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Chen X, Chen H, Fraser Stoddart J. The Story of the Little Blue Box: A Tribute to Siegfried Hünig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211387. [PMID: 36131604 PMCID: PMC10099103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), also known as the little blue box, constitutes a modular receptor that has facilitated the discovery of many host-guest complexes and mechanically interlocked molecules during the past 35 years. Its versatility in binding small π-donors in its tetracationic state, as well as forming trisradical tricationic complexes with viologen radical cations in its doubly reduced bisradical dicationic state, renders it valuable for the construction of various stimuli-responsive materials. Since the first reports in 1988, the little blue box has been featured in over 500 publications in the literature. All this research activity would not have been possible without the seminal contributions carried out by Siegfried Hünig, who not only pioneered the syntheses of viologen-containing cyclophanes, but also revealed their rich redox chemistry in addition to their ability to undergo intramolecular π-dimerization. This Review describes how his pioneering research led to the design and synthesis of the little blue box, and how this redox-active host evolved into the key component of molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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2
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Jensen M, Kristensen R, Andersen SS, Bendixen D, Jeppesen JO. Probing the Electrostatic Barrier of Tetrathiafulvalene Dications using a Tetra-stable Donor-Acceptor [2]Rotaxane. Chemistry 2020; 26:6165-6175. [PMID: 32049376 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A tetra-stable donor-acceptor [2]rotaxane 1⋅4PF6 has been synthesized. The dumbbell component is comprised of an oxyphenylene (OP), a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), a monopyrrolo-TTF (MPTTF), and a hydroquinone (HQ) unit, which can act as recognition sites (stations) for the tetra-cationic cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT4+ ). The TTF and the MPTTF stations are located in the middle of the dumbbell component and are connected by a triethylene glycol (TEG) chain in such a way that the pyrrole moiety of the MPTTF station points toward the TTF station, while the TTF and MPTTF stations are flanked by the OP and HQ stations on their left hand side and right hand side, respectively. The [2]rotaxane was characterized in solution by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The spectroscopic data revealed that the majority (77 %) of the tetra-stable [2]rotaxane 14+ exist as the translational isomer 1⋅MPTTF4+ in which the CBPQT4+ ring encircles the MPTTF station. The electrochemical studies showed that CBPQT4+ in 1⋅MPTTF4+ undergoes ring translation as result of electrostatic repulsion from the oxidized MPTTF unit. Following tetra-oxidation of 1⋅MPTTF4+ , a high-energy state of 18+ was obtained (i.e., 1⋅TEG8+ ) in which the CBPQT4+ ring was located on the TEG linker connecting the di-oxidized TTF2+ and MPTTF2+ units. 1 H NMR spectroscopy carried out in CD3 CN at 298 K on a chemically oxidized sample of 1⋅MPTTF4+ revealed that the metastable state 1⋅TEG8+ is only short-lived with a lifetime of a few minutes and it was found that 70 % of the positively charged CBPQT4+ ring moved from 1⋅TEG8+ to the HQ station, while 30 % moved to the much weaker OP station. These results clearly demonstrate that the CBPQT4+ ring can cross both an MPTTF2+ and a TTF2+ electrostatic barrier and that the free energy of activation required to cross MPTTF2+ is ca. 0.5 kcal mol-1 smaller as compared to TTF2+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Jensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Rikke Kristensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sissel S Andersen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Dan Bendixen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jan O Jeppesen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
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3
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Zhang YC, Qin Y, Wang H, Zhang DW, Yang G, Li ZT. Bipyridinium Polymers That Dock Tetrathiafulvalene Guests in Water Driven by Donor-Acceptor and Ion Pair Interactions. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:1065-70. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ying Qin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Guanyu Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); Fudan University; 220 Handan Road Shanghai 200433 China
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4
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Sun J, Wu Y, Wang Y, Liu Z, Cheng C, Hartlieb KJ, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. An Electrochromic Tristable Molecular Switch. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13484-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junling Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yilei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chuyang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karel J. Hartlieb
