and efforts to harmonize treatment through consensus-based guidelines and multicenter and international collaborations highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cannon
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, 2301 Erwin Road, DUMC Box 3212, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eveline Y Wu
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 030 MacNider Hall, CB #7231, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Division of Allergy/Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
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21
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Sayad E, Vogel TP, Guillerman RP, Spielberg D, McNeill DM, De Guzman M, Orman G, Silva-Carmona M. Pulmonary manifestations and outcomes in paediatric ANCA-associated vasculitis: a single-centre experience. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:3199-3208. [PMID: 33355338 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) usually involves the renal and respiratory systems, but the paediatric literature on pulmonary manifestations and outcomes is limited. We aimed to describe pulmonary manifestations and outcomes after therapy in a cohort of paediatric AAV (pAAV) patients. METHODS A retrospective chart review of all patients <19 years presenting to our institution with AAV between 1/2008 and 2/2018 was conducted. Patient demographics, clinical presentation, diagnostic testing, therapy and pulmonary outcomes over the first 3 years after presentation were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 38 patients were included; all had ANCA positivity by immunofluorescence. A total of 23 had microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), 13 had granulomatosis with polyangiitis and 2 had eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. A total of 30 (79%) had pulmonary manifestations, with cough (73%) and pulmonary haemorrhage (67%) being the most common. Abnormalities were noted in 82% of chest CT scans reviewed, with nodules and ground-glass opacities being the most common. At 6, 12 and 36 months follow-up, respectively, 61.8%, 39.4% and 29% of patients continued to show pulmonary manifestations. Five MPA patients with re-haemorrhage are described in detail. CONCLUSION MPA was more common than granulomatosis with polyangiitis, with pulmonary involvement being common in both. MPA patients had more severe pulmonary manifestations. Chest CT revealed abnormal findings in a majority of cases. A subgroup of young MPA patients experienced repeat pulmonary haemorrhage. Treatment modality and response were comparable in different subtypes of AAV, except for this young MPA group. Additional prospective studies are needed to better understand the different phenotypes of pAAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Sayad
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine.,Texas Children's Hospital
| | - Tiphanie P Vogel
- Texas Children's Hospital.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - R Paul Guillerman
- Texas Children's Hospital.,Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Spielberg
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine.,Texas Children's Hospital
| | - David Moreno McNeill
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine.,Texas Children's Hospital
| | - Marietta De Guzman
- Texas Children's Hospital.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Gunes Orman
- Texas Children's Hospital.,Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manuel Silva-Carmona
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine.,Texas Children's Hospital
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22
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Calatroni M, Consonni F, Allinovi M, Bettiol A, Jawa N, Fiasella S, Curi D, Abu Rumeileh S, Tomei L, Fortunato L, Gelain E, Gianfreda D, Oliva E, Jeannin G, Salviani C, Emmi G, Bodria M, Sinico RA, Moroni G, Ramirez GA, Bozzolo E, Tombetti E, Monti S, Bracaglia C, Marucci G, Pastore S, Esposito P, Catanoso MG, Crapella B, Montini G, Roperto R, Materassi M, Rossi GM, Badalamenti S, Yeung RS, Romagnani P, Ghiggeri GM, Noone D, Vaglio A. Prognostic Factors and Long-Term Outcome with ANCA-Associated Kidney Vasculitis in Childhood. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 16:1043-1051. [PMID: 34039568 PMCID: PMC8425616 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.19181220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES ANCA-associated vasculitis is extremely rare in children. We report the clinicopathologic features, long-term outcomes, and prognostic factors of a large pediatric cohort of patients with ANCA-associated kidney vasculitis. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS This retrospective study included 85 consecutive patients with kidney biopsy specimen-proven ANCA-associated vasculitis from tertiary referral centers in Italy and Canada. Kidney biopsy specimens were categorized as focal, crescentic, sclerotic, or mixed, according to the Berden classification. The prognostic significance of baseline clinical, laboratory, and histologic findings was analyzed with respect to kidney failure or CKD stage 3-5/kidney failure. RESULTS A total of 53 patients had microscopic polyangiitis (62%), and 32 had granulomatosis with polyangiitis (38%). Rapidly progressive GN was the most frequent presentation (39%); a third of the patients also had nephrotic-range proteinuria. Kidney biopsy specimens were classified as focal in 21% of the patients, crescentic in 51%, sclerotic in 15%, and mixed in 13%. Remission-induction therapies included cyclophosphamide in 78% of patients. A total of 25 patients (29%) reached kidney failure. The median (interquartile range) time to kidney failure or last follow-up was 35 (6-89) months in the whole cohort, and 73 (24-109) months among the patients who did not reach this outcome. Patients whose biopsy specimens showed sclerotic histology had significantly shorter kidney survival (hazard ratio, 11.80; 95% confidence interval, 2.49 to 55.99) and survival free of CKD stage 3-5 (hazard ratio, 8.88; 95% confidence interval, 2.43 to 32.48), as compared with those with focal/mixed histology. Baseline eGFR, low serum albumin, hypertension, central nervous system complications, and sclerotic histology, which reflected severe kidney involvement, were associated with both kidney failure and CKD stage 3-5/kidney failure at unadjusted analysis; no independent prognostic factors emerged at multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS Children with ANCA-associated kidney vasculitis often have aggressive presentation; a third of such children progress to kidney failure and this usually occurs early during follow-up. A severe clinical presentation is associated with the development of CKD or kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calatroni
