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Luo W, Liu Y, Qin H, Zhao Z, Wang S, He W, Tang S, Peng J. Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic drug products approved by the FDA in 2023: Synthesis and biological activity. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 279:116838. [PMID: 39255645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
This article profiles 13 newly approved nitrogen-containing heterocyclic drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2023. These drugs target a variety of therapeutic areas including proteinuria in patients with IgA nephropathy, migraine in adults, Rett syndrome, PI3Kδ syndrome, vasomotor symptoms, alopecia areata, acute myeloid leukemia, postpartum depression, myelofibrosis, and various cancer and tumor types. The molecular structures of these approved drugs feature common aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, isoxazole, pyridine, and pyrimidine, as well as aliphatic heterocyclic compounds like caprolactam, piperazine, and piperidine. Some compounds also contain multiple heteroatoms like 1,2,4-thiadiazole and 1,2,4-triazole. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the bioactivity spectrum, medicinal chemistry discovery, and synthetic methods for each compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, China
| | - Yiqi Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zeyan Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, China
| | - Suqi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, China
| | - Weimin He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Shengsong Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, China.
| | - Junmei Peng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, China.
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De SK. Leniolisib: a novel treatment for activated phosphoinositide-3 kinase delta syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1337436. [PMID: 38410131 PMCID: PMC10894968 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1337436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
IC50 = 11 nM (PI3Kδ); 244 nM (PI3Kα); 424 nM (PI3Kβ), 2,230 nM (PI3Kγ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya K De
- Conju-Probe, San Diego, CA, United States
- Bharath University, Department of Chemistry, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
Leniolisib (JOENJA®) is an oral selective phosphoinositide 3-kinase-delta (PI3Kδ) inhibitor being developed by Pharming Group NV in-licensed from Novartis for the treatment of immunodeficiency disorders. In March 2023, leniolisib received its first approval for the treatment of activated PI3Kδ syndrome (APDS) in adult and paediatric patients 12 years of age and older. Leniolisib is also under regulatory review in European Union for the treatment of APDS. Development of leniolisib for the treatment of Sjögren's syndrome has been discontinued. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of leniolisib leading to this first approval for APDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Duggan
- Springer Nature, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0754, New Zealand.
| | - Zaina T Al-Salama
- Springer Nature, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0754, New Zealand
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Kably B, Launay M, Derobertmasure A, Lefeuvre S, Dannaoui E, Billaud EM. Antifungal Drugs TDM: Trends and Update. Ther Drug Monit 2022; 44:166-197. [PMID: 34923544 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The increasing burden of invasive fungal infections results in growing challenges to antifungal (AF) therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). This review aims to provide an overview of recent advances in AF TDM. METHODS We conducted a PubMed search for articles during 2016-2020 using "TDM" or "pharmacokinetics" or "drug-drug-interaction" with "antifungal," consolidated for each AF. Selection was limited to English language articles with human data on drug exposure. RESULTS More than 1000 articles matched the search terms. We selected 566 publications. The latest findings tend to confirm previous observations in real-life clinical settings. The pharmacokinetic variability related to special populations is not specific but must be considered. AF benefit-to-risk ratio, drug-drug interaction (DDI) profiles, and minimal inhibitory concentrations for pathogens must be known to manage at-risk situations and patients. Itraconazole has replaced ketoconazole in healthy volunteers DDI studies. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling is widely used to assess metabolic azole DDI. AF prophylactic use was studied more for Aspergillus spp. and Mucorales in oncohematology and solid organ transplantation than for Candida (already studied). Emergence of central nervous system infection and severe infections in immunocompetent individuals both merit special attention. TDM is more challenging for azoles than amphotericin B and echinocandins. Fewer TDM requirements exist for fluconazole and isavuconazole (ISZ); however, ISZ is frequently used in clinical situations in which TDM is recommended. Voriconazole remains the most challenging of the AF, with toxicity limiting high-dose treatments. Moreover, alternative treatments (posaconazole tablets, ISZ) are now available. CONCLUSIONS TDM seems to be crucial for curative and/or long-term maintenance treatment in highly variable patients. TDM poses fewer cost issues than the drugs themselves or subsequent treatment issues. The integration of clinical pharmacology into multidisciplinary management is now increasingly seen as a part of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kably
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP Centre
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Manon Launay
