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Tian Z, Zhang Y, Xu J, Yang Q, Hu D, Feng J, Gai C. Primary cilia in Parkinson's disease: summative roles in signaling pathways, genes, defective mitochondrial function, and substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1451655. [PMID: 39364348 PMCID: PMC11447156 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1451655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are microtubules-based, independent antennal-like sensory organelles, that are seen in most vertebrate cells of different types, including astrocytes and neurons. They send signals to cells to control many physiological and cellular processes by detecting changes in the extracellular environment. Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disease that progresses over time, is primarily caused by a gradual degradation of the dopaminergic pathway in the striatum nigra, which results in a large loss of neurons in the substantia nigra compact (SNpc) and a depletion of dopamine (DA). PD samples have abnormalities in the structure and function of PC. The alterations contribute to the cause, development, and recovery of PD via influencing signaling pathways (SHH, Wnt, Notch-1, α-syn, and TGFβ), genes (MYH10 and LRRK2), defective mitochondrial function, and substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. Thus, restoring the normal structure and physiological function of PC and neurons in the brain are effective treatment for PD. This review summarizes the function of PC in neurodegenerative diseases and explores the pathological mechanisms caused by PC alterations in PD, in order to provide references and ideas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijiao Tian
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qianwen Yang
- Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Die Hu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Feng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Gai
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Gabriel GC, Wu YL, Lo CW. Establishment of Cardiac Laterality. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:167-183. [PMID: 38884711 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Formation of the vertebrate heart with its complex arterial and venous connections is critically dependent on patterning of the left-right axis during early embryonic development. Abnormalities in left-right patterning can lead to a variety of complex life-threatening congenital heart defects. A highly conserved pathway responsible for left-right axis specification has been uncovered. This pathway involves initial asymmetric activation of a nodal signaling cascade at the embryonic node, followed by its propagation to the left lateral plate mesoderm and activation of left-sided expression of the Pitx2 transcription factor specifying visceral organ asymmetry. Intriguingly, recent work suggests that cardiac laterality is encoded by intrinsic cell and tissue chirality independent of Nodal signaling. Thus, Nodal signaling may be superimposed on this intrinsic chirality, providing additional instructive cues to pattern cardiac situs. The impact of intrinsic chirality and the perturbation of left-right patterning on myofiber organization and cardiac function warrants further investigation. We summarize recent insights gained from studies in animal models and also some human clinical studies in a brief overview of the complex processes regulating cardiac asymmetry and their impact on cardiac function and the pathogenesis of congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yijen L Wu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Jung YM, Park JK, Oh MJ, Park CW, Park JS, Jun JK, Lee SM, Cho GJ. Increased risk of congenital malformations in offspring born to women with systemic lupus erythematosus in South Korea: a nationwide population-based study. RMD Open 2023; 9:rmdopen-2022-002916. [PMID: 37270202 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the risk of congenital malformations in offspring born to women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS This nationwide population-based study included Korean women who had a singleton pregnancy. The risk of congenital malformations in women with SLE was compared with those without SLE. Multivariable analyses were performed to estimate the OR of congenital malformations. In a sensitivity analysis, the risk of malformation was compared between the offspring of women with SLE and those of propensity-matched women without SLE. RESULTS Of a total of 3 279 204 pregnant women, 0.1% had SLE and their offspring had a higher frequency of congenital malformations (17.13% vs 11.99%, p<0.0001). After adjustment for age, parity, hypertension, diabetes, and fetal sex, the SLE group was found to be associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations in the nervous system (adjusted OR (aOR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.20 to 3.03), eye, ear, face, and neck (aOR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.71), circulatory system (aOR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.67 to 2.20), and musculoskeletal system (aOR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.52). Even after propensity matching, some of the tendencies were maintained. CONCLUSIONS This nationwide population-based study in South Korea indicates that compared with the general population, neonates born to SLE mothers have a slightly increased risk of congenital malformations affecting the nervous system, head and neck, cardiovascular system, and musculoskeletal system. When a woman with lupus becomes pregnant, careful fetal ultrasound and newborn screening can be helpful in identifying the risk of potential malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mi Jung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jin Kyun Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Min-Jeong Oh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Chan-Wook Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Joong Shin Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jong Kwan Jun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Seung Mi Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Innovative Medical Technology Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Geum Joon Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
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Identification and characterization of genetic variants of TGFB1 in patients with congenital heart disease. Meta Gene 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Martin CJ, Datta A, Littlefield C, Kalra A, Chapron C, Wawersik S, Dagbay KB, Brueckner CT, Nikiforov A, Danehy FT, Streich FC, Boston C, Simpson A, Jackson JW, Lin S, Danek N, Faucette RR, Raman P, Capili AD, Buckler A, Carven GJ, Schürpf T. Selective inhibition of TGFβ1 activation overcomes primary resistance to checkpoint blockade therapy by altering tumor immune landscape. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/536/eaay8456. [PMID: 32213632 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay8456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite breakthroughs achieved with cancer checkpoint blockade therapy (CBT), many patients do not respond to anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) due to primary or acquired resistance. Human tumor profiling and preclinical studies in tumor models have recently uncovered transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling activity as a potential point of intervention to overcome primary resistance to CBT. However, the development of therapies targeting TGFβ signaling has been hindered by dose-limiting cardiotoxicities, possibly due to nonselective inhibition of multiple TGFβ isoforms. Analysis of mRNA expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that TGFΒ1 is the most prevalent TGFβ isoform expressed in many types of human tumors, suggesting that TGFβ1 may be a key contributor to primary CBT resistance. To test whether selective TGFβ1 inhibition is sufficient to overcome CBT resistance, we generated a high-affinity, fully human antibody, SRK-181, that selectively binds to latent TGFβ1 and inhibits its activation. Coadministration of SRK-181-mIgG1 and an anti-PD-1 antibody in mice harboring syngeneic tumors refractory to anti-PD-1 treatment induced profound antitumor responses and survival benefit. Specific targeting of TGFβ1 was also effective in tumors expressing more than one TGFβ isoform. Combined SRK-181-mIgG1 and anti-PD-1 treatment resulted in increased intratumoral CD8+ T cells and decreased immunosuppressive myeloid cells. No cardiac valvulopathy was observed in a 4-week rat toxicology study with SRK-181, suggesting that selectively blocking TGFβ1 activation may avoid dose-limiting toxicities previously observed with pan-TGFβ inhibitors. These results establish a rationale for exploring selective TGFβ1 inhibition to overcome primary resistance to CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan Lin