- Nephrology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Filippo Consonni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Bettiol
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Natasha Jawa
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susanna Fiasella
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Dritan Curi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Tomei
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Fortunato
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Gelain
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Elena Oliva
- Nephrology Unit, Riuniti Hospital Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Guido Jeannin
- Nephrology Unit, Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Emmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Bodria
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Renato A. Sinico
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe A. Ramirez
- Nephrology Unit, IRCCS Ca 'Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Bozzolo
- Nephrology Unit, IRCCS Ca 'Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Tombetti
- Nephrology Unit, IRCCS Ca 'Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Monti
- Unit of Immunology, Allergy, Rheumatology and Rare Disease, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Bracaglia
- Department of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Marucci
- Department of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Pastore
- Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Esposito
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo Hospital, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria G. Catanoso
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa and Ospedale Policlinico San Martino–IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Crapella
- Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Reggio Emilia Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Montini
- Rheumatology Unit, IRCCS Reggio Emilia Hospital, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Rosa Roperto
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, IRCCS Ca 'Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Materassi
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, IRCCS Ca 'Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni M. Rossi
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio,” University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Rae S.M. Yeung
- Nephrology Unit, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Romagnani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences “Mario Serio,” University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gian M. Ghiggeri
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Damien Noone
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Augusto Vaglio
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Pediatric Translational Research Chair, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Morishita KA, Wagner-Weiner L, Yen EY, Sivaraman V, James KE, Gerstbacher D, Szymanski AM, O'Neil KM, Cabral DA. Consensus Treatment Plans for Severe Pediatric Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2021; 74:1550-1558. [PMID: 33675161 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is no standardized approach to the treatment of pediatric antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (ped-AAV). Because of the rarity of ped-AAV, randomized trials have not been feasible. The Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) developed consensus treatment plans (CTPs) for severe ped-AAV to enable the future study of comparative effectiveness and safety. METHODS A workgroup of CARRA members (rheumatologists and nephrologists) formed the AAV working group. This group performed a literature review on existing evidence-based treatments and guidelines for the management of AAV. They determined that the target population for CTP development was patients <18 years with new-onset granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis, or renal-limited AAV (eosinophilic-GPA was excluded) with presentation confined to those with severe disease i.e. organ- or life-threatening. Face-to-face consensus conferences employed nominal group techniques to identify treatment strategies for remission-induction and remission-maintenance, data elements to be systematically collected, and outcomes to be measured over time. RESULTS The ped-AAV workgroup developed two CTPs for each of the remission-induction and remission-maintenance of severe AAV. A corticosteroid-weaning regimen for induction and maintenance, a core dataset, and outcome measures were also defined. A random sample of CARRA membership voted acceptance of the CTPs for remission-induction and remission-maintenance with a 94% (75/80) and 98% (78/80) approval rate respectively. CONCLUSION Consensus methodology established standardized CTPs for treating severe ped-AAV. These CTPs were in principle accepted by CARRA-wide membership for pragmatic comparative effectiveness evaluation in a long-term registry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David A Cabral
- British Columbia's Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia
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24
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Gibson KM, Kain R, Luqmani RA, Ross CJ, Cabral DA, Brown KL. Autoantibodies Against Lysosome Associated Membrane Protein-2 (LAMP-2) in Pediatric Chronic Primary Systemic Vasculitis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624758. [PMID: 33613565 PMCID: PMC7893977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a small vessel vasculitis in adults and children that commonly affects the kidneys. Although the frequent antigenic, and presumed pathogenic, targets of ANCA in AAV are proteinase-3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), ANCA against lysosome associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP-2), a lesser known ANCA antigen that is expressed on the glomerular endothelium, are present in some adults with AAV-associated renal disease. LAMP-2-ANCA has not been assessed in children with chronic systemic vasculitis, and, if present, would be a potentially valuable biomarker given that treatment decisions for these pediatric patients at diagnosis are largely informed by kidney function. Methods A custom ELISA, using commercially available reagents, was designed to detect autoantibodies to human LAMP-2 in serum. Sera obtained from 51 pediatric patients at the time of diagnosis of