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Liu K, You Q, Jawed R, Han D, Miao Y, Gu X, Dong J, Butch CJ, Wang Y. Purine-Doped g-C 3N 4-Modified Fabrics for Personal Protective Masks with Rapid and Sustained Antibacterial Activity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2911-2923. [PMID: 38619913 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Protective masks are critical to impeding microorganism transmission but can propagate infection via pathogen buildup and face touching. To reduce this liability, we integrated electrospun photocatalytic graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanoflakes into standard surgical masks to confer a self-sanitization capacity. By optimizing the purine/melamine precursor ratio during synthesis, we reduced the g-C3N4 band gap from 2.92 to 2.05 eV, eliciting a 4× increase in sterilizing hydrogen peroxide production under visible light. This narrower band gap enables robust photocatalytic generation of reactive oxygen species from environmental and breath humidity to swiftly eliminate accumulated microbes. Under ambient sunlight, the g-C3N4 nanocomposite mask layer achieved a 97% reduction in the bacterial viability during typical use. Because the optimized band gap also allows photocatalytic activity under shadowless lamp illumination, the self-cleaning functionality could mitigate infection risk from residual pathogens in routine hospital settings. Both g-C3N4 and polycaprolactone demonstrate favorable biocompatibility and biodegradability, making this approach preferable over current commercially available metal-based options. Given the abundance and low cost of these components, this scalable approach could expand global access to reusable self-sanitizing protective masks, serving as a sustainable public health preparedness measure against future pandemics, especially in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qi You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rohil Jawed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dong Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yufei Miao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiang Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Junming Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Christopher J Butch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Chu J, Li W, Lu S, Rao X, Zheng S, Zhang Y. Benzene-Linked Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6562-6570. [PMID: 38470825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Cross-linking with functional molecular species in polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) could offer a positive strategy that tunes its molecular structure with excellent conductivity to improve photocatalytic activity. Herein, the benzene ring-cross-linked photocatalyst is obtained via the polymerization of urea, melamine, and trimesic acid. Benzene ring-cross-linked PCN narrows the band gap and augments the push-pull effect of carriers, thus enhancing visible light harvesting and transfer easiness of photogenerated electron/hole pairs. Notably, the amount of trimesic acid was optimized during the benzene ring-cross-linked photocatalyst preparation (marked as 01T/A-CN, 02T/A-CN, and 03T/A-CN). Among them, 02T/A-CN photocatalyst achieved an excellent hydrogen production rate of 1931 μmol/h·g, which is higher than that of CN under visible light and beyond most reported. Theoretical calculations further confirmed that the introduction of benzene ring significantly reduces the band gap of PCN, bringing the delocalized electron, a longer intramolecular electron transition distance, and molecular bending. All those factors made benzene ring-cross-linked PCN with improved photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Chu
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 40071, China
| | - Wencheng Li
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 40071, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Xi Rao
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 40071, China
| | - Shaohui Zheng
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 40071, China
| | - Yongping Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing 40071, China
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Yuan X, Hu X, Lin Q, Zhang S. Progress of charge carrier dynamics and regulation strategies in 2D C xN y-based heterojunctions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2283-2300. [PMID: 38321964 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05976f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional carbon nitrides (CxNy) have gained significant attention in various fields including hydrogen energy development, environmental remediation, optoelectronic devices, and energy storage owing to their extensive surface area, abundant raw materials, high chemical stability, and distinctive physical and chemical characteristics. One effective approach to address the challenges of limited visible light utilization and elevated carrier recombination rates is to establish heterojunctions for CxNy-based single materials (e.g. C2N3, g-C3N4, C3N4, C4N3, C2N, and C3N). The carrier generation, migration, and recombination of heterojunctions with different band alignments have been analyzed starting from the application of CxNy with metal oxides, transition metal sulfides (selenides), conductive carbon, and Cx'Ny' heterojunctions. Additionally, we have explored diverse strategies to enhance heterojunction performance from the perspective of carrier dynamics. In conclusion, we present some overarching observations and insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with the development of advanced CxNy-based heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Yuan
