1
|
Wang X, Wang K, Mao W, Fan Z, Liu T, Hong R, Chen H, Pan C. Emerging perfluoroalkyl substances retard skeletal growth by accelerating osteoblasts senescence via ferroptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 258:119483. [PMID: 38914254 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Due to the persistent nature and significant negative impacts of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on human health and other organisms, the emergence of new PFOA alternatives, such as perfluoro (2-methyl-3-oxhexanoic) acid (GenX) and perfluoro-3,6,9-trioxyundecanoic acid (PFO3TDA), have drawn significant attention. However, the toxic effects of PFOA and its substitutes on bones remain limited. In this study, we administered different concentrations of PFOA, GenX, and PFO3TDA via gavage to 3-week-old male BALB/C mice for four weeks. X-ray and micro-CT scans revealed shortening of the femur and tibia and significant reduction in bone density. Additionally, PFOA, GenX, and PFO3TDA promoted osteoblast senescence and impaired osteogenic capabilities. This was characterized by a decrease in the expression of osteogenesis-related genes (OCN, ALP, Runx2, etc.) and an increase in the expression of aging and inflammation-related factors (p16INK4a, P21, MMP3, etc). Furthermore, RNA sequencing revealed activation of the ferroptosis pathway in PFOA-treated osteoblasts, characterized by notable lipid peroxidation and excessive iron accumulation. Finally, by inhibiting the ferroptosis pathway with ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), we effectively alleviated the senescence of MC3T3-E1 cells treated with PFOA, GenX, and PFO3TDA, and improved their osteogenic capabilities. Therefore, our study provides a new therapeutic insight into the impact of PFOA and its substitutes on bone growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kehan Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhencheng Fan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Runyang Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Chun Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Habjan E, Schouten GK, Speer A, van Ulsen P, Bitter W. Diving into drug-screening: zebrafish embryos as an in vivo platform for antimicrobial drug discovery and assessment. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae011. [PMID: 38684467 PMCID: PMC11078164 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria underlines the need for innovative treatments, yet the introduction of new drugs has stagnated despite numerous antimicrobial discoveries. A major hurdle is a poor correlation between promising in vitro data and in vivo efficacy in animal models, which is essential for clinical development. Early in vivo testing is hindered by the expense and complexity of existing animal models. Therefore, there is a pressing need for cost-effective, rapid preclinical models with high translational value. To overcome these challenges, zebrafish embryos have emerged as an attractive model for infectious disease studies, offering advantages such as ethical alignment, rapid development, ease of maintenance, and genetic manipulability. The zebrafish embryo infection model, involving microinjection or immersion of pathogens and potential antibiotic hit compounds, provides a promising solution for early-stage drug screening. It offers a cost-effective and rapid means of assessing the efficacy, toxicity and mechanism of action of compounds in a whole-organism context. This review discusses the experimental design of this model, but also its benefits and challenges. Additionally, it highlights recently identified compounds in the zebrafish embryo infection model and discusses the relevance of the model in predicting the compound's clinical potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Habjan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center,De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gina K Schouten
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center,De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Speer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center,De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Ulsen
- Section Molecular Microbiology of A-LIFE, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center,De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section Molecular Microbiology of A-LIFE, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huntsman MC, Kurashima CK, Marikawa Y. Validation of a mouse 3D gastruloid-based embryotoxicity assay in reference to the ICH S5(R3) guideline chemical exposure list. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 125:108558. [PMID: 38367697 PMCID: PMC11016378 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
There is growing interest in establishing alternative methods in place of conventional animal tests to assess the developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) of chemicals. Gastruloids are 3D aggregates of pluripotent stem cells that spontaneously exhibit axial elongation morphogenesis similar to gastrulation. They have been explored as in vitro embryogenesis models for developmental and toxicological studies. Here, a mouse gastruloid-based assay was validated for DART assessment in accordance with the ICH S5(R3) guideline, which provides the plasma concentration data of various reference drugs in rodents, specifically Cmax and AUC for NOAEL and LOAEL. First, adverse effect concentrations of the reference drugs and their known metabolites on gastruloid development were determined based on morphological impact, namely reduced growth or aberrant elongation. Then, the NOAEL to LOAEL concentration range obtained from the gastruloid assay was compared with that in rodents to examine similarities in sensitivity between the in vitro and in vivo assays for each chemical. For 18 out of the 24 reference drugs that have both NOAEL and LOAEL information in rodents, the sensitivity of the gastruloid assay was comparable to the in vivo assay within an 8-fold concentration margin. For 7 out of the 8 additional reference drugs that have only NOAEL or LOAEL information in rodents, the gastruloid assay was in line with the in vivo data. Altogether, these results support the effectiveness of the gastruloid assay, which may be exploited as a non-animal alternative method for DART assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Carrell Huntsman
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Courtney Kehaulani Kurashima
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Yusuke Marikawa
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lei L, Zhang L, Han Z, Chen Q, Liao P, Wu D, Tai J, Xie B, Su Y. Advancing chronic toxicity risk assessment in freshwater ecology by molecular characterization-based machine learning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123093. [PMID: 38072027 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The continuously increased production of various chemicals and their release into environments have raised potential negative effects on ecological health. However, traditional labor-intensive assessment methods cannot effectively and rapidly evaluate these hazards, especially for chronic risk. In this study, machine learning (ML) was employed to construct quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models, enabling the prediction of chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms by leveraging the molecular characteristics of pollutants, namely, the molecular descriptors, fingerprints, and graphs. The limited dataset size hindered the notable advantages of the graph attention network (GAT) model for the molecular graphs. Considering computational efficiency and performance (R2 = 0.78; RMSE = 0.77), XGBoost (XGB) was used for reliable QSAR-ML models predicting chronic toxicity using small- or medium-sized tabular data and the molecular descriptors. Further kernel density estimation analysis confirmed the high accuracy of the model for pollutant concentrations ranging from 10-3 to 102 mg/L, effectively aligning with most environmental scenarios. Model interpretation showed SlogP and exposure duration as the primary influential factors. SlogP, representing the distribution coefficient of a molecule between lipophilic and hydrophilic environments, had a negative effect on the toxicity outcomes. Additionally, the exposure duration played a crucial role in determining the chronic toxicity. Finally, the chronic toxicity data of bisphenol A validated the robustness and reliability of the model established in this research. Our study provided a robust and feasible methodology for chronic ecological risk evaluation of various types of pollutants and could facilitate and increase the use of ML applications in environmental fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lang Lei
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Liangmao Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhibang Han
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qirui Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Pengcheng Liao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, 401120, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jun Tai
- Shanghai Environmental Sanitation Engineering Design Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200232, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yinglong Su
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, 401120, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Weiner AMJ, Irijalba I, Gallego MP, Ibarburu I, Sainz L, Goñi-de-Cerio F, Quevedo C, Muriana A. Validation of a zebrafish developmental defects assay as a qualified alternative test for its regulatory use following the ICH S5(R3) guideline. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 123:108513. [PMID: 38016617 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish is a popular toxicology model and provides an ethically acceptable small-scale analysis system with the complexity of a complete organism. Our goal is to further validate this model for its regulatory use for reproductive and developmental defects by testing the compounds indicated in the "Guideline on detection of reproductive and developmental toxicity for human pharmaceuticals" (ICH S5(R3) guideline.) To determine the embryotoxic and developmental risk of the 32 reference compounds listed in the ICH S5(R3) guideline, the presence of morphological alterations in zebrafish embryos was analyzed at two different stages to calculateLC50 and EC50 values for each stage. Teratogenic Indexes were established as the ratio between LC50 and EC50 critical for the proper compound classification as teratogenic when it is ≥ 2. A total of three biological replicates have been conducted to study the reproducibility of the assay. The chemicals' concentration in the medium and internally in the zebrafish embryos was evaluated. In this study, the 3 negative compounds were properly categorized while 23 compounds out of the 29 reference ones (sensitivity of 79.31%) were classified as teratogenic in zebrafish. The 6 that had false-negative results were classified 4 as inconclusive, 1 as not toxic, and 1 compound resulted toxic for zebrafish embryos under testing conditions. After the bioavailability experiments, some of the obtained inconclusive results were refined. The developmental defects assay in zebrafish gives an accuracy of 89.66%, sensitivity of 88.46%, specificity and repeatability of 100% compared to mammals; therefore, this is a well-integrated strategy using New Alternative Methods, to minimize the use of animals in developmental toxicity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M J Weiner
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - I Irijalba
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - M P Gallego
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - I Ibarburu
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - L Sainz
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Zamudio, Spain
| | - F Goñi-de-Cerio
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Zamudio, Spain
| | - C Quevedo
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - A Muriana
- BBD BioPhenix SLU (BIOBIDE), San Sebastian, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chaoul V, Dib EY, Bedran J, Khoury C, Shmoury O, Harb F, Soueid J. Assessing Drug Administration Techniques in Zebrafish Models of Neurological Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14898. [PMID: 37834345 PMCID: PMC10573323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases, including neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, affect nearly one in six of the world's population. The burden of the resulting deaths and disability is set to rise during the next few decades as a consequence of an aging population. To address this, zebrafish have become increasingly prominent as a model for studying human neurological diseases and exploring potential therapies. Zebrafish offer numerous benefits, such as genetic homology and brain similarities, complementing traditional mammalian models and serving as a valuable tool for genetic screening and drug discovery. In this comprehensive review, we highlight various drug delivery techniques and systems employed for therapeutic interventions of neurological diseases in zebrafish, and evaluate their suitability. We also discuss the challenges encountered during this process and present potential advancements in innovative techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Chaoul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (V.C.); (J.B.); (O.S.)