chronic primary systemic vasculitis (predominantly AAV) were screened. LAMP-2-ANCA titers were evaluated for correlation with clinical metrics of disease activity (pediatric vasculitis activity score [pVAS], C-reactive protein [CRP] concentration, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]), MPO- and PR3-ANCA titers, and renal function (glomerular filtration rate [GFR], renal-specific pVAS, and serum creatinine concentration). Results LAMP-2-ANCA (>1,000 ng/ml) were detected in 35% (n = 18) of pediatric systemic vasculitis patients, of which, 10 (20% of all patients) were found to have high positive titers (>1,500 ng/ml). Undetectable or negative titres (<500 ng/ml) were identified in 12% (n = 6) of patients, those with titers between 500 and 1,000 ng/ml were considered low with unknown clinical relevance (53%, n = 27). Although LAMP-2-ANCA titers did not significantly differ between patients with AAV versus ANCA-negative vasculitis, only AAV patients had high concentrations (>1,500 ng/ml) of LAMP-2-ANCA. LAMP-2-ANCA titers did not correlate with measures of disease activity (pVAS, CRP, or ESR) at the time of diagnosis. In contrast, for patients with 12-month post diagnosis follow-up, a negative correlation was observed between the change in GFR (from diagnosis to 12-month follow-up) and LAMP-2-ANCA titer at diagnosis. Conclusions Moderate to high LAMP-2-ANCA titers were detected in 35% (18/51) of children with chronic systemic vasculitis affecting small-to-medium vessels. Although the highest concentrations of LAMP-2-ANCA in this population were observed in individuals positive for classic ANCA (MPO- or PR3-ANCA), similar to previous reports on adult patients, LAMP-2-ANCA titers do not correlate with classic ANCA titers or with overall disease activity at diagnosis. Renal disease is a common manifestation in systemic small-medium vessel vasculitis (both in adults and children, though more severe in children) and our preliminary data suggest LAMP-2-ANCA at diagnosis may be a risk factor for more severe renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Gibson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Renate Kain
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raashid A Luqmani
- Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Ross
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David A Cabral
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly L Brown
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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25
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Bouhuys M, Armbrust W, van Rheenen PF. Case Report: Systemic Small-Vessel Vasculitis in an Adolescent With Active Ulcerative Colitis. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:617312. [PMID: 33643972 PMCID: PMC7902498 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.617312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Small-vessel vasculitis (SVV) is a rare immunological disease that affects arterioles, capillaries and venules. It causes purpura, but can also manifest in other organs, including the gastrointestinal tract. SVV and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) co-occur more frequently than would be expected by chance. Case description: A 16-year-old girl, who had been diagnosed with ulcerative colitis (UC) 2 years earlier at a general hospital, developed purpura, progressive abdominal pain with frequent bloody diarrhea and frontotemporal headache and swelling while on azathioprine and mesalamine maintenance therapy. Serology was positive for perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA) without antiprotease- or myeloperoixidase antibodies. Endoscopy revealed active left-sided UC and atypical ulcerations in the ascending colon. Biopsies of these ulcerations and of affected skin revealed leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Initially this was interpreted as an extraintestinal manifestation of UC that would subside when remission was induced, consequently infliximab was started. Over the next 3 weeks she developed severe burning pain in her right lower leg that progressed to a foot drop with numbness and the purpura progressed to bullous lesions. The diagnosis was adjusted to ANCA-associated vasculitis with involvement of skin, bowel and peripheral nerves. Infliximab was discontinued and induction treatment with high-dose prednisolone and cyclophosphamide was given until remission of SVV and UC was achieved. Subsequently, infliximab induction and maintenance was re-introduced in combination with methotrexate. Remission has been maintained successfully for over 2 years now. The foot drop only partly resolved and necessitated the use of an orthosis. Conclusion: Pediatric patients with IBD who present with purpuric skin lesions and abdominal pain should be evaluated for systemic involvement of SVV, which includes endoscopic evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract. We discuss a practical approach to the diagnosis, evaluation and management of systemic SVV with a focus on prompt recognition and early aggressive therapy to improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Bouhuys
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wineke Armbrust
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Patrick F van Rheenen
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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26
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Sayad E, Vogel TP, Cortes-Santiago N, Patel KR, McNeill DM, Spielberg D, Silva-Carmona M. Lung biopsy in the diagnosis of pediatric ANCA-associated vasculitis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56:145-152. [PMID: 33146463 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate pulmonary histopathologic features in a cohort of pediatric patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) who underwent a lung biopsy as part of their evaluation. We report the safety and the findings of lung biopsies in this population. METHODS After IRB approval, we performed a retrospective chart review of all patients <18 years of age presenting to our institution with a diagnosis of pediatric AAV (pAAV) who underwent lung biopsy. We reviewed histopathologic features, serologies, the timing of biopsy, and complications. RESULTS Fourteen patients met inclusion criteria, nine patients with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and five patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). All patients had positive ANCA serology. 13/14 patients required admission on initial presentation for respiratory symptoms; 11/13 required respiratory support. The indication for biopsy was confirmation of diagnosis before initiating therapy in 11 patients (78%), part of the infectious evaluation in two (14%), and part of interstitial lung disease evaluation in one (7%). 11/14 (78%) biopsies had findings consistent with AAV diagnosis: 6/9 (67%) of the MPA patients compared with 5/5 (100%) of the GPA patients. The most common findings on histopathology were vascular inflammation and signs of alveolar hemorrhage. The only reported complication after lung biopsy was pneumothorax in four patients (28%). CONCLUSION Lung biopsy had a higher diagnostic yield in GPA compared with MPA patients. In our cohort, a diagnosis of AAV could be made with clinical features and positive serology but was confirmed by lung histopathology in the majority of cases. Obtaining a lung biopsy for diagnostic purposes in pAAV should be reserved for uncertain cases where the diagnosis cannot be confirmed clinically and with serology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Sayad
