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Monistrol-Mula A, Diaz-Torres S, Felez-Nobrega M, Haro JM, Medland SE, Mitchell BL. Genetic analyses point to alterations in immune-related pathways underpinning the association between psychiatric disorders and COVID-19. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02643-0. [PMID: 38956374 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Current literature suggests that people with psychiatric disorders have a higher risk of COVID-19 infection and a worse prognosis of the disease. We aimed to study the genetic contribution to these associations across seven psychiatric disorders as well as a general psychopathology factor (P-factor) and determine whether these are unique or shared across psychiatric disorders using statistical genetic techniques. Using the largest available genome-wide association studies (GWAS), we found a significant genetic overlap between depression, ADHD, PTSD, and the P-factor with both COVID-19 infection and hospitalization, and between anxiety and COVID-19 hospitalization. We used pairwise GWAS to examine this overlap on a fine-grained scale and identified specific regions of the genome shared between several psychiatric disorders, the P-factor, and COVID-19. Gene-based analysis in these genomic regions suggested possible links with immune-related pathways such as thyroid homeostasis, inflammation, and stress response. Finally, we show preliminary evidence for causal associations between depression, ADHD, PTSD, and the P-factor, and higher COVID-19 infection and hospitalization using Mendelian Randomization and Latent Causal Variable methods. Our results support the hypothesis that the relationship between psychiatric disorders and COVID-19 risk is likely due to shared alterations in immune-related pathways and is not a result of environmental factors alone, shedding light on potentially viable therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Monistrol-Mula
- Group of Epidemiology of Psychiatric disorders and Ageing, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Mental Health and Neuroscience program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Santiago Diaz-Torres
- Mental Health and Neuroscience program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mireia Felez-Nobrega
- Group of Epidemiology of Psychiatric disorders and Ageing, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Group of Epidemiology of Psychiatric disorders and Ageing, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Mental Health and Neuroscience program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brittany L Mitchell
- Mental Health and Neuroscience program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Rehman G, Kashyap J, Srivastav AK, Rizvi S, Kumar U, Tyagi RK. Truncated variants of thyroid hormone receptor beta display disease-inflicting malfunctioning at cellular level. Exp Cell Res 2024; 437:114017. [PMID: 38555013 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptor β (THRβ) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-modulated transcription factors. Upon ligand binding, THRβ sequentially recruits the components of transcriptional machinery to modulate target gene expression. In addition to regulating diverse physiological processes, THRβ plays a crucial role in hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis feedback regulation. Anomalies in THRβ gene/protein structure are associated with onset of diverse disease states. In this study, we investigated disease-inflicting truncated variants of THRβ using in-silico analysis and cell-based assays. We examined the THRβ truncated variants on multiple test parameters, including subcellular localization, ligand-receptor interactions, transcriptional functions, interaction with heterodimeric partner RXR, and receptor-chromatin interactions. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulation approaches predicted that shortened THRβ-LBD due to point mutations contributes proportionally to the loss of structural integrity and receptor stability. Deviant subcellular localization and compromised transcriptional function were apparent with these truncated variants. Present study shows that 'mitotic bookmarking' property of some THRβ variants is also affected. The study highlights that structural and conformational attributes of THRβ are necessary for normal receptor functioning, and any deviations may contribute to the underlying cause of the inflicted diseases. We anticipate that insights derived herein may contribute to improved mechanistic understanding to assess disease predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghausiya Rehman
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jyoti Kashyap
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amit Kumar Srivastav
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382030, India
| | - Sheeba Rizvi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Umesh Kumar
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382030, India; Nutrition Biology Department, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 123031, India
| | - Rakesh K Tyagi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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3
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Kağızmanlı GA, Kırbıyık Ö, Abacı A, Böber E, Yiş U, Demir K. Anaemia-based screening for resistance to thyroid hormone alpha in children. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2024; 100:304-311. [PMID: 38148509 DOI: 10.1111/cen.15007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothyroid phenotype associated with resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTH-α) is associated with a diverse clinical picture. On the other hand, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are normal. Free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4) levels can also be normal; however, normo- or macrocytic anaemia is usually present in reported cases. Diagnosis is challenging and there is limited data regarding screening methods. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to assess the efficiency of a screening strategy for RTH-α. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Out of a total of 6540 children evaluated at the outpatient clinics of paediatric neurology over 2 years and who underwent complete blood count and thyroid function tests, 432 were found to have anaemia. Within this group, we identified 42 children without an underlying specific neurological aetiology who exhibited normo- or macrocytic anaemia, normal TSH levels, fT3 levels in the upper half of the normal range or high, and fT4 levels in the lower half of the normal range or low. We excluded one patient who had already been diagnosed with RTH-α and nine patients could not be reached. Subsequently, clinical evaluation, biochemical assessment, and THRA sequencing analysis were conducted on 32 children. The findings were compared with those of the known RTH-α patients in our unit. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 5.7 (5.1-7.4) years, and 22 of them were males (69%). The main reasons for assessment in paediatric neurology clinics were autism spectrum disorder (n = 12, 38%), epilepsy (n = 11, 34%), and delay in developmental stages (n = 8, 25%). Constipation was present in five of the cases (16%), while the closure of the anterior fontanelle and tooth eruption were delayed in two cases (6%) and one case (3%), respectively. The median length/height and weight standard deviation (SD) scores were 0.3 [(-0.8)-(1.1)] and -0.1 [(-0.8)-(0.3)], respectively. The median fT3, fT4, and TSH levels were 4.6 (4.2-5.0) pg/mL, 0.9 (0.8-1.0) ng/dL, and 2.2 (1.8-3.1) uIU/mL, respectively. Thirteen of the patients (41%) had high fT3 levels, while none of them had low fT4 levels. The normo- or macrocytic anaemia rate was 47% (normocytic/macrocytic, n = 8/7) at the time of reassessment. Serum creatine kinase (CK) was elevated in five patients (16%; one had anaemia). None of the subjects had a pathological variant in THRA. Known RTH-α patients had significantly lower median height SD score, higher rates of delayed tooth eruption and closure of the anterior fontanelle, lower haemoglobin levels, and higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and CK levels as compared to those found without RTH-α. CONCLUSIONS This approach found one known patient with RTH-α but did not reveal any new cases. Notably, normo- or macrocytic anaemia did not persist in nearly half of the screened patients. A screening strategy that takes clinical findings and prominent laboratory features suggestive of RTH-α into account could lower unnecessary genetic analysis of THRA in patients presenting with neurological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Akın Kağızmanlı
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Özgür Kırbıyık
- Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Genetic Diagnosis Center, University of Health Sciences, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Abacı
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ece Böber
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Uluç Yiş
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Korcan Demir
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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Richard S, Ren J, Flamant F. Thyroid hormone action during GABAergic neuron maturation: The quest for mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1256877. [PMID: 37854197 PMCID: PMC10579935 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1256877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling plays a major role in mammalian brain development. Data obtained in the past years in animal models have pinpointed GABAergic neurons as a major target of TH signaling during development, which opens up new perspectives to further investigate the mechanisms by which TH affects brain development. The aim of the present review is to gather the available information about the involvement of TH in the maturation of GABAergic neurons. After giving an overview of the kinds of neurological disorders that may arise from disruption of TH signaling during brain development in humans, we will take a historical perspective to show how rodent models of hypothyroidism have gradually pointed to GABAergic neurons as a main target of TH signaling during brain development. The third part of this review underscores the challenges that are encountered when conducting gene expression studies to investigate the molecular mechanisms that are at play downstream of TH receptors during brain development. Unravelling the mechanisms of action of TH in the developing brain should help make progress in the prevention and treatment of several neurological disorders, including autism and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, UMR5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, USC1370 Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Lyon, France
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5
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Wang M, Roggero VR, Allison LA. Mediator subunit MED1 differentially modulates mutant thyroid hormone receptor intracellular dynamics in Resistance to Thyroid Hormone syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 559:111781. [PMID: 36191835 PMCID: PMC9985138 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptor (TR) controls the expression of thyroid hormone (T3)-responsive genes, while undergoing rapid nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. In Resistance to Thyroid Hormone syndrome (RTH), mutant TR fails to activate T3-dependent transcription. Previously, we showed that Mediator subunit 1 (MED1) plays a role in TR nuclear retention. Here, we investigated MED1's effect on RTH mutants using nucleocytoplasmic scoring and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in transfected cells. MED1 overexpression and knockout did not change the nucleocytoplasmic distribution or intranuclear mobility of C392X and P398R TRα1 at physiological T3 levels. At elevated T3 levels, however, overexpression increased P398R's nuclear retention and MED1 knockout decreased P398R's and A263V's intranuclear mobility, while not impacting C392X. Although A263V TRα1-transfected cells had a high percentage of aggregates, MED1 rescued A263V's impaired intranuclear mobility, suggesting that MED1 ameliorates nonfunctional aggregates. Results correlate with clinical severity, suggesting that altered interaction between MED1 and TRα1 mutants contributes to RTH pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyao Wang
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Vincent R Roggero
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Lizabeth A Allison
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA.