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie-Gaz du sang, Hôpital Nord-CHU Saint Etienne, Saint-Etienne
| | - Audrey Derobertmasure
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP Centre
| | - Sandrine Lefeuvre
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Pharmacocinétique, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers; and
| | - Eric Dannaoui
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Unité de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Eliane M Billaud
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP Centre
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Tao G, Huang J, Moorthy B, Wang C, Hu M, Gao S, Ghose R. Potential role of drug metabolizing enzymes in chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity and hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:1109-1124. [PMID: 32841068 PMCID: PMC8059872 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1815705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxicity of chemotherapy drugs is the leading cause of poor therapeutic outcome in many cancer patients. Gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity and hepatotoxicity are among the most common side effects of current chemotherapies. Emerging studies indicate that many chemotherapy-induced toxicities are driven by drug metabolism, but very few reviews summarize the role of drug metabolism in chemotherapy-induced GI toxicity and hepatotoxicity. In this review, we highlighted the importance of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) in chemotherapy toxicity. AREAS COVERED Our review demonstrated that altered activity of DMEs play important role in chemotherapy-induced GI toxicity and hepatotoxicity. Besides direct changes in catalytic activities, the transcription of DMEs is also affected by inflammation, cell-signaling pathways, and/or by drugs in cancer patients due to the disease etiology. EXPERT OPINION More studies should focus on how DMEs are altered during chemotherapy treatment, and how such changes affect the metabolism of chemotherapy drug itself. This mutual interaction between chemotherapies and DMEs can lead to excessive exposure of parent drug or toxic metabolites which ultimately cause GI adverse effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Tao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston TX, U.S
| | - Junqing Huang
- Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Cathryn Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston TX, U.S
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston TX, U.S
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston TX, U.S
| | - Romi Ghose
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston TX, U.S
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Riede J, Umehara KI, Schweigler P, Huth F, Schiller H, Camenisch G, Poller B. Examining P-gp efflux kinetics guided by the BDDCS - Rational selection of in vitro assay designs and mathematical models. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 132:132-141. [PMID: 30857914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The generation of reliable kinetic parameters to describe P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity is essential for predicting the impact of efflux transport on gastrointestinal drug absorption. The compound-specific selection of in vitro assay designs and ensuing data analysis methods is explored in this manuscript. We measured transcellular permeability and cellular uptake of five P-gp substrates in Caco-2 and LLC-PK1 MDR1 cells. Kinetic parameters of P-gp-mediated efflux transport (Km, Vmax) were derived from conventional and mechanistic compartmental models. The estimated apparent Km values based on medium concentrations in the conventional permeability model indicated significant differences between the cell lines. The respective intrinsic Km values based on unbound intracellular concentrations in the mechanistic compartmental models were significantly lower and comparable between cell lines and assay formats. Non-specific binding or lysosomal trapping were shown to cause discrepancies in the kinetic parameters obtained from different assay formats. A guidance for the selection of in vitro assays and kinetic assessment methods is proposed in line with the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS). The recommendations are expected to aid the acquisition of robust and reproducible kinetic parameters of P-gp-mediated efflux transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Riede
- Division of PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ken-Ichi Umehara
- Division of PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schweigler
- Division of PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Huth
- Division of PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hilmar Schiller
- Division of PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gian Camenisch
- Division of PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birk Poller
- Division of PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Pearson D, Garnier M, Luneau A, James AD, Walles M. 19F-NMR-based determination of the absorption, metabolism and excretion of the oral phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) delta inhibitor leniolisib (CDZ173) in healthy volunteers. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:953-960. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1523488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Pearson
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Garnier
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Luneau
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander David James
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Walles
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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