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Lebanese American University School of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Tiphanie P Vogel
- Division of Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nahir Cortes-Santiago
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kalyani R Patel
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David M McNeill
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David Spielberg
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Manuel Silva-Carmona
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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27
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Mendel A, Ennis D, Go E, Bakowsky V, Baldwin C, Benseler SM, Cabral DA, Carette S, Clements-Baker M, Clifford AH, Cohen Tervaert JW, Cox G, Dehghan N, Dipchand C, Dhindsa N, Famorca L, Fifi-Mah A, Garner S, Girard LP, Lessard C, Liang P, Noone D, Makhzoum JP, Milman N, Pineau CA, Reich HN, Rhéaume M, Robinson DB, Rumsey DG, Towheed TE, Trudeau J, Twilt M, Yacyshyn E, Yeung RSM, Barra LB, Khalidi N, Pagnoux C. CanVasc Consensus Recommendations for the Management of Antineutrophil Cytoplasm Antibody-associated Vasculitis: 2020 Update. J Rheumatol 2020; 48:555-566. [PMID: 32934123 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.200721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In 2015, the Canadian Vasculitis Research Network (CanVasc) created recommendations for the management of antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV) in Canada. The current update aims to revise existing recommendations and create additional recommendations, as needed, based on a review of new available evidence. METHODS A needs assessment survey of CanVasc members informed questions for an updated systematic literature review (publications spanning May 2014 to September 2019) using Medline, Embase, and Cochrane. New and revised recommendations were developed and categorized according to the level of evidence and strength of each recommendation. The CanVasc working group used a 2-step modified Delphi procedure to reach > 80% consensus on the inclusion, wording, and grading of each new and revised recommendation. RESULTS Eleven new and 16 revised recommendations were created and 12 original (2015) recommendations were retained. New and revised recommendations are discussed in detail within this document. Five original recommendations were removed, of which 4 were incorporated into the explanatory text. The supplementary material for practical use was revised to reflect the updated recommendations. CONCLUSION The 2020 updated recommendations provide rheumatologists, nephrologists, and other specialists caring for patients with AAV in Canada with new management guidance, based on current evidence and consensus from Canadian experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Mendel
- A. Mendel, MD, MSc, C.A. Pineau, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, McGill University, Montréal, Québec;
| | - Daniel Ennis
- D. Ennis, MD, C. Baldwin, MD, N. Dehghan, MD, N. Dhindsa, MD, Division of Rheumatology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Ellen Go
- E. Go, MD, R.S. Yeung, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Volodko Bakowsky
- V. Bakowsky, MD, Division of Rheumatology, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Corisande Baldwin
- D. Ennis, MD, C. Baldwin, MD, N. Dehghan, MD, N. Dhindsa, MD, Division of Rheumatology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Susanne M Benseler
- S.M. Benseler, MD, PhD, M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - David A Cabral
- D.A. Cabral, MBBS, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Simon Carette
- S. Carette, MD, MPhil, C. Pagnoux, MD, MSc, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Marie Clements-Baker
- M. Clements-Baker, MD, T.E. Towheed, MD, MS, Division of Rheumatology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
| | - Alison H Clifford
- A.H. Clifford, MD, J.W. Cohen Tervaert, MD, PhD, E. Yacyshyn, MD, Division of Rheumatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Jan Willem Cohen Tervaert
- A.H. Clifford, MD, J.W. Cohen Tervaert, MD, PhD, E. Yacyshyn, MD, Division of Rheumatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Gerard Cox
- G. Cox, MB, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - Natasha Dehghan
- D. Ennis, MD, C. Baldwin, MD, N. Dehghan, MD, N. Dhindsa, MD, Division of Rheumatology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Christine Dipchand
- C. Dipchand, MD, MSc, Division of Nephrology, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia
| | - Navjot Dhindsa
- D. Ennis, MD, C. Baldwin, MD, N. Dehghan, MD, N. Dhindsa, MD, Division of Rheumatology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Leilani Famorca
- L. Famorca, MD, S. Garner, MD, MSc, N. Khalidi, MD, Division of Rheumatology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - Aurore Fifi-Mah
- A. Fifi-Mah, MD, Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Stephanie Garner
- L. Famorca, MD, S. Garner, MD, MSc, N. Khalidi, MD, Division of Rheumatology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - Louis-Philippe Girard
- L.P. Girard, MD, MSc, Division of Nephrology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Clode Lessard
- C. Lessard, MD, Centre de Recherche Musculo-Squelettique, Trois-Rivières, Québec
| | - Patrick Liang
- P. Liang, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec
| | - Damien Noone
- D. Noone, MB, BCh, BAO, MSc, Division of Nephrology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Jean-Paul Makhzoum
- J.P. Makhzoum, MD, M. Rhéaume, MD, Division of Internal Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