- Scholar Rock, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | - Pichai Raman
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Lane BA, Chakrabarti M, Ferruzzi J, Azhar M, Eberth JF. Mechanics of ascending aortas from TGFβ-1, -2, -3 haploinsufficient mice and elastase-induced aortopathy. J Biomech 2021; 125:110543. [PMID: 34174532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ-1, -2, -3) ligands act through a common receptor complex yet each is expressed in a unique and overlapping fashion throughout development. TGFβ plays a role in extra-cellular matrix composition with mutations to genes encoding TGFβ and TGFβ signaling molecules contributing to diverse and deadly thoracic aortopathies common in Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS). In this investigation, we studied the TGFβ ligand-specific mechanical phenotype of ascending thoracic aortas (ATA) taken from 4-to-6 months-old Tgfb1+/-, Tgfb2+/-, and Tgfb3+/- mice, their wild-type (WT) controls, and an elastase infusion model representative of severe elastolysis. Heterozygous mice were studied at an age without dilation to elucidate potential pre-aortopathic mechanical cues. Our findings indicate that ATAs from Tgfb2+/- mice demonstrated significant wall thickening, a corresponding decrease in biaxial stress, decreased biaxial stiffness, and a decrease in stored energy. These results were unlike the pathological elastase model where decreases in biaxial stretch were found along with increases in diameter, biaxial stress, and biaxial stiffness. ATAs from Tgfb1+/- and Tgfb3+/-, on the other hand, had few mechanical differences when compared to wild-type controls. Although aortopathy generally occurs later in development, our findings reveal that in 4-to-6 month-old animals, only Tgfb2+/- mice demonstrate a significant phenotype that fails to model ubiquitous elastolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooks A Lane
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Mrinmay Chakrabarti
- Cell Biology and Anatomy Department, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jacopo Ferruzzi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Mohamad Azhar
- Cell Biology and Anatomy Department, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; William Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - John F Eberth
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA; Cell Biology and Anatomy Department, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Algeciras L, Palanca A, Maestro D, RuizdelRio J, Villar AV. Epigenetic alterations of TGFβ and its main canonical signaling mediators in the context of cardiac fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 159:38-47. [PMID: 34119506 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a pathological process that presents a continuous overproduction of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the myocardium, which negatively influences the progression of many cardiac diseases. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is the main ligand that triggers the production of pro-fibrotic ECM proteins. In the cardiac fibrotic process, TGFβ and its canonical signaling mediators are tightly regulated at different levels as well as epigenetically. Cardiac fibroblasts are one of the most important TGFβ target cells activated after cardiac injury. TGFβ-driven fibroblast activation is subject to epigenetic modulation and contributes to the progression of cardiac fibrosis, mainly through the expression of pro-fibrotic molecules implicated in the disease. In this review, we describe epigenetic regulation related to canonical TGFβ signaling in cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Algeciras
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Palanca
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - David Maestro
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Jorge RuizdelRio
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Ana V Villar
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.
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Moon YS, Kim M, Hong CP, Kang JH, Jung JH. Overlapping and unique toxic effects of three alternative antifouling biocides (Diuron, Irgarol 1051 ®, Sea-Nine 211 ®) on non-target marine fish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 180:23-32. [PMID: 31059904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of alternative biocides has increased due to their economic and ecological relevance. Although data regarding the toxicity of commercial alternative biocides in marine organisms are accumulating, little is known about their toxic pathways or mechanisms. To compare the toxic effects of commercial alternative biocides on non-target pelagic fish (flounder) embryos, we investigated the adverse effects of developmental malformation and transcriptional changes. Three biocides including Diuron, Irgarol 1051® and Sea-Nine 211® produced a largely overlapping suite of developmental malformations, including tail-fin fold defects and dorsal body axis curvature. In our test, the potencies of these biocides were ranked in the following order with respect to malformation and mortalities: Sea-Nine 211® > Irgarol 1051® > Diuron. Consistent with the toxicity rankings, the expression of genes related to heart formation was greater in embryonic flounder exposed to Sea-Nine 211® than in those exposed to Irgarol 1051® or Diuron, while expression of genes related to fin malformation was greater in the Irgarol 1051® exposure group. In analyses of differential gene expression (DEG) profiles (fold change of genes with a cutoff P < 0.05) by high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq), genes associated with nervous system development, transmembrane transport activity, and muscle cell development were significantly changed commonly. Embryos exposed to Diuron showed changes related to cellular protein localization, whereas genes associated with immune system processes were up-regulated significantly in embryos exposed to Irgarol 1051®. Genes related to actin filament organization and embryonic morphogenesis were up-regulated in embryos exposed to Sea-Nine 211®. Overall, our study provides a better understanding of the overlapping and unique developmental toxic effects of three commercial booster biocides through transcriptomic analyses in a non-target species, embryonic flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Moon
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Pyo Hong
- Theragen Etex Bio Institute Inc., 145 Gwanggyo-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, 16229, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Kang
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Jung
- Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Han S, Wang WJ, Duan L, Hou ZL, Zeng JY, Li L, Meng MY, Zhang YY, Wang Y, Xie YH, Wang HS, Zu L, Li YX, Jiang LH. MicroRNA profiling of patients with sporadic atrial septal defect. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1591932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Wen-Ju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, PR China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Le Duan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Zong-Liu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, PR China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jian-Yin Zeng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, PR China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Ming-Yao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, PR China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Ya-Yong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yan-Hua Xie
- Department of Central Laboratory, Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Hong-Shu Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Liu Zu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Ya-Xiong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Li-Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, PR China