| | - Emanuel-Youssef Dib
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Kalhat P.O. Box 100, Lebanon; (E.-Y.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Joe Bedran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (V.C.); (J.B.); (O.S.)
| | - Chakib Khoury
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Kalhat P.O. Box 100, Lebanon; (E.-Y.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Omar Shmoury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (V.C.); (J.B.); (O.S.)
| | - Frédéric Harb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Kalhat P.O. Box 100, Lebanon; (E.-Y.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Jihane Soueid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (V.C.); (J.B.); (O.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ding Y, Xing D, Fei Y, Lu B. Emerging degrader technologies engaging lysosomal pathways. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8832-8876. [PMID: 36218065 PMCID: PMC9620493 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00624c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD) provides unprecedented opportunities for drug discovery. While the proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology has already entered clinical trials and changed the landscape of small-molecule drugs, new degrader technologies harnessing alternative degradation machineries, especially lysosomal pathways, have emerged and broadened the spectrum of degradable targets. We have recently proposed the concept of autophagy-tethering compounds (ATTECs) that hijack the autophagy protein microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 (LC3) for targeted degradation. Other groups also reported degrader technologies engaging lysosomal pathways through different mechanisms including AUTACs, AUTOTACs, LYTACs and MoDE-As. In this review, we analyse and discuss ATTECs along with other lysosomal-relevant degrader technologies. Finally, we will briefly summarize the current status of these degrader technologies and envision possible future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Dong Xing
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yiyan Fei
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Boxun Lu
- Neurology Department at Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brotzmann K, Escher SE, Walker P, Braunbeck T. Potential of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo test to discriminate between chemicals of similar molecular structure-a study with valproic acid and 14 of its analogues. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3033-3051. [PMID: 35920856 PMCID: PMC9525359 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid is a frequently used antiepileptic drug and known pediatric hepatotoxic agent. In search of pharmaceuticals with increased effectiveness and reduced toxicity, analogue chemicals came into focus. So far, toxicity and teratogenicity data of drugs and metabolites have usually been collected from mammalian model systems such as mice and rats. However, in an attempt to reduce mammalian testing while maintaining the reliability of toxicity testing of new industrial chemicals and drugs, alternative test methods are being developed. To this end, the potential of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo to discriminate between valproic acid and 14 analogues was investigated by exposing zebrafish embryos for 120 h post fertilization in the extended version of the fish embryo acute toxicity test (FET; OECD TG 236), and analyzing liver histology to evaluate the correlation of liver effects and the molecular structure of each compound. Although histological evaluation of zebrafish liver did not identify steatosis as the prominent adverse effect typical in human and mice, the structure–activity relationship (SAR) derived was comparable not only to human HepG2 cells, but also to available in vivo mouse and rat data. Thus, there is evidence that zebrafish embryos might serve as a tool to bridge the gap between subcellular, cell-based systems and vertebrate models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Brotzmann
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sylvia E Escher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Walker
- Cyprotex Discovery, No. 24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Thomas Braunbeck
- Aquatic Ecology and Toxicology Group, Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vremere A, Merola C, Fanti F, Sergi M, Perugini M, Compagnone D, Mikhail M, Lorenzetti S, Amorena M. Oxysterols profiles in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to bisphenol A. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113166. [PMID: 35609738 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oxysterols are cholesterol oxidation products and bioactive lipids involved in developmental signaling pathways, embryonic and postembryonic tissue patterning and homeostasis. The embryonic period is a very sensitive window of exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), hence the role of BPA on the levels of oxysterols in the very early stages of zebrafish embryogenesis is a relevant novel field of investigation. OBJECTIVES To compare the role of BPA on oxysterols levels in zebrafish embryos at 8 and 24 hours post fertilization (hpf) with cytochromes P450 (CYPs)-modulating chemicals (carbamazepine, ketoconazole, and hydrogen peroxide). METHODS Upon a dose range finding, zebrafish embryos were exposed to environmentally relevant (0.04μM) and toxicological (17.5 μM) BPA concentrations. Seven oxysterols were profiled by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS Similarly to the CYPs-modulating chemicals, BPA caused: i) no significant changes at 8 hpf and ii) a dose-dependent increase of total oxysterols at 24 hpf, with 27-hydroxycholesterol as the most regulated oxysterol. DISCUSSION In the first day post-fertilization of the zebrafish embryos, the role of BPA alike a CYPs-modulating chemical was confirmed by the similar oxysterol changes observed with the already known CYPs-modulating chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Vremere
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy; Dpt. of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Carmine Merola
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
| | - Federico Fanti
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
| | - Monia Perugini
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
| | - Milena Mikhail
- Dpt. of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Lorenzetti
- Dpt. of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità - ISS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele Amorena
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schweizer M, von der Ohe PC, Gräff T, Kühnen U, Hebel J, Heid C, Kundy L, Kuttler J, Moroff FM, Schlösinger AF, Schulze-Berge P, Triebskorn R, Panagopoulou E, Damalas DE, Thomaidis NS, Köhler HR. Heart rate as an early warning parameter and proxy for subsequent mortality in Danio rerio embryos exposed to ionisable substances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151744. [PMID: 34808159 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental risk assessments of organic chemicals usually do not consider pH as a key factor. Hence, most substances are tested at a single pH only, which may underestimate the toxicity of ionisable substances with a pKa in the range of 4-10. Thus, the ability to consider the pH-dependent toxicity would be crucial for a more realistic assessment. Moreover, there is a tendency in acute toxicity tests to focus on mortality only, while little attention is paid to sublethal endpoints. We used Danio rerio embryos exposed to ten ionisable substances (the acids diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen and triclosan and the bases citalopram, fluoxetine, metoprolol, propranolol, tramadol and tetracaine) at four external pH levels, investigating the endpoints mortality (LC50) and heart rate (EC20). Dose-response curves were fitted with an ensemble-model to determine the true uncertainty and variation around the mean endpoints. The ensemble considers eight (heart rate) or twelve (mortality) individual models for binominal and Poisson distributed data, respectively, selected based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). In case of equally good models, the mean endpoint of all models in the ensemble was calculated, resulting in more robust ECx estimates with lower 'standard errors' as compared to randomly selected individual models. We detected a high correlation between mortality (LC50) at 96 hpf and reduced heart rate (EC20) at 48 hpf for all compounds and all external pH levels (r = 0.98). Moreover, the observed pH-dependent effects were strongly associated with log D and thus, likely driven by differences in uptake (toxicokinetic) rather than internal (toxicodynamic) processes. Prospectively, the a priori consideration of pH-dependent effects of ionisable substances might make testing at different pH levels redundant, while the endpoint of mortality might even be replaced by a reliable sublethal proxy that would reduce the exposure, accelerating the evaluation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Schweizer
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Gräff
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Ute Kühnen
- German Environment Agency, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Janine Hebel
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Heid
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lone Kundy
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Kuttler
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friederike-Marie Moroff
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Frida Schlösinger
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pia Schulze-Berge
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; Steinbeis-Transfer Center Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology, Blumenstrasse 13, D-72108 Rottenburg, Germany
| | - Elena Panagopoulou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios E Damalas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, GR-15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Heinz-R Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Parlak V, Ozgeris B, Ucar A, Cilingir Yeltekin A, Ozgeris FB, Cağlar O, Alak G, Turkez H, Atamanalp M. Hematotoxic, oxidative and genotoxic damage in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) after exposure to 3-benzoylpyridine. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:501-509. [PMID: 35272586 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2049413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound. The pyridine ring is present in many important compounds, including agricultural chemicals, medicines and vitamins. Due to their widespread industrial use, bioaccumulation and non-target toxic effects are being considered as a great risk to human and environmental health. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the hematological, oxidative and genotoxic damage potentials by different concentrations (1, 1.5, and 2 g/L) of the ketone 3-Benzoylpyridine (3BP) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Alterations in the biomarker levels of oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), apoptosis (Caspase-3), malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as antioxidant enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), myeloperoxidase (MPO), paraoxonase (PON), and arylesterase (AR) were assessed in brain, liver, gill and blood tissues. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was also determined in brain tissue. In addition, we analyzed micronucleus (MN) rates and hematological indices of total erythrocyte count (RBC), total leukocyte count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), total platelet count (PLT), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cell volume (MCV) in blood. LC50-96h value of 3BP was calculated as 5.2 g/L from the data obtained. A significant decrease in brain AChE activity was determined in clear time and dose dependent manners. While SOD, CAT, GPx, PON, and AR levels were decreased, MDA, MPO, 8-OHdG and Caspase-3 levels were increased in all tissues (p < 0.05). Again, the 3BP led to increases of MN formation at all applied concentrations in the rates of between 45.4 and 72.7%. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found out in between all studied hematology parameters between 3BP-exposed and the control fish. In conclusion, ours study firstly indicated that the treatment doses of 3BP induced distinct hematological and oxidative alterations as well as genotoxic damage in rainbow trout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veysel Parlak