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Xuemin Hu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
- School of Material Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211169, China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
| | - Shengli Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
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Zhou M, Wan G, Wang G, Wieme T, Edeleva M, Cardon L, D'hooge DR. Carbon Nitride Grafting Modification of Poly(lactic acid) to Maximize UV Protection and Mechanical Properties for Packaging Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45300-45314. [PMID: 37713339 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to their biobased nature and biodegradability, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) rich blends are promising for processing in the packaging industry. However, pure PLA is brittle and UV transparent, which limits its application, so the exploration of nanocomposites with improved interfacial interactions and UV absorbing properties is worthwhile. We therefore developed and optimized synthesis routes for well-designed nanocomposites based on a PLA matrix and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4; CN) nanofillers. To enhance the interfacial interaction with the PLA matrix, a silane-coupling agent (γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, KH570) is chemically grafted onto the CN surface after controlled oxidation with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Interestingly, only 1 wt % of CNO-KH570, as synthesized under mild conditions, is needed to significantly improve the UV absorption, blocking even a large part of both UV-C, UV-B, and UV-A outperforming the UV absorption performance of PLA and, for instance, polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The low nanofiller loading of 1 wt % also results in a higher ductility with an increase in elongation at break (+73%), maintaining the tensile modulus. The results on a joint optimization of UV protection and mechanical properties are supported by a broad range of experimental characterizations, including FTIR, XRD, DSC, DSEM, FETEM, XPS, FTIR, TGA, and BET N2 adsorption-desorption analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maofan Zhou
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 130, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Gengping Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Material Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Guizhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Material Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Tom Wieme
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 130, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 130, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 130, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Dagmar R D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 70A, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
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Wang Y, Zhong S, Niu Z, Dai Y, Li J. Synthesis and up-to-date applications of 2D microporous g-C 3N 4 nanomaterials for sustainable development. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10883-10911. [PMID: 37622731 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03550f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of industrial technology and the increase of people's environmental awareness, the research on sustainable materials and their applications has become a hot topic. Among two-dimensional (2D) materials that have been selected for sustainable research, graphitic phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has become a hot research topic because of its many outstanding advantages such as simple preparation, good electrochemical properties, excellent photochemical properties, and better thermal stability. Nevertheless, the inherent limitations of g-C3N4 due to its relatively poor specific surface area, rapid charge recombination, limited light absorption range, and inferior dispersion in aqueous and organic media have limited its practical application. In the review, we summarize and analyze the unique structure of the 2D microporous nanomaterial g-C3N4, its synthesis method, chemical modification method, and the latest application examples in various fields in recent years, highlighting its advantages and shortcomings, with a view to providing ideas for overcoming the difficulties in its application. Furthermore, the pressing challenges faced by g-C3N4 are briefly discussed, as well as an outlook on the application prospects of g-C3N4 materials. It is expected that the review in this paper will provide more theoretical strategies for the future practical application of g-C3N4-based materials, as well as contributing to nanomaterials in sustainable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Suyue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenhua Niu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Yangyang Dai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China.