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Talotta C, De Simone NA, Gaeta C, Neri P. Calix[6]arene Threading with Weakly Interacting Tertiary Ammonium Axles: Generation of Chiral Pseudorotaxane Architectures. Org Lett 2015; 17:1006-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Talotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e
Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Nicola Alessandro De Simone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e
Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Carmine Gaeta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e
Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Placido Neri
- Dipartimento di Chimica e
Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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7
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Nasybullina GR, Yanilkin VV, Ziganshina AY, Morozov VI, Sultanova ED, Korshin DE, Milyukov VA, Shekurov RP, Konovalov AI. Electrochemical control of association and deposition of tetraviologen calix[4]resorcin. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193514080096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Meng Z, Chen CF. Highly efficient synthesis of a tristable molecular shuttle and its controlled motion under chemical stimuli. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:6937-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01283f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Durot S, Heitz V, Sour A, Sauvage JP. Transition-Metal-Complexed Catenanes and Rotaxanes: From Dynamic Systems to Functional Molecular Machines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 354:35-70. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ciao
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia and NANO_MATES Research Center, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Carmen Talotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia and NANO_MATES Research Center, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Carmine Gaeta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia and NANO_MATES Research Center, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
| | - Placido Neri
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia and NANO_MATES Research Center, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
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11
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Electrodriven molecular system based on tetraviologen calix[4]resorcine and dianion 1,5-bis(n-sulfonatophenyl)-3,7-diphenyl-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Gaeta C, Talotta C, Margarucci L, Casapullo A, Neri P. Through-the-annulus threading of the larger calix[8]arene macrocycle. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7627-38. [PMID: 23834296 DOI: 10.1021/jo401206j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A complete study of the through-the-annulus threading of the larger calix[8]arene macrocycle with di-n-alkylammonium cations has been performed in the presence of the "superweak" TFPB counterion. Thus, it was found that such threading occurs only upon partial preorganization of the calix[8]arene macroring by intramolecular bridging. In particular, 1,5-bridged calix[8]arenes with a meta- or para-xylylene bridge (2 and 3) gave pseudo[2]rotaxanes in which one dialkylammonium axle (4a-4e(+)) was threaded into one of the two subcavities of the calix[8]-wheel. Conformational studies by using chemical shift surface maps and DFT calculations evidenced a 3/4-cone geometry for these subcavities. Higher pseudorotaxane K(ass) values were obtained for calix[8]-wheels 2 and 3, with respect to calix[6]-host 1a, due to the cooperative effect of their two subcavities. Dynamic NMR studies on calix[8]-pseudorotaxanes evidenced a direct correlation between K(ass) (and ΔG(ass)) values and energy barriers for calix inversion due to the effectiveness of thread templation. In accordance with DFT calculations, an endo-alkyl preference, over the endo-benzyl one, was observed by threading calix[8]-wheel 3 with the directional n-butylbenzylammonium axle 4d(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Gaeta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
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13
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Kuwabara T, Guo H, Okubo T, Orii H, Sugiyama K, Miyajima N, Suzuki Y. Synthesis and intramolecular charge transfer of bipyridinium–crown ether conjugates in response to alkali metal ions. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Gaeta C, Talotta C, Mirra S, Margarucci L, Casapullo A, Neri P. Catenation of calixarene annulus. Org Lett 2012; 15:116-9. [PMID: 23286391 DOI: 10.1021/ol303142c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Through-the-annulus-catenated calixarenes have been obtained, for the first time, by exploiting the "superweak anion" approach that allows the threading of the calix cavity with functionalized dialkylammonium axles. In addition, the first example of a stereoprogrammed synthesis of a catenane orientational isomer (an oriented calix[2]catenane) has been obtained, after macrocyclization, by using a directional alkylbenzylammonium axle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Gaeta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia and NANO_MATES Research Center, Università di Salerno, Via Ponte don Melillo, I-84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy.
