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Qi Y, Chang SS, Wang Y, Chen C, Baek KI, Hsiai T, Roper M. Hemodynamic regulation allows stable growth of microvascular networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310993121. [PMID: 38386707 PMCID: PMC10907248 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310993121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
How do vessels find optimal radii? Capillaries are known to adapt their radii to maintain the shear stress of blood flow at the vessel wall at a set point, yet models of adaptation purely based on average shear stress have not been able to produce complex loopy networks that resemble real microvascular systems. For narrow vessels where red blood cells travel in a single file, the shear stress on vessel endothelium peaks sharply when a red blood cell passes through. We show that stable shear-stress-based adaptation is possible if vessel shear stress set points are cued to the stress peaks. Model networks that respond to peak stresses alone can quantitatively reproduce the observed zebrafish trunk microcirculation, including its adaptive trajectory when hematocrit changes or parts of the network are amputated. Our work reveals the potential for mechanotransduction alone to generate stable hydraulically tuned microvascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Qi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Shyr-Shea Chang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Cynthia Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Kyung In Baek
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Tzung Hsiai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Marcus Roper
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
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2
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Lee SJ, Choi W, Seo E, Yeom E. Association of Early Atherosclerosis with Vascular Wall Shear Stress in Hypercholesterolemic Zebrafish. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142945. [PMID: 26561854 PMCID: PMC4643039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease, the role of hemodynamic information has become more important. Low and oscillating wall shear stress (WSS) that changes its direction is associated with the early stage of atherosclerosis. Several in vitro and in vivo models were proposed to reveal the relation between the WSS and the early atherosclerosis. However, these models possess technical limitations in mimicking real physiological conditions and monitoring the developmental course of the early atherosclerosis. In this study, a hypercholesterolaemic zebrafish model is proposed as a novel experimental model to resolve these limitations. Zebrafish larvae are optically transparent, which enables temporal observation of pathological variations under in vivo condition. WSS in blood vessels of 15 days post-fertilisation zebrafish was measured using a micro particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique, and spatial distribution of lipid deposition inside the model was quantitatively investigated after feeding high cholesterol diet for 10 days. Lipids were mainly deposited in blood vessel of low WSS. The oscillating WSS was not induced by the blood flows in zebrafish models. The present hypercholesterolaemic zebrafish would be used as a potentially useful model for in vivo study about the effects of low WSS in the early atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Joon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang 790–784, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Woorak Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang 790–784, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunseok Seo
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Dalseong, Daegu 711–873, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunseop Yeom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang 790–784, Republic of Korea
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3
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Park J, Cummins TM, Harrison M, Lee J, Zhou Q, Lien CL, Shung KK. High frequency photoacoustic imaging for in vivo visualizing blood flow of zebrafish heart. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:14636-42. [PMID: 23787651 PMCID: PMC3726247 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.014636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A technique on high frame rate(28fps), high frequency co-registered ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging for visualizing zebrafish heart blood flow was demonstrated. This approach was achieved with a 40MHz light weight(0.38g) ring-type transducer, serving as the ultrasound transmitter and receiver, to allow an optic fiber, coupled with a 532nm laser, to be inserted into the hole. From the wire target study, axial resolutions of 38µm and 42µm were obtained for ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging, respectively. Carbon nanotubes were utilized as contrast agents to increase the flow signal level by 20dB in phantom studies, and zebrafish heart blood flow was successfully observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyoung Park
- NIH Resource on Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089,
USA
| | - Thomas M. Cummins
- NIH Resource on Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089,
USA
| | - Michael Harrison
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027,
USA
| | - Jungwoo Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South
Korea
| | - Qifa Zhou
- NIH Resource on Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089,
USA
| | - Ching-Ling Lien
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027,
USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033,
USA
| | - K. Kirk Shung
- NIH Resource on Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089,
USA
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Lee SJ, Ha HJ. In vivo measurement of blood flow in a micro‐scale stenosis model generated by laser photothermal blood coagulation. IET Syst Biol 2013; 7:50-5. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2011.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Joon Lee
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, School of Integrative Bioscience and Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Pohang 790-784, Korea.
