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Rosidah I, Renggani TN, Firdausi N, Ningsih S, Yunianto P, Permatasari D, Pongtuluran OB, Bahua H, Efendi J, Kusumastuti SA, Nuralih, El Muttaqien S, Nizar, Kusumaningrum S, Agustini K. Acute and Subchronic Toxicological Study of the Cocktail Extract from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb, Phyllanthus niruri L. and Morinda citrifolia L. J Toxicol 2024; 2024:9445226. [PMID: 38571743 PMCID: PMC10990647 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9445226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb, Phyllanthus niruri L., and Morinda citrifolia L. are Indonesian medicinal herbs used empirically as traditional therapeutics for maintaining health. The cocktail extract of these three plants (CECPM) had been developed and demonstrated immunostimulant activity in rats. This study aimed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicity of CECPM in vivo. The acute toxicity assay was conducted by orally administering a range dose of CECPM (313, 625, 1250, 2500, or 5000 mg/kg body weight (bw) on female mice once and then evaluating the toxic symptom every day for 14 days later. The chronic toxicity test was carried out by giving various doses of CECPM (600, 800, and 1000 mg/kg·bw) to female and male rats orally continuously for 90 consecutive days. The signs of toxicities were evaluated at the 90- and 28 days postadministration. The acute oral toxicity assays showed that there was no toxic syndrome and mortality found during the period of the experiment. The lethal dose level (LD50) of CECPM was more than 5000 g/kg, which was categorized as practically non-toxic. Meanwhile, in the sub-chronic toxicity study, some parameters tested at 90 days postadministration and after 28 days of withdrawal, such as the body weight, relative organ weight, food intake, hematological and biochemical blood parameters, and also histopathological examination of five primary tissues (heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and lung) revealed no abnormalities. There was no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for the present study of CECPM 1000 mg/kg·bw of the rat. Therefore, it is concluded that the orally administered CECPM was relatively nontoxic during acute and subchronic toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idah Rosidah
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Tiya Novlita Renggani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Nisrina Firdausi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Sri Ningsih
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Prasetyawan Yunianto
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Devi Permatasari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Olivia Bunga Pongtuluran
- Research Center for Agroindustry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Hismiaty Bahua
- Research Center for Sustainable Production System and Life Cycle Assessment, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia
| | - Julham Efendi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Siska Andrina Kusumastuti
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Nuralih
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Nizar
- Directorate of Utilization of Research and Innovation by Industry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Susi Kusumaningrum
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Kurnia Agustini
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia
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Malashetty V, Deshpande R, Patil S. Seventy-Day Toxicity Study in Juvenile Sprague-Dawley Rats with Semicarbazide (SEM) from Weaning to Sexual Maturity. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:5059761. [PMID: 35910536 PMCID: PMC9337958 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5059761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the toxicological effects, functional observation battery tests, and sexual maturity of semicarbazide oral gavage administration to juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats for 70 days at 0, 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day weaning to sexual maturity. At 60 mg/kg/day, there was a delay in mean age at acquisition of balano-preputial and vaginal patency and a decrease in body weight and food consumption in males. Treatment increased reticulocyte count, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels in both sexes and decreased hematocrit and protein in males. Increased absolute and relative liver and spleen weight in both sexes were observed. Male rats had lower thymus and testes weights, whereas female rats had lower uterine weights. Semicarbazide caused significant changes in sperm motility, sperm count, and sperm abnormality. Histopathologically, semicarbazide caused cortical hypertrophy in adrenals and increased extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen; hepatocellular hypertrophy, follicular epithelial hypertrophy in the thyroid, and degeneration of seminiferous tubules in the testis were observed at 60 mg/kg/day when compared to control. Results suggest that 60 mg/kg/day of semicarbazide can exert systemic toxicity in juvenile rats. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of semicarbazide for juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats was estimated to be 30 mg/kg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaykumar Malashetty