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Derbala MH, Guo AS, Mohler PJ, Smith SA. The role of βII spectrin in cardiac health and disease. Life Sci 2017; 192:278-285. [PMID: 29128512 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spectrins are large, flexible proteins comprised of α-β dimers that are connected head-to-head to form the canonical heterotetrameric spectrin structure. Spectrins were initially believed to be exclusively found in human erythrocytic membrane and are highly conserved among different species. βII spectrin, the most common isoform of non-erythrocytic spectrin, is found in all nucleated cells and forms larger macromolecular complexes with ankyrins and actins. Not only is βII spectrin a central cytoskeletal scaffolding protein involved in preserving cell structure but it has also emerged as a critical protein required for distinct physiologic functions such as posttranslational localization of crucial membrane proteins and signal transduction. In the heart, βII spectrin plays a vital role in maintaining normal cardiac membrane excitability and proper cardiac development during embryogenesis. Mutations in βII spectrin genes have been strongly linked with the development of serious cardiac disorders such as congenital arrhythmias, heart failure, and possibly sudden cardiac death. This review focuses on our current knowledge of the role βII spectrin plays in the cardiovascular system in health and disease and the potential future clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Derbala
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Aaron S Guo
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter J Mohler
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sakima A Smith
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Cardiology), The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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Niranjana Murthy AS, Veerappa AM, Ramachandra NB. Whole exome sequencing of discordant diseases in Monozygotic twins with Down syndrome reveals mutations for Congenital Heart Defect and epileptic seizures. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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12
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Vinet É, Bernatsky S. Outcomes in Children Born to Women with Rheumatic Diseases. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2017; 43:263-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Wijnands KPJ, Chen J, Liang L, Verbiest MMPJ, Lin X, Helbing WA, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, van der Spek PJ, Uitterlinden AG, Steegers-Theunissen RPM. Genome-wide methylation analysis identifies novel CpG loci for perimembranous ventricular septal defects in human. Epigenomics 2017; 9:241-251. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Congenital heart diseases are the most common birth defects worldwide and leading cause of infant mortality. The perimembranous ventricular septal defect is most prevalent. Epigenetics may provide an underlying mechanism of the gene–environment interactions involved. Materials & methods: We examined epigenome-wide DNA methylation using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip in 84 case children and 196 control children. Results: We identified differential methylation of a CpG locus (cg17001566) within the PRDM16 gene after Bonferroni correction (p = 9.17 × 10-8). This was validated by bisulfite pyrosequencing. PRDM16 functions as a repressor of TGF-β signaling controlling tissue morphogenesis crucial during cardiogenesis. At 15% false-discovery rate, we identified seven additional CpG loci. Conclusion: These findings provide novel insights in the pathogenesis of perimembranous ventricular septal defect, which is of interest for future prediction and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim PJ Wijnands
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics & Informatics & Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liming Liang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael MPJ Verbiest
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xihong Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Willem A Helbing
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Xie HM, Werner P, Stambolian D, Bailey-Wilson JE, Hakonarson H, White PS, Taylor DM, Goldmuntz E. Rare copy number variants in patients with congenital conotruncal heart defects. Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:271-295. [PMID: 28398664 PMCID: PMC5407323 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies using different cardiac phenotypes, technologies and designs suggest a burden of large, rare or de novo copy number variants (CNVs) in subjects with congenital heart defects. We sought to identify disease-related CNVs, candidate genes, and functional pathways in a large number of cases with conotruncal and related defects that carried no known genetic syndrome. METHODS Cases and control samples were divided into two cohorts and genotyped to assess each subject's CNV content. Analyses were performed to ascertain differences in overall CNV prevalence and to identify enrichment of specific genes and functional pathways in conotruncal cases relative to healthy controls. RESULTS Only findings present in both cohorts are presented. From 973 total conotruncal cases, a burden of rare CNVs was detected in both cohorts. Candidate genes from rare CNVs found in both cohorts were identified based on their association with cardiac development or disease, and/or their reported disruption in published studies. Functional and pathway analyses revealed significant enrichment of terms involved in either heart or early embryonic development. CONCLUSION Our study tested one of the largest cohorts specifically with cardiac conotruncal and related defects. These results confirm and extend previous findings that CNVs contribute to disease risk for congenital heart defects in general and conotruncal defects in particular. As disease heterogeneity renders identification of single recurrent genes or loci difficult, functional pathway and gene regulation network analyses appear to be more informative. Birth Defects Research 109:271-295, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo M Xie
- The Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Petra Werner
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Statistical Genetics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter S White
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Deanne M Taylor
- The Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Expression signature of lncRNAs and their potential roles in cardiac fibrosis of post-infarct mice. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20150278. [PMID: 27129287 PMCID: PMC5293569 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20150278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in cardiac fibrogenesis induced by myocardial infarction (MI). The differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in peri-infarct region of mice 4 weeks after MI were selected for bioinformatic analysis including gene ontology (GO) enrichment, pathway and network analysis. Left ventricular tissue levels of lncRNAs and mRNAs were compared between MI and sham control mice, using a false discovery rate (FDR) of <5%. Out of 55000 lncRNAs detected, 263 were significantly up-regulated and 282 down-regulated. Out of 23000 mRNAs detected, 142 were significantly up-regulated and 67 down-regulated. Among the differentially expressed lncRNAs, 53 were up-regulated by ≥2.0-fold change and 37 down-regulated by ≤0.5-fold change. Nine up-regulated and five down-regulated lncRNAs were randomly selected for quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) verification. GO and pathway analyses revealed 173 correlated lncRNA-mRNA pairs for 57 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 20 differentially expressed genes which are related to the development of cardiac fibrosis. We identified TGF-β3 as the top-ranked gene, a critical component of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways in cardiac fibrosis. NONMMUT022554 was identified as the top-ranked lncRNA, positively correlated with six up-regulated genes, which are involved in the extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interactions and the phosphoinositid-3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) signalling pathway. Our study has identified the expression signature of lncRNAs in cardiac fibrosis induced by MI and unravelled the possible involvement of the deregulated lncRNAs in cardiac fibrosis and the associated pathological processes.