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6
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Keil-Stietz K, Lein PJ. Gene×environment interactions in autism spectrum disorders. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 152:221-284. [PMID: 36707213 PMCID: PMC10496028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is credible evidence that environmental factors influence individual risk and/or severity of autism spectrum disorders (hereafter referred to as autism). While it is likely that environmental chemicals contribute to the etiology of autism via multiple mechanisms, identifying specific environmental factors that confer risk for autism and understanding how they contribute to the etiology of autism has been challenging, in part because the influence of environmental chemicals likely varies depending on the genetic substrate of the exposed individual. Current research efforts are focused on elucidating the mechanisms by which environmental chemicals interact with autism genetic susceptibilities to adversely impact neurodevelopment. The goal is to not only generate insights regarding the pathophysiology of autism, but also inform the development of screening platforms to identify specific environmental factors and gene×environment (G×E) interactions that modify autism risk. Data from such studies are needed to support development of intervention strategies for mitigating the burden of this neurodevelopmental condition on individuals, their families and society. In this review, we discuss environmental chemicals identified as putative autism risk factors and proposed mechanisms by which G×E interactions influence autism risk and/or severity using polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Keil-Stietz
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, United States.
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7
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Su Y, Yang X, Yang L, Liu X, She Z, Zhang Y, Dong Z. Thyroid hormones regulate reelin expression in neuropsychiatric disorders. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 100:1033-1044. [PMID: 36166833 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of hypothyroidism in pregnancy have increased over the past two decades, leading to the occurrence of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of thyroid hormone (TH)-regulated gene expression and neuropsychiatric development during the postnatal period remain unknown. Recent achievements have shown that reelin, a large extracellular glycoprotein, plays a crucial role in neuronal migration and localization during the development of neocortex and cerebellar cortex, thereby participating in the development of neuropsychiatric diseases. Reelin-induced neuronal migration requires triiodothyronine (T3) from the deiodination of thyroxine (T4) by fetal brain deiodinases. Previous studies have reported decreased reelin levels and abnormal gene expression, which are the same as the pathological alternations in reelin-induced neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and autism. Low T3 in the fetal brain due to hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy may be detrimental to neuronal migration, leading to neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we focus on the reelin expression between hypothyroidism and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Su
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Lu Yang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Xinjing Liu
- College of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Zhenghang She
- College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Youwen Zhang
- College of Pediatrics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401334, PR China
| | - Zhifang Dong
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, PR China
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8
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Yao B, Yang C, Pan C, Li Y. Thyroid hormone resistance: Mechanisms and therapeutic development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 553:111679. [PMID: 35738449 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As an essential primary hormone, thyroid hormone (TH) is indispensable for human growth, development and metabolism. Impairment of TH function in several aspects, including TH synthesis, activation, transportation and receptor-dependent transactivation, can eventually lead to thyroid hormone resistance syndrome (RTH). RTH is a rare syndrome that manifests as a reduced target cell response to TH signaling. The majority of RTH cases are related to thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) mutations, and only a few RTH cases are associated with thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) mutations or other causes. Patients with RTH suffer from goiter, mental retardation, short stature and bradycardia or tachycardia. To date, approximately 170 mutated TRβ variants and more than 20 mutated TRα variants at the amino acid level have been reported in RTH patients. In addition to these mutated proteins, some TR isoforms can also reduce TH function by competing with primary TRs for TRE and RXR binding. Fortunately, different treatments for RTH have been explored with structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and drug design, and among these treatments. With thyromimetic potency but biochemical properties that differ from those of primary TH (T3 and T4), these TH analogs can bypass specific defective transporters or reactive mutant TRs. However, these compounds must be carefully applied to avoid over activating TRα, which is associated with more severe heart impairment. The structural mechanisms of mutation-induced RTH in the TR ligand-binding domain are summarized in this review. Furthermore, strategies to overcome this resistance for therapeutic development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benqiang Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361005, China.