- Reproductive Biology and Mechanistic Toxicology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ballari 583105, India
| | - Raghunandan Deshpande
- H.K.E.S's Matoshree Taradevi Rampure Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kalaburagi 585105, India
| | - Somnathreddy Patil
- Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Zoology, Government College, Kalaburagi 85105, India
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McNeely E, Staffa SJ, Mordukhovich I, Coull B. Symptoms related to new flight attendant uniforms. BMC Public Health 2018; 17:972. [PMID: 29295715 PMCID: PMC6389175 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flight attendants at Alaska Airlines reported health symptoms after the introduction of new uniforms in 2011. The airline replaced the uniforms in 2014 without acknowledging harm. To understand possible uniform-related health effects, we analyzed self-reported health symptoms in crew who participated in the Harvard Flight Attendant Health Study between 2007 and 2015, the period before, during, and after the introduction of new uniforms. METHODS We calculated a standardized prevalence of respiratory, dermatological and allergic symptoms at baseline, as well as during and after uniform changes in 684 flight attendants with a varying number of surveys completed across each time point. We used Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) to model the association between symptoms at baseline versus the exposure period after adjusting for age, gender and smoking status and weighting respondents for the likelihood of attrition over the course of the study period. RESULTS We found the following symptom prevalence (per 100) increased after the introduction of new uniforms: multiple chemical sensitivity (10 vs 5), itchy/irritated skin (25 vs 13), rash/hives (23 vs 13), itchy eyes (24 vs 14), blurred vision (14 vs 6), sinus congestion (28 vs 24), ear pain (15 vs 12), sore throat (9 vs 5), cough (17 vs 7), hoarseness/loss of voice (12 vs 3), and shortness of breath (8 vs 3). The odds of several symptoms significantly increased compared to baseline after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSION This study found a relationship between health complaints and the introduction of new uniforms in this longitudinal occupational cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen McNeely
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Building 1, Room 1401, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, The Landmark Center, 4th Floor West, P.O. Box 15677, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Steven J Staffa
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Building 1, Room 1401, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Irina Mordukhovich
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Building 1, Room 1401, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Brent Coull
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Building 1, Room 1401, 655 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Inhaled nicotine equivalent to cigarette smoking disrupts systemic and uterine hemodynamics and induces cardiac arrhythmia in pregnant rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16974. [PMID: 29209071 PMCID: PMC5717237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal smoking with obligatory nicotine inhalation is associated with preterm delivery, low birth weight, fetal growth retardation and developmental defects. We tested the hypothesis that cigarette smoking-relevant nicotine inhalation during pregnancy impairs cardiovascular function and uterine hemodynamics with consequential fetal ischemia. Pregnant rats exposed to episodic inhaled nicotine via a novel lung alveolar region-targeted aerosol method produced nicotine pharmacokinetics resembling cigarette smoking in humans. This clinically relevant nicotine aerosol inhalation (NAI) induced transient reduction and irregular fluctuations in uterine artery blood flow associated with cardiac arrhythmia and high magnitude irregular fluctuations of systemic blood pressure. The arrhythmia included sinoatrial (SA) block, sinus arrest, 2° and 3° atrioventricular (A-V) block and supraventricular escape rhythm. These effects were blocked by the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist mecamylamine. Resection of the ovarian nerve, which innervates uterine blood vessels, counteracted the NAI-induced reduction in uterine blood flow. We suggest that the rapid rise pattern of arterial blood nicotine concentration stimulates and then desensitizes autonomic nAChRs leading to disruptions of cardiac function as well as systemic and uterine hemodynamics that reduces uteroplacental blood flow, a mechanism underlying maternal smoking-associated pregnancy complications and developmental disorders. These findings challenge the safety of pure nicotine inhalation, i.e., E-cigarettes.