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Nishii K, Seki A, Kumai M, Morimoto S, Miwa T, Hagiwara N, Shibata Y, Kobayashi Y. Connexin45 contributes to global cardiovascular development by establishing myocardial impulse propagation. Mech Dev 2016; 140:41-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Cardiovascular malformations (CVMs) are the most common birth defect, occurring in 1% to 5% of all live births. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors all influence the development of CVMs, and an improved understanding of the causation of CVMs is a prerequisite for prevention. Cardiac development is a complex, multistep process of morphogenesis that is under genetic regulation. Although the genetic contribution to CVMs is well recognized, the genetic causes of human CVMs are still identified infrequently. This article discusses the key genetic concepts characterizing human CVMs, their developmental basis, and the critical developmental and genetic concepts underlying their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Azhar
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Stephanie M. Ware
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Corresponding authors: Mohamad Azhar, PhD, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Phone: 317-278-8661, , Stephanie M. Ware, MD, PhD, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Phone: 317-274-8938, Fax: 317-274-8679,
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Li FF, Zhou J, Zhao DD, Yan P, Li X, Han Y, Li XS, Wang GY, Yu KJ, Liu SL. Characterization of SMAD3 Gene Variants for Possible Roles in Ventricular Septal Defects and Other Congenital Heart Diseases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131542. [PMID: 26110764 PMCID: PMC4482402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodal/TGF signaling pathway has an important effect at early stages of differentiation of human embryonic stem cells in directing them to develop into different embryonic lineages. SMAD3 is a key intracellular messenger regulating factor in the Nodal/TGF signaling pathway, playing important roles in embryonic and, particularly, cardiovascular system development. The aim of this work was to find evidence on whether SMAD3 variations might be associated with ventricular septal defects (VSD) or other congenital heart diseases (CHD). METHODS We sequenced the SMAD3 gene for 372 Chinese Han CHD patients including 176 VSD patients and evaluated SNP rs2289263, which is located before the 5'UTR sequence of the gene. The statistical analyses were conducted using Chi-Square Tests as implemented in SPSS (version 13.0). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test of the population was carried out using the online software OEGE. RESULTS Three heterozygous variants in SMAD3 gene, rs2289263, rs35874463 and rs17228212, were identified. Statistical analyses showed that the rs2289263 variant located before the 5'UTR sequence of SMAD3 gene was associated with the risk of VSD (P value=0.013 <0.05). CONCLUSIONS The SNP rs2289263 in the SMAD3 gene is associated with VSD in Chinese Han populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Feng Li
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhao
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xia Li
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Han
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Gui-Yu Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (GYW); (KJY); (SLL)
| | - Kai-Jiang Yu
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (GYW); (KJY); (SLL)
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Genomics Research Center (one of the State-Province Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- * E-mail: (GYW); (KJY); (SLL)
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Vinet É, Pineau CA, Scott S, Clarke AE, Platt RW, Bernatsky S. Increased congenital heart defects in children born to women with systemic lupus erythematosus: results from the offspring of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Mothers Registry Study. Circulation 2014; 131:149-56. [PMID: 25355915 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a large population-based study, we aimed to determine whether children born to women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have an increased risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs) in comparison with children born to women without SLE. METHODS AND RESULTS The Offspring of SLE Mothers Registry (OSLER) includes all women who had ≥1 hospitalization for delivery after SLE diagnosis, identified through Quebec's healthcare databases (1989-2009), and a randomly selected control group of women, matched ≥4:1 for age and year of delivery. We identified children born live to SLE mothers and their matched controls, and ascertained CHD based on ≥1 hospitalization or physician visit with relevant diagnostic codes, within the first 12 months of life. We performed multivariable logistic regression analyses, using the generalized estimating equation method, to adjust for relevant covariates. Five hundred nine women with SLE had 719 children, whereas 5824 matched controls had 8493 children. In comparison with controls, children born to women with SLE experienced more CHD (5.2% [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.7-7.1] versus 1.9% [95% CI, 1.6-2.2], difference 3.3% [95% CI, 1.9-5.2]). In multivariable analyses, children born to women with SLE had a substantially increased risk of CHD (odds ratio, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.77-3.88) in comparison with controls. In addition, in comparison with controls, offspring of SLE mothers had a substantially increased risk of having a CHD repair procedure (odds ratio, 5.82; 95% CI, 1.77-19.09). CONCLUSIONS In comparison with children from the general population, children born to women with SLE have an increased risk of CHD, and an increased risk of having a CHD repair procedure, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Évelyne Vinet
- From the Division of Clinical Epidemiology (E.V., S.S., A.E.C., S.B.), Division of Rheumatology (E.V., C.A.P., S.B.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.E.C.); and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (R.W.P.).
| | - Christian A Pineau
- From the Division of Clinical Epidemiology (E.V., S.S., A.E.C., S.B.), Division of Rheumatology (E.V., C.A.P., S.B.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.E.C.); and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (R.W.P.)
| | - Susan Scott
- From the Division of Clinical Epidemiology (E.V., S.S., A.E.C., S.B.), Division of Rheumatology (E.V., C.A.P., S.B.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.E.C.); and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (R.W.P.)
| | - Ann E Clarke
- From the Division of Clinical Epidemiology (E.V., S.S., A.E.C., S.B.), Division of Rheumatology (E.V., C.A.P., S.B.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.E.C.); and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (R.W.P.)
| | - Robert W Platt
- From the Division of Clinical Epidemiology (E.V., S.S., A.E.C., S.B.), Division of Rheumatology (E.V., C.A.P., S.B.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.E.C.); and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (R.W.P.)
| | - Sasha Bernatsky
- From the Division of Clinical Epidemiology (E.V., S.S., A.E.C., S.B.), Division of Rheumatology (E.V., C.A.P., S.B.), McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.E.C.); and Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada (R.W.P.)