| | - Nataliya Milman
- N. Milman, MD, MSc, Division of Rheumatology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Christian A Pineau
- A. Mendel, MD, MSc, C.A. Pineau, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, McGill University, Montréal, Québec
| | - Heather N Reich
- H.N. Reich, MD, PhD, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Maxime Rhéaume
- J.P. Makhzoum, MD, M. Rhéaume, MD, Division of Internal Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec
| | - David B Robinson
- D.B. Robinson, MD, MSc, Section of Rheumatology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
| | - Dax G Rumsey
- D.G. Rumsey, MD, MSc, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Tanveer E Towheed
- M. Clements-Baker, MD, T.E. Towheed, MD, MS, Division of Rheumatology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario
| | - Judith Trudeau
- J. Trudeau, MD, Division of Rheumatology, CISSS Chaudière-Appalaches, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec
| | - Marinka Twilt
- S.M. Benseler, MD, PhD, M. Twilt, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Elaine Yacyshyn
- A.H. Clifford, MD, J.W. Cohen Tervaert, MD, PhD, E. Yacyshyn, MD, Division of Rheumatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Rae S M Yeung
- E. Go, MD, R.S. Yeung, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
| | - Lillian B Barra
- L.B. Barra, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nader Khalidi
- L. Famorca, MD, S. Garner, MD, MSc, N. Khalidi, MD, Division of Rheumatology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario
| | - Christian Pagnoux
- S. Carette, MD, MPhil, C. Pagnoux, MD, MSc, MPH, Division of Rheumatology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
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Bewegungsstörungen bei chronischen Erkrankungen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-020-00931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Jariwala M, Laxer RM. Childhood GPA, EGPA, and MPA. Clin Immunol 2020; 211:108325. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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Cheng DR, Silverman ED, Cho R. Coughing up clues: 16-year-old girl with acute haemoptysis. BMJ Case Rep 2020; 13:13/1/e233251. [PMID: 31919069 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-233251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 16-year-old previously well girl presented with bilateral painful lower leg swelling and non-pruritic blanching rash across her torso and upper and lower limbs. These symptoms started after commencing amoxicillin for presumed tonsillitis. She was diagnosed with serum sickness-like illness and started on non-steroidal agents. The rash and painful leg swelling improved over the next 48 hours. However, she subsequently developed fevers, cough and new-onset haemoptysis.She continued to deteriorate with increasing amounts of haemoptysis, work of breathing and escalating respiratory support requirements. Serial chest radiographs showed worsening lung consolidation and enlarging pleural effusion. A CT chest revealed extensive bilateral lung consolidation, most likely pulmonary haemorrhage. Subsequent investigations showed positive classic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, confirming the diagnosis of granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl R Cheng
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Earl D Silverman
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romy Cho
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Batu ED, Ozen S. Measuring Vasculitis with Numbers: Outcome Scores. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2019; 16:21-28. [PMID: 31804163 DOI: 10.2174/1573397115666191126093927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary Systemic Vasculitides (PSV) are a heterogeneous group of diseases. Outcome scores are important to evaluate vasculitis patients in a more structured and standard way and these help physicians to predict patients with poor prognosis or high risk of relapse. Furthermore, we need reliable outcome measures for clinical trials. There are a number of vasculitis outcome scores available in the clinical practice with different strengths and limitations. These are mainly measures of disease activity, disease damage, response to treatment and quality of life. Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) and its pediatric version aim to evaluate a wide scope of PSV. On the other hand, some outcome studies have focused on a single vasculitis type since the whole group includes different diseases with heterogeneous clinical features. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on outcome measures currently being used in the evaluation of patients with PSV. We mainly focus on immunoglobulin A vasculitis/Henochschönlein purpura, Kawasaki disease, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, polyarteritis nodosa, Takayasu arteritis and Behçet's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Deniz Batu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seza Ozen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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32
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Childhood- Versus Adult-Onset Primary Vasculitides: Are They Part of the Same Clinical Spectrum? Curr Rheumatol Rep 2019; 21:51. [PMID: 31468248 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-019-0851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Most of the primary vasculitis in children and adults has different clinical manifestations for the same disease, which suggests that they might not be part of the same clinical spectrum and requires a different approach in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality of these patients. In this work, we review the most recent literature and the most important studies that describe and compare adult and children primary vasculitides pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and treatment approach. Accordingly, we discuss recent research involving clinical trials, comparison studies, and pathogeny for these vasculitides. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical manifestations in the different primary vasculitis change in predominance from adults to children. There is a female sex predominance for the ANCA vasculitides in children compared with adults, but the same treatment works in most cases for both groups. Identifying the diverse clinical spectrum in both adults and children primary vasculitides will reduce the need to extrapolate the diagnostic criteria from one group to another and individualize it, which will allow the clinician to establish a better approach.