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Zenker A, Cicero MR, Prestinaci F, Bottoni P, Carere M. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification potential of pharmaceuticals with a focus to the aquatic environment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 133:378-387. [PMID: 24419205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals, among the emerging contaminants, are one of the most relevant groups of substances in aquatic ecosystems due to universal use, their chemico-physical properties and known mode of action in aquatic organisms at low concentrations. After administration many drugs and their transformation products are only retained to some extent in wastewater treatment plants therefore entering the aquatic environment in considerable high amounts. The yearly consumption to treat human and animal diseases, also in livestock and aquaculture was estimated to be hundred thousands tons per year leading to high concentrations in surface water of developed countries. Mostly, pharmaceutical residues in effluents of wastewater treatment plants or in the water column of surface waters have been reported, but data about concentrations in the aquatic biota, partitioning of pharmaceuticals to biosolids, soils, and sediments and the bioaccumulation properties are often lacking. Chronic and subtle effects can be expected when aquatic organisms are long term exposed by pseudo-persistent, persistent and accumulative compounds. This review aims to summarize the current state of research about the fate of pharmaceuticals regarding bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and potential biomagnification in aquatic ecosystems. More comprehensive approaches for the evaluation of environmental (ERA) and human health risk assessment (HRA) are included and analytical methods required to detect bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Zenker
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Ecopreneurship - Switzerland, Gruendenstrasse, 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Maria Rita Cicero
- National Institute of Health, Department of Environment and Primary Prevention - Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Prestinaci
- National Institute of Health, Department of Environment and Primary Prevention - Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bottoni
- National Institute of Health, Department of Environment and Primary Prevention - Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Carere
- National Institute of Health, Department of Environment and Primary Prevention - Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) individually and a combination known as cotrimoxazole (SMX-TMP) are widely used for the treatment of protozoan and bacterial infections. SMX-TMP is also one of the widely used antibiotics administered orally in neonates, along with gentamicin injection, for treating pneumonia and sepsis by home-based healthcare providers in Asian countries. Although the use of this drug has successfully reduced neonate mortality, there is a concern for it causing neurotoxicity. Previous clinical studies with sulfisoxazole have demonstrated occurrence of kernicterus in neonates. This sulfonamide is thought to displace bilirubin from its albumin-binding sites in plasma leading to an elevation of plasma bilirubin, which crosses the blood-brain barrier, reaches central neurons to cause kernicterus. We performed an extensive review of clinical and animal studies with cotrimoxazole, which showed no reported incidences of kernicterus with SMX-TMP use in neonates. EndNote, BasicBiosis, Embase, PubMed and Toxline database searches were conducted using specific keywords yielding 74 full-length articles relevant to the review. This review has taken into account various factors, including the disease itself, direct effects of the drug and its metabolism through conjugation and acetylation through a thorough review of the literature to examine the potentials of SMX-TMP to cause kernicterus in neonates. SMX-TMP in oral doses administered to neonates for 7-10 days is unlikely to cause kernicterus. Also, this review recommends warranting the need of future studies using animal models and clinical studies in humans to address SMX-TMP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Thyagarajan
- Program in Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming, Laramie , Wyoming , USA
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Valcke M, Krishnan K. Characterization of the human kinetic adjustment factor for the health risk assessment of environmental contaminants. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:227-40. [PMID: 24038072 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A default uncertainty factor of 3.16 (√10) is applied to account for interindividual variability in toxicokinetics when performing non-cancer risk assessments. Using relevant human data for specific chemicals, as WHO/IPCS suggests, it is possible to evaluate, and replace when appropriate, this default factor by quantifying chemical-specific adjustment factors for interindividual variability in toxicokinetics (also referred to as the human kinetic adjustment factor, HKAF). The HKAF has been determined based on the distributions of pharmacokinetic parameters (e.g., half-life, area under the curve, maximum blood concentration) in relevant populations. This article focuses on the current state of knowledge of the use of physiologically based algorithms and models in characterizing the HKAF for environmental contaminants. The recent modeling efforts on the computation of HKAF as a function of the characteristics of the population, chemical and its mode of action (dose metrics), as well as exposure scenario of relevance to the assessment are reviewed here. The results of these studies, taken together, suggest the HKAF varies as a function of the sensitive subpopulation and dose metrics of interest, exposure conditions considered (route, duration, and intensity), metabolic pathways involved and theoretical model underlying its computation. The HKAF seldom exceeded the default value of 3.16, except in very young children (i.e., <≈ 3 months) and when the parent compound is the toxic moiety. Overall, from a public health perspective, the current state of knowledge generally suggest that the default uncertainty factor is sufficient to account for human variability in non-cancer risk assessments of environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Valcke
- Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3 J7; Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 190 Boul. Crémazie Est, Montréal, QC, Canada, H2P 1E2
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Truong L, Simonich MT, Saili KS, Tanguay RL. Fishing to Design Inherently Safer Nanoparticles. Zebrafish 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118102138.ch20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Grassi TF, Guerra MT, Perobelli JE, de Toledo FC, da Silva DS, De Grava Kempinas W, Barbisan LF. Assessment of female reproductive endpoints in Sprague-Dawley rats developmentally exposed to Diuron: potential ovary toxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 92:478-86. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Daws LC, Gould GG. Ontogeny and regulation of the serotonin transporter: providing insights into human disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:61-79. [PMID: 21447358 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) was one of the first neurotransmitters for which a role in development was identified. Pharmacological and gene knockout studies have revealed a critical role for 5-HT in numerous processes, including cell division, neuronal migration, differentiation and synaptogenesis. An excess in brain 5-HT appears to be mechanistically linked to abnormal brain development, which in turn is associated with neurological disorders. Ambient levels of 5-HT are controlled by a vast orchestra of proteins, including a multiplicity of pre- and post-synaptic 5-HT receptors, heteroreceptors, enzymes and transporters. The 5-HT transporter (SERT, 5-HTT) is arguably the most powerful regulator of ambient extracellular 5-HT. SERT is the high-affinity uptake mechanism for 5-HT and exerts tight control over the strength and duration of serotonergic neurotransmission. Perturbation of its expression level or function has been implicated in many diseases, prominent among them are psychiatric disorders. This review synthesizes existing information on the ontogeny of SERT during embryonic and early postnatal development though adolescence, along with factors that influence its expression and function during these critical developmental windows. We integrate this knowledge to emphasize how inappropriate SERT expression or its dysregulation may be linked to the pathophysiology of psychiatric, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette C Daws
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7756, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Bellanti F, Della Pasqua O. Modelling and simulation as research tools in paediatric drug development. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 67 Suppl 1:75-86. [PMID: 21246352 PMCID: PMC3082698 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-010-0974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Although practical and ethical constraints impose special requirements for the evaluation of treatment safety and efficacy in children, the main issue remains the empirical basis for patient stratification and dose selection at the early stage of the development of new chemical and biological entities. The aim of this review is to highlight the advantages and limitations of modelling and simulation (M&S) in supporting decision making during paediatric drug development. Methods A literature search on Pubmed’s database Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) has been performed to retrieve relevant publications on the use of model-based approaches in paediatric drug development and therapeutics. Results M&S enable the assessment of the impact of different regimens as well as of different populations on a drug’s safety and efficacy profile. It has been widely used in the last two decades to support pre-clinical and early clinical drug development. In fact, M&S have been applied to drug development as decision tools, as study optimization tools and as data analysis tools. In particular, this approach can be used to support dose adjustment in specific subgroups of a population. M&S may therefore allow the individualisation of drug therapy in children, improving the risk–benefit ratio in this population. Conclusions The lack of consensus on how to assess the impact of developmental factors on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety has so far prevented a broader use of M&S. This problem is compounded by the limited collaboration between stakeholders, which prevents data sharing in this field. In this article, we emphasise the need for a concerted effort to promote the effective use of this technology in paediatric drug development and avoid unnecessary exposure of children to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Baldrick P. Juvenile animal testing in drug development--is it useful? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 57:291-9. [PMID: 20350578 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In pharmaceutical drug development, there has been increased interest in the need to perform juvenile animal studies to support the safety of use of new medicines in the pediatric population. Although such studies are not new, the increased interest has been "formalized" in recent regulatory guidelines. As a result, companies are now performing many more studies in juvenile animals, even when there is a lack of robust knowledge of cross-species functional and kinetic differences among juveniles that means extrapolation of any toxicology study finding to an immature human may not be easy or even relevant, especially if performed in the wrong species at the wrong time. It will be shown by presentation of some basic considerations needed in order to perform such testing, that juvenile animal studies are indeed feasible. However, it will also be highlighted that (based on available knowledge) there are currently not enough clear-cut examples to answer the question of whether juvenile animal toxicology studies to support pediatric development (by affecting the performance or design of a pediatric clinical trial or identifying a potential different-from-adult safety risk in clinical use) are truly useful or necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Baldrick
- Scientific and Regulatory Consulting, Covance Laboratories Ltd., Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, UK.