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Su F, Wang Z, Tian M, Yang C, Xie H, Ding C, Jin X, Chen J, Ye L. Synergy of MoO 2 with Pt as Unilateral Dual Cocatalyst for Improving Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution over g-C 3 N 4. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201139. [PMID: 36507569 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pt is usually used as cocatalyst for g-C3 N4 to produce H2 by photocatalytic splitting of water. However, the photocatalytic performance is still limited by the fast recombination of photo-generated electrons and holes, as well as the poor absorption of visible light. In this work, MoO2 /g-C3 N4 composites were prepared, in which MoO2 synergetic with Pt photo-deposited during H2 evolution reaction worked as unilateral dual cocatalyst to improve the photocatalytic activity. Within 4 hours of irradiation, the hydrogen production rate of MoO2 -Pt dual cocatalyst modified g-C3 N4 reached 3804.89 μmol/g/h, which was 120.18 times of that of pure g-C3 N4 (GCN, 31.66 μmol/g/h), 10.98 times of that of MoO2 modified g-C3 N4 (346.39 μmol/g/h), and 9.18 times of that of Pt modified g-C3 N4 (413.64 μmol/g/h). Characterization results demonstrate that the deficient MoO2 not only promoted visible light absorption of g-C3 N4 , but also worked as a "electron pool" to capture and transfer electrons to Pt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Su
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China
| | - Zhishuai Wang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China
| | - Mengzhen Tian
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China
| | - Chunxia Yang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China
| | - Haiquan Xie
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China
| | - Chenghua Ding
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Jin
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Solar Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Ye
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, P. R. China
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Koli VB, Murugan G, Ke SC. Self-Assembled Synthesis of Porous Iron-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanostructures for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and Nitrogen Fixation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:275. [PMID: 36678029 PMCID: PMC9862282 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Fe-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Fe-MCNC) with varying Fe contents was synthesized via a supramolecular approach, followed by thermal exfoliation, and was then used for accelerated photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and nitrogen fixation. Various techniques were used to study the physicochemical properties of the MCN (g-C3N4 from melamine) and Fe-MCNC (MCN for g-C3N4 and C for cyanuric acid) catalysts. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images clearly demonstrate that the morphology of Fe-MCNC changes from planar sheets to porous, partially twisted (partially developed nanotube and nanorod) nanostructures. The elemental mapping study confirms the uniform distribution of Fe on the MCNC surface. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) results suggest that the Fe species might exist in the Fe3+ state and form Fe-N bonds with N atoms, thereby extending the visible light absorption areas and decreasing the band gap of MCN. Furthermore, doping with precise amounts of Fe might induce exfoliation and increase the specific surface area, but excessive Fe could destroy the MCN structure. The optimized Fe-MCNC nanostructure had a specific surface area of 23.6 m2 g-1, which was 8.1 times greater than that of MCN (2.89 m2 g-1). To study its photocatalytic properties, the nanostructure was tested for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and nitrogen fixation; 2Fe-MCNC shows the highest photocatalytic activity, which is approximately 13.3 times and 2.4 times better, respectively, than MCN-1H. Due to its high efficiency and stability, the Fe-MCNC nanostructure is a promising and ideal photocatalyst for a wide range of applications.
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Structural Distortion of g-C3N4 Induced by N-Defects for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen evolution by photocatalytic technology has been one of the most promising and attractive solutions, and can harvest and convert the abundant solar energy into green, renewable hydrogen energy. As a new kind of photocatalytic material, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has drawn much attention in photocataluytic H2 production due to its visible light response, ease of preparation and good stability. For a higher photocatalyic performance, N defects were introduced in to the traditional g-C3N4 in this work. The existence of N defects was proved by adequate material characterization. Significantly, a new absorption region at around 500 nm of N-deficient g-C3N4 appeared, revealing the exciting n-π* transition of lone pair electrons. The photocatalytic H2 production performance of N-deficient g-C3N4 was increased by 5.8 times. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of N-deficient g-C3N4 was attributed to the enhanced visible light absorption, as well as the promoted separation of photo-generated carries and increased specific surface area.