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Abstract
The systemic vasculitides are heterogeneous clinicopathologic disorders that share the common feature of vascular inflammation. The resulting disorder can vary depending on involvement of specific organs, caliber of blood vessels, the underlying inflammatory process, and individual host factors. The cumulative result is diminished blood flow, vascular alterations, and eventual occlusion with variable ischemia, necrosis, and tissue damage. An international revised nomenclature system provides the necessary nosology and findings relevant to classify each of the vasculitides. This article is an introduction and overview of the clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, laboratory evaluation, and treatment of systemic and nervous system vasculitides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Epidemiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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34
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Swain CA, Sherry TR, Tyson N. Childhood-Onset Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis with a Vulvar Granuloma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2019; 32:425-428. [PMID: 30904627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare multisystem necrotizing vasculitis associated with eosinophilia and extravascular granuloma and classically involving the upper and lower airways. There have only been a few reported cases of gynecologic involvement in EGPA. CASE We present an 8-year-old girl diagnosed with EGPA with a vulvar granuloma in what is, to our knowledge, the first reported pediatric gynecologic manifestation of EGPA. Interestingly, the vulvar granuloma did not respond to initial immunosuppressant treatment with prednisone and methotrexate and required treatment regimen modification with mycophenolate mofetil resulting in granuloma resolution. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION EGPA in the pediatric population has a relatively high mortality rate compared with in the adult population thus it is important that vulvar granulomas associated with EGPA should be included in the differential diagnosis of a vulvar mass allowing for the prompt diagnosis and treatment of this potentially fatal disease in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste A Swain
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaiser Permanente, Roseville, California; Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy R Sherry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaiser Permanente, Roseville, California; Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nichole Tyson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaiser Permanente, Roseville, California.
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35
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Hirano D, Ishikawa T, Inaba A, Sato M, Shinozaki T, Iijima K, Ito S. Epidemiology and clinical features of childhood-onset anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: a clinicopathological analysis. Pediatr Nephrol 2019; 34:1425-1433. [PMID: 31076873 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to determine the clinical features and outcomes of childhood-onset anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), particularly microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). METHODS A retrospective Japanese multicenter study was performed in patients diagnosed with AAV before 16 years of age. RESULTS Of 49 patients with AAV, 36 were female. The diagnoses were as follows: MPA (n = 38, 78%), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA; n = 9, 18%), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA; n = 1, 2%), and other (n = 1, 2%). The median age at onset was 10.7 years, and median time to diagnosis was 2.0 months. Twenty-seven (55%) patients were identified through a school urinary screening program. Initial symptoms included fever and fatigue (45%), and renal (71%), pulmonary (29%), ocular (20%), and mucocutaneous involvement (22%). Although 27 (55%) patients achieved remission and none had died at the last follow-up, at least one recurrence occurred in 13 (48%) patients after a median of 48 months and was more common in patients with GPA (P < 0.01). After a median follow-up of 43 months, seven (14%) patients (all with MPA) progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). CONCLUSIONS Childhood-onset AAV has an estimated prevalence of 3.41-4.28 per million children and is characterized by female predominance and high frequency of detection in school urinary screening programs. More than 10% of patients with childhood-onset AAV still progress to ESRD without achieving remission. Histological chronicity is a factor associated with ESRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daishi Hirano
- Department of Pediatrics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Aya Inaba
- Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mai Sato
- Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shinozaki
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
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36
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Lee JJY, Alsaleem A, Chiang GPK, Limenis E, Sontichai W, Yeung RSM, Akikusa J, Laxer RM. Hallmark trials in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) for the pediatric rheumatologist. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2019; 17:31. [PMID: 31242923 PMCID: PMC6595671 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-019-0343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) refers to a complex group of systemic vasculitides that are characterized by primary small-to-medium sized blood vessel inflammation with the presence of autoantibodies known as ANCA. AAV diseases include Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA), Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA), and Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA). AAVs are challenging conditions associated with high cumulative disease and treatment related morbidity and mortality. Given its rarity and the resulting paucity of pediatric-specific clinical trial evidence, pediatric rheumatologists have had to often extrapolate from adult literature for management and therapeutic decisions. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the important findings and overall conclusions of critical landmark clinical trials in the induction and maintenance treatments in adult AAV for the pediatric rheumatologist. This review also highlights the outcomes of recent pediatric AAV observational studies and discusses the future research priorities in pediatric AAV management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Y. Lee