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15
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Wang C, Dyar SM, Cao D, Fahrenbach AC, Horwitz N, Colvin MT, Carmieli R, Stern CL, Dey SK, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Tetrathiafulvalene Hetero Radical Cation Dimerization in a Redox-Active [2]Catenane. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19136-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ja307577t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Scott M. Dyar
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy
Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dennis Cao
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute and
Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 37-1 Guseong Dong,
Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Albert C. Fahrenbach
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute and
Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 37-1 Guseong Dong,
Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Noah Horwitz
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy
Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael T. Colvin
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy
Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Raanan Carmieli
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy
Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sanjeev K. Dey
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy
Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston,
Illinois 60208, United States
- NanoCentury KAIST Institute and
Graduate School of EEWS (WCU), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 37-1 Guseong Dong,
Yuseong Gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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16
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Dong XJ, Xi HT, Miao CB, Sun XQ, Meng Q, Jiang Y. Novel pseudorotaxanes based on fluorine-containing cyclophanes and phenyl ether derivatives. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2012.691498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jiang Dong
- a School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University , Changzhou , 213164 , P.R. China
| | - Hai-Tao Xi
- a School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University , Changzhou , 213164 , P.R. China
| | - Chun-Bao Miao
- a School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University , Changzhou , 213164 , P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Sun
- a School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University , Changzhou , 213164 , P.R. China
| | - Qi Meng
- a School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University , Changzhou , 213164 , P.R. China
| | - Yan Jiang
- a School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University , Changzhou , 213164 , P.R. China
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17
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Zhang M, Zhu K, Huang F. Molecular Devices: Molecular Machinery. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470661345.smc092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Hansen SW, Stein PC, Sørensen A, Share AI, Witlicki EH, Kongsted J, Flood AH, Jeppesen JO. Quantification of the π–π Interactions that Govern Tertiary Structure in Donor–Acceptor [2]Pseudorotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:3857-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ja210861v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stinne W. Hansen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry,
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington,
Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Paul C. Stein
- Department of Physics, Chemistry,
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Anne Sørensen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry,
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Andrew I. Share
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington,
Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Edward H. Witlicki
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington,
Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry,
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington,
Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jan O. Jeppesen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry,
and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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19
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Berná J, Alajarín M, Marín-Rodríguez C, Franco-Pujante C. Redox divergent conversion of a [2]rotaxane into two distinct degenerate partners with different shuttling dynamics. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20488f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Yanilkin VV, Nastapova NV, Kalinin AA, Mamedov VA. Electrochemical reactions of indolysines. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193511100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Ishigaki Y, Suzuki T, Nishida JI, Nagaki A, Takabayashi N, Kawai H, Fujiwara K, Yoshida JI. Hysteretic Tricolor Electrochromic Systems Based on the Dynamic Redox Properties of Unsymmetrically Substituted Dihydrophenanthrenes and Biphenyl-2,2'-Diyl Dications: Efficient Precursor Synthesis by a Flow Microreactor Method. MATERIALS 2011; 4:1906-1926. [PMID: 28824114 PMCID: PMC5448844 DOI: 10.3390/ma4111906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of biphenyl-2,2'-diylbis(diarylmethanol)s 3, which have two kinds of aryl groups at the bay region, were efficiently obtained by integrated flow microreactor synthesis. The diols 3NO/NX are the precursors of unsymmetric biphenylic dications 2NO/NX2+, which are transformed into the corresponding dihydrophenanthrenes 1NO/NX via 2NO/NX+• upon reduction, when they exhibit two-stage color changes. On the other hand, the steady-state concentration of the intermediate 2NO/NX+• is negligible during the oxidation of 1NO/NX to 2NO/NX2+, which reflects unique tricolor electrochromicity with a hysteretic pattern of color change [color 1→color 2→color 3→color 1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Nishida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan.
| | - Naofumi Takabayashi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan.
| | - Hidetoshi Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Kenshu Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Jun-Ichi Yoshida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan.