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5
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Craig MP, Gilday SD, Dabiri D, Hove JR. An optimized method for delivering flow tracer particles to intravital fluid environments in the developing zebrafish. Zebrafish 2013; 9:108-19. [PMID: 22985309 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2012.0740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that intravital flow-structure interactions are critical morphogens for normal embryonic development and disease progression, but fluid mechanical studies aimed at investigating these interactions have been limited in their ability to visualize and quantify fluid flow. In this study, we describe a protocol for injecting small (≤1.0 μm) tracer particles into fluid beds of the larval zebrafish to facilitate microscale fluid mechanical analyses. The microinjection apparatus and associated borosilicate pipette design, typically blunt-tipped with a 2-4 micron tip O.D., yielded highly linear (r(2)=0.99) in vitro bolus ejection volumes. The physical characteristics of the tracer particles were optimized for efficient particle delivery. Seeding densities suitable for quantitative blood flow mapping (≥50 thousand tracers per fish) were routinely achieved and had no adverse effects on zebrafish physiology or long-term survivorship. The data and methods reported here will prove valuable for a broad range of in vivo imaging technologies [e.g., particle-tracking velocimetry, μ-Doppler, digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV), and 4-dimensional-DPIV] which rely on tracer particles to visualize and quantify fluid flow in the developing zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Craig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Watkins SC, Maniar S, Mosher M, Roman BL, Tsang M, St Croix CM. High resolution imaging of vascular function in zebrafish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44018. [PMID: 22952858 PMCID: PMC3431338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale The role of the endothelium in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is an emerging field of study, necessitating the development of appropriate model systems and methodologies to investigate the multifaceted nature of endothelial dysfunction including disturbed barrier function and impaired vascular reactivity. Objective We aimed to develop and test an optimized high-speed imaging platform to obtain quantitative real-time measures of blood flow, vessel diameter and endothelial barrier function in order to assess vascular function in live vertebrate models. Methods and Results We used a combination of cutting-edge optical imaging techniques, including high-speed, camera-based imaging (up to 1000 frames/second), and 3D confocal methods to collect real time metrics of vascular performance and assess the dynamic response to the thromboxane A2 (TXA2) analogue, U-46619 (1 µM), in transgenic zebrafish larvae. Data obtained in 3 and 5 day post-fertilization larvae show that these methods are capable of imaging blood flow in a large (1 mm) segment of the vessel of interest over many cardiac cycles, with sufficient speed and sensitivity such that the trajectories of individual erythrocytes can be resolved in real time. Further, we are able to map changes in the three dimensional sizes of vessels and assess barrier function by visualizing the continuity of the endothelial layer combined with measurements of extravasation of fluorescent microspheres. Conclusions We propose that this system-based microscopic approach can be used to combine measures of physiologic function with molecular behavior in zebrafish models of human vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Salony Maniar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mackenzie Mosher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Beth L. Roman
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Tsang
- Department of Developmental Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Claudette M. St Croix
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Abstract
The vertebrate embryonic heart first forms as a valveless tube that pumps blood using waves of contraction. As the heart develops, the atrium and ventricle bulge out from the heart tube, and valves begin to form through the expansion of the endocardial cushions. As a result of changes in geometry, conduction velocities, and material properties of the heart wall, the fluid dynamics and resulting spatial patterns of shear stress and transmural pressure change dramatically. Recent work suggests that these transitions are significant because fluid forces acting on the cardiac walls, as well as the activity of myocardial cells that drive the flow, are necessary for correct chamber and valve morphogenesis. In this article, computational fluid dynamics was used to explore how spatial distributions of the normal forces acting on the heart wall change as the endocardial cushions grow and as the cardiac wall increases in stiffness. The immersed boundary method was used to simulate the fluid-moving boundary problem of the cardiac wall driving the motion of the blood in a simplified model of a two-dimensional heart. The normal forces acting on the heart walls increased during the period of one atrial contraction because inertial forces are negligible and the ventricular walls must be stretched during filling. Furthermore, the force required to fill the ventricle increased as the stiffness of the ventricular wall was increased. Increased endocardial cushion height also drastically increased the force necessary to contract the ventricle. Finally, flow in the moving boundary model was compared to flow through immobile rigid chambers, and the forces acting normal to the walls were substantially different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Miller
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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8
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Abstract
The morphology, muscle mechanics, fluid dynamics, conduction properties, and molecular biology of the developing embryonic heart have received much attention in recent years due to the importance of both fluid and elastic forces in shaping the heart as well as the striking relationship between the heart's evolution and development. Although few studies have directly addressed the connection between fluid dynamics and heart development, a number of studies suggest that fluids may play a key role in morphogenic signaling. For example, fluid shear stress may trigger biochemical cascades within the endothelial cells of the developing heart that regulate chamber and valve morphogenesis. Myocardial activity generates forces on the intracardiac blood, creating pressure gradients across the cardiac wall. These pressures may also serve as epigenetic signals. In this article, the fluid dynamics of the early stages of heart development is reviewed. The relevant work in cardiac morphology, muscle mechanics, regulatory networks, and electrophysiology is also reviewed in the context of intracardial fluid dynamics.