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Synergistic effect of KCl mixing and melamine/urea mixture in the synthesis of g-C3N4 for photocatalytic removal of tetracycline. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Bao X, Liu M, Wang Z, Dai D, Wang P, Cheng H, Liu Y, Zheng Z, Dai Y, Huang B. Photocatalytic Selective Oxidation of HMF Coupled with H2 Evolution on Flexible Ultrathin g-C3N4 Nanosheets with Enhanced N–H Interaction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zeyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Dujuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hefeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhaoke Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ying Dai
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Baibiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Majdoub M, Anfar Z, Amedlous A. Emerging Chemical Functionalization of g-C 3N 4: Covalent/Noncovalent Modifications and Applications. ACS NANO 2020; 14:12390-12469. [PMID: 33052050 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atomically 2D thin-layered structures, such as graphene nanosheets, graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4), hexagonal boron nitride, and transition metal dichalcogenides are emerging as fascinating materials for a good array of domains owing to their rare physicochemical characteristics. In particular, graphitic carbon nitride has turned into a hot subject in the scientific community due to numerous qualities such as simple preparation, electrochemical properties, high adsorption capacity, good photochemical properties, thermal stability, and acid-alkali chemical resistance, etc. Basically, g-C3N4 is considered as a polymeric material consisting of N and C atoms forming a tri-s-triazine network connected by planar amino groups. In comparison with most C-based materials, g-C3N4 possesses electron-rich characteristics, basic moieties, and hydrogen-bonding groups owing to the presence of hydrogen and nitrogen atoms; therefore, it is taken into account as an interesting nominee to further complement carbon in applications of functional materials. Nevertheless, g-C3N4 has some intrinsic limitations and drawbacks mainly related to a relatively poor specific surface area, rapid charge recombination, a limited light absorption range, and a poor dispersibility in both aqueous and organic mediums. To overcome these shortcomings, numerous chemical modification approaches have been conducted with the aim of expanding the range of application of g-C3N4 and enhancing its properties. In the current review, the comprehensive survey is conducted on g-C3N4 chemical functionalization strategies including covalent and noncovalent approaches. Covalent approaches consist of establishing covalent linkage between the g-C3N4 structure and the chemical modifier such as oxidation/carboxylation, amidation, polymer grafting, etc., whereas the noncovalent approaches mainly consist of physical bonding and intermolecular interaction such as van der Waals interactions, electrostatic interactions, π-π interactions, and so on. Furthermore, the preparation, characterization, and diverse applications of functionalized g-C3N4 in various domains are described and recapped. We believe that this work will inspire scientists and readers to conduct research with the aim of exploring other functionalization strategies for this material in numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Majdoub
- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis & Valorization of Natural Resources, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20000, Morocco
| | - Zakaria Anfar
- Laboratory of Materials & Environment, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco
- Institute of Materials Science of Mulhouse, Haute Alsace University, Mulhouse 68100, France
- Strasbourg University, Strasbourg 67081, France
| | - Abdallah Amedlous
- Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis & Valorization of Natural Resources, Hassan II University, Casablanca 20000, Morocco
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Molecular engineering of polymeric carbon nitride based Donor-Acceptor conjugated copolymers for enhanced photocatalytic full water splitting. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 560:743-754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Meng L, Yin W, Wang S, Wu X, Hou J, Yin W, Feng K, Ok YS, Wang X. Photocatalytic behavior of biochar-modified carbon nitride with enriched visible-light reactivity. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124713. [PMID: 31494320 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-thin layered structures and modified bandgaps are two efficient strategies to increase the photocatalytic performance of various materials for the semiconductor industry. In the present study, we combined both strategies in one material to form carbon-doped graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nano-layered structures by the method of melamine thermal condensation, in the presence of different mass ratios of biochar. The characterization showed that the composite with the best ratio retained the g-C3N4 polymeric framework and the bond with g-C3N4. The biochar was established via π-π stacking interactions and ether bond bridges. The π-conjugated electron systems provided from biochar can elevate charge separation efficiency. The ultra-thin structure also curtailed the distance of photogenerated electrons migrating to the surface and enlarge specific surface area of materials. The presence of carbon narrowed the bandgap and increased light absorption at a wider range of wavelengths of g-C3N4. The biochar/melamine ratio of 1:15 presented the best performance, 2.8 and 5 times faster than g-C3N4 degradating Rhodamine and Methyl Orange, respectively. Moreover, the catalyst presented a good stability for 4 cycles. In addition to that, biochar from waste biomass can be considered a sustainable, cost-effective, and efficient option to modify g-C3N4-based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225127, China
| | - Wenhua Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225127, China
| | - Shengsen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225127, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoge Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225127, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianhua Hou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225127, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiqin Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225127, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ke Feng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225127, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, 225127, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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14
