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Al-Hetlani E, Amin MO, Bezzu CG, Carta M. Spirobifluorene-based polymers of intrinsic microporosity for the adsorption of methylene blue from wastewater: effect of surfactants. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200741. [PMID: 33047036 PMCID: PMC7540755 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their high surface area and superior adsorption properties, spirobifluorene polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), namely PIM-SBF-Me (methyl) and PIM-SBF-tBu (tert-butyl), were used for the first time, to our knowledge, for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from wastewater. Spirobifluorene PIMs are known to have large surface area (can be up to 1100 m2 g-1) and have been previously used mainly for gas storage applications. Dispersion of the polymers in aqueous solution was challenging owing to their extreme hydrophobic nature leading to poor adsorption efficiency of MB. For this reason, cationic (cetyl-pyridinium chloride), anionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate; SDS) and non-ionic (Brij-35) surfactants were used and tested with the aim of enhancing the dispersion of the hydrophobic polymers in water and hence improving the adsorption efficiencies of the polymers. The effect of surfactant type and concentration were investigated. All surfactants offered a homogeneous dispersion of the polymers in the aqueous dye solution; however, the highest adsorption efficiency was obtained using an anionic surfactant (SDS) and this seems owing to the predominance of electrostatic interaction between its molecules and the positively charges dye molecules. Furthermore, the effect of polymer dosage and initial dye concentration on MB adsorption were also considered. The kinetic data for both polymers were well described by a pseudo-second-order model, while the Langmuir model better simulated the adsorption process of MB dye on PIM-SBF-Me and the Freundlich model was more suitable for PIM-SBF-tBu. Moreover, the maximum adsorption capacities recorded were 84.0 and 101.0 mg g-1 for PIM-SBF-Me and PIM-SBF-tBu, respectively. Reusability of both polymers was tested by performing three adsorption cycles and the results substantiate that both polymers can be effectively re-used with insignificant loss of their adsorption efficiency (%AE). These preliminary results suggested that incorporation of a surfactant to enhance the dispersion of hydrophobic polymers and adsorption of organic contaminants from wastewater is a simple and cost-effective approach that can be adapted for many other environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entesar Al-Hetlani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, PO Box 5969, 13060 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Mohamed O. Amin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, PO Box 5969, 13060 Safat, Kuwait
| | - C. Grazia Bezzu
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Swansea University, Grove Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
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Wang J, Lin CY, Moore C, Jhunjhunwala A, Jokerst JV. Switchable Photoacoustic Intensity of Methylene Blue via Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Micellization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:359-365. [PMID: 29232146 PMCID: PMC6200325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between methylene blue (MB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been widely studied spectroscopically, but details about their interactions remain unclear. Here, we combined photoacoustic (PA) imaging with nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and spectroscopy to further elucidate this interaction. PA imaging of 0.05 mM MB showed a 492-fold increase in intensity upon the addition of 3.47 mM SDS. Higher concentrations above SDS's critical micelle concentration (CMC) at 8.67 mM decreased the PA intensity by 54 times. Relative quantum yield measurements indicated that PA intensity increased as a result of fluorescence quenching. Meanwhile, NTA indicated an increased number of nonmicellar MB/SDS clusters at SDS concentrations below the CMC varying in size from 80 to 400 nm as well as a decreased number above the CMC. This trend suggested that MB/SDS clusters are responsible for the PA intensity enhancement. Comparison of PA intensities and spectral shifts with MB/hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, MB/sodium octyl sulfate, and MB/sodium chloride demonstrated that MB was bound to the sulfate moiety of SDS before and after micellization. Our observations suggest that MB forms aggregates with SDS at premicellar concentrations, and the MB aggregates disassociate as monomers that are bound to the sulfate moiety of SDS at micellar concentrations. These findings further clarify the process by which MB and SDS interact and demonstrate the potential for developing MB-/SDS-based contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Colman Moore
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Anamik Jhunjhunwala
- Department of BioEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Hydrogen bond acceptors and additional cationic charges in methylene blue derivatives: photophysics and antimicrobial efficiency. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:482167. [PMID: 23509728 PMCID: PMC3591237 DOI: 10.1155/2013/482167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation of bacteria (PIB) by efficient singlet oxygen photosensitizers might be a beneficial alternative to antibiotics in the struggle against multiresistant bacteria. Phenothiazinium dyes belong to the most prominent classes of such sensitizers due to their intense absorption in the red-light region (λabs, max ca. 600–680 nm, ε > 50000 L mol−1 cm−1), their low toxicity, and their attachment/penetration abilities. Except simple substituents like alkyl or hydroxyalkyl residues, nearly no modifications of the phenothiaziniums have been pursued at the auxochromic sites. By this, the properties of methylene blue derivatives and their fields of application are limited; it remains unclear if their potential antimicrobial efficacy may be enhanced, also to compete with porphyrins. We prepared a set of six mainly novel methylene blue derivatives with the ability of additional hydrogen bonding and/or additional cationic charges to study the substituents' effect on their activity/toxicity profiles and photophysical properties. Direct detection of singlet oxygen was performed at 1270 nm and the singlet oxygen quantum yields were determined. In suspensions with both, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, some derivatives were highly active upon illumination to inactivate S. aureus and E. coli up to 7 log10 steps (99.99999%) without inherent toxicities in the nonirradiated state.