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22
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Sun F, Hu F, Zhang G, Zhang D. Metal-Ion-Promoted Electron Transfer between Tetrathiafulvalene and Quinone Units Within a Calix[4]arene Framework and Tuning through Coordination of the Neighboring Crown Ether with a Sodium Cation. Chem Asian J 2011; 7:183-9. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Yang W, Li Y, Zhang J, Chen N, Chen S, Liu H, Li Y. Directed Synthesis of [2]Catenanes Incorporating Naphthalenediimide and Crown Ethers by Associated Interactions of Templates. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7750-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201068y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China
| | - Nan Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China
| | - Songhua Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P.R. China
| | - Huibiao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Yuliang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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Hmadeh M, Fahrenbach AC, Basu S, Trabolsi A, Benítez D, Li H, Albrecht‐Gary A, Elhabiri M, Stoddart JF. Electrostatic Barriers in Rotaxanes and Pseudorotaxanes. Chemistry 2011; 17:6076-87. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hmadeh
- Laboratoire de Physico‐Chimie Bioinorganique, UdS‐CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, 67200, Strasbourg (France)
- Equal Contributions
| | - Albert C. Fahrenbach
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
- Equal Contributions
| | - Subhadeep Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
| | - Ali Trabolsi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
| | - Diego Benítez
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 (USA)
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
| | - Anne‐Marie Albrecht‐Gary
- Laboratoire de Physico‐Chimie Bioinorganique, UdS‐CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, 67200, Strasbourg (France)
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Laboratoire de Physico‐Chimie Bioinorganique, UdS‐CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, 67200, Strasbourg (France)
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3113 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
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25
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Credi A, Semeraro M, Silvi S, Venturi M. Redox control of molecular motion in switchable artificial nanoscale devices. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1119-65. [PMID: 20568952 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and operation of molecular-scale systems that exhibit controllable motions of their component parts is a topic of great interest in nanoscience and a fascinating challenge of nanotechnology. The development of this kind of species constitutes the premise to the construction of molecular machines and motors, which in a not-too-distant future could find applications in fields such as materials science, information technology, energy conversion, diagnostics, and medicine. In the past 25 years the development of supramolecular chemistry has enabled the construction of an interesting variety of artificial molecular machines. These devices operate via electronic and molecular rearrangements and, like the macroscopic counterparts, they need energy to work as well as signals to communicate with the operator. Here we outline the design principles at the basis of redox switching of molecular motion in artificial nanodevices. Redox processes, chemically, electrically, or photochemically induced, can indeed supply the energy to bring about molecular motions. Moreover, in the case of electrically and photochemically induced processes, electrochemical and photochemical techniques can be used to read the state of the system, and thus to control and monitor the operation of the device. Some selected examples are also reported to describe the most representative achievements in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Credi
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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26
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Au-Yeung HY, Pantoş GD, Sanders JKM. Dynamic Combinatorial Donor−Acceptor Catenanes in Water: Access to Unconventional and Unexpected Structures. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1257-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101981p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - G. Dan Pantoş
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jeremy K. M. Sanders
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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27
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Zhang W, DeIonno E, Dichtel WR, Fang L, Trabolsi A, Olsen JC, Benítez D, Heath JR, Stoddart JF. A solid-state switch containing an electrochemically switchable bistable poly[n]rotaxane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02269a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Zhao YL, Li Z, Kabehie S, Botros YY, Stoddart JF, Zink JI. pH-Operated Nanopistons on the Surfaces of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:13016-25. [DOI: 10.1021/ja105371u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Zhao
- California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Intel Labs, Building RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, and National Center for Nano Technology Research, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of
| | - Zongxi Li
- California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Intel Labs, Building RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, and National Center for Nano Technology Research, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of
| | - Sanaz Kabehie
- California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Intel Labs, Building RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, and National Center for Nano Technology Research, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Intel Labs, Building RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, and National Center for Nano Technology Research, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Intel Labs, Building RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, and National Center for Nano Technology Research, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of
| | - Jeffrey I. Zink
- California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, Intel Labs, Building RNB-6-61, 2200 Mission College Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95054, and National Center for Nano Technology Research, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Kingdom of
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29