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Zhang C, Liu J, Huang X, Chen D, Xu S. Multistage Polymerization Design for g-C 3N 4 Nanosheets with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity by Modifying the Polymerization Process of Melamine. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:17148-17159. [PMID: 31656888 PMCID: PMC6811846 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-like g-C3N4 nanosheets (NSs) have been successfully synthesized with a modified polymerization process of melamine by cocondensation with volatile salts. Volatile ammonium salts such as urea-NH4Cl/(NH4)2SO4/(NH4)3PO4 were added with melamine to modulate the thermodynamic process during polymerization and optimize the structure formation in situ. The surface area, surface structure, and surface charge state of the obtained g-C3N4 NSs could be controlled by simply adjusting the mass ratio of the melamine/volatile ammonium salt. As a consequence, the g-C3N4 NSs exhibited much higher activity than bulk g-C3N4 for the photocatalytic degradation of target pollutants (rhodamine B, methylene blue, and methyl orange), and it also exhibited greater hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation with an optimal melamine/volatile ammonium salt ratio. The as-prepared g-C3N4 NSs with melamine-urea-NH4Cl showed the highest visible light photocatalytic H2 production activity of 1853.8 μmol·h-1·g-1, which is 9.4 times higher than that of bulk g-C3N4 from melamine. The present study reveals that the synergistic effect of the enhanced surface area, surface structure, and surface charge state is the key for the enhancement of photocatalytic degradation and hydrogen evolution, which could be controlled by the proposed strategy. The result is a good explanation for the hypothesis that adding properly selected monomers can truly regulate the polymerization process of melamine, which is beneficial for obtaining g-C3N4 NSs without molecular self-assembly. Considering the inexpensive feedstocks used, a simple synthetic controlling method provides an opportunity for the rational design and synthesis, making it decidedly appealing for large-scale production of highly photocatalytic, visible-sensitizable, metal-free g-C3N4 photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jiandong Liu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xiayun Huang
- The
State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department
of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Daoyong Chen
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- The
State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department
of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shiai Xu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for
Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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15
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Guan H, Zhang W. Delocalization of π‐Electron in Graphitic Carbon Nitride to Promote its Photocatalytic Activity for Hydrogen Evolution. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai‐Xin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology 381 Wushan Road Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Wei‐De Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSouth China University of Technology 381 Wushan Road Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
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16
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Xu CQ, Zhang WD. Facile synthesis of nitrogen deficient g-C 3 N 4 by copolymerization of urea and formamide for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Le TMO, Lam TH, Pham TN, Ngo TC, Lai ND, Do DB, Nguyen VM. Enhancement of Rhodamine B Degradation by Ag Nanoclusters-Loaded g-C₃N₄ Nanosheets. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10060633. [PMID: 30966667 PMCID: PMC6403959 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, silver (Ag) nanoclusters-loaded graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanosheets are synthesized and their physical properties as well as photocatalytic activities are systematically investigated by different techniques. The existence of Ag atoms in the form of nanoclusters (NCs) rather than well-crystallized nanoparticles are evidenced by X-ray diffraction patterns, SEM images, and XPS spectra. The deposition of Ag nanoclusters on the surface of g-C₃N₄ nanosheets affect the crystal structure and slightly reduce the band gap energy of g-C₃N₄. The sharp decrease of photoluminescence intensity indicates that g-C₃N₄/Ag heterojunctions successfully prevent the recombination of photo-generated electrons and holes. The photocatalytic activities of as-synthesized photocatalysts are demonstrated through the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) solutions under Xenon lamp irradiation. It is demonstrated that the photocatalytic activity depends strongly on the molar concentration of Ag⁺ in the starting solution. The g-C₃N₄/Ag heterojunctions prepared from 0.01 M of Ag⁺ starting solution exhibit the highest photocatalytic efficiency and allow 100% degradation of RhB after being exposed for 60 min under a Xenon lamp irradiation, which is four times faster than that of pure g-C₃N₄ nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mai Oanh Le
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Road, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Thi Hang Lam
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Road, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
- Hanoi University of Natural Resources and Environment, Phu Dien Road, North-Tu Liem District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Thi Nhung Pham
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Road, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Tuan Cuong Ngo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Road, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Ngoc Diep Lai
- Laboratoire de Photonique Quantiqueet Moléulaire, UMR 8537, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, Centrale Supélec, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 61 avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan, France.