| | - Chengxi Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Yong Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361005, China.
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9
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Affortit C, Blanc F, Nasr J, Ceccato JC, Markossian S, Guyot R, Puel JL, Flamant F, Wang J. A disease-associated mutation in thyroid hormone receptor α1 causes hearing loss and sensory hair cell patterning defects in mice. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabj4583. [PMID: 35700264 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abj4583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to thyroid hormone due to mutations in THRA, which encodes the thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα1), shows variable clinical presentation. Mutations affecting TRβ1 and TRβ2 cause deafness in mice and have been associated with deafness in humans. To test whether TRα1 also affects hearing function, we used mice heterozygous for a frameshift mutation in Thra that is similar to human THRA mutations (ThraS1/+ mice) and reduces tissue sensitivity to thyroid hormone. Compared to wild-type littermates, ThraS1/+ mice showed moderate high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss as juveniles and increased age-related hearing loss. Ultrastructural examination revealed aberrant orientation of ~20% of sensory outer hair cells (OHCs), as well as increased numbers of mitochondria with fragmented morphology and autophagic vacuoles in both OHCs and auditory nerve fibers. Molecular dissection of the OHC lateral wall components revealed that the potassium ion channel Kcnq4 was aberrantly targeted to the cytoplasm of mutant OHCs. In addition, mutant cochleae showed increased oxidative stress, autophagy, and mitophagy associated with greater age-related cochlear cell damage, demonstrating that TRα1 is required for proper development of OHCs and for maintenance of OHC function. These findings suggest that patients with THRA mutations may present underdiagnosed, mild hearing loss and may be more susceptible to age-related hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Affortit
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabian Blanc
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jamal Nasr
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Charles Ceccato
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Suzy Markossian
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), INRAE USC1370, CNRS (UMR5242), ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Romain Guyot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), INRAE USC1370, CNRS (UMR5242), ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Puel
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), INRAE USC1370, CNRS (UMR5242), ENS, Lyon, France
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (INM), University Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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10
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Paisdzior S, Schuelke M, Krude H. What is the Role of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha 2 (TRα2) in Human Physiology? Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2022; 130:296-302. [PMID: 35255520 DOI: 10.1055/a-1716-7980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptors are nuclear receptors that function as transcription factors and are regulated by thyroid hormones. To date, a number of variants and isoforms are known. This review focuses on the thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα), in particular TRα2, an isoform that arises from alternative splicing of the THRA mRNA transcript. Unlike the TRα1 isoform, which can bind T3, the TRα2 isoform lacks a ligand-binding domain but still binds to DNA thereby antagonizing the transcriptional activity of TRα1. Although a regulatory role has been proposed, the physiological function of this TRα2 antagonism is still unclear due to limited in vitro and mouse model data. Recently, the first patients with resistance to thyroid hormone due to mutations in THRA, the TRα encoding gene, affecting the antagonistic function of TRα2 were described, suggesting a significant role of this particular isoform in human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Paisdzior
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Schuelke
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neuropediatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Krude