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20
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Ishtiaq Ahmed AS, Bose GC, Huang L, Azhar M. Generation of mice carrying a knockout-first and conditional-ready allele of transforming growth factor beta2 gene. Genesis 2014; 52:817-26. [PMID: 24895296 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta2 (TGFβ2) is a multifunctional protein which is expressed in several embryonic and adult organs. TGFB2 mutations can cause Loeys Dietz syndrome, and its dysregulation is involved in cardiovascular, skeletal, ocular, and neuromuscular diseases, osteoarthritis, tissue fibrosis, and various forms of cancer. TGFβ2 is involved in cell growth, apoptosis, cell migration, cell differentiation, cell-matrix remodeling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and wound healing in a highly context-dependent and tissue-specific manner. Tgfb2(-/-) mice die perinatally from congenital heart disease, precluding functional studies in adults. Here, we have generated mice harboring Tgfb2(βgeo) (knockout-first lacZ-tagged insertion) gene-trap allele and Tgfb2(flox) conditional allele. Tgfb2(βgeo/βgeo) or Tgfb2(βgeo/-) mice died at perinatal stage from the same congenital heart defects as Tgfb2(-/-) mice. β-galactosidase staining successfully detected Tgfb2 expression in the heterozygous Tgfb2(βgeo) fetal tissue sections. Tgfb2(flox) mice were produced by crossing the Tgfb2(+/βgeo) mice with the FLPeR mice. Tgfb2(flox/-) mice were viable. Tgfb2 conditional knockout (Tgfb2(cko/-) ) fetuses were generated by crossing of Tgfb2(flox/-) mice with Tgfb2(+/-) ; EIIaCre mice. Systemic Tgfb2(cko/-) embryos developed cardiac defects which resembled the Tgfb2(βgeo/βgeo) , Tgfb2(βgeo/-) , and Tgfb2(-/-) fetuses. In conclusion, Tgfb2(βgeo) and Tgfb2(flox) mice are novel mouse strains which will be useful for investigating the tissue specific expression and function of TGFβ2 in embryonic development, adult organs, and disease pathogenesis and cancer. genesis
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Ishtiaq Ahmed
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Developmental Biology and Neonatal Medicine, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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21
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Peng Y, Song L, Zhao M, Harmelink C, Debenedittis P, Cui X, Wang Q, Jiao K. Critical roles of miRNA-mediated regulation of TGFβ signalling during mouse cardiogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 103:258-67. [PMID: 24835278 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvu126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play critical roles during the development of the cardiovascular system. Blocking miRNA biosynthesis in embryonic hearts through a conditional gene inactivation approach led to differential cardiac defects depending on the Cre drivers used in different studies. The goal of this study is to reveal the cardiogenic pathway that is regulated by the miRNA mechanism at midgestation, a stage that has not been evaluated in previous publications. METHODS AND RESULTS We specifically inactivated Dicer1, which is essential for generation of functional mature miRNAs, in the myocardium by crossing cTnt-Cre mice with Dicer1(loxP) mice. cTnt-Cre efficiently inactivates target genes in cardiomyocytes at midgestation. All mutants died between E14.5 and E16.5 with severe myocardial wall defects, including reduced cell proliferation, increased cell death, and spongy myocardial wall. Expression of TGFβ type I receptor (Tgfbr1), which encodes the Type I receptor of TGFβ ligands, was up-regulated in mutant hearts. As expected, TGFβ activity was increased in Dicer1-inactivated hearts. Our further molecular analysis suggested that Tgfbr1 is a direct target of three miRNAs. Reducing TGFβ activities using a pharmacological inhibitor on in vitro cultured hearts, or through an in vivo genetic approach, partially rescued the cardiac defects caused by Dicer1 inactivation. CONCLUSIONS We show for the first time that TGFβ signalling is directly regulated by the miRNA mechanism during myocardial wall morphogenesis. Increased TGFβ activity plays a major role in the cardiac defects caused by myocardial deletion of Dicer1. Thus, miRNA-mediated regulation of TGFβ signalling is indispensable for normal cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Peng
- Division of Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St. S., 768 Kaul Building, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Lanying Song
- Division of Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St. S., 768 Kaul Building, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Mei Zhao
- Division of Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St. S., 768 Kaul Building, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Cristina Harmelink
- Division of Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St. S., 768 Kaul Building, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Paige Debenedittis
- Division of Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St. S., 768 Kaul Building, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
| | - Xiangqin Cui
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- Division of Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 720 20th St. S., 768 Kaul Building, Birmingham AL 35294, USA
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Lim JA, Baek HJ, Jang MS, Choi EK, Lee YM, Lee SJ, Lim SC, Kim JY, Kim TH, Kim HS, Mishra L, Kim SS. Loss of β2-spectrin prevents cardiomyocyte differentiation and heart development. Cardiovasc Res 2014; 101:39-47. [PMID: 24064296 PMCID: PMC4229887 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS β2-Spectrin is an actin-binding protein that plays an important role in membrane integrity and the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signalling pathway as an adaptor for Smads. Loss of β2-spectrin in mice (Spnb2(-/-)) results in embryonic lethality with gastrointestinal, liver, neural, and heart abnormalities that are similar to those in Smad2(+/-)Smad3(+/-) mice. However, to date, the role of β2-spectrin in embryogenesis, particularly in heart development, has been poorly delineated. Here, we demonstrated that β2-spectrin is required for the survival and differentiation of cardiomyocytes, and its loss resulted in defects in heart development with failure of ventricular wall thickening. METHODS AND RESULTS Disruption of β2-spectrin in primary muscle cells not only inhibited TGF-β/Smad signalling, but also reduced the expression of the cardiomyocyte differentiation markers Nkx2.5, dystrophin, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Furthermore, cytoskeletal networks of dystrophin, F-actin, and α-SMA in cardiomyocytes were disorganized upon loss of β2-spectrin. In addition, deletion of β2-spectrin in mice (Spnb2(tm1a/tm1a)) prevented proper development of the heart in association with disintegration of dystrophin structure and markedly reduced survival. CONCLUSION These data suggest that β2-spectrin deficiency leads to inactivation of TGF-β/Smad signalling and contributes to dysregulation of the cell cycle, proliferation, differentiation, and the cytoskeletal network, and it leads to defective heart development. Our data demonstrate that β2-spectrin is required for proper development of the heart and that disruption of β2-spectrin is a potential underlying cause of congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong A. Lim
