Facile Synthesis of Prussian Blue Derivate-Modified Mesoporous Material via Photoinitiated Thiol-Ene Click Reaction for Cesium Adsorption

Cesium adsorption from an aqueous medium for environmental remediation: A comprehensive analysis of adsorbents, sources, factors, models, challenges, and opportunities

Considering the widespread and indispensable nature of nuclear energy for future power generation, there is a concurrent increase in the discharge of radioactive Cs into water streams. Recent studies have demonstrated that adsorption is crucial in removing Cs from wastewater for environmental remediation. However, the existing literature lacks comprehensive studies on various adsorption methods, the capacities or efficiencies of adsorbents, influencing factors, isotherm and kinetic models of the Cs adsorption process. A bibliometric and comprehensive analysis was conducted using 1179 publications from the Web of Science Core Collection spanning from 2014 to 2023. It reviews and summarizes current publication trends, active countries, adsorption methods, adsorption capacities or efficiencies of adsorbents, tested water sources, influencing factors, isotherm, and kinetic models of Cs adsorption. The selection of suitable adsorbents and operating parameters is identified as a crucial factor. Over the past decade, due to their notable capacity for Cs adsorption, considerable research has focused on novel adsorbents, such as Prussian blue, graphene oxide, hydrogel, and nanoadsorbents (NA). However, there remains a need for further development of application-oriented laboratory-scale experiments. Future research directions should encompass exploring adsorption mechanisms, developing new adsorbents or their combinations, practical applications of lab-scale studies, and recycling radioactive Cs from wastewater. Drawing upon this literature review, we present the most recent research patterns concerning adsorbents to remove Cs, outline potential avenues for future research, and delineate the obstacles hindering effective adsorption. This comprehensive bibliometric review provides valuable insights into prevalent research focal points and emerging trends, serving as a helpful resource for researchers and policymakers seeking to understand the dynamics of adsorbents for Cs removal from water.

Prussian blue analogue functionalized magnetic microgels with ionized chitosan for the cleaning of cesium-contaminated clay

To deal with regeneration of nuclear-waste-contaminated soil, it is important to develop new materials and techniques for effective removal of radioactive cesium ions from clay. We report herein a synergistic remediation method for cleaning cesium-contaminated clay by Prussian blue analogue-functionalized magnetic microgel along with ionized chitosan. The magnetic microgels were prepared by surface polymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine and styrene on magnetite nanoparticles and attachment of Prussian blue analogues by ligand exchange reaction. The adsorption of cesium ions by magnetic microgels in aqueous solution follows the second-order kinetics process. And the maximum adsorption capacity was determined to be 149.70 mg/g by Langmuir adsorption model. When ionized chitosan hydrochloride was mixed with cesium-contaminated clay, we found that 200 mg/g clay of chitosan hydrochloride can realize 87.6 % of cesium release from clay within 2 h. Further use of magnetic microgel adsorbents can adsorb 95.5 % free cesium ions in solution, achieving an overall 83.7 % cleaning efficiency from cesium-contaminated clays. The microgels can be regenerated effectively and recycled magnetically while keeping the adsorption capacity constant after multiple times of use. The underlying principle demonstrated in this work can be extended to remediation of other types of radionuclides or heavy-metal ions in contaminated soil.

Elimination of Cs+ from aquatic systems by an adsorbent prepared by immobilization of potassium copper hexacyanoferrate on the SBA-15 surface: kinetic, thermodynamic, and isotherm studies

For elimination of cesium from aqueous solutions, mesoporous SBA-15 was synthesized and employed as the support for immobilization of potassium copper hexacyanoferrate. The synthesized adsorbent was characterized by various techniques and was used for adsorption of cesium. The results indicated that its adsorption capacity was 174.80 mg/g and superior to many studied adsorbents. The adsorbent represented good selectivity in the presence of some studied co-existing. The Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, Langmuir, and Freundlich isotherm models were used to evaluate the experimental data. The error analysis performed by EABS, ERRSQ, and HYBRID methods showed that the data was in good agreement with the Langmuir model indicating that the process was monoenergetic and the uptake of cesium forwarded through monolayer process. The pseudo-second-order model was recognized as the adequate model to describe the kinetic data of the adsorption process. The adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. The regeneration tests revealed that the adsorbent retained most of initial capacity after recovery.

Versatile Poly(Diallyl Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride)-Layered Nanocomposites for Removal of Cesium in Water Purification

In this work, we elucidate polymer-layered hollow Prussian blue-coated magnetic nanocomposites as an adsorbent to remove radioactive cesium from environmentally contaminated water. To do this, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles prepared using a coprecipitation method were thickly covered with a layer of cationic polymer to attach hollow Prussian blue through a self-assembly process. The as-synthesized adsorbent was confirmed through various analytical techniques. The adsorbent showed a high surface area (166.16 m²/g) with an excellent cesium adsorbent capacity and removal efficiency of 32.8 mg/g and 99.69%, respectively. Moreover, the superparamagnetism allows effective recovery of the adsorbent using an external magnetic field after the adsorption process. Therefore, the magnetic adsorbent with a high adsorption efficiency and convenient recovery is expected to be effectively used for rapid remediation of radioactive contamination.