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Liu M, Yan X, Hu M, Chen X, Zhang M, Zheng B, Hu X, Shao S, Huang F. Photoresponsive host-guest systems based on a new azobenzene-containing cryptand. Org Lett 2010; 12:2558-61. [PMID: 20465232 DOI: 10.1021/ol100770j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new azobenzene-bridged cryptand was synthesized; it can be well controlled between cis and trans isomers by irradiation with different wavelengths or by being heated. It was found that this cryptand exhibits an ON-OFF binding ability with 2,7-diazapyrenium (DAP) derivatives. It binds DAP derivatives as the cis isomer only, as demonstrated by various methods. The fluorescence property of DAP derivatives endows these host-guest systems with detectable fluorescent output signals, which makes monitoring these photoresponsive systems convenient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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30
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Ye T, Kumar AS, Saha S, Takami T, Huang TJ, Stoddart JF, Weiss PS. Changing stations in single bistable rotaxane molecules under electrochemical control. ACS NANO 2010; 4:3697-3701. [PMID: 20540555 DOI: 10.1021/nn100545r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have directly observed electrochemically driven single-molecule station changes within bistable rotaxane molecules anchored laterally on gold surfaces. These observations were achieved by employing molecular designs that significantly reduced the mobility and enhanced the assembly of molecules in orientations conducive to direct measurement using scanning tunneling microscopy. The results reveal molecular-level details of the station changes of surface-bound bistable rotaxane molecules, correlated with their different redox states. The mechanical motions within these mechanically interlocked molecules are influenced by their interactions with the surface and with neighboring molecules, as well as by the conformations of the dumbbell component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ye
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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31
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Davidson G, Sharma S, Loeb S. A [2]Rotaxane Flip Switch Driven by Coordination Geometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201001486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Davidson G, Sharma S, Loeb S. A [2]Rotaxane Flip Switch Driven by Coordination Geometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:4938-42. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Hsueh SY, Lai CC, Chiu SH. Squaraine-based [2]rotaxanes that function as visibly active molecular switches. Chemistry 2010; 16:2997-3000. [PMID: 20157908 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yao Hsueh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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34
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Radically enhanced molecular recognition. Nat Chem 2009; 2:42-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Collin JP, Durola F, Lux J, Sauvage JP. A Rapidly Shuttling Copper-Complexed [2]Rotaxane with Three Different Chelating Groups in Its Axis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:8532-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200903311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Collin JP, Durola F, Lux J, Sauvage JP. A Rapidly Shuttling Copper-Complexed [2]Rotaxane with Three Different Chelating Groups in Its Axis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200903311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Curiel D, Beer P, Tárraga A, Molina P. Electrochemically Induced Intermolecular Anion Transfer. Chemistry 2009; 15:7534-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Lu J, Turner DR, Harding LP, Byrne LT, Baker MV, Batten SR. Octapi Interactions: Self-Assembly of a Pd-Based [2]Catenane Driven by Eightfold π Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:10372-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9041912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhen Lu
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K., and School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - David R. Turner
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K., and School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lindsay P. Harding
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K., and School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lindsay T. Byrne
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K., and School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Murray V. Baker
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K., and School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Stuart R. Batten
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia, Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K., and School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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39
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Fang L, Hmadeh M, Wu J, Olson MA, Spruell JM, Trabolsi A, Yang YW, Elhabiri M, Albrecht-Gary AM, Stoddart JF. Acid−Base Actuation of [c2]Daisy Chains. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7126-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ja900859d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Mohamad Hmadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Mark A. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Jason M. Spruell
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Ali Trabolsi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Ying-Wei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - Anne-Marie Albrecht-Gary
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Bioinorganique, UDS-CNRS (UMR 7177), Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67200 Strasbourg, France, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
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40
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Abstract
Two kinds of beta-substituted terthiophene [2]rotaxanes were synthesized using the host-guest pairs of the electron-deficient cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT(4+)) and the electron-rich terthiophenes with diethyleneglycol chains at the beta-position. One is made from the alpha-position non-substituted terthiophene (3 T-beta-Rx) and the other is made from the alpha-dibromo-substituted terthiophene (3 TBr-beta-Rx). The binding constants of the beta-substituted terthiophene threads were confirmed to be smaller than that of the alpha-substituted terthiophene analogue. By UV/Vis absorption measurements, we confirmed the charge-transfer (CT) band in the visible region with an extinction coefficient of approximately 10(2) (M(-1) cm(-1)). Strong, but not quantitative, quenching of the terthiophene fluorescence was confirmed for the [2]rotaxanes. Although the beta-substituted terthiophene thread was electrochemically polymerizable, the [2]rotaxane 3 T-beta-Rx was not polymerizable. This result indicates that the interlocked CBPQT(4+) macrocycle effectively suppresses the electrochemical polymerization of the terthiophene unit because electrostatic repulsive and steric effects of CBPQT(4+) hinder the dimerization of the terthiophene radical cations. In the electrochemical measurement, we confirmed the shift of the first reduction peak towards less negative potential compared to free CBPQT(4+) and the splitting of the second reduction peak. These electrochemical behaviors are similar to those observed for the highly-constrained [2]rotaxanes. The beta-substituted terthiophene [2]rotaxanes reported herein are important key compounds to prepare polythiophene polyrotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Ikeda