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Phenothiourea sensitizes zebrafish cranial neural crest and extraocular muscle development to changes in retinoic acid and IGF signaling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22991. [PMID: 21886774 PMCID: PMC3158757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Phenyl 2-thiourea (PTU) is a tyrosinase inhibitor commonly used to block pigmentation and aid visualization of zebrafish development. At the standard concentration of 0.003% (200 µM), PTU inhibits melanogenesis and reportedly has minimal other effects on zebrafish embryogenesis. We found that 0.003% PTU altered retinoic acid and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) regulation of neural crest and mesodermal components of craniofacial development. Reduction of retinoic acid synthesis by the pan-aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor diethylbenzaldehyde, only when combined with 0.003% PTU, resulted in extraocular muscle disorganization. PTU also decreased retinoic acid-induced teratogenic effects on pharyngeal arch and jaw cartilage despite morphologically normal appearing PTU-treated controls. Furthermore, 0.003% PTU in combination with inhibition of IGF signaling through either morpholino knockdown or pharmacologic inhibition of tyrosine kinase receptor phosphorylation, disrupted jaw development and extraocular muscle organization. PTU in and of itself inhibited neural crest development at higher concentrations (0.03%) and had the greatest inhibitory effect when added prior to 22 hours post fertilization (hpf). Addition of 0.003% PTU between 4 and 20 hpf decreased thyroxine (T4) in thyroid follicles in the nasopharynx of 96 hpf embryos. Treatment with exogenous triiodothyronine (T3) and T4 improved, but did not completely rescue, PTU-induced neural crest defects. Thus, PTU should be used with caution when studying zebrafish embryogenesis as it alters the threshold of different signaling pathways important during craniofacial development. The effects of PTU on neural crest development are partially caused by thyroid hormone signaling.
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Shin JT, Pomerantsev EV, Mably JD, MacRae CA. High-resolution cardiovascular function confirms functional orthology of myocardial contractility pathways in zebrafish. Physiol Genomics 2010; 42:300-9. [PMID: 20388839 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00206.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotype-driven screens in larval zebrafish have transformed our understanding of the molecular basis of cardiovascular development. Screens to define the genetic determinants of physiological phenotypes have been slow to materialize as a result of the limited number of validated in vivo assays with relevant dynamic range. To enable rigorous assessment of cardiovascular physiology in living zebrafish embryos, we developed a suite of software tools for the analysis of high-speed video microscopic images and validated these, using established cardiomyopathy models in zebrafish as well as modulation of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway. Quantitative analysis in wild-type fish exposed to NO or in a zebrafish model of dilated cardiomyopathy demonstrated that these tools detect significant differences in ventricular chamber size, ventricular performance, and aortic flow velocity in zebrafish embryos across a large dynamic range. These methods also were able to establish the effects of the classic pharmacological agents isoproterenol, ouabain, and verapamil on cardiovascular physiology in zebrafish embryos. Sequence conservation between zebrafish and mammals of key amino acids in the pharmacological targets of these agents correlated with the functional orthology of the physiological response. These data provide evidence that the quantitative evaluation of subtle physiological differences in zebrafish can be accomplished at a resolution and with a dynamic range comparable to those achieved in mammals and provides a mechanism for genetic and small-molecule dissection of functional pathways in this model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T Shin
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Research Center, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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11
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Flow within models of the vertebrate embryonic heart. J Theor Biol 2009; 259:449-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Sargent CY, Berguig GY, McDevitt TC. Cardiomyogenic Differentiation of Embryoid Bodies Is Promoted by Rotary Orbital Suspension Culture. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:331-42. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Y. Sargent
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Geoffrey Y. Berguig
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Todd C. McDevitt
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- The Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Milan DJ, Macrae CA. Zebrafish genetic models for arrhythmia. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 98:301-8. [PMID: 19351520 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade the zebrafish has emerged as a major genetic model organism. While stimulated originally by the utility of its transparent embryos for the study of vertebrate organogenesis, the success of the zebrafish was consolidated through multiple genetic screens, sequencing of the fish genome by the Sanger Center, and the advent of extensive genomic resources. In the last few years the potential of the zebrafish for in vivo cell biology, physiology, disease modeling and drug discovery has begun to be realized. This review will highlight work on cardiac electrophysiology, emphasizing the arenas in which the zebrafish complements other in vivo and in vitro models; developmental physiology, large-scale screens, high-throughput disease modeling and drug discovery. Much of this work is at an early stage, and so the focus will be on the general principles, the specific advantages of the zebrafish and on future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Milan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Recent papers on zebrafish and other aquarium fish models. Zebrafish 2008; 1:305-11. [PMID: 18248239 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2004.1.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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15