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Bünyamin Ozgeris
- Department of Basic Sciences, Science Faculty, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ucar
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Fatma Betul Ozgeris
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ozge Cağlar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gonca Alak
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Atamanalp
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Anti-Tumor Active Isopropylated Fused Azaisocytosine-Containing Congeners Are Safe for Developing Danio rerio as Well as Red Blood Cells and Activate Apoptotic Caspases in Human Breast Carcinoma Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041211. [PMID: 35209001 PMCID: PMC8876100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
New isopropylated fused azaisocytosine-containing congeners (I-VI) have previously been reported as promising anticancer drug candidates, so further research on these molecules in the preclinical development phase is fully justified and necessary. For this reason, in the present paper, we assess the toxicity/safety profiles of all the compounds using Danio rerio and red blood cell models, and examine the effect of the most selective congeners on the activation of apoptotic caspases in cancer and normal cells. In order to evaluate the effect of each molecule on the development of zebrafish embryos/larvae and to select the safest compounds for further study, various phenotypic parameters (i.e., mortality, hatchability, heart rate, heart oedema, yolk sac utilization, swim bladder development and body shape) were observed, and the half maximal lethal concentration, the maximal non-lethal concentration and no observed adverse effect concentration for each compound were established. The effect of all the isopropylated molecules was compared to that of an anticancer agent pemetrexed. The lipophilicity-dependent structure-toxicity correlations were also determined. To establish the possible interaction of the compounds with red blood cells, an ex vivo hemolysis test was performed. It was shown that almost all of the investigated isopropylated congeners have no adverse phenotypic effect on zebrafish development during five-day exposure at concentrations up to 50 μM (I-III) or up to 20 μM (IV-V), and that they are less toxic for embryos/larvae than pemetrexed, demonstrating their safety. At the same time, all the molecules did not adversely affect the red blood cells, which confirms their very good hemocompatibility. Moreover, they proved to be activators of apoptotic caspases, as they increased caspase-3, -7 and -9 levels in human breast carcinoma cells. The conducted research allows us to select-from among the anticancer active drug candidates-compounds that are safe for developing zebrafish and red blood cells, suitable for further in vivo pharmacological tests.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lydon CA, Mejia-Fava J, Collado-Vides L, Eskelinen H, Berry JP. Identification of apparently neurotoxic metabolites from assemblages of marine filamentous cyanobacteria associated with the intoxication of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Florida Keys. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132423. [PMID: 34600015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intoxications of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Florida Keys have been linked to observed interactions with marine macrophytic algal and cyanobacterial communities within enclosures. Taxonomic characterization of these communities coupled, in turn, to available observational data collected during intoxication events point to a contribution of filamentous cyanobacterial assemblages comprised of members of the polyphyletic genus, Lyngbya sensu lato. To identify toxic metabolites possibly relevant to these intoxications, chemical screening for known neurotoxins from cyanobacteria, as well as other regionally relevant harmful algal bloom (HAB) taxa, was combined with toxicity testing, and subsequent bioassay-guided fractionation, employing early life stages (i.e., embryos and larvae) of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a well-established aquatic vertebrate toxicological model. Chemical analyses did not detect (within analytical limits) any of the known algal or cyanobacterial neurotoxins. Toxicity testing, alongside bioassay-guided fractionation, however, identified several chemical fractions with a range of potentially relevant bioactivities in both zebrafish embryos and post-hatch larvae including, in particular, behavioral (e.g., aberrant swimming) and physiological (e.g., altered heart rate) endpoints indicative of possible neurotoxicity, and subsequent chemical characterization of fractions suggested a contribution of the previously identified bioactive metabolite, eudesmacarbonate, in the observed toxicity. Comparative toxicological assessment with PbTx-2, as a positive control for neurotoxicity in the zebrafish model, further supported neurotoxic activity of cyanobacterial metabolites potentially relevant, in turn, to a contribution of these metabolites to dolphin intoxications. These findings suggest, in general, that marine zoological facilities may be affected by regional HABs, and assessments of potentially toxigenic algae and cyanobacteria should be included in management strategies in these facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Lydon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Coastlines and Oceans Division, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL, 33181, USA
| | | | - Ligia Collado-Vides
- Department of Biological Sciences, Coastlines and Oceans Division, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Holli Eskelinen
- Dolphins Plus Marine Mammal Responder, 31 Corinne Place, Key Largo, FL, 33037, USA
| | - John P Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Coastlines and Oceans Division, Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL, 33181, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chowdhury K, Lin S, Lai SL. Comparative Study in Zebrafish and Medaka Unravels the Mechanisms of Tissue Regeneration. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.783818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue regeneration has been in the spotlight of research for its fascinating nature and potential applications in human diseases. The trait of regenerative capacity occurs diversely across species and tissue contexts, while it seems to decline over evolution. Organisms with variable regenerative capacity are usually distinct in phylogeny, anatomy, and physiology. This phenomenon hinders the feasibility of studying tissue regeneration by directly comparing regenerative with non-regenerative animals, such as zebrafish (Danio rerio) and mice (Mus musculus). Medaka (Oryzias latipes) is a fish model with a complete reference genome and shares a common ancestor with zebrafish approximately 110–200 million years ago (compared to 650 million years with mice). Medaka shares similar features with zebrafish, including size, diet, organ system, gross anatomy, and living environment. However, while zebrafish regenerate almost every organ upon experimental injury, medaka shows uneven regenerative capacity. Their common and distinct biological features make them a unique platform for reciprocal analyses to understand the mechanisms of tissue regeneration. Here we summarize current knowledge about tissue regeneration in these fish models in terms of injured tissues, repairing mechanisms, available materials, and established technologies. We further highlight the concept of inter-species and inter-organ comparisons, which may reveal mechanistic insights and hint at therapeutic strategies for human diseases.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kurach Ł, Chłopaś-Konowałek A, Budzyńska B, Zawadzki M, Szpot P, Boguszewska-Czubara A. Etazene induces developmental toxicity in vivo Danio rerio and in silico studies of new synthetic opioid derivative. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24269. [PMID: 34931035 PMCID: PMC8688443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic opioids are gaining more and more popularity among recreational users as well as regular abusers. One of such novel psychoactive substance, is etazene, which is the most popular opioid drug in the darknet market nowadays. Due to limited information available concerning its activity, we aimed to characterize its developmental toxicity, including cardiotoxicity with the use of in vivo Danio rerio and in silico tools. Moreover, we aimed, for the first time, to characterize the metabolite of etazene, which could become a potential marker of its use for future forensic analysis. The results of our study proved severe dose-dependent developmental toxicity of etazene (applied concentrations 10-300 µM), including an increase in mortality, developmental malformations, and serious cardiotoxic effects, as compared with well-known and used opioid-morphine (applied concentrations 1-50 mM). In silico findings indicate the high toxic potential of etazene which may lead to drug-drug interactions and accumulation of substances. Furthermore, phase I metabolite of etazene resulting from N-dealkylation reaction was identified, and therefore it should be considered as a target for toxicological screening. Nonetheless, the exact mechanism of observed effects in response to etazene should be further examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kurach
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Str., 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | | | - Barbara Budzyńska
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Str., 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawadzki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4 J.Mikulicza-Radeckiego Str., 50-345, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Szpot
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4 J.Mikulicza-Radeckiego Str., 50-345, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Boguszewska-Czubara