- Radiation Medicine Branch, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Goyang 410-769, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Baek
- Radiation Medicine Branch, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Goyang 410-769, Korea
| | - Moon Sun Jang
- Radiation Medicine Branch, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Goyang 410-769, Korea
| | - Eun Kyoung Choi
- Radiation Medicine Branch, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Goyang 410-769, Korea
| | - Yong Min Lee
- Radiation Medicine Branch, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Goyang 410-769, Korea
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Genitourinary Cancer Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lim
- Department of Pathology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Radiation Medicine Branch, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Goyang 410-769, Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Radiation Medicine Branch, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Goyang 410-769, Korea
| | - Hye Sun Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Radiation Medicine Branch, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Goyang 410-769, Korea
- Corresponding author. Tel: +82 319202491; fax: +82 319202494,
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Koefoed K, Veland IR, Pedersen LB, Larsen LA, Christensen ST. Cilia and coordination of signaling networks during heart development. Organogenesis 2013; 10:108-25. [PMID: 24345806 DOI: 10.4161/org.27483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are unique sensory organelles that coordinate a wide variety of different signaling pathways to control cellular processes during development and in tissue homeostasis. Defects in function or assembly of these antenna-like structures are therefore associated with a broad range of developmental disorders and diseases called ciliopathies. Recent studies have indicated a major role of different populations of cilia, including nodal and cardiac primary cilia, in coordinating heart development, and defects in these cilia are associated with congenital heart disease. Here, we present an overview of the role of nodal and cardiac primary cilia in heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Koefoed
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark; Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Iben Rønn Veland
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Allan Larsen
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
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Blech-Hermoni Y, Ladd AN. RNA binding proteins in the regulation of heart development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2467-78. [PMID: 23973289 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, RNA molecules are constantly accompanied by RNA binding proteins (RBPs), which are intimately involved in every step of RNA biology, including transcription, editing, splicing, transport and localization, stability, and translation. RBPs therefore have opportunities to shape gene expression at multiple levels. This capacity is particularly important during development, when dynamic chemical and physical changes give rise to complex organs and tissues. This review discusses RBPs in the context of heart development. Since the targets and functions of most RBPs--in the heart and at large--are not fully understood, this review focuses on the expression and roles of RBPs that have been implicated in specific stages of heart development or developmental pathology. RBPs are involved in nearly every stage of cardiogenesis, including the formation, morphogenesis, and maturation of the heart. A fuller understanding of the roles and substrates of these proteins could ultimately provide attractive targets for the design of therapies for congenital heart defects, cardiovascular disease, or cardiac tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Blech-Hermoni
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Program in Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Clement C, Ajbro K, Koefoed K, Vestergaard M, Veland I, Henriques de Jesus M, Pedersen L, Benmerah A, Andersen C, Larsen L, Christensen S. TGF-β Signaling Is Associated with Endocytosis at the Pocket Region of the Primary Cilium. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1806-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Sun X, Meng Y, You T, Li P, Wu H, Yu M, Xie X. Association of growth/differentiation factor 1 gene polymorphisms with the risk of congenital heart disease in the Chinese Han population. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1291-9. [PMID: 23076529 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence suggesting that genetic variants of Nodal signaling may be associated with risk of congenital heart diseases (CHDs), in which several polymorphisms, such as Nodal rs1904589, have been considered to be implicated in the accumulation of the genetic burden of CHD risk with interacting genes. We hypothesized that genetic variants of GDF1, a protein that heterodimerizes with Nodal, may be related to increased CHD susceptibility. In this study, four tagSNPs of GDF1 were genotyped in 310 non-syndromic CHD patients and 320 healthy controls by using PCR-based DHPLC and RFLP. The results showed no statistically significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies between CHDs and controls with any of the analyzed variants of GDF1. However, a weak statistical association existed between GDF1 rs4808870 and conotruncal defects (CTDs) (uncorrected P = 0.027). Further stratified analysis for subtype revealed the SNP AA genotype and A allele have statistical significance in pulmonary atresia (PA) (corrected P = 1.01 × 10(-3) and 0.015, respectively), especially in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA + IVS) (corrected P = 1.67 × 10(-3) and 0.034, respectively). Furthermore, two haplotypes, TGGT and CAGT, were found to be significantly associated with increased CHD susceptibility (corrected P = 3.20 × 10(-3) and 2.73 × 10(-7), respectively). In summary, our results provide evidence that genetic variations of the Nodal-like factor, GDF1 may be associated with CHD risk, and these variations contribute at least in part to the development of some subtypes of CTD in the Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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Cai W, Guzzo RM, Wei K, Willems E, Davidovics H, Mercola M. A Nodal-to-TGFβ cascade exerts biphasic control over cardiopoiesis. Circ Res 2012; 111:876-81. [PMID: 22872153 