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Alhanouf Alsaleem
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Grace P. K. Chiang
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada ,0000 0004 1772 5868grid.413608.8Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, HKSAR, Tai Po, Hong Kong
| | - Elizaveta Limenis
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Watchareewan Sontichai
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada ,0000 0000 9039 7662grid.7132.7Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rae S. M. Yeung
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Jonathan Akikusa
- 0000 0004 0614 0346grid.416107.5Department of Rheumatology, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ronald M. Laxer
- 0000 0004 0473 9646grid.42327.30Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8 Canada
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Abstract
The vasculitides are diseases characterized by inflammation of blood vessels and inflammatory leukocytes in vessel walls. There is an increased propensity for ischemic stroke, resulting from compromise of vessel lumina with distal tissue ischemia; and hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic stroke, and aneurysmal formation and bleeding, due to loss of vessel integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Epidemiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Granulomatous inflammation, the prototypical histopathology of adult and childhood vasculitis, is characterized by inflammation of blood vessels accompanied by giant cells and epithelioid cells in the walls of cerebral vessels ranging from small leptomeningeal veins to large named cerebral arteries. Headache, hemiparesis, mental changes, abnormal cerebrospinal fluid protein content, and pleocytosis are suggestive features that warrant brain and leptomeningeal biopsy to make the diagnosis certain and begin cytotoxic therapy to improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Epidemiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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40
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Abstract
The diagnosis of primary central and peripheral nerve vasculitides should be established with certainty if suspected before commencing potent immunosuppressive therapy. The aim of induction therapy is to rapidly control the underlying inflammatory response and stabilize the blood-brain and blood-nerve barriers, followed by maintenance immunosuppression tailored to the likeliest humoral and cell-mediated autoimmune inflammatory vasculitic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Epidemiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; School of Public Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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41
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Panupattanapong S, Stwalley DL, White AJ, Olsen MA, French AR, Hartman ME. Epidemiology and Outcomes of Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis in Pediatric and Working-Age Adult Populations In the United States: Analysis of a Large National Claims Database. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:2067-2076. [PMID: 29806148 PMCID: PMC6258356 DOI: 10.1002/art.40577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence and prevalence of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) in the US is not well characterized. Owing to its rarity, outcomes data in pediatric-onset GPA are also lacking. The aims of this study were to describe the epidemiology of GPA and outcomes in GPA patients in the US, and to compare outcomes between pediatric and working-age adult patients. METHODS A retrospective cohort study using the 2006-2014 Truven Health Analytics MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database was conducted. The incidence and prevalence rates of pediatric and adult GPA (age <65 years) were calculated. Outcomes among the 2 age groups were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 5,562 cases of GPA were identified, of which 214 (3.8%) were pediatric onset and 5,348 (96.2%) were adult onset. The incidence rate of pediatric-onset GPA was 1.8 cases per 1 million person-years, compared to 12.8 cases per 1 million person-years in working-age adults. There was a slight female preponderance in both groups (63% and 53% among pediatric and adult GPA patients, respectively). Rates of hospitalization and severe infections were high in both children and working-age adults, but children had more frequent hospitalizations (rate ratio [RR] 1.3 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.1-1.4]) and 2-3-times higher rates of leukopenia (RR 2.6 [95% CI 1.5-4.3]), neutropenia (RR 2.2 [95% CI 1.2-4.0]), and hypogammaglobulinemia (RR 3.7 [95% CI 2.0-6.4]). Time-to-event analyses showed no differences in the time to hospitalization, severe infection, major relapse, or end-stage renal disease. CONCLUSION This study represents the largest cohort of GPA reported to date. Pediatric GPA patients experienced more frequent hospitalizations and were more vulnerable to hematologic complications than non-elderly adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew J. White
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Margaret A. Olsen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery
| | | | - Mary E. Hartman
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
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42
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Abstract
"Resistant" Kawasaki disease is defined by the American Heart Association as failure to respond within 36 h following the first dose of intravenous immunoglobulin. The optimal management of resistant Kawasaki disease remains uncertain, the outcomes are potentially serious, and the cost of some treatments is considerable. We review the current evidence to guide treatment of resistant Kawasaki disease. Given the relative rarity, there are few trial data, and studies tend to be small and methodologically heterogeneous, making interpretation difficult and limiting generalisability. The literature on resistant Kawasaki disease should be interpreted with reference to current expert consensus guidelines.