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Reichard-Brown JL, Spinner H, McBride K. Sea urchin embryos exposed to thalidomide during early cleavage exhibit abnormal morphogenesis later in development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 86:496-505. [PMID: 20025048 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical use of thalidomide has increased drastically, pushing the questions concerning the teratogenic mechanisms of this drug back to the forefront. Progress in understanding the teratogenic mechanisms has been slow, with the lack of non-primate vertebrate animal models susceptible to the classic reduction deformities remaining a concern. Sea urchin embryos have been used as model organisms for developmental studies for the last century. Like vertebrates, they are deuterostomes and share similar developmental and signaling pathways suggesting they may be an effective system for thalidomide studies. Therefore, we tested sea urchin embryos to see if they were sensitive to the effects of thalidomide. METHODS Sea urchin embryos were obtained using standard spawning and fertilization techniques. Thalidomide dissolved in DMSO was added to embryo cultures either at fertilization or during early cleavage. Samples of the embryos were evaluated during specific development stages. RESULTS Lytechinus pictus embryos exposed to 400 microM thalidomide at fertilization or within a window during early cleavage (2-6 hours post-fertilization) exhibit significant levels of abnormal embryos (60-82%) at the pluteus stage, compared to controls levels (< or =10%). Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos exposed at initial fertilization or during early cleavage (2-6 hours post-fertilization) exhibit similar responses with significant abnormal levels ranging from (55-70%) at pluteus stage. CONCLUSIONS Both species of sea urchin tested were susceptible to thalidomide-induced teratogenesis during cleavage (4-16 cell stages). This response during cleavage stages warrants further study and indicates that sea urchin embryos may prove to be a useful tool for studying thalidomide effects early in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan L Reichard-Brown
- Department of Biology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania 17870, USA.
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Maranghi F, Tassinari R, Marcoccia D, Altieri I, Catone T, De Angelis G, Testai E, Mastrangelo S, Evandri MG, Bolle P, Lorenzetti S. The food contaminant semicarbazide acts as an endocrine disrupter: Evidence from an integrated in vivo/in vitro approach. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 183:40-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Howd RA. Considering changes in exposure and sensitivity in an early life cumulative risk assessment. Int J Toxicol 2009; 29:71-7. [PMID: 19710296 DOI: 10.1177/1091581809344436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A cumulative risk assessment is generally intended to address concurrent exposure by all exposure routes to a group of chemicals that share a common mechanism of toxicity. However, the contribution of different exposure routes will change over time. This is most critical when estimating risks to infants and children because their exposure sources change rapidly during the first few years of life because of dietary and behavioral changes. In addition, there may be changes in sensitivity to toxicants during this time period, associated with various developmental stages. Traditional risk assessments do not address this progression. Examples of how these factors might be incorporated into an early life risk assessment are provided for lead, dioxins and furans, and organophosphate pesticides. The same concepts may apply to other potentially susceptible subpopulations, such as the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Howd
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
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Effects of the food contaminant semicarbazide following oral administration in juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 47:472-9. [PMID: 19110027 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Semicarbazide (SEM) is an azodicarbonamide by-product present in glass jar packaged foods including babyfoods, in bleaching steps and flour treatment. Experimental data showed SEM acting as osteolathyrogen agent, but few toxicological data are available in susceptible life-stages. This study aimed to evaluate effects of SEM oral administration for 28 days at 0, 40, 75, 140 mg/kg bw day during the juvenile period in Sprague-Dawley rats. Histopatological examinations of: epiphyseal cartilage - potential target of SEM lathyrogen action - testes, ovary, uterus, thyroid, thymus, spleen, adrenals, representative of the main developing organs relevant to juvenile toxicity, and neurobehavioural tests in males, were performed. Mortality at high and mid dose levels and significantly decreased body weight gain were observed in males even at the lowest dose. Lack of mineralization in cartilage at all dose levels was present. Marked alterations of spontaneous motor and exploratory behaviours were evident even at 40 mg/kg. Histological alterations were observed in all tissues; thyroid and ovary effects were present also at 40 mg/kg. The present study indicate that the NOAEL in juvenile rats is lower than 40 mg/kg for SEM oral administration. SEM administration during juvenile period exerted pleiotropic effects and further studies are suggested to elucidate mechanisms.
