Electrophosphorescent Heterobimetallic Oligometallaynes and Their Applications in Solution-Processed Organic Light-Emitting Devices

Heterometal Grafted Metalla-ynes and Poly(metalla-ynes): A Review on Structure-Property Relationships and Applications

Metalla-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes) have emerged as unique molecular scaffolds with fascinating structural features and intriguing photo-luminescence (PL) properties. Their rigid-rod conducting backbone with tunable photo-physical properties has generated immense research interests for the design and development of application-oriented functional materials. Introducing a second d- or f-block metal fragment in the main-chain or side-chain of a metalla-yne and poly(metalla-yne) was found to further modulate the underlying features/properties. This review focuses on the photo-physical properties and opto-electronic (O-E) applications of heterometal grafted metalla-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes).

Insulated conjugated bimetallopolymer with sigmoidal response by dual self-controlling system as a biomimetic material

Biological systems are known to spontaneously adjust the functioning of neurotransmitters, ion channels, and the immune system, being promoted or regulated through allosteric effects or inhibitors, affording non-linear responses to external stimuli. Here we report that an insulated conjugated bimetallopolymer, in which Ru(II) and Pt(II) complexes are mutually connected with insulated conjugations, exhibits phosphorescence in response to CO gas. The net profile corresponds to a sigmoidal response with a dual self-controlling system, where drastic changes were exhibited at two threshold concentrations. The first threshold for activation of the system is triggered by the depolymerization of the non-radiative conjugated polymer to luminescent monomers, while the second one for regulation is triggered by the switch in the rate-determining step of the Ru complex. Such a molecular design with cooperative multiple transition metals would provide routes for the development of higher-ordered artificial molecular systems bearing bioinspired responses with autonomous modulation.

Rise of Conjugated Poly-ynes and Poly(Metalla-ynes): From Design Through Synthesis to Structure-Property Relationships and Applications

Conjugated poly-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes) constitute an important class of new materials with potential application in various domains of science. The key factors responsible for the diverse usage of these materials is their intriguing and tunable chemical and photophysical properties. This review highlights fascinating advances made in the field of conjugated organic poly-ynes and poly(metalla-ynes) incorporating group 4-11 metals. This includes several important aspects of conjugated poly-ynes viz. synthetic protocols, bonding, electronic structure, nature of luminescence, structure-property relationships, diverse applications, and concluding remarks. Furthermore, we delineated the future directions and challenges in this particular area of research.

Cyclometalated Ir(III) Complex as a Metalloligand and a Selective Cu(II) Sensor: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Heterometallic Tetranuclear Ir(III)/Cu(II) Complex

A cyclometalated Ir(III) complex, [Ir(ppy)2(LH)] (2) [LH2 = 1,2-bis(pyridine-2-carboxamido)benzene; ppyH = 2-phenylpyridine] was synthesized and structurally characterized. [Ir(ppy)2(LH)] contains free donor sites and functions as a metalloligand. Accordingly, it interacts with a Cu(II) salt to afford the heterometallic tetranuclear complex, [{Ir(ppy)2(L)}2{Cu2Cl2}] (3). In the latter, a Cu2Cl2 dimer bridges the two cyclometalated Ir(III) units, resulting in a IrIII-CuII-CuII-IrIII motif. 2 also functions as a selective and reversible sensor for Cu2+, as revealed by quenching of its emission and subsequent revival of the luminescence signal upon addition of EDTA.

Functional Organometallic Poly(arylene ethynylene)s: From Synthesis to Applications

This review focuses on the recent development in the rigid-rod metallopolymers of late transition metals based on triple-bond building blocks. The synthesis, structure-property relationships and potential applications of organometallic poly(arylene ethynylene)s will be discussed in detail. These functional metal-based polymers can exhibit intriguing optical, electronic and magnetic properties. Considerable focus is placed on the design strategies towards tuning the optical bandgap and emission color (spanning almost the whole visible spectrum) of this class of metallopolymers, and the investigation of their use as active materials for light/electrical energy conversion and energy and information storage. The ongoing scientific challenges and future prospects of this research field are also highlighted.

Synthesis and characterization of metallo-supramolecular polymers

The incorporation of metal centers into the backbone of polymers has led to the development of a broad range of organometallic and coordination compounds featuring properties that are relevant for potential applications in diverse areas of research, ranging from energy storage/conversion to bioactive or self-healing materials. In this review, the basic concepts and synthetic strategies leading to these types of materials as well as the scope of available characterization techniques will be summarized and discussed.

Multifunctional polymetallaynes: properties, functions and applications

Polymetallaynes of late transition metal elements have aroused considerable research attention. This Review article highlights the structure–property–function relationships of this class of metallopolymers and their emerging applications in electronic, optical and magnetic devices.

A novel cyclometalated Iridium(iii) complex containing dibenzo-24-crown-8: synthesis, luminescence and application in highly efficient green phosphorescent OLEDs

Several novel dibenzo-24-crown-8 substituted iridium complexes have been obtained, which emit green light with a high Φ_PL ranging from 0.56 to 0.63. The PLEDs with G3 as a dopant display the best EL performances with a LE of 29.6 cd A⁻¹.

Spiro-linked hyperbranched architecture in electrophosphorescent conjugated polymers for tailoring triplet energy back transfer

A spiro-linked hyperbranched architecture has been incorporated into electrophosphorescent conjugated polymers for the first time, aiming at simultaneously tailoring the intra- and intermolecular triplet energy back transfer from the phosphorescent guest to the conjugated polymer host. Based on a prototype with this unique structure, slower decay of triplet excitons, and 5-8 fold enhancement of device efficiencies are obtained compared with the conventional blending counterpart.

Negative polaron and triplet exciton diffusion in organometallic "molecular wires"

The dynamics of negative polaron and triplet exciton transport within a series of monodisperse platinum (Pt) acetylide oligomers is reported. The oligomers consist of Pt-acetylide repeats, [PtL(2)-C≡C-Ph-C≡C-](n) (where L = PBu(3) and Ph = 1,4-phenylene, n = 2, 3, 6, and 10), capped with naphthalene diimide (NDI) end groups. The Pt-acetylide segments are electro- and photoactive, and they serve as conduits for transport of electrons (negative polaron) and triplet excitons. The NDI end groups are relatively strong acceptors, serving as traps for the carriers. Negative polaron transport is studied by using pulse radiolysis/transient absorption at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Laser-Electron Accelerator Facility (LEAF). Electrons are rapidly attached to the oligomers, with some fraction initially residing upon the Pt-acetylide chains. The dynamics of transport are resolved by monitoring the spectral changes associated with transfer of electrons from the chain to the NDI end group. Triplet exciton transport is studied by femtosecond-picosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Near-UV excitation leads to rapid production of triplet excitons localized on the Pt-acetylide chains. The excitons transport to the chain ends, where they are annihilated by charge separation with the NDI end group. The dynamics of triplet transport are resolved by transient absorption spectroscopy, taking advantage of the changes in spectra associated with decay of the triplet exciton and rise of the charge-separated state. The results indicate that negative polarons and excitons are transported rapidly, on average moving distances of ~3 nm in less than 200 ps. Analysis of the dynamics suggests diffusive transport by a site-to-site hopping mechanism with hopping times of ~27 ps for triplets and <10 ps for electrons.