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Li C, Ma W, Zhao Y, Wang H. Changes in the expression of endothelial monocyte‑activating polypeptide II in the rat hippocampus following status epilepticus. Int J Mol Med 2020; 47:699-707. [PMID: 33416103 PMCID: PMC7797450 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II) is a sensitive marker of neurotoxic injury, the expression of which increases significantly under conditions of stress, such as hypoxia or apoptosis. Studies have confirmed the extensive apoptosis of nerve cells in the brain following status epilepticus (SE), and the occurrence of SE can confer a hypoxic state on cells. The purpose of the present study was to observe the changes in the expression of EMAP II, and in the numbers and tight junction protein levels of micro-vascular endothelial cells in the hippocampus of rats with pilocarpine-induced SE. The protein expression levels of EMAP II, CD31, zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and occludin in the hippocampus were determined by immunofluorescence and western blot analyses. It was found that almost 75.6% of the rats in the SE group developed Racine stage IV-V seizures at approximately 44.7±18.8 min after the pilocarpine administration, and the 24-h mortality rate was almost 10.4%. The weight of the rats in the SE group was significantly decreased within 24 h following SE. Immunofluorescence staining revealed a low EMAP II expression in the hippo-campus of the rats in the control group; however, the numbers of EMAP II-positive cells were significantly increased in the SE group from 2 h to 21 days. The trend of EMAP II protein expression was consistent with that obtained with immunofluorescence staining. The numbers of CD31-positive microvascular endothelial cells were significantly increased from 24 h to 21 days compared with the levels in the control group. The protein expression of ZO-1 and occludin was most significantly decreased in the SE group. On the whole, the present study demonstrated that the expression of EMAP II in the rat hippocampus was upregulated in the SE model, which may promote angiogenesis and alter the TJ integrity of brain microvascular endothelial cells, with an increased number of CD31-positive microvascular endothelial cells and a decreased expression of ZO-1 and occludin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Weining Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110022, P.R. China
| | - Yajuan Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Ranasinghe ADCU, Lee DD, Schwarz MA. Mechanistic regulation of SPHK1 expression and translocation by EMAP II in pulmonary smooth muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158789. [PMID: 32771459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of sphingosine by sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) produces the bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a microvascular and immuno-modulator associated with vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The low intracellular concentration of S1P is under tight spatial-temporal control. Molecular mechanisms that mediate S1P burden and S1P regulation of vascular remodeling are poorly understood. Similarities between two early response pro-inflammatory cytokine gene transcript activation profiles, S1P and Endothelial Monocyte Activating Polypeptide II (EMAP II), suggested a strategic link between their signaling pathways. We determined that EMAP II triggers a bimodal phosphorylation, transcriptional regulation and membrane translocation of SPHK1 through a common upstream process in both macrophages and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). EMAP II initiates a dual function of ERK1/2: phosphorylation of SPHK1 and regulation of the transcription factor EGR1 that induces expression of SPHK1. Activated ERK1/2 induces a bimodal phosphorylation of SPHK1 which reciprocally increases S1P levels. This identified common upstream signaling mechanism between a protein and a bioactive lipid initiates cell specific downstream signaling representing a multifactorial mechanism that contributes to inflammation and PASMC proliferation which are cardinal histopathological phenotypes of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dushani C U Ranasinghe
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, USA
| | - Daniel D Lee
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University, South Bend, IN, USA
| | - Margaret A Schwarz
- Harper Cancer Research Institute, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, USA; Departments of Pediatrics and Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University, South Bend, IN, USA.
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Abstract
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) is a disorder with a multifactorial etiology and highly variable clinical phenotype. Several traditional biomarkers have been identified, but due to the complex disease phenotype, these biomarkers have low predictive accuracy for BPD. In recent years, newer technologies have facilitated the in-depth and unbiased analysis of 'big data' in delineating the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and mechanisms of diseases. Novel systems-biology based 'omic' approaches, including but not limited to genomics, microbiomics, proteomics, and metabolomics may help define the multiple cellular and humoral interactions that regulate normal as well as abnormal lung development and response to injury that are the hallmarks of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charitharth Vivek Lal
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Women and Infants Center, 176F Suite 9380, 619 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35249-7335, United States.