- Functional Modules Group, Organic Nanomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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41
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Leung KCF, Chak CP, Lo CM, Wong WY, Xuan S, Cheng CHK. pH-Controllable Supramolecular Systems. Chem Asian J 2009; 4:364-81. [PMID: 19090526 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200800320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- Center of Novel Functional Molecules, Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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42
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Shundo A, Hill J, Ariga K. Toward Volatile and Nonvolatile Molecular Memories: Fluorescence Switching Based on Fluoride-Triggered Interconversion of Simple Porphyrin Derivatives. Chemistry 2009; 15:2486-90. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Juluri BK, Kumar AS, Liu Y, Ye T, Yang YW, Flood AH, Fang L, Stoddart JF, Weiss PS, Huang TJ. A mechanical actuator driven electrochemically by artificial molecular muscles. ACS NANO 2009; 3:291-300. [PMID: 19236063 DOI: 10.1021/nn8002373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A microcantilever, coated with a monolayer of redox-controllable, bistable [3]rotaxane molecules (artificial molecular muscles), undergoes reversible deflections when subjected to alternating oxidizing and reducing electrochemical potentials. The microcantilever devices were prepared by precoating one surface with a gold film and allowing the palindromic [3]rotaxane molecules to adsorb selectively onto one side of the microcantilevers, utilizing thiol-gold chemistry. An electrochemical cell was employed in the experiments, and deflections were monitored both as a function of (i) the scan rate (< or =20 mV s(-1)) and (ii) the time for potential step experiments at oxidizing (>+0.4 V) and reducing (<+0.2 V) potentials. The different directions and magnitudes of the deflections for the microcantilevers, which were coated with artificial molecular muscles, were compared with (i) data from nominally bare microcantilevers precoated with gold and (ii) those coated with two types of control compounds, namely, dumbbell molecules to simulate the redox activity of the palindromic bistable [3]rotaxane molecules and inactive 1-dodecanethiol molecules. The comparisons demonstrate that the artificial molecular muscles are responsible for the deflections, which can be repeated over many cycles. The microcantilevers deflect in one direction following oxidation and in the opposite direction upon reduction. The approximately 550 nm deflections were calculated to be commensurate with forces per molecule of approximately 650 pN. The thermal relaxation that characterizes the device's deflection is consistent with the double bistability associated with the palindromic [3]rotaxane and reflects a metastable contracted state. The use of the cooperative forces generated by these self-assembled, nanometer-scale artificial molecular muscles that are electrically wired to an external power supply constitutes a seminal step toward molecular-machine-based nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bala Krishna Juluri
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6812, USA
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Olson M, Braunschweig A, Fang L, Ikeda T, Klajn R, Trabolsi A, Wesson P, Benítez D, Mirkin C, Grzybowski B, Stoddart J. A Bistable Poly[2]catenane Forms Nanosuperstructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sato Y, Yamasaki R, Saito S. Synthesis of [2]Catenanes by Oxidative Intramolecular Diyne Coupling Mediated by Macrocyclic Copper(I) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Sato Y, Yamasaki R, Saito S. Synthesis of [2]Catenanes by Oxidative Intramolecular Diyne Coupling Mediated by Macrocyclic Copper(I) Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:504-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Olson MA, Braunschweig AB, Fang L, Ikeda T, Klajn R, Trabolsi A, Wesson PJ, Benítez D, Mirkin CA, Grzybowski BA, Stoddart JF. A bistable poly[2]catenane forms nanosuperstructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1792-7. [PMID: 19180620 PMCID: PMC3930346 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Side-chain poly[2]catenanes at the click of a switch! A bistable side-chain poly[2]catenane has been synthesized and found to form hierarchical self-assembled hollow superstructures of nanoscale dimensions in solution. Molecular electromechanical switching (see picture) of the material is demonstrated, and the ground-state equilibrium thermodynamics and switching kinetics are examined as the initial steps towards processible molecular-based electronic devices and nanoelectromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Taichi Ikeda
- Functional Modules Group, Organic Nanomaterials Center National Institute for Materials Science 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 (Japan)
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Ali Trabolsi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Paul J. Wesson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Diego Benítez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Bartosz A. Grzybowski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
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Umehara T, Kawai H, Fujiwara K, Suzuki T. Entropy- and Hydrolytic-Driven Positional Switching of Macrocycle between Imine- and Hydrogen-Bonding Stations in Rotaxane-Based Molecular Shuttles. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:13981-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja804888b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Umehara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kenshu Fujiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan, and PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Ikeda
- Functional Modules Group, Organic Nanomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 Japan, and Max Plank Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, D-14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Masayoshi Higuchi
- Functional Modules Group, Organic Nanomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 Japan, and Max Plank Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, D-14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Akira Sato
- Functional Modules Group, Organic Nanomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 Japan, and Max Plank Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, D-14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk G. Kurth
- Functional Modules Group, Organic Nanomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 Japan, and Max Plank Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, D-14424, Potsdam, Germany
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