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 4A Chodzki Str., 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fu Y, Chen N, Wang Z, Luo S, Ding Y, Lu B. Degradation of lipid droplets by chimeric autophagy-tethering compounds. Cell Res 2021; 31:965-979. [PMID: 34239073 PMCID: PMC8410765 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Degrading pathogenic proteins by degrader technologies such as PROTACs (proteolysis-targeting chimeras) provides promising therapeutic strategies, but selective degradation of non-protein pathogenic biomolecules has been challenging. Here, we demonstrate a novel strategy to degrade non-protein biomolecules by autophagy-tethering compounds (ATTECs), using lipid droplets (LDs) as an exemplar target. LDs are ubiquitous cellular structures storing lipids and could be degraded by autophagy. We hypothesized that compounds interacting with both the LDs and the key autophagosome protein LC3 may enhance autophagic degradation of LDs. We designed and synthesized such compounds by connecting LC3-binding molecules to LD-binding probes via a linker. These compounds were capable of clearing LDs almost completely and rescued LD-related phenotypes in cells and in two independent mouse models with hepatic lipidosis. We further confirmed that the mechanism of action of these compounds was mediated through LC3 and autophagic degradation. Our proof-of-concept study demonstrates the capability of degrading LDs by ATTECs. Conceptually, this strategy could be applied to other protein and non-protein targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Fu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningxie Chen
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouqing Luo
- grid.11201.330000 0001 2219 0747Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Yu Ding
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boxun Lu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guarin M, Ny A, De Croze N, Maes J, Léonard M, Annaert P, de Witte PAM. Pharmacokinetics in Zebrafish Embryos (ZFE) Following Immersion and Intrayolk Administration: A Fluorescence-Based Analysis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060576. [PMID: 34208572 PMCID: PMC8234359 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish embryos (ZFE) have increasingly gained in popularity as a model to perform safety screenings of compounds. Although immersion of ZFE is the main route of exposure used, evidence shows that not all small molecules are equally absorbed, possibly resulting in false-negative readouts and incorrect conclusions. In this study, we compared the pharmacokinetics of seven fluorescent compounds with known physicochemical properties that were administered to two-cell stage embryos by immersion or by IY microinjection. Absorption and distribution of the dyes were followed at various timepoints up to 120 hpf by spatiotemporal fluorescence imaging. The concentration (10 µM) and dose (2 mg/kg) used were selected as quantities typically applied in preclinical experiments and zebrafish studies. The data show that in the case of a lipophilic compound (log D: 1.73) the immersion procedure resulted in an intrabody exposure which is similar or higher than that seen after the IY microinjection. In contrast, zero to low intrabody exposure was reached after immersion of the embryos with less lipophilic compounds. In the latter case IY microinjection, a technical procedure that can be easily automated, is highly recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlly Guarin
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.G.); (A.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Annelii Ny
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.G.); (A.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Noémie De Croze
- L’Oréal Research & Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France; (N.D.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Jan Maes
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.G.); (A.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Marc Léonard
- L’Oréal Research & Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France; (N.D.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (P.A.M.d.W.)
| | - Peter A. M. de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.G.); (A.N.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (P.A.M.d.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guarin M, Faelens R, Giusti A, De Croze N, Léonard M, Cabooter D, Annaert P, de Witte P, Ny A. Spatiotemporal imaging and pharmacokinetics of fluorescent compounds in zebrafish eleuthero-embryos after different routes of administration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12229. [PMID: 34108572 PMCID: PMC8190279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is increasingly used to assess the pharmacological activity and toxicity of compounds. The spatiotemporal distribution of seven fluorescent alkyne compounds was examined during 48 h after immersion (10 µM) or microinjection (2 mg/kg) in the pericardial cavity (PC), intraperitoneally (IP) and yolk sac (IY) of 3 dpf zebrafish eleuthero-embryos. By modelling the fluorescence of whole-body contours present in fluorescence images, the main pharmacokinetic (PK) parameter values of the compounds were determined. It was demonstrated that especially in case of short incubations (1-3 h) immersion can result in limited intrabody exposure to compounds. In this case, PC and IP microinjections represent excellent alternatives. Significantly, IY microinjections did not result in a suitable intrabody distribution of the compounds. Performing a QSPkR (quantitative structure-pharmacokinetic relationship) analysis, LogD was identified as the only molecular descriptor that explains the final uptake of the selected compounds. It was also shown that combined administration of compounds (immersion and microinjection) provides a more stable intrabody exposure, at least in case of a prolonged immersion and compounds with LogD value > 1. These results will help reduce the risk of false negative results and can offer an invaluable input for future translational research and safety assessment applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlly Guarin
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben Faelens
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arianna Giusti
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Marc Léonard
- L'Oréal, Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Peter de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Annelii Ny
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhai J, Wu J, Wang Y, Fan R, Xie G, Wu F, He Y, Qian S, Tan A, Yao X, He M, Shen L. Prediction of Sensitivity and Efficacy of Clinical Chemotherapy Using Larval Zebrafish Patient-Derived Xenografts of Gastric Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:680491. [PMID: 34164399 PMCID: PMC8215369 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.680491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perioperative chemotherapy has been accepted as one of the most common approaches for locally advanced gastric cancer. However, the efficacy of chemotherapy varies among patients, and there is no effective method to predict the chemotherapy efficacy currently. We previously established the first larval zebrafish patient-derived xenografts (zPDXs) of gastric cancer as a platform for the translational research and personalized treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of screening individualized chemotherapeutics using the zPDXs. Methods We further optimized this zPDXs platform including administration route, drug dosing, and rhythm to develop a stable and reliable protocol for chemotherapeutics screening. Using the novel platform, we investigated the chemosensitivity of 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, docetaxel, and doxorubicin for gastric cancer patients. Results We showed that the engrafted zebrafish retained the original prominent cell components of the corresponding human tumor tissues, and we successfully obtained the results of chemosensitivity of 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, docetaxel, and doxorubicin for 28 patients with locally advanced gastric cancer. These patients underwent radical gastrectomy for curative intent and 27 cases received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. We revealed that the chemosensitivity obtained from zPDXs was consistent with the clinical responses in these patients (P = 0.029). More importantly, the responder drug(s) from zPDXs used or not was the only risk factor for early-stage recurrence in these 27 patients (P = 0.003). Conclusion Our study with the largest sample size so far suggests that larval zPDXs help to predict the chemotherapeutics response and to achieve precise chemotherapy for gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruoyue Fan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guiping Xie
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangfang Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yani He
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Sitong Qian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aimin Tan
- Nanjing Amory Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Xuequan Yao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingfang He
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizong Shen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zebrafish early life stages as alternative model to study 'designer drugs': Concordance with mammals in response to opioids. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 419:115483. [PMID: 33722667 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) on the illicit drug market increases fast, posing a need to urgently understand their toxicity and behavioural effects. However, with currently available rodent models, NPS assessment is limited to a few substances per year. Therefore, zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae have been suggested as an alternative model that would require less time and resources to perform an initial assessment and could help to prioritize substances for subsequent evaluation in rodents. To validate this model, more information on the concordance of zebrafish larvae and mammalian responses to specific classes of NPS is needed. Here, we studied toxicity and behavioural effects of opioids in zebrafish early life stages. Synthetic opioids are a class of NPS that are often used in pain medication but also frequently abused, having caused multiple intoxications and fatalities recently. Our data shows that fentanyl derivatives were the most toxic among the tested opioids, with toxicity in the zebrafish embryo toxicity test decreasing in the following order: butyrfentanyl>3-methylfentanyl>fentanyl>tramadol> O-desmethyltramadol>morphine. Similar to rodents, tramadol as well as fentanyl and its derivatives led to hypoactive behaviour in zebrafish larvae, with 3-methylfentanyl being the most potent. Physico-chemical properties-based predictions of chemicals' uptake into zebrafish embryos and larvae correlated well with the effects observed. Further, the biotransformation pattern of butyrfentanyl in zebrafish larvae was reminiscent of that in humans. Comparison of toxicity and behavioural responses to opioids in zebrafish and rodents supports zebrafish as a suitable alternative model for rapidly testing synthetic opioids.