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Heger D, Jirkovský J, Klán P. Aggregation of Methylene Blue in Frozen Aqueous Solutions Studied by Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:6702-9. [PMID: 16834023 DOI: 10.1021/jp050439j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a qualitative as well as quantitative spectroscopic study of methylene blue (MB) aggregation that occurs upon freezing the aqueous solutions over a wide concentration range. The Gaussian curve analysis and the multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares method were used to determine the number and concentration of chemical species responsible for the overlaying absorption visible spectra measured. The results show the extent of aggregation for the concentrations above 10(-7) mol L(-1), being dependent on the freezing rate and the initial concentration. While the local concentration of MB at the grain boundaries of polycrystalline ice increased by approximately 3 orders of magnitude upon fast freezing at 77 K compared to the liquid phase, the concentration raised at least by 6 orders of magnitude upon slow freezing at 243 K. Since enhancement of the local concentration of solutes plays an important role in (photo)chemical transformations in solid aqueous media, this work helps to understand how the initial conditions control the course of the process. The results are relevant in other interdisciplinary fields, such as environmental chemistry, cosmochemistry, or geochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Heger
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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Usacheva MN, Teichert MC, Biel MA. The role of the methylene blue and toluidine blue monomers and dimers in the photoinactivation of bacteria. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2004; 71:87-98. [PMID: 14705643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2003.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between the phenothiazine dyes, methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue (TB), and bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Hemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were studied spectrophotometrically. This demonstrated that a metachromatic reaction took place between the dyes and bacteria. Furthermore, bacteria induced additional dimerization of MB and TB. The effective dimerization constants of MB and TB were evaluated in the presence of each bacterial strain at a concentration of 10(8) CFU/ml. The analysis of the effective dimerization constants for MB and TB in the presence of bacteria indicated that the ability to form dimers was greater for TB than for MB. Gram-negative bacteria induced the dye dimerization more intensely than gram-positive bacteria. There was a correlation between the ability of each dye to form dimers in the presence of bacteria and the relative photobactericidal efficacy of each dye against these bacteria. These results provide evidence confirming the essential role of the dye dimers in bacterial photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina N Usacheva
- Advanced Photodynamic Technologies, Inc., Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
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Nothelfer R, Ruprecht J, Heyl, Baumgärtel H. Adsorption of thionine on heparin studied by combining ultrafiltration and difference VIS spectroscopy. Biopolymers 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.360250708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jockusch S, Ramirez J, Sanghvi K, Nociti R, Turro NJ, Tomalia DA. Comparison of Nitrogen Core and Ethylenediamine Core Starburst Dendrimers through Photochemical and Spectroscopic Probes. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990044w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and Michigan Molecular Institute, Midland, Michigan 48640
| | - Jenny Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and Michigan Molecular Institute, Midland, Michigan 48640
| | - Kunal Sanghvi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and Michigan Molecular Institute, Midland, Michigan 48640
| | - Robert Nociti
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and Michigan Molecular Institute, Midland, Michigan 48640
| | - Nicholas J. Turro
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and Michigan Molecular Institute, Midland, Michigan 48640
| | - Donald A. Tomalia
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, and Michigan Molecular Institute, Midland, Michigan 48640
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Störmer U, Baumgärtel H. Die wasserinduzierte Metachromasie von Thionin und Methylenblau in histologischen Präparaten. Acta Histochem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(86)80110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hamai S. Complex Formation in Cationic Dye–Organic Anion Systems in Aqueous Solution. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1985. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.58.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Vogel J, Schneider S, Dörr F, Lemmen P, Lenoir D. Photophysics of cis- and trans-1-(1-indanylidene)indane. Spectroscopic evidence for aggregation of the trans isomer. Chem Phys 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(84)85334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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