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Groenendijk BCW, Van der Heiden K, Hierck BP, Poelmann RE. The role of shear stress on ET-1, KLF2, and NOS-3 expression in the developing cardiovascular system of chicken embryos in a venous ligation model. Physiology (Bethesda) 2008; 22:380-9. [PMID: 18073411 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00023.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, the role of wall shear stress in the chicken embryonic heart is analyzed to determine its effect on cardiac development through regulating gene expression. Therefore, background information is provided for fluid dynamics, normal chicken and human heart development, cardiac malformations, cardiac and vitelline blood flow, and a chicken model to induce cardiovascular anomalies. A set of endothelial shear stress-responsive genes coding for endothelin-1 (ET-1), lung Krüppel-like factor (LKLF/KLF2), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS/NOS-3) are active in development and are specifically addressed.
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16
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Abstract
The relative contribution of physical and chemical factors in organogenesis in general and in cardiogenesis in particular is an old and still unsolved question in developmental biology (Chang 1932, Anatomical Record, 51, 253-265). A recent Nature paper (Hove et al. 2003, Nature, 421, 172-177) strongly suggests (but does not prove) the important role of blood flow and associated shear stress in cushion tissue morphogenesis. However, another elegantly designed study (Bartman et al. 2004, Public Library of Science-Biology, 2, E129) raises questions as to the validity of the shear stress hypothesis and the role of physical factors in cardiogenesis. Although these studies advance our understanding of cardiac development, other possible explanations for the role of blood flow in cardiac organogenesis remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mironov
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and the Cardiac Developmental Biology Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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17
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Craig MP, Gilday SD, Hove JR. Dose-dependent effects of chemical immobilization on the heart rate of embryonic zebrafish. Lab Anim (NY) 2006; 35:41-7. [PMID: 17008908 DOI: 10.1038/laban1006-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The small size and optical transparency of zebrafish embryos and larvae greatly facilitate modern intravital microscopic phenotyping of these experimentally tractable laboratory animals. Neither the experimentally derived dose-response relationships for chemicals commonly used in the mounting of live fish larvae, nor their effect on the stress of the animal, are currently available in the research literature. This is particularly problematic for IACUCs attempting to maintain the highest ethical standards of animal care in the face of a recent spate in investigator-initiated requests to use embryonic zebrafish as experimental models. The authors address this issue by describing the dose-dependent efficacy of several commonly used chemical mounting treatments and their effect on one stress parameter, embryo heart rate. The results of this study empirically define, for the first time, effective, minimally stressful treatments for immobilization and in vivo visualization during early zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Craig
- Department of Genome Science, Genome Research Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
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18
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Abstract
The relationship between developing biologic tissues and their dynamic fluid environments is intimate and complex. Increasing evidence supports the notion that these embryonic flow-structure interactions influence whether development will proceed normally or become pathogenic. Genetic, pharmacological, or surgical manipulations that alter the flow environment can thus profoundly influence morphologic and functional cardiovascular phenotypes. Functionally deficient phenotypes are particularly poorly described as there are few imaging tools with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to quantify most intra-vital flows. The ability to visualize biofluids flow in vivo would be of great utility in functionally phenotyping model animal systems and for the elucidation of the mechanisms that underlie flow-related mechano-sensation and transduction in living organisms. This review summarizes the major methodological advances that have evolved for the quantitative characterization of intra-vital fluid dynamics with an emphasis on assessing cardiovascular flows in vertebrate model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Hove
- Department of Genome Science, Genome Research Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA. jay.hove.@uc.edu
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