Collapse
|
21
|
Sztanke M, Rzymowska J, Sztanke K. Anticancer active trifluoromethylated fused triazinones are safe for early-life stages of zebrafish ( Danio rerio) and reveal a proapoptotic action. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:336-344. [PMID: 33390035 PMCID: PMC7782186 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1865944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of anticancer active compounds (I–VIII) on zebrafish development in order to select the safest molecules. Larval mortality, embryo hatchability and malformations were end-points used to assess the acute toxicity among embryos and larvae from compounds-/pemetrexed-treated and control groups. LC50 and MNLC (maximal non-lethal concentration) were determined. Lipophilicity-dependent structure–toxicity relationships were established. The results clearly indicated that the majority of test molecules are safe for zebrafish individuals and simultaneously are less toxic than an anticancer agent – pemetrexed. The subsequent aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism of antiproliferative activity of the most selective compounds. Substantially increased activation of caspase-6 and -8 in cancerous cell lines confirmed the proapoptotic action of molecules examined. Considering the safety for zebrafish individuals, the title compounds as inducers of apoptosis are promising drug candidates in the preclinical phase of drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jolanta Rzymowska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sztanke
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis and Analysis, Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gebreab KY, Eeza MNH, Bai T, Zuberi Z, Matysik J, O'Shea KE, Alia A, Berry JP. Comparative toxicometabolomics of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and next-generation perfluoroalkyl substances. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114928. [PMID: 32540561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Owing to environmental health concerns, a number of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been phased-out, and increasingly replaced by various chemical analogs. Most prominent among these replacements are numerous perfluoroether carboxylic acids (PFECA). Toxicity, and environmental health concerns associated with these next-generation PFAS, however, remains largely unstudied. The zebrafish embryo was employed, in the present study, as a toxicological model system to investigate toxicity of a representative sample of PFECA, alongside perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as one of the most widely used, and best studied, of the "legacy" PFAS. In addition, high-resolution magic angle spin (HRMAS) NMR was utilized for metabolic profiling of intact zebrafish embryos in order to characterize metabolic pathways associated with toxicity of PFAS. Acute embryotoxicity (i.e., lethality), along with impaired development, and variable effects on locomotory behavior, were observed for all PFAS in the zebrafish model. Median lethal concentration (LC50) was significantly correlated with alkyl chain-length, and toxic concentrations were quantitatively similar to those reported previously for PFAS. Metabolic profiling of zebrafish embryos exposed to selected PFAS, specifically including PFOA and two representative PFECA (i.e., GenX and PFO3TDA), enabled elaboration of an integrated model of the metabolic pathways associated with toxicity of these representative PFAS. Alterations of metabolic profiles suggested targeting of hepatocytes (i.e., hepatotoxicity), as well as apparent modulation of neural metabolites, and moreover, were consistent with a previously proposed role of mitochondrial disruption and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activation as reflected by dysfunctions of carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism, and consistent with a previously proposed contribution of PFAS to metabolic syndrome. Taken together, it was generally concluded that toxicity of PFECA is quantitatively and qualitatively similar to PFOA, and these analogs, likewise, represent potential concerns as environmental toxicants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiflom Y Gebreab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Muhamed N H Eeza
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tianyu Bai
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zain Zuberi
- The School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin E O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A Alia
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - John P Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Delasoie J, Pavic A, Voutier N, Vojnovic S, Crochet A, Nikodinovic-Runic J, Zobi F. Identification of novel potent and non-toxic anticancer, anti-angiogenic and antimetastatic rhenium complexes against colorectal carcinoma. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 204:112583. [PMID: 32731186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Combination therapy targeting both tumor growth and vascularization is considered to be a cornerstone for colorectal carcinomas (CRC) treatment. However, the major obstacles of most clinical anticancer drugs are their weak selective activity towards cancer cells and inherent inner organs toxicity, accompanied with fast drug resistance development. In our effort to discover novel selective and non-toxic agents effective against CRC, we designed, synthesized and characterized a series of rhenium(I) tricarbonyl-based complexes with increased lipophilicity. Two of these novel compounds were discovered to possess remarkable anticancer, anti-angiogenic and antimetastatic activity in vivo (zebrafish-human HCT-116 xenograft model), being effective at very low doses (1-3 μM). At doses as high as 250 μM the complexes did not provoke toxicity issues encountered in clinical anticancer drugs (cardio-, hepato-, and myelotoxicity). In vivo assays showed that the two compounds exceed the anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic activity of clinical drugs cisplatin and sunitinib malate, and display a large therapeutic window.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Delasoie
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg University, Chemin Du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandar Pavic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 152, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.
| | - Noémie Voutier
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg University, Chemin Du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Vojnovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 152, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aurelien Crochet
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg University, Chemin Du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 152, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.