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Alcorn J, Elbarbry FA, Allouh MZ, McNamara PJ. Evaluation of the Assumptions of an Ontogeny Model of Rat Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:2225-31. [PMID: 17881659 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.017590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported an ontogeny model of hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) activity that predicts in vivo P450 elimination from in vitro intrinsic clearance. The purpose of this study was to conduct investigations into key assumptions of the P450 ontogeny model using the developing rat model system. We used two developmentally dissimilar enzymes, CYP2E1 and CYP1A2, and male rats (n = 4) at age groups representing critical developmental stages. Total body and liver weights and hepatic microsomal protein contents were measured. Following high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, apparent K(M) and V(max) estimates were calculated using nonlinear regression analysis for CYP2E1- and CYP1A2-mediated chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation and methoxyresorufin O-dealkylation, and V(max) estimates for p-nitrophenol and phenacetin hydroxylations, respectively. Hepatic scaling factors and V(max) values provided estimates for infant scaling factors (ISF). The data show microsomal protein contents increased with postnatal age and reached adult values after postnatal day (PD) 7. Apparent K(M) values were similar at all developmental stages except at < or =PD7. Developmental increases in probe substrate V(max) values did not correlate with the biphasic increase in immunoquantifiable P450. The activity of two different probe substrates for each P450 covaried as a function of age. A plot of observed ISF values as a function of age reflected the developmental pattern of rat hepatic P450. In summation, these observations diverge from several of the model's assumptions. Further investigations are required to explain these inconsistencies and to investigate whether the developing rat may provide a predictive paradigm for pediatric risk assessment for P450-mediated elimination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Alcorn
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Elbarbry FA, McNamara PJ, Alcorn J. Ontogeny of hepatic CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 expression in rat. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2007; 21:41-50. [PMID: 17366540 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report a comprehensive examination of rat hepatic CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 ontogeny. We compare the data to human data to determine the rat's capacity as a model to identify CYP-mediated mechanisms underlying age-dependent differences in susceptibility to toxicity. We evaluated CYP expression using real-time RT-PCR, immunoblot and immunohistochemistry, and specific probe activity in male rat livers (n = 4) at critical developmental life stages. CYP2E1 mRNA expression was low at birth, then increased rapidly to peak prior to weaning. CYP1A2 transcript levels remained very low postnatally and then increased dramatically to reach peak expression during weaning. Immunoreactive CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 was first detected at postnatal day 3 (PD3), and reached 50% of adult levels after weaning, and adult levels by puberty. CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 probe activity (pmol/(min mg)) was detected at PD3 and peaked during weaning and late neonatal period, respectively. CYP activity fell to adult values by puberty, a pattern that closely mirrored the temporal changes in mRNA but not protein. An increasing preferential localization of CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 immunoreactivity in perivenous hepatocytes was observed with maturation to adulthood. Although differences in CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 ontogeny between rats and humans exist, knowledge of these differences will aid interspecies extrapolation of developmental toxicokinetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzy A Elbarbry
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N5C9
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Colbert LH, Hartman TJ, Malila N, Limburg PJ, Pietinen P, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Albanes D. Physical activity in relation to cancer of the colon and rectum in a cohort of male smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 101:286-93. [PMID: 11303597 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the association between occupational and leisure physical activity and colorectal cancer in a cohort of male smokers. Among the 29,133 men aged 50-69 years in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention study,152 colon and 104 rectal cancers were documented during up to 12 years of follow-up. For colon cancer, compared with sedentary workers, men in light occupational activity had a relative risk (RR) of 0.60 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34-1.04], whereas those in moderate/heavy activity had an RR of 0.45 (CI, 0.26-0.78; P for trend, 0.003). Subsite analysis revealed a significant association for moderate/heavy occupational activity in the distal colon (RR, 0.21; CI, 0.09-0.51) but not in the proximal colon (RR, 0.87; CI, 0.40-1.92). There was no significant association between leisure activity and colon cancer (active versus sedentary; RR, 0.82; CI, 0.59-1.13); however, the strongest inverse association was found among those most active in both work and leisure (RR, 0.33; CI, 0.16-0.71). For rectal cancer, there were risk reductions for those in light (RR, 0.71; CI, 0.36-1.37) and moderate/heavy occupational activity (RR, 0.50; CI, 0.26-0.97; P for trend, 0.04), and no association for leisure activity. These data provide evidence for a protective role of physical activity in colon and rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Colbert
- Division of Clinical Sciences, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7058, USA
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