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43
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Jariwala MP, Laxer RM. Primary Vasculitis in Childhood: GPA and MPA in Childhood. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:226. [PMID: 30167431 PMCID: PMC6107029 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood onset anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV) is a rare group of primary systemic vasculitides affecting medium and small blood vessels. AAV includes granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), and renal limited ANCA vasculitis. These disorders are associated with severe clinical manifestations, frequent relapses and a high cumulative morbidity, and often present with multisystem involvement. Renal involvement is common in the pediatric age group, characterized by pauci-immune necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis which frequently progresses to chronic kidney disease in adulthood. ANCAs against proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA) or myeloperoxidase (MPO) (MPO-ANCA) remain the hallmark of AAV and are integral to the disease pathogenesis. Newer understanding of neutrophil extracellular traps and complement activation have provided better insights into disease pathogenesis. A pediatric vasculitis working group has developed and validated childhood vasculitis classification criteria and disease activity and damage scores. No specific pediatric treatment recommendations exist due to rare nature of the illness in pediatric population. Smaller case series have been published on the efficacy of adult treatment regimens in pediatric patients. The prognosis often remains guarded with frequent relapses and a high cumulative morbidity. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review on pediatric AAV with a focus on recent observations regarding epidemiology, disease pathogenesis, treatment, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehul P Jariwala
- Saskatoon Health Region, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Royal University Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ronald M Laxer
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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44
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Sag E, Batu ED, Ozen S. Childhood systemic vasculitis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2017; 31:558-575. [PMID: 29773273 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Vasculitides are characterized by inflammation of the vessel wall. Most of the vasculitides tend to occur in vessels of a specific size and certain target organs. In this review, we discuss each specific childhood vasculitis according to the latest Chapel Hill Consensus Conference 2012 nomenclature system and the Ankara 2008 classification criteria. We have also reviewed the clinical and laboratory characteristics and the recent treatment recommendations for the vasculitides we encounter in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Sag
- Hacettepe University, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Deniz Batu
- Hacettepe University, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Turkey
| | - Seza Ozen
- Hacettepe University, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Turkey.
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45
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Iudici M, Pagnoux C, Quartier P, Büchler M, Cevallos R, Cohen P, de Moreuil C, Guilpain P, Le Quellec A, Serratrice J, Terrier B, Guillevin L, Mouthon L, Puéchal X. Childhood- versus adult-onset ANCA-associated vasculitides: A nested, matched case-control study from the French Vasculitis Study Group Registry. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 17:108-114. [PMID: 29180123 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate differences between childhood-onset ANCA-associated vasculitides (cAAVs) and matched adult-onset controls (aAAVs). METHODS cAAV clinical pictures at onset and outcomes were compared to a randomly selected sample of aAAV patients from the French Vasculitis Study Group Registry. Cases and controls were matched for AAV (granulomatosis with polyangiitis [GPA], microscopic polyangiitis [MPA] or eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis [EGPA]), sex and year of enrollment. Medications, disease activity and damage were prospectively recorded. Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test were used to analyze case-vs.-control differences for predefined outcomes. RESULTS Comparing 35 cAAVs (25 GPA, 4 MPA, 6 EGPA) to 151 aAAVs (106 GPA, 17 MPA, 28 EGPA), their respective median follow-up durations were 71 and 64months (P=0.49), and, at baseline, children had less frequent myalgias (P=0.005) and peripheral neuropathy (P<0.001) but were more frequently febrile (P<0.05). Rates of renal involvement were comparable (13 [37%] cAAVs vs. 73 [48%] aAAVs; P=0.31). Initial GPA-associated ischemic abdominal pain and nasal cartilage damage were more common in cAAVs than aAAVs (P<0.05). During follow-up, the cAAV relapse rate was higher (24.5 vs. 18.7 flares per 100 patient-years; P<0.05) and, at last visit, cases had accumulated more damage, mostly ear, nose & throat sequelae (P=0.001), associated with longer maintenance therapy (P=0.03), than aAAV controls. Four (11.4%) cAAV and 13 (8.6%) aAAV patients died (P=0.53). CONCLUSION cAAVs are severe diseases, characterized by a higher relapse rate, more accrued damage and longer maintenance therapy than for aAAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Iudici
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Christian Pagnoux
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Pierre Quartier
- Paris-Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Pediatric Immunology-Hematology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Cohen
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin Terrier
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Guillevin
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Luc Mouthon
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Puéchal
- National Referral Center for Rare Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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Abstract
Unique challenges exist in the diagnosis and treatment of glomerular diseases with their onset during childhood. Mounting evidence supports the notion that earlier onset cases occur due to larger numbers of genetic risk alleles. Nearly all causes of adult-onset glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and thrombotic microangiopathy have also been described in children, although the prevalence of specific causes differs. Postinfectious glomerulonephritis, Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis, and minimal change disease remain the most common causes of glomerular disease in younger children in the United States and can be diagnosed clinically without need for biopsy. IgA nephropathy is the most common pediatric glomerular disease diagnosed by kidney biopsy and is considered the most common chronic glomerulopathy worldwide. In both developing and developed countries, there is a strong relationship between infectious diseases and nephritis onset or relapse. Although research has led to a better understanding of how to classify and manage glomerular diseases in children, the need for disease-specific biomarkers of activity and chronicity remains a hurdle. The strength of the immune system and the growth and maturation that occurs during adolescence are unique and require age-specific approaches to disease management.
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Morishita KA, Tiller G, Cabral DA. Therapeutic Management of Pediatric Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN RHEUMATOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40674-017-0077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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