| | - Fabio Zobi
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg University, Chemin Du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cendoya X, Quevedo C, Ipiñazar M, Planes FJ. Computational approach for collection and prediction of molecular initiating events in developmental toxicity. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 94:55-64. [PMID: 32344110 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Developmental toxicity is defined as the occurrence of adverse effects on the developing organism as a result from exposure to a toxic agent. These alterations can have long-term acute effects. Current in vitro models present important limitations and the evaluation of toxicity is not entirely objective. In silico methods have also shown limited success, in part due to complex and varied mechanisms of action that mediate developmental toxicity, which are sometimes poorly understood. In this article, we compiled a dataset of compounds with developmental toxicity categories and annotated mechanisms of action for both toxic and non-toxic compounds (DVTOX). With it, we selected a panel of protein targets that might be part of putative Molecular Initiating Events (MIEs) of Adverse Outcome Pathways of developmental toxicity. The validity of this list of candidate MIEs was studied through the evaluation of new drug-target relationships that include such proteins, but were not part of the original database. Finally, an orthology analysis of this protein panel was conducted to select an appropriate animal model to assess developmental toxicity. We tested our approach using the zebrafish embryo toxicity test, finding positive results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Cendoya
- TECNUN, University of Navarra, San Sebastian, 20018, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Roegner A, Truong L, Weirich C, Pírez-Schirmer M, Brena B, Miller TR, Tanguay R. Combined Danio rerio embryo morbidity, mortality and photomotor response assay: A tool for developmental risk assessment from chronic cyanoHAB exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134210. [PMID: 32380631 PMCID: PMC7111134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater harmful algal blooms produce a broad array of bioactive compounds, with variable polarity. Acute exposure to cyanotoxins can impact the liver, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and immune function. Increasing evidence suggests chronic effects from low-level exposures of cyanotoxins and other associated bioactive metabolites of cyanobacterial origin. These sundry compounds persist in drinking and recreational waters and challenge resource managers in detection and removal. A systematic approach to assess the developmental toxicity of cyanobacterial metabolite standards was employed utilizing a robust and high throughput developmental Danio rerio embryo platform that incorporated a neurobehavioral endpoint, photomotor response. Subsequently, we applied the platform to cyanobacterial bloom surface water samples taken from temperate recreational beaches and tropical lake subsistence drinking water sources as a model approach. Dechorionated Danio rerio embryos were statically immersed beginning at four to six hours post fertilization at environmentally relevant concentrations, and then assessed at 24 h and 5 days for morbidity, morphological changes, and photomotor response. At least one assessed endpoint deviated significantly for exposed embryos for 22 out of 25 metabolites examined. Notably, the alkaloid lyngbyatoxin-a resulted in profound, dose-dependent morbidity and mortality beginning at 5 μg/L. In addition, hydrophobic components of extracts from beach monitoring resulted in potent morbidity and mortality despite only trace cyanotoxins detected. The hydrophilic extracts with several order of magnitude higher concentrations of microcystins resulted in no morbidity or mortality. Developmental photomotor response was consistently altered in environmental bloom samples, independent of the presence or concentration of toxins detected in extracts. While limited with respect to more polar compounds, this novel screening approach complements specific fingerprinting of acutely toxic metabolites with robust assessment of developmental toxicity, critical for chronic exposure scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber Roegner
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Lisa Truong
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, 28645 East Highway 34, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| | - Chelsea Weirich
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Macarena Pírez-Schirmer
- Departamento de Biociencias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Instituto de Higiene, A. Navarro 3051, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Brena
- Departamento de Biociencias, Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Instituto de Higiene, A. Navarro 3051, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Biociencias, Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Robert Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, 28645 East Highway 34, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Maikawa CL, Sevit A, Lin B, Wallstrom RJ, Mann JL, Yu AC, Waymouth RM, Appel EA. Block copolymer composition drives function of self-assembled nanoparticles for delivery of small-molecule cargo. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART A, POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2019; 57:1322-1332. [PMID: 31244507 PMCID: PMC6582505 DOI: 10.1002/pola.29393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are useful for the delivery of small molecule therapeutics, increasing their solubility, in vivo residence time, and stability. Here, we used organocatalytic ring opening polymerization to produce amphiphilic block copolymers for the formation of nanoparticle drug carriers with enhanced stability, cargo encapsulation, and sustained delivery. These polymers comprised blocks of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(valerolactone) (PVL), and poly(lactide) (PLA). Four particle chemistries were examined: (a) PEG-PLA, (b) PEG-PVL, (c) a physical mixture of PEG-PLA and PEG-PVL, and (d) PEG-PVL-PLA tri-block copolymers. Nanoparticle stability was assessed at room temperature (20 °C; pH = 7), physiological temperature (37 °C; pH = 7), in acidic media (37 °C; pH = 2), and with a digestive enzyme (lipase; 37 °C; pH = 7.4). PVL-based nanoparticles demonstrated the highest level of stability at room temperature, 37 °C and acidic conditions, but were rapidly degraded by lipase. Moreover, PVL-based nanoparticles demonstrated good cargo encapsulation, but rapid release. In contrast, PLA-based nanoparticles demonstrated poor stability and encapsulation, but sustained release. The PEG-PVL-PLA nanoparticles exhibited the best combination of stability, encapsulation, and release properties. Our results demonstrate the ability to tune nanoparticle properties by modifying the polymeric architecture and composition. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1322-1332.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Sevit
- Department of BioengineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia 94305
| | - Binhong Lin
- Department of ChemistryStanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia 94305
| | - Rachel J. Wallstrom
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia 94305
| | - Joseph L. Mann
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia 94305
| | - Anthony C. Yu
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia 94305
| | | | - Eric A. Appel
- Department of Materials Science & EngineeringStanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia 94305
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Quevedo C, Behl M, Ryan K, Paules RS, Alday A, Muriana A, Alzualde A. Detection and Prioritization of Developmentally Neurotoxic and/or Neurotoxic Compounds Using Zebrafish. Toxicol Sci 2019; 168:225-240. [PMID: 30521027 PMCID: PMC6390653 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard methods for toxicity testing using rodent models cannot keep pace with the increasing number of chemicals in our environment due to time and resource limitations. Hence, there is an unmet need for fast, sensitive, and cost-effective alternate models to reliably predict toxicity. As part of Tox21 Phase III's effort, a 90-compound library was created and made available to researchers to screen for neurotoxicants using novel technology and models. The chemical library was evaluated in zebrafish in a dose-range finding test for embryo-toxicity (ie, mortality or morphological alterations induced by each chemical). In addition, embryos exposed to the lowest effect level and nonobservable effect level were used to measure the internal concentration of the chemicals within the embryos by bioanalysis. Finally, considering the lowest effect level as the highest testing concentration, a functional assay was performed based on locomotor activity alteration in response to light-dark changes. The quality control chemicals included in the library, ie, negative controls and replicated chemicals, indicate that the assays performed were reliable. The use of analytical chemistry pointed out the importance of measuring chemical concentration inside embryos, and in particular, in the case of negative chemicals to avoid false negative classification. Overall, the proposed approach presented a good sensitivity and supports the inclusion of zebrafish assays as a reliable, relevant, and efficient screening tool to identify, prioritize, and evaluate chemical toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Quevedo
- *Biobide, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20009 Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Mamta Behl
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,Research Triangle Park, 27709 North Carolina
| | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,Research Triangle Park, 27709 North Carolina
| | - Richard S Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences,Research Triangle Park, 27709 North Carolina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sztanke M, Sztanke K, Rajtar B, Świątek Ł, Boguszewska A, Polz-Dacewicz M. The influence of some promising fused azaisocytosine-containing congeners on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos/larvae and their antihaemolytic, antitumour and antiviral activities. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 132:34-43. [PMID: 30807815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at broadening the profile of toxicity and biological activity of promising fused azaisocytosine-containing congeners (I-VI) possessing medical applicability and important pharmacokinetic properties. For this purpose, the in vivo zebrafish test was applied for evaluating embryotoxic effects of test compounds, whereas the ex vivo model of oxidatively-stressed rat erythrocytes was developed for assessing their antihaemolytic activities. Additionally, the MTT-based assays suitable for assessing cytotoxic and antiviral activities of I-VI were employed. The influence of compounds I-VI on zebrafish embryos/larvae was carefully investigated in relation to lack or presence of various substituents at the phenyl moiety. The least embryotoxic proved to be the parent compound (I) and its para-methyl (II) and ortho-chloro (III) derivatives. Simultaneously, they revealed the minimum embryotoxic concentrations higher than that of aciclovir, what makes them safer than this pharmaceutic. Moreover, most of test compounds showed protective effects (better or comparable to that of ascorbic acid) on oxidatively-stressed erythrocytes. All the investigated compounds were effective at inhibiting the growth of human solid tumours of pharynx (FaDu) and tongue (SCC-25). The majority of molecules showed good selectivity indices. The most selective proved to be II showing in normal Vero cells over a 5-fold and an almost 3-fold decreased cytotoxicity relative to that in tumour SCC-25 and FaDu cells, respectively. Additionally, a 3,4-dichloro derivative (VI) was shown to possess concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on the replication of Herpes simplex virus type 1 and simultaneously at active concentrations was found to be nontoxic for normal Vero cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Sztanke
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Sztanke
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis and Analysis, Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University, 4A Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Rajtar
- Department of Virology, Medical University, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Świątek
- Department of Virology, Medical University, 1 Chodźki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fleck JD, Betti AH, da Silva FP, Troian EA, Olivaro C, Ferreira F, Verza SG. Saponins from Quillaja saponaria and Quillaja brasiliensis: Particular Chemical Characteristics and Biological Activities. Molecules 2019; 24:E171. [PMID: 30621160 PMCID: PMC6337100 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quillaja saponaria Molina represents the main source of saponins for industrial applications. Q. saponaria triterpenoids have been studied for more than four decades and their relevance is due to their biological activities, especially as a vaccine adjuvant and immunostimulant, which have led to important research in the field of vaccine development. These saponins, alone or incorporated into immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs), are able to modulate immunity by increasing antigen uptake, stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocyte production (Th1) and cytokines (Th2) in response to different antigens. Furthermore, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasitic, and antitumor activities are also reported as important biological properties of Quillaja triterpenoids. Recently, other saponins from Q. brasiliensis (A. St.-Hill. & Tul.) Mart. were successfully tested and showed similar chemical and biological properties to those of Q. saponaria barks. The aim of this manuscript is to summarize the current advances in phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge of saponins from Quillaja plants, including the particular chemical characteristics of these triterpenoids. The potential applications of Quillaja saponins to stimulate further drug discovery research will be provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Deise Fleck
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil.
| | - Andresa Heemann Betti
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil.
| | - Francini Pereira da Silva
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Artur Troian
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Olivaro
- Science and Chemical Technology Department, University Center of Tacuarembó, Udelar, Tacuarembó 45000, Uruguay.