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Uchida K, Suzuki M. Congenital Hypothyroidism and Brain Development: Association With Other Psychiatric Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:772382. [PMID: 34955723 PMCID: PMC8695682 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.772382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones play an important role in brain development, and thyroid hormone insufficiency during the perinatal period results in severe developmental delays. Perinatal thyroid hormone deficiency is clinically known as congenital hypothyroidism, which is caused by dysgenesis of the thyroid gland or low iodine intake. If the disorder is not diagnosed or not treated early, the neuronal architecture is perturbed by thyroid hormone insufficiency, and neuropathological findings, such as abnormal synapse formation, defects in neuronal migration, and impairment of myelination, are observed in the brains of such patients. Furthermore, the expression of psychiatric disorder-related molecules, especially parvalbumin, is significantly decreased by thyroid hormone insufficiency during the perinatal period. Animal experiments using hypothyroidism models display decreased parvalbumin expression and abnormal brain architecture, and these experimental results show reproducibility and stability. These basic studies reinforce the results of epidemiological studies, suggesting the relevance of thyroid dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss the disruption of brain function associated with congenital hypothyroidism from the perspective of basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Uchida
- Laboratory of Information Biology, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mao Suzuki
- Laboratory of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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12
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Nudel R, Appadurai V, Buil A, Nordentoft M, Werge T. Pleiotropy between language impairment and broader behavioral disorders-an investigation of both common and rare genetic variants. J Neurodev Disord 2021; 13:54. [PMID: 34773992 PMCID: PMC8590378 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-021-09403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Language plays a major role in human behavior. For this reason, neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders in which linguistic ability is impaired could have a big impact on the individual's social interaction and general wellbeing. Such disorders tend to have a strong genetic component, but most past studies examined mostly the linguistic overlaps across these disorders; investigations into their genetic overlaps are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the potential genetic overlap between language impairment and broader behavioral disorders employing methods capturing both common and rare genetic variants. METHODS We employ polygenic risk scores (PRS) trained on specific language impairment (SLI) to evaluate genetic overlap across several disorders in a large case-cohort sample comprising ~13,000 autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases, including cases of childhood autism and Asperger's syndrome, ~15,000 attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) cases, ~3000 schizophrenia cases, and ~21,000 population controls. We also examine rare variants in SLI/language-related genes in a subset of the sample that was exome-sequenced using the SKAT-O method. RESULTS We find that there is little evidence for genetic overlap between SLI and ADHD, schizophrenia, and ASD, the latter being in line with results of linguistic analyses in past studies. However, we observe a small, significant genetic overlap between SLI and childhood autism specifically, which we do not observe for SLI and Asperger's syndrome. Moreover, we observe that childhood autism cases have significantly higher SLI-trained PRS compared to Asperger's syndrome cases; these results correspond well to the linguistic profiles of both disorders. Our rare variant analyses provide suggestive evidence of association for specific genes with ASD, childhood autism, and schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides, for the first time, to our knowledge, genetic evidence for ASD subtypes based on risk variants for language impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Nudel
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- CORE - Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vivek Appadurai
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alfonso Buil
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark
- CORE - Copenhagen Research Centre for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark.