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Women and Infants Center, 176F Suite 9380, 619 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35249-7335, United States
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Chen L, Xue Y, Zheng J, Liu X, Liu J, Chen J, Li Z, Xi Z, Teng H, Wang P, Liu L, Liu Y. MiR-429 Regulated by Endothelial Monocyte Activating Polypeptide-II (EMAP-II) Influences Blood-Tumor Barrier Permeability by Inhibiting the Expressions of ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-5. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:35. [PMID: 29467620 PMCID: PMC5808301 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-tumor barrier (BTB) hinders delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to tumors in the brain; previous studies have shown that the BTB can be selectively opened by endothelial monocyte activating polypeptide-II (EMAP-II), but the specific mechanism involved remains elusive. In this study, we found that microRNA-429 (miR-429) expression in glioma vascular endothelial cells (GECs) was far lower than in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (ECs). miR-429 had lower expression in GECs and glioma tissues compared to ECs or normal tissues of the brain. Furthermore, miR-429 had lower expression in high grade glioma (HGG) than in low grade glioma (LGG). In in vitro BTB models, we also found that EMAP-II significantly increased BTB permeability, decreased expression of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5 in GECs, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. EMAP-II greatly increased miR-429 expression in GECs of the BTB models in vitro. Overexpression of miR-429 in GECs significantly decreased the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) values in BTB models, and led to enhanced horseradish peroxidase (HRP) flux. Overexpression of miR-429 in GECs significantly decreased the expression of tight junction (TJ)-associated proteins (ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5), and decreased the distribution continuity. Silencing of miR-429 in GECs increased the expression of TJ-associated proteins and the distribution continuity. The dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that ZO-1 and occludin were target genes of miR-429, and we demonstrated that miR-429 overexpression markedly down-regulated protein expression of p70S6K, as well as its phosphorylation levels. The dual-luciferase reporter assay also showed that p70S6K was a target gene of miR-429; miR-429 overexpression down-regulated expression and phosphorylation levels of p70S6K, and also decreased phosphorylation levels of S6 and increased BTB permeability. Conversely, silencing of miR-429 increased the expression and phosphorylation levels of p70S6K, and increased phosphorylation levels of S6, while decreasing BTB permeability. In conclusion, the results indicated that EMAP-II caused an increase in miR-429 expression that directly targeted TJ-associated proteins, which were negatively regulated; on the other hand, miR-429 down-regulated the expression of TJ-associated proteins by targeting p70S6K, also negatively regulated. As a result, the BTB permeability increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaobai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuo Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Clinical Medical Research Center in Nervous System Disease, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuro-oncology in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
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Goss KN, Everett AD, Mourani PM, Baker CD, Abman SH. Addressing the challenges of phenotyping pediatric pulmonary vascular disease. Pulm Circ 2017; 7:7-19. [PMID: 28680562 PMCID: PMC5448545 DOI: 10.1086/689750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) represent phenotypically and pathophysiologically diverse disease categories, contributing substantial morbidity and mortality to a complex array of pediatric conditions. Here, we review the multifactorial nature of pediatric PVD, with an emphasis on improved recognition, phenotyping, and endotyping strategies for pediatric PH. Novel tailored approaches to diagnosis and treatment in pediatric PVD, as well as the implications for long-term outcomes, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara N Goss
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Allen D Everett
- Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter M Mourani
- Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Pediatric Heart Lung Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christopher D Baker
- Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Pediatric Heart Lung Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Steven H Abman
- Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Pediatric Heart Lung Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Silva DMG, Nardiello C, Pozarska A, Morty RE. Recent advances in the mechanisms of lung alveolarization and the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1239-72. [PMID: 26361876 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00268.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolarization is the process by which the alveoli, the principal gas exchange units of the lung, are formed. Along with the maturation of the pulmonary vasculature, alveolarization is the objective of late lung development. The terminal airspaces that were formed during early lung development are divided by the process of secondary septation, progressively generating an increasing number of alveoli that are of smaller size, which substantially increases the surface area over which gas exchange can take place. Disturbances to alveolarization occur in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), which can be complicated by perturbations to the pulmonary vasculature that are associated with the development of pulmonary hypertension. Disturbances to lung development may also occur in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in term newborn infants, as well as in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. These disturbances can lead to the formation of lungs with fewer and larger alveoli and a dysmorphic pulmonary vasculature. Consequently, affected lungs exhibit a reduced capacity for gas exchange, with important implications for morbidity and mortality in the immediate postnatal period and respiratory health consequences that may persist into adulthood. It is the objective of this Perspectives article to update the reader about recent developments in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of alveolarization and the pathogenesis of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo M G Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Claudio Nardiello
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Pozarska
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany; Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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