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Organic Chemistry Department, Carbohydrates and Glycoconjugates Laboratory, Udelar, Mondevideo 11600, Uruguay.
| | - Simone Gasparin Verza
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo 93525-075, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Huang Q, Liu Y, Chen Y, Fang C, Chi Y, Zhu H, Lin Y, Ye G, Dong S. New insights into the metabolism and toxicity of bisphenol A on marine fish under long-term exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:914-921. [PMID: 30373036 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure receives great ecotoxicological concern. However, gaps in knowledge, such as metabolism of BPA and inconsistent reports on reproductive toxicity, still exist. In this study, a marine fish model (Oryzias melastigma) was exposed to serial concentrations of BPA throughout its whole life cycle. The level of BPA-glucuronide (BPAG) dramatically increased throughout the embryonic stage since 4 dpf. Accordingly, the mRNA level and enzymatic activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) increased across the embryonic stage. The mRNA level of UGT2 subtype rather than UGT1 or UGT5 showed a concentration dependent response to BPA exposure. BPA exposure led to the morphological disruption of the chorion and villi as shown by scanning electron microscopy; however, the hatchability was not significantly influenced after exposure. Newly hatching larvae were continuously exposed to BPA for 120 days. Lower mRNA levels of hormone metabolism-related genes, decreased ratio of E2/T, slower ovary development and decreased egg production confirmed the inhibitory effect of BPA on reproduction. Overall, our results showed the conjugation of BPA into BPAG by UGT2 at the embryonic stage and convinced the reproductive toxicity from multiple levels after whole life exposure to BPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiansheng Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Yiyao Liu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Yajie Chen
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Chao Fang
- Third Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Yulang Chi
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Yi Lin
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Guozhu Ye
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Sijun Dong
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Alzualde A, Behl M, Sipes NS, Hsieh JH, Alday A, Tice RR, Paules RS, Muriana A, Quevedo C. Toxicity profiling of flame retardants in zebrafish embryos using a battery of assays for developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity toward human relevance. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 70:40-50. [PMID: 30312655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Following the voluntary phase-out of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) due to their environmental persistence and toxicity, the organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are emerging replacements. However, there is limited information on the potential human health effects of the OPFRs. Zebrafish embryos are a viable vertebrate model organism with many advantages for high throughput testing toward human hazard assessment. We utilized zebrafish embryos to assess developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, of eight replacement OPFRs: (triphenyl phosphate [TPHP], isopropylated phenyl phosphate [IPP], 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate [EHDP], tert-butylated phenyl diphenyl phosphate [BPDP], trimethyl phenyl phosphate [TMPP], isodecyl diphenyl phosphate [IDDP], tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate [TDCIPP], and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate [TCEP]) and two BFRs (3,3',5,5'- tetrabromobisphenol A [TBBPA] and 2,2'4,4'-brominated diphenyl ether [BDE-47]). To determine potential effects on teratogenicity, embryos were exposed to flame retardants (FRs) at 4 h post fertilization (hpf) to 4 days post fertilization (dpf) and morphological alterations and corresponding survival were evaluated at 2 and 4 dpf. Internal concentrations were measured in larvae used in this assay by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Locomotor activity was assessed in larvae treated for 48 h (from 3 dpf to 5 dpf), followed by hepatotoxicity evaluation. Finally, alterations in heart rate and rhythmicity were assessed to determine cardiotoxicity in 48 hpf embryos exposed to compounds for 3 h. Results suggest that several OPFRs (BPDP, EHDP; IPP, TMPP; TPHP and TDCIPP) produced adverse effects in multiple target organs at concentrations comparable to the two BFRs. As these OPFRs have the capacity to disrupt an integrated vertebrate model, they potentially have the capacity to affect mammalian biology. Then, we compared the lowest effective levels (LEL) in zebrafish with estimated or measured human plasma concentrations using biomonitoring data (human plasma, breast milk, handwipe samples and house dust) and a high throughput toxicokinetic (HTTK) model. Results indicate that for some compounds, the nominal LELs were within the range of human exposures, while internal LELs in zebrafish are above internal exposures in humans. These findings demonstrate the value of the zebrafish model as a relevant screening tool and support the need for further hazard characterization of the OPFRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mamta Behl
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Nisha S Sipes
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Kelly Government Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Raymond R Tice
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Richard S Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Parlak V. Evaluation of apoptosis, oxidative stress responses, AChE activity and body malformations in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos exposed to deltamethrin. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:397-403. [PMID: 29803889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we observed the zebrafish embryo/larvae (Danio rerio) exposed to Deltamethrin (DM) used as pesticide in agricultural fields. We determined respectively, changes in body morphology, cell apoptosis, antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, GPx) activities, MDA and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels after 96h of DM exposure. The embryos were exposed to 2.5 μg/l - 10 μg/l - 25 μg/l - 50 μg/l of DM concentration for 96 h. Survival and hatching rates, and body malformations were determined under a stereo microscope for in 24, 48, 72 and 96th hours. DM caused the cellular apoptosis and an increase in MDA levels while inhibiting SOD, CAT, GPx enzyme activities and AChE level (P < 0.05). In addition, pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, spinal cord curvature and body malformations were determined in the embryo by depending on the dose of pesticide. As conclusion it can be concluded that DM inhibits the antioxidant enzyme mechanism, increases the cellular apoptosis, malformations. This study may provide enable us for understanding toxic mechanisms of DM in zebrafish embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veysel Parlak
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jiang X, Cao Y, Jørgensen LVG, Strobel BW, Hansen HCB, Cedergreen N. Where does the toxicity come from in saponin extract? CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 204:243-250. [PMID: 29660537 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Saponin-rich plant extracts contain bioactive natural compounds and have many applications, e.g. as biopesticides and biosurfactants. The composition of saponin-rich plant extracts is very diverse, making environmental monitoring difficult. In this study various ecotoxicity data as well as exposure data have been collected to explore which compounds in the plant extract are relevant as plant protection agents and furthermore to clarify which compounds may cause undesired side-effects due to their toxicity. Hence, we quantified the toxicity of different fractions (saponins/non-saponins) in the plant extracts on the aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna and zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. In addition, we tested the toxicity changes during saponin degradation as well. The results confirm that saponins are responsible for the majority of toxicity (85.1-93.6%) of Quillaja saponaria extract. We, therefore, suggest saponins to be the main target of saponin-rich plant extracts, for instance in the saponin-based biopesticide regulation. Furthermore, we suggest that an abundant saponin fraction, QS-18 from Q. saponaria, can be a key monitoring target to represent the environmental concentration of the saponins, as it contributes with 26% and 61% of the joint toxicity to D. magna and D. rerio, respectively out of the total saponins. The degradation products of saponins are 3-7 times less toxic than the parent compound; therefore the focus should be mainly on the parent compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Jiang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Bjarne W Strobel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Hans Chr Bruun Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Weiss-Errico MJ, Berry JP, O'Shea KE. β-Cyclodextrin Attenuates Perfluorooctanoic Acid Toxicity in the Zebrafish Embryo Model. TOXICS 2017; 5:toxics5040031. [PMID: 29113040 PMCID: PMC5750559 DOI: 10.3390/toxics5040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been linked to negative health outcomes including cancer, thyroid disease, infertility, and developmental delays. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD), a cyclic sugar, has been previously shown to form strong host–guest complexes with PFOA, and is proposed as a means of environmental remediation with respect to this widespread contaminant. In the present study, β-CD was directly examined with regards to possible attenuation of the toxicity of PFOA specifically employing the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to various concentrations of PFOA without β-CD, and with equimolar (1:1) and excess (2:1) molar ratios of β-CD to PFOA, and assessed for lethality and developmental toxicity through seven days post-fertilization (dpf). Rapid onset of lethality with limited morphological abnormalities was observed at relatively low concentrations of PFOA (LC50 ≈ 50 ppm), along with effects on morphometric and neurobehavioral parameters in surviving embryos. A highly significant difference (p < 0.0001) was observed between the 2:1 treatment, and both 1:1 and PFOA only treatments, with respect to lethal concentration and apparent neurobehavioral effects, suggesting an effectively reduced toxicity of the fully complexed PFOA. In contrast, however, neither β-CD treatment reduced developmental toxicity with respect to the morphometric endpoint (i.e., interocular distance). Whereas LC50 of PFOA alone did not change over 7 dpf, the 1:1 and 2:1 values decreased slightly over time, suggesting either delayed or alternative toxic effects on later developmental stages at presumptively lowered levels. This study, therefore, indicates β-CD may be an effective agent to reduce toxicity of and mitigate environmental health concerns associated with PFOA, but that further study is required to elucidate the mechanism of complexation as it relates to the attenuation of toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Weiss-Errico