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Tagami T. An overview of thyroid function tests in subjects with resistance to thyroid hormone and related disorders. Endocr J 2021; 68:509-517. [PMID: 33827995 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej21-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Confirmation of sustained syndrome of inappropriate secretion of thyrotropin (SITSH) is a milestone in diagnosis of β type of resistance to thyroid hormone (RTHβ). The differential diagnoses of RTHβ include TSH-producing pituitary adenoma (TSHoma) and familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH), which also present SITSH. Recently, patients with RTHα caused by a mutation in thyroid hormone receptor α were reported and they did not present SITSH but a decline in the serum T4/T3 ratio. This review was aimed to overview thyroid function tests in RTH and related disorders. First, the characteristics of the thyroid function in RTHβ, TSHoma, and FDH obtained from a Japanese database are summarized. Second, the degrees of SITSH in patients with truncations and frameshifts were compared with those in patients with single amino acid deletions and single amino acid substitutions obtained from the literature. Third, the degrees of SITSH in homozygous patients were compared with those in heterozygous patients with cognate mutations. Finally, the FT3/FT4 ratios in RTHα are summarized. In principle, the TSH values in FDH were within the normal range and apparent FT4 values in FDH were much higher than in RTHβ and TSHoma. The FT3/FT4 values in RTHβ were significantly lower than in TSHoma. The degrees of SITSH in patients with truncations and frameshifts were more severe than those in patients with single amino acid deletions and single amino acid substitutions, and those in homozygous patients were more severe than those in heterozygous patients with cognate mutations. The FT3/FT4 ratios in RTHα were higher than 1.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tagami
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
- Clinical Research Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan
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14
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Uncovering Evidence for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals That Elicit Differential Susceptibility through Gene-Environment Interactions. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9040077. [PMID: 33917455 PMCID: PMC8067468 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is linked to myriad disorders, characterized by the disruption of the complex endocrine signaling pathways that govern development, physiology, and even behavior across the entire body. The mechanisms of endocrine disruption involve a complex system of pathways that communicate across the body to stimulate specific receptors that bind DNA and regulate the expression of a suite of genes. These mechanisms, including gene regulation, DNA binding, and protein binding, can be tied to differences in individual susceptibility across a genetically diverse population. In this review, we posit that EDCs causing such differential responses may be identified by looking for a signal of population variability after exposure. We begin by summarizing how the biology of EDCs has implications for genetically diverse populations. We then describe how gene-environment interactions (GxE) across the complex pathways of endocrine signaling could lead to differences in susceptibility. We survey examples in the literature of individual susceptibility differences to EDCs, pointing to a need for research in this area, especially regarding the exceedingly complex thyroid pathway. Following a discussion of experimental designs to better identify and study GxE across EDCs, we present a case study of a high-throughput screening signal of putative GxE within known endocrine disruptors. We conclude with a call for further, deeper analysis of the EDCs, particularly the thyroid disruptors, to identify if these chemicals participate in GxE leading to differences in susceptibility.
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15
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Abstract
Resistance to thyroid hormone alpha occurs due to pathogenic, heterozygous variants in THRA. The entity was first described in 2012 and to date only a small number of patients with varying severity have been reported. In this review, we summarize and interpret the heterogeneous clinical and laboratory features of all published cases, including ours. Many symptoms and findings are similar to those seen in primary hypothyroidism. However, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels are normal. Free triiodothyronine (T3) levels are in the upper half of normal range or frankly high and free thyroxine (T4) levels are low or in the lower half of normal range. Alterations in free T3 and free T4 may not be remarkable, particularly in adults, possibly contributing to underdiagnosis. In such patients, low reverse T3 levels, normo- or macrocytic anemia or, particularly in children, mildly elevated creatine kinase levels would warrant THRA sequencing. Treatment with L-thyroxine results in improvement of some clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Mert Erbaş
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Korcan Demir
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey Phone: +90 232 412 60 77 E-mail:
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16
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Richard S, Guyot R, Rey-Millet M, Prieux M, Markossian S, Aubert D, Flamant F. A Pivotal Genetic Program Controlled by Thyroid Hormone during the Maturation of GABAergic Neurons. iScience 2020; 23:100899. [PMID: 32092701 PMCID: PMC7037980 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian brain development critically depends on proper thyroid hormone signaling, via the TRα1 nuclear receptor. The downstream mechanisms by which TRα1 impacts brain development are currently unknown. In order to investigate these mechanisms, we used mouse genetics to induce the expression of a dominant-negative mutation of TRα1 specifically in GABAergic neurons, the main inhibitory neurons in the brain. This triggered post-natal epileptic seizures and a profound impairment of GABAergic neuron maturation in several brain regions. Analysis of the transcriptome and TRα1 cistrome in the striatum allowed us to identify a small set of genes, the transcription of which is upregulated by TRα1 in GABAergic neurons and which probably plays an important role during post-natal maturation of the brain. Thus, our results point to GABAergic neurons as direct targets of thyroid hormone during brain development and suggest that many defects seen in hypothyroid brains may be secondary to GABAergic neuron malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Richard
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France.