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.270272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family member Nodal promotes cardiogenesis, but the mechanism is unclear despite the relevance of TGFβ family proteins for myocardial remodeling and regeneration. OBJECTIVE To determine the function(s) of TGFβ family members during stem cell cardiogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Murine embryonic stem cells were engineered with a constitutively active human type I Nodal receptor (caACVR1b) to mimic activation by Nodal and found to secrete a paracrine signal that promotes cardiogenesis. Transcriptome and gain- and loss-of-function studies identified the factor as TGFβ2. Both Nodal and TGFβ induced early cardiogenic progenitors in embryonic stem cell cultures at day 0 to 2 of differentiation. However, Nodal expression declines by day 4 due to feedback inhibition, whereas TGFβ persists. At later stages (days 4-6), TGFβ suppresses the formation of cardiomyocytes from multipotent Kdr(+) progenitors while promoting the differentiation of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Nodal induces TGFβ, and both stimulate the formation of multipotent cardiovascular Kdr(+) progenitors. TGFβ, however, becomes uniquely responsible for controlling subsequent lineage segregation by stimulating vascular smooth muscle and endothelial lineages and simultaneously blocking cardiomyocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Cai
- Muscle Development and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Allinson KR, Lee HS, Fruttiger M, McCarty J, Arthur HM. Endothelial expression of TGFβ type II receptor is required to maintain vascular integrity during postnatal development of the central nervous system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39336. [PMID: 22745736 PMCID: PMC3383742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TGFβ signalling in endothelial cells is important for angiogenesis in early embryonic development, but little is known about its role in early postnatal life. To address this we used a tamoxifen inducible Cre-LoxP strategy in neonatal mice to deplete the TypeII TGFβ receptor (Tgfbr2) specifically in endothelial cells. This resulted in multiple micro-haemorrhages, and glomeruloid-like vascular tufts throughout the cerebral cortices and hypothalamus of the brain as well as in retinal tissues. A detailed examination of the retinal defects in these mutants revealed that endothelial adherens and tight junctions were in place, pericytes were recruited and there was no failure of vascular smooth muscle differentiation. However, the deeper retinal plexus failed to form in these mutants and the angiogenic sprouts stalled in their progress towards the inner nuclear layer. Instead the leading endothelial cells formed glomerular tufts with associated smooth muscle cells. This evidence suggests that TGFβ signalling is not required for vessel maturation, but is essential for the organised migration of endothelial cells as they begin to enter the deeper layers of the retina. Thus, TGFβ signalling is essential in vascular endothelial cells for maintaining vascular integrity at the angiogenic front as it migrates into developing neural tissues in early postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R. Allinson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Hye Shin Lee
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marcus Fruttiger
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph McCarty
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Helen M. Arthur
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Kruithof BPT, Duim SN, Moerkamp AT, Goumans MJ. TGFβ and BMP signaling in cardiac cushion formation: lessons from mice and chicken. Differentiation 2012; 84:89-102. [PMID: 22656450 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac cushion formation is crucial for both valvular and septal development. Disruption in this process can lead to valvular and septal malformations, which constitute the largest part of congenital heart defects. One of the signaling pathways that is important for cushion formation is the TGFβ superfamily. The involvement of TGFβ and BMP signaling pathways in cardiac cushion formation has been intensively studied using chicken in vitro explant assays and in genetically modified mice. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the role of TGFβ and BMP signaling components in cardiac cushion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boudewijn P T Kruithof
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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van der Linde D, van de Laar IMBH, Bertoli-Avella AM, Oldenburg RA, Bekkers JA, Mattace-Raso FUS, van den Meiracker AH, Moelker A, van Kooten F, Frohn-Mulder IME, Timmermans J, Moltzer E, Cobben JM, van Laer L, Loeys B, De Backer J, Coucke PJ, De Paepe A, Hilhorst-Hofstee Y, Wessels MW, Roos-Hesselink JW. Aggressive cardiovascular phenotype of aneurysms-osteoarthritis syndrome caused by pathogenic SMAD3 variants. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:397-403. [PMID: 22633655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was describe the cardiovascular phenotype of the aneurysms-osteoarthritis syndrome (AOS) and to provide clinical recommendations. BACKGROUND AOS, caused by pathogenic SMAD3 variants, is a recently described autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by aneurysms and arterial tortuosity in combination with osteoarthritis. METHODS AOS patients in participating centers underwent extensive cardiovascular evaluation, including imaging, arterial stiffness measurements, and biochemical studies. RESULTS We included 44 AOS patients from 7 families with pathogenic SMAD3 variants (mean age: 42 ± 17 years). In 71%, an aortic root aneurysm was found. In 33%, aneurysms in other arteries in the thorax and abdomen were diagnosed, and in 48%, arterial tortuosity was diagnosed. In 16 patients, cerebrovascular imaging was performed, and cerebrovascular abnormalities were detected in 56% of them. Fifteen deaths occurred at a mean age of 54 ± 15 years. The main cause of death was aortic dissection (9 of 15; 60%), which occurred at mildly increased aortic diameters (range: 40 to 63 mm). Furthermore, cardiac abnormalities were diagnosed, such as congenital heart defects (6%), mitral valve abnormalities (51%), left ventricular hypertrophy (19%), and atrial fibrillation (22%). N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was significantly higher in AOS patients compared with matched controls (p < 0.001). Aortic pulse wave velocity was high-normal (9.2 ± 2.2 m/s), indicating increased aortic stiffness, which strongly correlated with NT-proBNP (r = 0.731, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS AOS predisposes patients to aggressive and widespread cardiovascular disease and is associated with high mortality. Dissections can occur at relatively mildly increased aortic diameters; therefore, early elective repair of the ascending aorta should be considered. Moreover, cerebrovascular abnormalities were encountered in most patients.