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - John P Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Kevin E O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cassar S, Breidenbach L, Olson A, Huang X, Britton H, Woody C, Sancheti P, Stolarik D, Wicke K, Hempel K, LeRoy B. Measuring drug absorption improves interpretation of behavioral responses in a larval zebrafish locomotor assay for predicting seizure liability. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 88:56-63. [PMID: 28712933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Unanticipated effects on the central nervous system are a concern during new drug development. A larval zebrafish locomotor assay can reveal seizure liability of experimental molecules before testing in mammals. Relative absorption of compounds by larvae is lacking in prior reports of such assays; having those data may be valuable for interpreting seizure liability assay performance. METHODS Twenty-eight reference drugs were tested at multiple dose levels in fish water and analyzed by a blinded investigator. Responses of larval zebrafish were quantified during a 30min dosing period. Predictive metrics were calculated by comparing fish activity to mammalian seizure liability for each drug. Drug level analysis was performed to calculate concentrations in dose solutions and larvae. Fifteen drug candidates with neuronal targets, some having preclinical convulsion findings in mammals, were tested similarly. RESULTS The assay has good predictive value of established mammalian responses for reference drugs. Analysis of drug absorption by larval fish revealed a positive correlation between hyperactive behavior and pro-convulsive drug absorption. False negative results were associated with significantly lower compound absorption compared to true negative, or true positive results. The predictive value for preclinical toxicology findings was inferior to that suggested by reference drugs. DISCUSSION Disproportionately low exposures in larvae giving false negative results demonstrate that drug exposure analysis can help interpret results. Due to the rigorous testing commonly performed in preclinical toxicology, predicting convulsions in those studies may be more difficult than predicting effects from marketed drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xin Huang
- AbbVie, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kislyuk S, Kroonen J, Adams E, Augustijns P, de Witte P, Cabooter D. Development of a sensitive and quantitative UHPLC-MS/MS method to study the whole-body uptake of pharmaceuticals in zebrafish. Talanta 2017; 174:780-788. [PMID: 28738654 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An analytical procedure to measure the whole-body uptake of pharmaceuticals in zebrafish has been developed using state-of-the-art methodologies. A sample preparation procedure for 9 pharmaceuticals displaying a variety in physicochemical properties was developed using 10-day old zebrafish (TG898). For an efficient homogenization of the samples and subsequent recovery of the compounds of interest, different amounts of organic solvents in combination with acidic modifiers were added to zebrafish samples. Samples were subsequently processed using a powerful bath sonicator and centrifuged. Supernatant was then removed and evaporated in a vacuum oven before being reconstituted in a mobile phase-like solvent. Samples were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) on an Acquity BEH C18 column (100 × 2.1mm, dp=1.7µm) coupled to a Waters Xevo TQ-S mass spectrometer. For this purpose, a generic gradient was run, wherein the percentage of acetonitrile was varied from 3% to 82% in 10.5min at a flow rate of 0.41mL/min. Linearity of the method was demonstrated for all compounds (R2 > 0.997) in a practically relevant concentration range. Matrix effects were between 81% and 106%, except for amitriptyline (51%). Using this method, it was demonstrated that a sample pretreatment using 1:2 (v/v) water:methanol in combination with 0.1% formic acid resulted in acceptable recoveries between 74% and 100% for all compounds. Together with the obtained lower limits of quantification of the analytical method (between 0.005 and 1.5ng/mL), this allowed the use of a single zebrafish to study the whole-body uptake of a particular drug, after incubating zebrafish at the maximum tolerated concentration for this drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kislyuk
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jerome Kroonen
- Diagenode Belgium, Rue Bois Saint-Jean 3, 4102 Seraing (Ougrée), Belgium
| | - Erwin Adams
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter de Witte
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Spontaneous activity represents an early, primitive form of motor activity within zebrafish embryos, providing a potential readout for identification of neuroactive compounds. However, despite use as an endpoint in chemical screens around the world, the predictive power and limitations of assays relying on spontaneous activity remain unclear. Using an improved high-content screening assay that increased throughput from 384 to 3072 wells per week, we screened a well-characterized library of 1280 pharmacologically active compounds (LOPAC1280) - 612 of which target neurotransmission - to identify which targets are detected using spontaneous activity as a readout. Results from this screen revealed that (1) 8% of the LOPAC1280 library was biologically active; (2) spontaneous activity was affected by compounds spanning a broad array of targets; (3) only 4% of compounds targeting neurotransmission impacted spontaneous activity; and (4) hypoactivity was observed for 100% of hits detected, including those that exhibit opposing mechanisms of action for the same target. Therefore, while this assay was able to rapidly identify potent neuroactive chemicals, these data suggest that spontaneous activity may lack the ability to discriminate modes of action for compounds interfering with neurotransmission, an issue that may be due to systemic uptake following waterborne exposure, persistent control variation, and/or interference with non-neurotransmission-related mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Vliet
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Trina C Ho
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hidasi AO, Groh KJ, Suter MJF, Schirmer K. Clobetasol propionate causes immunosuppression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) at environmentally relevant concentrations. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 138:16-24. [PMID: 27987419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) are potential endocrine disrupting compounds that have been detected in the aquatic environment around the world in the low ng/L (nanomolar) range. GCs are used as immunosuppressants in medicine. It is of high interest whether clobetasol propionate (CP), a highly potent GC, suppresses the inflammatory response in fish after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge was used to induce inflammation and thus mimic pathogen infection. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to ≤1000nM CP from ~1h post fertilization (hpf) to 96 hpf, and CP uptake, survival after LPS challenge, and expression of inflammation-related genes were examined. Our initial experiments were carried out using 0.001% DMSO as a solvent vehicle, but we observed that DMSO interfered with the LPS challenge assay, and thus masked the effects of CP. Therefore, DMSO was not used in the subsequent experiments. The internal CP concentration was quantifiable after exposure to ≥10nM CP for 96h. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of CP was determined to be between 16 and 33 in zebrafish embryos. CP-exposed embryos showed a significantly higher survival rate in the LPS challenge assay after exposure to ≥0.1nM in a dose dependent manner. This effect is an indication of immunosuppression. Furthermore, the regulation pattern of several genes related to LPS challenge in mammals supported our results, providing evidence that LPS-mediated inflammatory pathways are conserved from mammals to teleost fish. Anxa1b, a GC-action related anti-inflammatory gene, was significantly down-regulated after exposure to ≥0.05nM CP. Our results show for the first time that synthetic GCs can suppress the innate immune system of fish at environmentally relevant concentrations. This may reduce the chances of fish to survive in the environment, as their defense against pathogens is weakened.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita O Hidasi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland; EPFL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland; ETHZ, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland; EPFL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; ETHZ, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Zürich 8092, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|