| | - Romain Guyot
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Martin Rey-Millet
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Margaux Prieux
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Suzy Markossian
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Denise Aubert
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Flamant
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France
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17
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Klocke C, Lein PJ. Evidence Implicating Non-Dioxin-Like Congeners as the Key Mediators of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Developmental Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1013. [PMID: 32033061 PMCID: PMC7037228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being banned from production for decades, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) continue to pose a significant risk to human health. This is due to not only the continued release of legacy PCBs from PCB-containing equipment and materials manufactured prior to the ban on PCB production, but also the inadvertent production of PCBs as byproducts of contemporary pigment and dye production. Evidence from human and animal studies clearly identifies developmental neurotoxicity as a primary endpoint of concern associated with PCB exposures. However, the relative role(s) of specific PCB congeners in mediating the adverse effects of PCBs on the developing nervous system, and the mechanism(s) by which PCBs disrupt typical neurodevelopment remain outstanding questions. New questions are also emerging regarding the potential developmental neurotoxicity of lower chlorinated PCBs that were not present in the legacy commercial PCB mixtures, but constitute a significant proportion of contemporary human PCB exposures. Here, we review behavioral and mechanistic data obtained from experimental models as well as recent epidemiological studies that suggest the non-dioxin-like (NDL) PCBs are primarily responsible for the developmental neurotoxicity associated with PCBs. We also discuss emerging data demonstrating the potential for non-legacy, lower chlorinated PCBs to cause adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Molecular targets, the relevance of PCB interactions with these targets to neurodevelopmental disorders, and critical data gaps are addressed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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18
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Ames JL, Windham GC, Lyall K, Pearl M, Kharrazi M, Yoshida CK, Van de Water J, Ashwood P, Croen LA. Neonatal Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and Subsequent Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intellectual Disability. Autism Res 2019; 13:444-455. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gayle C. Windham
- Environmental Health Investigations BranchCalifornia Department of Public Health Richmond California
| | - Kristen Lyall
- A.J. Drexel Autism InstituteDrexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle Pearl
- Environmental Health Investigations BranchCalifornia Department of Public Health Richmond California
| | - Martin Kharrazi
- Environmental Health Investigations BranchCalifornia Department of Public Health Richmond California
| | | | - Judy Van de Water
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis California
- MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) InstituteUniversity of California Davis California
| | - Paul Ashwood
- MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) InstituteUniversity of California Davis California
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California Davis California
| | - Lisa A. Croen
- Kaiser Permanente Division of Research Oakland California
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19
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Wejaphikul K, van Gucht ALM, Groeneweg S, Visser WE, Visser TJ, Peeters RP, Meima ME. The In Vitro Functional Impairment of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha 1 Isoform Mutants Is Mainly Dictated by Reduced Ligand Sensitivity. Thyroid 2019; 29:1834-1842. [PMID: 31530256 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormone (TH) acts on TH receptors (TRs) and regulates gene transcription by binding of TRs to TH response elements (TREs) in target gene promoters. The transcriptional activity of TRs is modulated by interactions with TR-coregulatory proteins. Mutations in TRα cause resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα). In this study, we analyzed if, beyond reduced triiodothyronine (T3) affinity, altered interactions with cofactors or different TREs could account for the differential impaired transcriptional activity of different mutants. Methods: We evaluated four mutants derived from patients (D211G, M256T, A263S, and R384H) and three artificial mutants at equivalent positions in patients with RTHβ (T223A, L287V, and P398H). The in vitro transcriptional activity was evaluated on TRE-luciferase reporters (DR4, IR0, and ER6). The affinity for T3 and interaction with coregulatory proteins (nuclear receptor corepressor 1 [NCoR1] and steroid receptor coactivator 1 [SRC1]) were also determined. Results: We found that the affinity for T3 was significantly reduced for all mutants, except for TRα1-T223A. The reduction in the T3 sensitivity of the transcriptional activity on three TREs, the dissociation of the corepressor NCoR1, and the association of the coactivator SRC1 recruitment for each mutant correlated with the reduced affinity for T3. We did not observe mutation-specific alterations in interactions with cofactors or TREs. Conclusions: In summary, the degree of impaired transcriptional activity of mutants is mainly determined by their reduced affinity for T3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karn Wejaphikul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anja L M van Gucht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E Meima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Association of genes with phenotype in autism spectrum disorder. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:10742-10770. [PMID: 31744938 PMCID: PMC6914398 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a genetic heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by impairments in social interaction and speech development and is accompanied by stereotypical behaviors such as body rocking, hand flapping, spinning objects, sniffing and restricted behaviors. The considerable significance of the genetics associated with autism has led to the identification of many risk genes for ASD used for the probing of ASD specificity and shared cognitive features over the past few decades. Identification of ASD risk genes helps to unravel various genetic variants and signaling pathways which are involved in ASD. This review highlights the role of ASD risk genes in gene transcription and translation regulation processes, as well as neuronal activity modulation, synaptic plasticity, disrupted key biological signaling pathways, and the novel candidate genes that play a significant role in the pathophysiology of ASD. The current emphasis on autism spectrum disorders has generated new opportunities in the field of neuroscience, and further advancements in the identification of different biomarkers, risk genes, and genetic pathways can help in the early diagnosis and development of new clinical and pharmacological treatments for ASD.