| | - Danh Bich Do
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Road, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| | - Van Minh Nguyen
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Road, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
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18
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Li K, Zhang WD. Creating Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Donor-π-Acceptor-π-Donor Structured Catalysts for Highly Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703599. [PMID: 29430823 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with tailored donor-acceptor units have recently attracted considerable attention in organic photovoltaic devices due to the controlled optical bandgap and retained favorable separation of charge carriers. Inspired by these advantages, an effective strategy is presented to solve the main obstructions of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) photocatalyst for solar energy conversion, that is, inefficient visible light response and insufficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. Donor-π-acceptor-π-donor polymers are prepared by incorporating 4,4'-(benzoc 1,2,5 thiadiazole-4,7-diyl) dianiline (BD) into the g-C3 N4 framework (UCN-BD). Benefiting from the visible light band tail caused by the extended π conjugation, UCN-BD possesses expanded visible light absorption range. More importantly, the BD monomer also acts as an electron acceptor, which endows UCN-BD with a high degree of intramolecular charge transfer. With this unique molecular structure, the optimized UCN-BD sample exhibits a superior performance for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution upon visible light illumination (3428 µmol h-1 g-1 ), which is nearly six times of that of the pristine g-C3 N4 . In addition, the photocatalytic property remains stable for six cycles in 3 d. This work provides an insight into the synthesis of g-C3 N4 -based D-π-A-π-D systems with highly visible light response and long lifetime of intramolecular charge carriers for solar fuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Li
- Department of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wei-De Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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19
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Song Z, Li Z, Lin L, Zhang Y, Lin T, Chen L, Cai Z, Lin S, Guo L, Fu F, Wang X. Phenyl-doped graphitic carbon nitride: photoluminescence mechanism and latent fingerprint imaging. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:17737-17742. [PMID: 28849849 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The photoluminescence (PL) emission mechanism of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is still ambiguous and the application of PL g-C3N4 powder as a solid sensing platform has not been explored. Herein we highlight a strategy to prepare g-C3N4 powder with strong green PL by doping phenyl groups in a carbon nitride network. Compared with pristine g-C3N4, doping of phenyl groups greatly enhances the PL efficiency and Stokes shift. Theoretical calculations based on density function theory indicate that phenyl groups change the electronic structure of the carbon nitride network and have an obvious contribution to the LUMO of phenyl-doped g-C3N4, which may be the main reason for the enhancement of the PL efficiency and Stokes shift. Taking advantage of the high PL efficiency, large Stokes shift and high photo-stability, phenyl-doped g-C3N4 powder shows promising application for the imaging of latent fingerprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
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20
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Cao Y, Gao Q, Li Q, Jing X, Wang S, Wang W. Synthesis of 3D porous MoS2/g-C3N4 heterojunction as a high efficiency photocatalyst for boosting H2 evolution activity. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06774g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel strategy was applied for the preparation of MoS2/graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with porous morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
- Shihezi University
- Shihezi 832003
- China
| | - Qin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710127
- P. R. China
| | - Qiao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
- Shihezi University
- Shihezi 832003
- China
| | - Xinbo Jing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
- Shihezi University
- Shihezi 832003
- China
| | - Shufen Wang
- College of Sciences
- Shihezi University
- Shihezi 832003
- China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan
- Shihezi University
- Shihezi 832003
- China
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