Solutions for the problems of silicon-carbon anode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in various industries, such as portable electronic devices, mobile phones, new energy car batteries, etc., and show great potential for more demanding applications like electric vehicles. Among advanced anode materials applied to lithium-ion batteries, silicon-carbon anodes have been explored extensively due to their high capacity, good operation potential, environmental friendliness and high abundance. Silicon-carbon anodes have demonstrated great potential as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries because they have perfectly improved the problems that existed in silicon anodes, such as the particle pulverization, shedding and failures of electrochemical performance during lithiation and delithiation. However, there are still some problems, such as low first discharge efficiency, poor conductivity and poor cycling performance, which need to be improved. This paper mainly presents some methods for solving the existing problems of silicon-carbon anode materials through different perspectives.

Highly effective Cs+ removal by turbidity-free potassium copper hexacyanoferrate-immobilized magnetic hydrogels

Potassium copper hexacyanoferrate-immobilized magnetic hydrogel (MHPVA) has been synthesized via a facile freeze/thaw crosslinking method. The citric acid coated Fe₃O₄ is embedded into the hydrogel matrix to facilitate the dispersion of nano-sized KCuHCF particles for Cs⁺ removal, followed by the rapid recovery of the composite in a magnetic field. The Cs⁺ adsorption behavior of the MHPVA is fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The MHPVA exhibits both high Cs⁺ adsorption capacity (82.8mg/g) and distribution coefficient (K_d) of 1.18×10⁶mL/g (8.3ppm Cs⁺, V/m=1000mL/g). Sorption of above 90% Cs⁺ to the MHPVA is achieved in less than 3h of contact time. Moreover, the MHPVA reveals stable and high Cs⁺ removal efficiency across a wide pH range from 4 to 10. In terms of Cs⁺ selectivity, the MHPVA shows above 96% removal efficiency in the presence of 0.01M competing cations such as Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ with 1ppm of Cs⁺. From a practical perspective, the MHPVA still exhibits stable and promising selective properties even in groundwater and seawater conditions and after 5days of contact time the used adsorbent is rapidly recovered leaving a turbidity-free aqueous environment.

Reversible and Efficient Sequestration of Cesium from Water by the Layered Metal Thiophosphate K0.48 Mn0.76 PS3 ⋅H2 O

Water body contamination with radioactive species is an important issue due to significant developments in nuclear energy. Cesium (¹³⁷ Cs) radioisotope is a non-actinide fission product of uranium and plutonium that is long-lived. Hence, selective removal/capture of cesium is essential for managing radioactive waste. Herein, a detailed Cs⁺ ion-exchange study on a potassium intercalated layered metal thiophosphate, K_0.48 Mn_0.76 PS₃ ⋅H₂ O (K-MPS-1), is reported. The sorption of Cs⁺ by K-MPS-1 follows the Langmuir model with a high capacity of 337.5 mg g^-1 and high distribution coefficients in the order of about 10⁴  mL g^-1 . K-MPS-1 can sequester Cs⁺ efficiently, even from very low concentrations (ppb level). K-MPS-1 exhibits high cesium uptake over a broad pH range of 2-12 and the ion-exchange process reaches equilibrium within a short time (≈15 min), following pseudo-second-order kinetics. Moreover, K-MPS-1 demonstrates selectivity towards Cs⁺ capture in the presence of complex solutions containing excess Na⁺ , Ca²⁺ , and Mg²⁺ ions; this is due to favorable interactions between Cs (soft Lewis acid) and S (soft Lewis base). K-MPS-1 reversibly captures Cs⁺ and it can be regenerated by treating Cs-MPS-1 with a solution of KCl.

Cesium Removal from Human Blood by Poly(ethylene glycol)-Decorated Prussian Blue Magnetic Nanoparticles

The current oral administration of drugs for cesium (Cs) decorporation treatment are often subject to side effects and low efficiency. Therefore, it is of great significance, yet challenging, to develop novel materials and techniques for efficient removal of Cs from the human body. We report herein a new method for directly removing cesium from blood by poly(ethylene glycol)-decorated Prussian blue magnetic nanoparticles (PEG-PB MNs). The nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by one-pot hydrothermal reaction. The adsorption of cesium in aqueous solution is a highly selective process and kinetically follows a pseudo-second-order model, which can reach equilibrium with a large capacity of 274.7 mg Cs g^-1 within one hour at 298.15 K. PEG-PB MNs were also efficiently regenerated and reused with high adsorption efficiency after five cycles. The nanoparticles successfully removed cesium ions from human blood with improved biocompatibility. The removal efficiency achieved 64 % in the blood with an initial Cs concentration of 168.4 ppb. This study provides a new approach to directly remove cesium ions from the human body by utilizing biocompatible Prussian blue magnetic nanoparticles.

One-pot fabrication of ferric ferrocyanide functionalized graphene hydrogel for cesium removal in aqueous solution

A novel ferric ferrocyanide functionalized graphene hydrogel was fabricated and was used for cesium removal in aqueous solution.

Photochemical radical thiol–ene click-based methodologies for silica and transition metal oxides materials chemical modification: a mini-review

The photochemical radical thiol–ene addition reaction (PRTEA) is a highly powerful synthetic technique for surface modification.