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21
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Sethi S, Morgan RK, Feng W, Lin Y, Li X, Luna C, Koch M, Bansal R, Duffel MW, Puschner B, Zoeller RT, Lehmler HJ, Pessah IN, Lein PJ. Comparative Analyses of the 12 Most Abundant PCB Congeners Detected in Human Maternal Serum for Activity at the Thyroid Hormone Receptor and Ryanodine Receptor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:3948-3958. [PMID: 30821444 PMCID: PMC6457253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pose significant risk to the developing human brain; however, mechanisms of PCB developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) remain controversial. Two widely posited mechanisms are tested here using PCBs identified in pregnant women in the MARBLES cohort who are at increased risk for having a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). As determined by gas chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry, the mean PCB level in maternal serum was 2.22 ng/mL. The 12 most abundant PCBs were tested singly and as a mixture mimicking the congener profile in maternal serum for activity at the thyroid hormone receptor (THR) and ryanodine receptor (RyR). Neither the mixture nor the individual congeners (2 fM to 2 μM) exhibited agonistic or antagonistic activity in a THR reporter cell line. However, as determined by equilibrium binding of [3H]ryanodine to RyR1-enriched microsomes, the mixture and the individual congeners (50 nM to 50 μM) increased RyR activity by 2.4-19.2-fold. 4-Hydroxy (OH) and 4-sulfate metabolites of PCBs 11 and 52 had no TH activity; but 4-OH PCB 52 had higher potency than the parent congener toward RyR. These data support evidence implicating RyRs as targets in environmentally triggered NDDs and suggest that PCB effects on the THR are not a predominant mechanism driving PCB DNT. These findings provide scientific rationale regarding a point of departure for quantitative risk assessment of PCB DNT, and identify in vitro assays for screening other environmental pollutants for DNT potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rhianna K. Morgan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yanping Lin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Corey Luna
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Madison Koch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ruby Bansal
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Michael W. Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Isaac N. Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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22
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Sun H, Wu H, Xie R, Wang F, Chen T, Chen X, Wang X, Flamant F, Chen L. New Case of Thyroid Hormone Resistance α Caused by a Mutation of THRA /TR α1. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:665-669. [PMID: 30842990 PMCID: PMC6397419 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We found a sporadic case of mental retardation associated with short stature and constipation. We investigated the possible genetic origin of the syndrome. Clinical and biochemical investigations were conducted. Exome sequencing was used to search for pathogenic variations. A de novo mutation (c.1183G>T, p.E395X) was found in one allele of the THRA gene. The mutation creates a stop codon, which eliminates the C-terminal helix of the TRα1 receptor for thyroid hormone. The patient has typical symptoms for the resistance to thyroid hormone α (RTHα) genetic disease, but has a normal head circumference. There are now 21 known mutations in THRA. All mutations that alter the C-terminal helix of TRα1 lead to severe forms of RTHα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Genetic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiying Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Genetic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Genetic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fengyun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Genetic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Genetic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Genetic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Genetic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Frédéric Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, INRA USC 1370, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Linqi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Genetic Diseases, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
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