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Guo X, Chen SY. Transforming growth factor-β and smooth muscle differentiation. World J Biol Chem 2012; 3:41-52. [PMID: 22451850 PMCID: PMC3312200 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v3.i3.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family members are multifunctional cytokines regulating diverse cellular functions such as growth, adhesion, migration, apoptosis, and differentiation. TGF-βs elicit their effects via specific type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors and intracellular Smad transcription factors. Knockout mouse models for the different components of the TGF-β signaling pathway have revealed their critical roles in smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation. Genetic studies in humans have linked mutations in these signaling components to specific cardiovascular disorders such as aorta aneurysm and congenital heart diseases due to SMC defects. In this review, the current understanding of TGF-β function in SMC differentiation is highlighted, and the role of TGF-β signaling in SMC-related diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Guo
- Xia Guo, Shi-You Chen, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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Tan HL, Glen E, Töpf A, Hall D, O'Sullivan JJ, Sneddon L, Wren C, Avery P, Lewis RJ, ten Dijke P, Arthur HM, Goodship JA, Keavney BD. Nonsynonymous variants in the SMAD6 gene predispose to congenital cardiovascular malformation. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:720-7. [PMID: 22275001 PMCID: PMC3492913 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Congenital cardiovascular malformation (CVM) exhibits familial predisposition, but most of the specific genetic factors involved are unknown. Postulating that rare variants in genes in critical cardiac developmental pathways predispose to CVM, we systematically surveyed three genes of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway for novel variants. Exonic, splice site, and untranslated regions of BMPR1A, BMPR2, and SMAD6 genes were sequenced in 90 unrelated sporadic cases of CVM. One nonsynonymous variant (p.C484F) with predicted functional impact was found in the MAD homology 2 domain of SMAD6, an intracellular inhibitor of BMP signaling. Sequencing this domain in an additional 346 cases of CVM yielded two further nonsynonymous variants (p.P415L and p.A325T). Functional effects of all three SMAD6 mutations were investigated using BMP signaling assays in vitro. Two SMAD6 variants (p.C484F and p.P415L) had significantly (P < 0.05) lower activity than wild-type SMAD6 in inhibiting BMP signaling in a transcriptional reporter assay. In addition, the p.C484F variant had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower capacity to inhibit an osteogenic response to BMP signaling. We conclude that low-frequency deleterious variants in SMAD6 predispose to CVM. This is the first report of a human disease phenotype related to genetic variation in SMAD6. Hum Mutat 33:720–727, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huay L Tan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Hill CR, Sanchez NS, Love JD, Arrieta JA, Hong CC, Brown CB, Austin AF, Barnett JV. BMP2 signals loss of epithelial character in epicardial cells but requires the Type III TGFβ receptor to promote invasion. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1012-22. [PMID: 22237159 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronary vessel development depends on a subpopulation of epicardial cells that undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT) and invade the subepicardial space and myocardium. These cells form the smooth muscle of the vessels and fibroblasts, but the mechanisms that regulate these processes are poorly understood. Mice lacking the Type III Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor (TGFβR3) die by E14.5 due to failed coronary vessel development accompanied by reduced epicardial cell invasion. BMP2 signals via TGFβR3 emphasizing the importance of determining the relative contributions of the canonical BMP signaling pathway and TGFβR3-dependent signaling to BMP2 responsiveness. Here we examined the role of TGFβR3 in BMP2 signaling in epicardial cells. Whereas TGFβ induced loss of epithelial character and smooth muscle differentiation, BMP2 induced an ALK3-dependent loss of epithelial character and modestly inhibited TGFβ-stimulated differentiation. Tgfbr3(-/-) cells respond to BMP2 indicating that TGFβR3 is not required. However, Tgfbr3(-/-) cells show decreased invasion in response to BMP2 and overexpression of TGFβR3 in Tgfbr3(-/-) cells rescued invasion. Invasion was dependent on ALK5, ALK2, ALK3, and Smad4. Expression of TGFβR3 lacking the 3 C-terminal amino acids required to interact with the scaffolding protein GIPC (GAIP-interacting protein, C terminus) did not rescue. Knockdown of GIPC in Tgfbr3(+/+) or Tgfbr3(-/-) cells rescued with TGFβR3 decreased BMP2-stimulated invasion confirming a requirement for TGFβR3/GIPC interaction. Our results reveal the relative roles of TGFβR3-dependent and TGFβR3-independent signaling in the actions of BMP2 on epicardial cell behavior and demonstrate the critical role of TGFβR3 in mediating BMP2-stimulated invasion.
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Doetschman T, Barnett JV, Runyan RB, Camenisch TD, Heimark RL, Granzier HL, Conway SJ, Azhar M. Transforming growth factor beta signaling in adult cardiovascular diseases and repair. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:203-23. [PMID: 21953136 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The majority of children with congenital heart disease now live into adulthood due to the remarkable surgical and medical advances that have taken place over the past half century. Because of this, adults now represent the largest age group with adult cardiovascular diseases. It includes patients with heart diseases that were not detected or not treated during childhood, those whose defects were surgically corrected but now need revision due to maladaptive responses to the procedure, those with exercise problems and those with age-related degenerative diseases. Because adult cardiovascular diseases in this population are relatively new, they are not well understood. It is therefore necessary to understand the molecular and physiological pathways involved if we are to improve treatments. Since there is a developmental basis to adult cardiovascular disease, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling pathways that are essential for proper cardiovascular development may also play critical roles in the homeostatic, repair and stress response processes involved in adult cardiovascular diseases. Consequently, we have chosen to summarize the current information on a subset of TGFβ ligand and receptor genes and related effector genes that, when dysregulated, are known to lead to cardiovascular diseases and adult cardiovascular deficiencies and/or pathologies. A better understanding of the TGFβ signaling network in cardiovascular disease and repair will impact genetic and physiologic investigations of cardiovascular diseases in elderly patients and lead to an improvement in clinical interventions.
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Azhar M, Brown K, Gard C, Chen H, Rajan S, Elliott DA, Stevens MV, Camenisch TD, Conway SJ, Doetschman T. Transforming growth factor Beta2 is required for valve remodeling during heart development. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:2127-41. [PMID: 21780244 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the function of transforming growth factor beta2 (TGFβ2) in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is well studied, its role in valve remodeling remains to be fully explored. Here, we used histological, morphometric, immunohistochemical and molecular approaches and showed that significant dysregulation of major extracellular matrix (ECM) components contributed to valve remodeling defects in Tgfb2(-/-) embryos. The data indicated that cushion mesenchymal cell differentiation was impaired in Tgfb2(-/-) embryos. Hyaluronan and cartilage link protein-1 (CRTL1) were increased in hyperplastic valves of Tgfb2(-/-) embryos, indicating increased expansion and diversification of cushion mesenchyme into the cartilage cell lineage during heart development. Finally, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analyses indicate that the activation of SMAD2/3 was decreased in Tgfb2(-/-) embryos during valve remodeling. Collectively, the data indicate that TGFβ2 promotes valve remodeling and differentiation by inducing matrix organization and suppressing cushion mesenchyme differentiation into cartilage cell lineage during heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Azhar
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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